unit 3 evolution chapters 13-16 history of evolutionary theory anaximander aristotle buffon lamarck...
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Unit 3 Evolution
Chapters 13-16
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History of Evolutionary Theory• Anaximander• Aristotle• Buffon• Lamarck• Lyell• Darwin• Wallace
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Fossils
• Evidence of previously existing life• Usually found in sedimentary rock
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Evidences•Fossils-strata-superposition•Homologous structures•Analogous structures•Vestigial structures•Biogeography•Embryological development•Molecular biology
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Mosasaur
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• Artificial Selection• Natural Selection
–variation–overproduction–limited resources–survival and reproduction of fittest
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Population Genetics
Modern synthesisSpeciesMicroevolution
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Mechanisms of Evolution
•Population genetics–gene pool–allelic frequency–genetic equilibrium
•Mutations
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Bottleneck effect
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Founder Effect
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Conditions for Hardy Weinberg• No mutations• No migration• No natural selection• Random mating• Large population
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
•p+ q = 1 •(p = frequency of dominant
allele, q = frequency of recessive allele)
•p2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1
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Patterns of Evolution
•Stabilizing selection•Directional selection•Disruptive
(Diversifying)selection
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Macroevolution
Fossil recordRadiometric datingPangeaSupercontinents 1.1 billion, 600 million, 250 million years ago
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Precambrian Era
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Conditions on primitive earth •Earth formed-4.5 billion yrs ago• life appeared-3.5 billion yrs ago•How?-Oparin (1924)•Atmosphere-methane, ammonia,
water vapor, hydrogen•energy-heat, radiation, lightning•Miller tested it in 1953
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FOX
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Meteorite have 1-% carbon compounds my mass4.5 billion year old chondrite contained more than 80 amino acidsDripping amino acids onto hot sand makes amino acid polymers
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First Cells
•Heterotrophic prokaryotes•Autotrophic prokaryotes
–archaebacteria-chemosynthetic
–photosynthesizing prokaryotes-produced oxygen
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Eukaryotes???
•Endosymbiont hypothesis–Symbiosis
mutualism-both benefitparasitism-1 helped, 1 hurt
commensalism-1 helped, 1 unaffected
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Paleozoic Era
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Permian Extinction•
- Permian Period (286-248 million years ago)
- Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian
- 90-95% of marine species became extinct in the Permian
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Mesozoic Era
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Cretaceous extinction
• - Numerous evolutionary radiations occurred during the Cretaceous (144-65 million years ago)
- A major extinction occurred at the end of the period.
- 85% of all species died in the End-Cretaceous extinction
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Chixulub crater112-mile (180-kilometer) wide, 3,000-foot (900-meter) deep impact crater, the result of a collision with a giant comet or asteroid on one of Earth's all-time worst days; seen from space shuttle w/ 3D imaging
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IRIDIUM
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• Day the Mesozoic Died
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Cenozoic Era
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Related concepts
•Adaptations•camouflage•mimicry•bacterial resistance to
antibiotics
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Other Concepts
• Coevolution• Convergent Evolution• Gradualism• Punctuated Equilibrium
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SPECIATION
•Geographic barrier
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EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES
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•OPPOSABLE THUMB•EYES IN FRONT•LARGEST BRAIN RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE
•ELBOW•SHOULDER
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…………………………………………………………………………..•1ST- PURGATORIUS•PROSIMIANS
–SMALL BODIES–LEMURS, AYE-AYES, TARSIERS
•ANTHROPOIDS–MONKEYS, APES, HUMANS
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ANTHROPOIDS•NEW WORLD MONKEYS
–PREHENSILE TAIL–CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
•OLD WORLD MONKEYS–CAN LIVE IN COLD WEATHER
•APES–NO TAIL, LARGE BRAINS
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APES
•CHIMPANZEES•GIBBONS•GORILLAS•ORANGUTANS•SIAMANGS
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HUMANS• BIPEDAL• HOMINID• AUSTRALOPITHECINE• HOMO HABILIS• HOMO ERECTUS• Homo sapien
– NEANDERTHAL– CRO MAGNON---MODERN MAN
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AUSTRALOPITHECINE
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HOMOHABILIS
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NEANDERTHAL
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CRO MAGNON