Unit 3Grammar & usage

U3 GrammarNon-restrictive attributive clauses

非限制性定语从句

who/thatWho is he?*The man ______ is

sitting there is Brad Pitt.

**The man —————————she speaks to is Brad Pitt.

The man ______ she speaks is Brad Pitt.

to whom

who/whom/that/-

Who is she? Cecilia, ______ took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.

Cecilia, _______ body is thin, still wants to lose some weight （减肥） .

who

whose

限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用逗号隔开；

非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。My cousin whose father is a teacher wants to be an actor.

My cousin , whose father is a teacher , wants to be an actor.

1.A.This is the place where I lived ten years ago .

B.She is going to spend the winter holiday in Macao, which returned to China in 1999.

2.A.He is a man who I can ask for help.

B.His father , who works in Beijing, came back yesterday

限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整；非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。

1.I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。

2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。

3.All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。

4.All the magazines here , which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。

有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思

（不只一位姐姐）

（只有一位姐姐）

（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）

（杂志只有一种）

His father, who works in Beijing , came back yesterday.当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。Shanghai , which is in East China ,is developing rapidly.

Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.1.The famous basketball star, _____is an Ameri

can,came to China yesterday.2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with

_____she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_____ cost me a lot.4.Xi’an, ______I visited last year, is a nice old ci

ty.5.He will come to see me next July, ___ he won’

t be so busy.6.The school,_______I once studied,was built th

irty years ago.7.John said he’d been working in the offic

e for an hour,_______ was true.

who

whom

whichwhich

when

where

which

• Are these sentences attributive clauses?

He told me a story, which is already known to all.

He came late, which made the teacher angry.

He missed the movie, which was a great pity.

“which” can be used to refer to __________________.

He is such a clever boy ____ can solve all the questions.

This is such an interesting book ____ interests all students.

This is so difficult a question ____ no one can work out.

He is so popular a person ___ we all like to talk with.

I bought the same car ___ he is driving.

1. He is a hard working student, ___ we all know.

2. He has won first prize, ____ we all expected.

3. ____ we hoped, he came to help us.

4. ___ was planned, the work was finished on time. “as” can be used to refer to a whole sentence.

What’s the difference between “which” and “as” when they refer to a whole sentence?

Structure:

“as” can be used in front of the sentence

As was expected, we won the game.

We won the game, as was expected.

Meaning:

“as” always means: 正如…一样

He missed the show,which was a great pity.

He invited me to dinner, which made me

happy.非限制性定语从句中关系代词 which/as 可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。 As 引导的定语从句既可以位于句末，也可以位于句首或句中。

As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history. 正如大家所知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。

She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner.

她是位教师，这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。

More examples

典型例题

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____, of course, made the others envy( 嫉妒 ) him. (2004, 天津卷 )

A. who B. that

C. what D. which

D

Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally( 就我个人而论 ) I doubt( 怀疑 ) very much. (1999)

A. it B. that

C. when D. which

D

关系代词： which / who / whom / whose /as

关系副词： when / where

( 非限制性定语从句中不用关系词 that ；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略 )

非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词

在 of which/whom 之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。

1.I am doing different types of exercises, all of _______are quite helpful to my health.2.Many people , some of ______are not overweight , are going on diets.3.There are 54 students in my class, three of ________come from US.

Other examples

which who

m

whom

典型例题

The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. (2004, 辽宁卷 )

A. of which B. which of

C. of them D. of that

A

Can you find the non-restrict attributive clauses in your reading, p 42,43

*I’m taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.

*My mother, whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.

*Then the doctor found someone in your country, whose name is Li Dong, was an exact match for me.

It’s the same in China---many people, some of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.

高考回放

• The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. (2004, 全国卷 I)

A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which

C

• There were dirty marks on her trousers _______ she had wiped her hands. (2004 ，全国卷 II)

A. where B. which

C. when D. that

A

1. I have many friends, some _______ are businessmen. (2005 ，全国 II 卷 )

A. why B. from which

C. who of D. of whom

D

2 ． If a shop has chairs _______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005 ，上海卷 )

A. that B. which

C. when D. where

D

3 ． I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005, 辽宁卷 )

A. which B. when

C. where D. that

C

4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped. (2005 ，安徽卷 )

A. when B. which

C. what D. that

A

5. Jim passed the driving test, _______ surprised everybody in the office. （ 2005 ，浙江卷）

A. which B. that

C. this D. it

A

question tags

U3 Grammar

(2nd period)

Do you say “I love you” to your parents, how do you say?

Sometimes, you can ask:

You love me, don’t you?

This kind of sentence is called question tag.

Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements.

Question tags can be used when you…

• ask for agreement

eg: you still go to the gym every day, don’t you ?

• ask for confirmation

eg: you still go to the gym every day, don’t you?

• start a conversation. eg: It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?

• to soften an order or a request. eg: Pass the plate on the table

to me, will you?

• request information in a more polite way.

eg: Neither of you has heard the news, have you?

Notice:

1. We use a negative question tag at the end of a positive statement; we use a positive question tag at the end of a negative statement.

Looking good is important to women, isn’t it?

I was very lucky, wasn’t I?

We shouldn’t be ashamed of the way we look, should we?

2. Words like neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly or seldom are considered negative.

1.Neither of you will have coffee,

will you?

2.No one has found my CD, have they?

3.Nobody understood his speech,

did they?

4.His sister seldom argues with

does she? people,

3. We use a personal pron. like I, we, you, he, she, it or they in a question tag.

You wouldn’t like to take these pills,

would you?

Everyone has

go on a diet,

advised you not to

haven't they?

4. We use an auxiliary verb, model verb or be in a question tag. eg: You like traveling, don’t you?

eg: You can’t speak Italian,

can you?

eg: There is something wrong,

isn’t there?

5. After an imperative clause, we use will you. After Let’s, we use shall we.

eg: Post a letter for me, will you?

eg: Let’s have a break, shall we?

反意疑问句的常见注意点

• 1. 当前面句子中有 used to 时，后面应用 usedn’t--- 或 didn’t---

He used to live in the countryside, __________?

• 2. 当前面句子中有 ought to 时，后面应用 oughtn’t---

3. 前面句子中有 must 时 ,1) 在表示 must 推测时 , 不用 mustn’t, 而根据句子所表示的时态来决定You must be tired, aren’t you?

He must have done it last night, didn’t he? Tom must have been to Shanghai before, hasn’t he?

2) 在 must 表示禁止时，应用 mustn’t. You mustn’t walk on grass, must he?

• 4. 当前面句子的主语是 everyone/everybody/nobody/one/none 等不定代词时，反义疑问句的主语应用 they;

• 5. 当前面句子的主语是 something/everything/nothing 时 , 反义疑问句的主语应用 it.

• 6. 当陈述部分的主语是 I, 谓语是 think, believe, suppose, expect 这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移．

I suppose that he’s serious, isn’t he?

I don’t think she cares, does she?

I don’t think he can finish his homework in time, can he?

• 7. 当陈述部分是以 there be 句型出现，反意问句用 be 动词的适当形式＋ (not)+ there.

There is a lot of water, isn’t there?

• 8. 当陈述部分 had better 时，疑问部分

用 had.

You’d better finish your homework

hadn’t you? now,

典型例题回放1. ---Why does she always ask yo

u for help?

---There is no one else she can turn to, ________? (2005, 北京卷 )

A. is there B. is it

C. can she D. does she

A

2. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended _____? (2005, 上海卷 )

A. wasn’t there B. was there

C. didn’t it D. did it

A

3. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, ________? (2004上海春考 )

A. didn’t they B. don’t they C. mustn’t they D. haven’t they

D

4. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, ______?

A. isn’t it B. is it

C. isn’t he D. is he

A

Language usage:

1. consider1) 考虑 consider sth./doing sth. eg: We must consider the matte

r carefully. We consider going downtow

n this afternoon.Ps: consider 作 “考虑”时 , 不可用 to do!

2) consider 认为

+that clause/ sb. to be

eg: We consider that you are not to blame.

She is considered to be warm-hearted.

3) consider… as 认为……是……

eg: We consider this matter (as) unimportant.

2. be skinny= be very thin

3. lift weights

4. side effect

5. achievement

6. take the risk

7. post

side effect; lift weights; be skinny

• Take this medicine according to the instructions and it will have no ______________.

• You ____________ enough without going on a diet!

• The doctor said he must not _____ heavy ______.

side effect

are skinny

lift weights

achievement; take risks; post

• This is the greatest scientific ___________ of the century.

• Advertisements must not be ________ on the wall.

• You can’t get rich without ___________.

achievement

posted

taking risks

Complete the following passages with who,whose ,which,where,or when

I have a good friend,(1)_____ is really thin.Twice a week he goes to the gym,(2)_____ he exercises and lifts weights.But the fact is that he’s still quite thin,(3)______makes him unhappy.

Now he is thinking about taking some pills,(4)_____ he thinks will make him become stronger. Does anyone know if it’s safe to take these pills?

who

wherewhichwhich

I think going to a gym is a good way to keep healthy and strong. If your friend wants to be stronger, he should try to go there more often.

Yes, there are some pills to make you look strong. However,they have side effects, (5)_____ will do harm to your health.After taking this kind of pill for some time, your friend’s hair might fall out or he might have health problems, some of(6)____ may even do harm to his liver or heart. Many sportsmen, (7)______ achievements were great, died very young because they took these kinds of pills. I don’t think your friend should take the risk.

Tell your friend not to take the pills because he may have health problems in the future, (8)______ it is too late.

which

whichwhose

when