Unit 3 – Lecture 4

Levels of Organization – reviewAtomMoleculeBiomolecule

[aka macro-molecule]

Organelle

CellTissueOrganOrgan systemOrganism

Biomolecules“molecules of life” – are organic molecules

organic – contains carbon [C]ALL living things contain carbon

inorganic – does not contain carbonare types of macromolecules

a large molecule“macro” – large [opposite of “micro”]

Biomolecules – cont’dare polymers

polymer – many units of a substance joined together“poly” – many

monomer – a single unit /the basic unit of a substance

“mono” – single

Biomolecules – cont’dtypes of reactions

hydrolysis – breaking a bond by adding water“lysis” – to break downmakes smaller molecules from larger ones

Biomolecules – cont’dtypes of reactions

condensation – making a bond by taking out watermakes larger molecules from smaller ones

Biomolecules – cont’dfour types:

carbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids

CarbohydratesElementscarbon [C – “carbo”]hydrogen [H – “hydr”]oxygen[O – “ate”]come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:1

ex: C6H12O6

Carbohydrates – cont’d Monomermonosaccharide

“saccharide” – refers to a sugar

Examplesglucose, fructose, galactose…etc.

“ose” = sugar

Carbohydrates – cont’d Isomer – cmpds w/ the same chemical

formula but different chem. structures

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplesdisaccharides:

maltose [glucose + glucose]sucrose [glucose + fructose]lactose [glucose + galactose]

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:

starchesplant energy [abbr: E] storagelinear linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:

glycogenanimal E storagebranching linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:

celluloseplant cell walls [rigid, protective]lattice-like linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Usesmain preferred source of energy for animalsprovides structure & supportcell identification

LipidsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen[O]come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:<1

ex: C12H24O2 = lauric acid; C55H98O6 = triglycerides

MUCH less oxygen than carbohydrates

Lipids – cont’d Monomermost often: glycerol + 3 fatty acids

aka triglycerides: long, LONG carbon-hydrogen chains

Lipids – cont’d Examplesfats, waxes, & oils: cholesterol & vitamin D

[sterols], phospholipids [in cell membrane], olive oil, etc.

Lipids – cont’d Usessecondary source of energysoap [when treated with a strong alkaline

solution]insulationcell boundaryetc.

ProteinsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen [O]nitrogen [N]most have sulfur [S]

Proteins– cont’d Monomeramino acids [my abbr: a.a]

C-H bond, carboxyl group [COOH], an amine group [NH2], and an “R” group

join together using a peptide bond

Proteins– cont’d peptide bond – formed between H of amine

group of one a.a and the OH of another’s carboxyl…bond formed takes water out

[condensation]

Proteins– cont’d Examplesprotein channels, antibodies, enzymes

Proteins– cont’d Enzymea protein that changes the rate of a chemical

reactionends in “ase”is typically a catalyst

catalyst: increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Proteins– cont’d

activation E: amount of E it takes for a reaction to occur

can only work under certain environmental conditions

Proteins– cont’d How Enzymes Work:“lock & key” model – a certain enzyme has a

certain shape and will only work with a certain substrate

Proteins– cont’d Usesbuilding up, replacing, and maintaining

tissues,movementgene regulationchemical reception [like for insulin]chemical storage [ferritin]immune system …etc.

Nucleic AcidsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen [O]nitrogen [N]phosphorous [P]

Nucleic Acids – cont’d Monomernucleotide

3 parts:sugar

(de-oxy)ribosephosphate

phosphorusoxygen

base A, T, C, G, U

Nucleic Acids – cont’d ExamplesDNA

[de-oxy-ribo- nucleic acid]RNA

[ribo-nucleic acid]

Nucleic Acids – cont’d Usescarry genetic information control of ALL body processessome form structures to help in protein synthesis