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Unit 4Developmental/Health/Social Psych

2Developmental PsychologyThe psychological specialty that documents the course of social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development over the life spanDimensions of DevelopmentTemperamentPhysical growth and motor skillsCognition and intelligenceLanguage Social relations and attachment

4Ways to study developmentCross SectionalKids of different ages compared to each other 20 5-year-olds compared to 20 10-year-olds compared to 20 15-year-oldsHow are the groups different?5LongitudinalSame group of kids followed as they age The group you age with is a called your cohort group.60 5-year-olds, then five years later the same 60 kids as 10-year-olds, then five years later when they are15 years old.Take a Long time to complete6Nature or Nurture?John Locke: Childhood experiences have a profound and permanent effect on the individualNewborns are a blank slate (tabula rasa)John Watson: The environment, not nature, molds and shapes development.

Heritability7Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes.The fact that Tom is tall while Bill is short is because height is almost 100 percent heritable.But the fact that average height of humans has gone up over the last 200 years is due to changes in the environment (nutrition, health care, etc.)7OBJECTIVE 7| Explain heritablitys application on individuals and groups, and explain what we mean when we say genes are self-regulating.8Nature and Nurture Work TogetherHeredity creates predispositions that interact with environmental influencesepigenetics - genes can react to the environment. They can be turned on or off by stress or other stimuliPrenatal Development: The First Weeks

By end of second week, zygote becomes an embryo10Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentEmbryonic Stage

Fetal Stage: Seven month period until birthIn 8th and 9th months, fetus is sensitive to outside sounds and responsive to light and touch11TeratogensTeratogens are harmful chemicals that a fetus is exposed to that can harm its development.Ex: drugs, nicotine, alcohol, pollution, virusesFetal Alcohol Syndrome alcohol depresses nervous system activity. In a developing fetus this can cause birth defects and retardation.spelling?12Reflexes of the NewbornBabies show involuntary, unlearned reactions, or reflexes, in the first weeks and months after birthExamples of observed reflexes in infantsGrasping reflex (grabbing)Rooting reflex (burrowing)Sucking reflex (breastfeeding)Moro reflex (startle arms flail out)Height and Weight Growth During the First Two YearsHeightWeightAge in MonthsAge in Months0369121518212410510095908580757565605550454041.339.437.435.433.531.529.527.625.623.621.719.717.715.7CentimetersInchesKilogramsPounds036912151821241514131211109876543233.130.928.726.524.322.019.817.615.413.211.08.86.64.4BoysGirlsBoysGirlsGirls Boys BoysGirls8090100246810121416182468101214161811012013014015016017018019031.535.439.443.347.251.255.159.063.066.970.974.90816243240485664728090017.635.352.970.588.2105.8123.4141.1158.7176.3194.0CentimetersPoundsAge in YearsAge in YearsHeightWeightInchesKilogramsGrowth in Height and Weight from 2-18 YearsMilestones of Motor Development

Maturation16The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, causing various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence standing before walking, babbling before talkingthis is called maturation. Maturation sets the basic course of development, while experience adjusts it.

1617Individual TemperamentTemperament: An infants individual style and frequency of expressing needs and emotionsReflects natures contribution to the beginning of an individuals personality18Importance of AttachmentAttachment: A deep, affectionate, close, and enduring relationship with the person with whom a baby has shared many experiencesHarlow demonstrated the importance of attachment in research involving monkeys19Harlows monkeys were put in a cage with a wire mother that provided food and a terrycloth mother that didnt provide food.The monkeys spent more time with and showed more attachment to the cloth motherComfort mattered more than food20Wire and Terrycloth Mothers

21Variations in AttachmentDifferences in infants attachment studied through the use of the Strange Situation TestSecure Attachment: Infants urge to be close to mother is balanced by urge to explore the surrounding environment22Types of Insecure AttachmentAvoidant: Infant tends to avoid or ignore mother when she approaches or returns after a brief separationAmbivalent: Infant is upset when mother leaves, but acts angry and rejects mothers efforts at contact after a brief separationDisorganized: Infants behavior is inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbingOrigins of Attachment

23In some animals, imprinting is the cause of attachment. Konrad Lorenz raised baby ducks to imprint to him and follow him as if he were their mother.Alastair Miller2324Critical PeriodA time of extra sensitivity to learning or development. If a task is not mastered during the critical period, the person may be permanently behindEarly childhood is a critical period for language.During the critical period for attachment children imprint to their caregiver25Piagets Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive development proceeds in a series of stages or periodsEntering each stage involves a true change in the way of thinking from the previous stage26Piagets Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentThe building blocks of intellectual development are schemasSchemas organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future experiences27Piagets TheoryTwo complimentary processes guide cognitive development:Assimilation: The process of trying to fit new objects into existing schemasAccommodation: The process of changing schemas to fit new objects28 Child has dog at home, knows the word doggy.Goes to a house with a cat, calls the cat doggy. Assimilation new thing fits what he knowsMom say, no that is a kitty.Next time kid sees a cat he says kitty Accommodation he changes what he knows to fit the new thing29Sensorimotor DevelopmentPiagetMental activity is confined to schemas about sensory functions and motor skillsThis period is marked by the development of object permanence30Cognitive DevelopmentSensorimotor Stage: Object Permanence

31Preoperational DevelopmentDuring first half of the preoperational period, children begin to understand, create, and use symbols to represent things that are not presentLanguage development32Preoperational Children are highly egocentricThey appear to believe that the way things look to them is also how they look to everyone elseChildren dont have a theory of mind: the ability to think about what others are thinking or feelingTheory of Mind

33Preschoolers develop the ability to understand anothers mental state when they begin forming a theory of mind.Before having a Theory of Mind, a child would say that Sally will look in the blue cabinet. Upon developing a Theory of Mind, a child understands that just because they know it is in the blue cabinet that doesnt mean that Sally knows it, so Sally will look in the red cabinet.3334Preoperational DevelopmentChildren do not yet have conservation mass and volume are the same even in different shapes35

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Conservation of liquidConservation of massConservation of numberConservation of lengthConservation of lengthWhich has more liquid?Do they both weigh the same, or does one weigh more than the other?Are there still as many pennies as nickels, or more of one than the other?Are they the same length, or is one longer?Is one pencil as long as the other, or is one longer?Has moreWeighs moreMoreIs longerOriginal SetupAlter as ShownAsk ChildUsual Answer

Cut it up into A LOT of slices, Mom. Im really hungry!!

38Concrete Operational ThoughtThinking is no longer dominated by appearance of thingsBut, logical operations can only be performed on real, concrete objectsCan reason only about what is, not what is possible39-The adolescent or adult is able to think about abstractions (the difference between fairness and justice) -Can use hypothetical concepts (What if)-is able to speculate or use propositional (root word: propose) reasoning. If, thenFormal Operational (12+)40Modifying Piagets TheoryChanges from one stage to the next are less consistent than Piaget suggestedChildrens knowledge and mental strategies develop at different ages in different areas41Modifying Piagets TheoryCognitive development is not sudden, permanent shifts from one way of thinking to another. Instead children begin using the different ways of thinking more frequently, but for a little while still show thinking from both stages42Social Cognitive DevelopmentLev Vygotsky focused on the social world of people when explaining cognitive developmentArgued that the childs mind grows through interaction with other minds (Zone of Proximal Development)Scaffolding

43Variations in Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive development can be impaired if raised in a stimulation-deprived environmentBut cant be sped-up much44Ericksons PsychosoicalEric Erickson was important because he extended the idea of stages into adulthood and covered the entire lifespan.His theory was that each stage, we faced a conflict that we had to resolve within ourselves.

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

46Three distinct Parenting Styles of European-American parents:Authoritarian: Parents tend to be strict, punishing, and unsympatheticBecause I said so!Permissive: Parents give their children freedom and provide little discipline. Either out of disinterest or because they want to be cool.47Parenting StylesAuthoritative: Parents fall between these extremes.Discussion, compromise, explain reasons

Authoritative parenting correlated (but not perfectly) with more successful life outcomes.48Kohlbergs Stages of Moral ReasoningPreconventional Level: Moral choices tend to be selfish in natureFollow rules to gain reward or avoid punishment49Conventional Level: Choices based on following rules and social conventions.Its the lawThats just how everyone behaves

50Postconventional Level: Moral judgments are based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human lifeCivil Disobedience, MLK, Ghandi51

52Limitations of Kohlbergs StagesCross-Cultural StudiesStages 1-4 appear universal; Stages 5 and 6 do not always appearMoral judgments in some cultures do not fit into Kohlbergs stages53Limitations of Kohlbergs StagesGender and Morality (Gilligan)Men concerned with the abstract, impersonal concept of justiceFemales concerned with protecting enduring relationships and fulfilling human needsAdolescenceOnset of Puberty happens earlier than in previous centuries.But full adulthood comes later.This period of extended Adolescence is unique to the Industrialized Western World (European and North American)Imaginary Audience adolescents assume that they are the center of interest in others thoughts and attentionsFluid Intelligence The ability to quickly work with ideas or information. Mental agility.Decreases in old age.Crystallized Intelligence The accumulated knowledge of the world. Increases with age.Research shows that staying mentally active with fluid intelligence tasks (crosswords, sudoku, card games) helps the mind stay sharp in old age.Physical Exercise also helps the brain.NatureInnateInbornInstinctiveReflexMaturationBiologicalDNAGeneticBiological ParentsHeritabilitySimilarities of Identical TwinsNurtureEnvironmentSurroundingsCultureRaised/RearedAttachment

Adoptive ParentsDifferences of Identical TwinsHealthDisordersCriteria for Judging AbnormalityHow do we decide what is a disorder that needs medical treatment and what is just everyday life?63Criteria for Judging AbnormalityStatistical infrequencyNorm violationPersonal suffering64Criteria for Judging AbnormalityStatistical frequencyIs it common or rare?65Frequency of Psychological Disorders

Criteria for Judging AbnormalityNorm violationIs it outside of accepted or normal behaviorsPersonal sufferingIs it causing harm or distress to self or others. Is it maladaptive?67When considering whether something is abnormal, Psychologist do NOT consider: race, gender, income.68DSM-IV Classification System69The DSM is the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.It is the Psychiatrists BibleTherapists can look up symptoms and conditions and recommended treatmentsDSM-IV Classification SystemPerson is evaluated on 5 dimensions, or axesAxis I: Diagnosed mental disorderAxis II: Personality disorders or mental retardationAxis III: Medical conditions relevant to persons mental or behavioral problemsAxis IV: Experienced difficulties important for understanding social, environmental, and cultural context in which psychological problems appearAxis V: Rating (from 1 to 100) of current level of psychological, social, and occupational functioning70DSM-IV Classification SystemMain Idea:Therapist looks at whole person and all aspects of situation before making diagnosis71Anxiety DisordersPerson experiences anxiety (mental stress) that is so intense and long-lasting that it disrupts a persons daily functioning72Anxiety DisordersPhobia: An intense, irrational fear of an object or situation that is not likely to be dangerousPerson usually realizes that fear makes no sense73Anxiety DisordersPhobias are often treated with Systamatic Desensetization Exposing the patient to the item that causes the phobia, bit by bit until they finally get comfortable with it.74Systamatic Desensetization A system of making a person less sensitive to the thing causing the phobiaEx: think about snakes while doing relaxing breathing. Look at picture of snakes. Handle rubber snake. See real snake behind glass.75Other Anxiety DisordersPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder: After stressful or traumatic event, person experiences anxiety, nervousness and may mentally re-live the traumaWar Vets, POWs, Rape victims76Other Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Person is bothered by persistent, upsetting, and unwarranted thoughts (obsessions) that motivate repetitive behaviors (compulsions)77Examples: -Must wash hands constantly-everything must be at 90 degree angleTV show: Monk78Somatoform Disorders: Person shows symptoms of a somatic, or bodily, disorder even though there is no physical causeDoc, I cant see! But, your eyes are fineIts all in their mind = Somatoform79Personality DisordersPersonality disorders are long-standing, inflexible ways of behavior that are dysfunctional styles of living80Antisocial Personality DisorderImpulsive, often criminal, behavior that harms othersIndividuals fail to show anxiety, remorse, or guilt for their behaviorsSometimes called sociopathsTruly dont care about anyone else81Mood DisordersConditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania, especially when the moods are not consistent with surrounding events82Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder: A person alternates between deep depression and maniaMania is a very agitated, usually elated, emotional state83Most common and successful treatment of mood disorders is biological prescription drugsDepressed people dont have enough serotonin, so they take drugs that block the reuptake (absorption) of Serotonin so more of it stays in the blood.84Cognitive therapy (talk therapy) can also be successful. Help the patient understand or think through why they are depressed and what they should do about it.For extreme depression, electroconvulsive therapy sometimes works.85Dissociative DisordersPerson experiences a sudden disruption in ones memory, consciousness, or identitydis (un, non, opposite) associate (with, together, linked)Dissociate = not together86Dissociative Identity Disorder: Person appears to have more than one identity or personality.Commonly called Multiple Personality Disorder Dissociative Fugue: Sudden loss of personal memory and the adoption of a new identity in a new place87SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behaviorAbility to communicate and relate to others is severely impairedMost aspects of daily functioning are disrupted88Symptoms of SchizophreniaThought and language are often disorganizedword saladsContent of thinking is often disturbeddelusions89Symptoms of SchizophreniaPerceptual disorders such as hallucinationsA hallucination is a sensory experience (seeing, hearing) when there is no basis for it.Difficulty in focusing attentionMay feel overwhelmed as they try to attend to everything at once90Social Psychology

Chapter 18

Objectives: 2 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 2891

91Attributing Behavior to Persons or to SituationsA teacher may wonder whether a childs hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution).9292Fundamental Attribution ErrorThe tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in explaining the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.9393Fundamental Attribution ErrorShe stole because shes a thief

He was late to work because he is lazy9494Fundamental Attribution Error95

95How we explain someones behavior affects how we react to it.

9696Why do actions affect attitudes? One explanation is that when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is calledcognitive dissonance.97To relieve ourselves of this stress we change our attitudes to match our actions97OBJECTIVE 5| Explain how the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, role-playing, and cognitive dissonance illustrate the influence of actions on attitudes.Action and attitude dont always match. To eliminate this cognitive dissonance we often change our attitudes.98I dont think this is right, but Ill do it Later we come up with justifications.

I didnt like track until I started coaching it.

Forcing yourself to smile can actually make you happier98OBJECTIVE 4| Describe the conditions under which attitudes can affect actions.Cognitive Dissonance

9999Group Pressure & Conformity

100Suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity, adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.100OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss Aschs experiments on conformity, and distinguish between normative and informational social influence.Group Pressure & ConformityAn influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality.101

William Vandivert/ Scientific American101Conditions that Strengthen ConformityOne is made to feel incompetent or insecure.The group has at least three people.The group is unanimous.One admires the groups status and attractiveness.One has no prior commitment or response.The group observes ones behavior.Ones culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard.102102Conditions that Weaken ConformityIf even one other person also goes against the group, that increases the likelihood that others will not conform.When allowed to be anonymous, conformity is less likely103103Obedience104People comply to social pressures. How would they respond to outright command?

Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience.Stanley Milgram(1933-1984)

Courtesy of CUNY Graduate School and University Center104OBJECTIVE 8| Describe Milgrams experiments on obedience, and outline the conditions in which obedience was highest.Milgrams Study

105Both Photos: 1965 By Stanley Miligram, from the film Obedience, dist. by Penn State, Media Sales105Milgrams Study: Results

66% went to highest shock 1/3 wouldnt

106106Lessons from the Conformity and Obedience Studies107In both Ash's and Milgram's studies, participants were pressured to abandon their own judgement and substitute either the group (Asch) or the authority (Milgram)

In Milgrams study, participants were torn between hearing the victims pleas and the experimenters orders.107OBJECTIVE 9| Explain how the conformity and obedience studies can help us understand our susceptibility to social influence.Role Playing Affects AttitudesZimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role- appropriate attitudes.

108108Social facilitation: Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others. Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists race times were faster when they competed against others than when they just raced against the clock.

109Michelle Agnis/ NYT Pictures109OBJECTIVE 10| Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social loafing, or deindividuation.Social LoafingThe tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually (Latan, 1981).

People slack off when a group has a task more than when they have an individual task.110110Small Request Large Request111Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.111DeindividuationThe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.112

Mob behavior112GroupthinkA mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.113Attack on Pearl HarborKennedy and the Cuban Missile CrisisWatergate Cover-upChernobyl Reactor Accident113Effects of Group InteractionGroup Polarization enhances a groups prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes.

114114OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss how group interaction can facilitate group polarization and groupthink.Group PolarizationWhen Republicans call in to right-wing talk shows, they get even more right-wing

When students who are upset about a school policy talk to each other, they only make each other more and more upset. People tend toward the extremes in conversation.Ex: Were having our own prom115115OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss how group interaction can facilitate group polarization and groupthink.Ingroup: People with whom one shares a common identity. Outgroup: Those perceived as different from ones ingroup. Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor ones own group.

116Scotlands famed Tartan Army fans.Mike Hewitt/ Getty Images116The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (the just-world phenomenon).

We look to blame the victim to help calm our fears that life is random and we could be randomly victimized by it

117117Bystander EffectTendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.In a crowd, everybody thinks somebody else will do it.Diffusion of Responsibility no one person is to blame118

118OBJECTIVE 26| Describe the steps in the decision-making process involved in bystander intervention.PeacemakingSuperordinate Goals are shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. A common enemy or a shared task(Super means above, sub means below)119

119OBJECTIVE 28| Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.Social TrapsBy pursuing our self-interest and not trusting others, we can end up losers.Prisoners dilemma: If we work together, we could accomplish more; but if I betray you, I can accomplish more. If we betray each other, we both lose.

We would all be better off if all nations reduced pollutions, but if any nation takes the expense to reduce pollution while other nations pollute, the nation that reduced pollution loses out. 120120AttractionUnlike the myth that opposites attract, people mostly form friendships and romantic relationships with SIMILAR people. Mere Exposure Effect the simple fact (mere) of spending time around (exposure) something causes us to like it more than we used to.Passionate Love: An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Root word: passionCompanionate Love: A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Root word: companion121