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Unit 4: Industry and Imperialism

Standard 7-3 Goal:

The student will demonstrate an understanding of independence movements that occurred throughout the world from 1770 through

1900.

Vocabulary

7-3.4

1. Industrialization 2. Interchangeable parts

3. Laissez-faire Capitalism 4. Socialism

5. Proletariats

7-3.5 and 3.6 6. Imperialism

7. Social Darwinism 8. White Man’s Burden

9. Sepoy Rebellion 10. Meiji Restoration

11. Spheres of Influence 12. Open Door Policy

13. Boxer Rebellion 14. Berlin Conference

7-3.7

15. Monroe Doctrine 16. Spanish-American War

17. Yellow Journalism 18. Roosevelt Corollary

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Unit 4 Study Guide Write the number of the paragraph where you found the answer in the space provided. We will highlight and summarize

each standard for our notes this unit. This will be worth 5 bonus points if you turn it in complete before the test.

Questions Paragraph

Number

1. How did the Agricultural Revolution change Britain?

2. Where were factories built during the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the way goods were produced change during the Industrial Revolution?

4. What technology changed factories and transportation?

5. How did the Industrial Revolution have an impact on way people lived?

6. What were some of the negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

7. How did people move during the Industrial Revolution?

8. Why did the working class begin to believe in socialism?

9. How did labor unions and new laws have an impact on the Industrial Revolution?

10. What is imperialism?

11. How did the ideas of Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden shape imperialism?

12. How did different countries react to being imperialized?

13. How did nationalism affect the Zulu in southern Africa?

14. Why was Britain able to defeat the Zulu and take their land?

15. Why did many Indians dislike Britain’s imperialism?

16. What happened to India after the Sepoy Rebellion?

17. How did Britain’s decision to import opium have an impact on China?

18. Why did foreign influence in China grow in the 1800s?

19. How did the Boxer Rebellion impact China?

20. How did Japan react to western imperialism?

21. How do we know the Meiji Restoration was a success?

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7 – 3.4 (BENCHMARK)

Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused economic, cultural, and political changes around the world.

1 The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (major changes in

manufacturing) began in Great Britain during the late 1700s.

It followed the Agricultural Revolution (major changes in

farming) and early advances in technology and machinery.

2 The Agricultural Revolution was a change in the way

people farmed. The enclosure movement, crop rotation, and

improved farming techniques led to increased crop production.

More crops meant there could be more people and led to an

increase in population. Due to this

shift, small farmers could not keep

up with larger, more advanced

farms, so they were forced to

become tenant farmers (people who

work the land to pay their rent) or

move to the cities.

3 Britain industrialized first

because it had natural resources,

rivers and harbors, experienced

entrepreneurs (people who start

businesses), a growing population,

political stability (the government

wasn’t changing much), growing

world trade, and lots of wealth.

Review the map to the right.

From Britain, the Industrial

Revolution spread to the USA,

Germany, and Belgium. Japan also

industrialized quickly to protect

itself from foreign competition.

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4 The Industrial Revolution’s economic changes still

affect our world today. The invention of machines has made

production faster. Many of these early inventions were used in

textile (cloth making) manufacturing. The use of these

machines led to INDUSTRIALIZATION (changing from hand

labor to machine labor). The flying shuttle doubled the

amount a weaver could produce, and the spinning jenny

allowed one person to spin eight threads at once versus one at

a time. These machines were originally operated by hand, but

later water power was used. The spinning mule, for example,

was a spinning jenny powered by water that could spin dozens

of threads at once and the power loom increased the

production of cloth even more. The cotton gin increased cotton

production.

5 The invention of machines led to the creation of

factories. Instead of doing work at home, workers came to the

factories where the machines were. Factories were originally

built near rivers or streams to provide power for the machine

and in existing towns and cities for workers. After James Watt

invented the steam engine, factories could be built anywhere.

Coal and iron were the resources needed to power steam

factories. In the 1870s a second wave of industrialization

began, with electricity, chemicals, and steel as the main

reasons for industrial business.

6 Steam engines also improved transportation.

Steamboats and locomotives led the construction of canals

(man-made rivers) and railroads for trade and travel. The

railroad was especially important because it created new jobs

for railroad workers and the miners who dug the coal to power

the new engines. Since transportation became cheaper, trade

could happen over longer distances.

7 In the factory system, individuals were given specific

tasks instead of trying to do every job themselves. By dividing

labor this way, factories increased what a worker could get

done and increased the amount of manufactured goods a

factory could produce. INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS, or parts

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that were the same for every model, led to mass production

(making lots of a good at once). Mass produced goods cost less

to make, meaning more people could afford to buy them.

Workers spent long hours in the factories, often over 14 hours

a day, six days a week. The conditions in the factories were

dangerous and many people were killed or injured. There was

no insurance, no workers comp, and no disability if a worker

was hurt. Many of the workers were farmers who came to the

factories so they could earn more money as part of a large

rural (county) to urban (city) migration (movement). This shift

was called urbanization.

8 This migration changed society. Many cities in Europe

doubled their population during the Industrial Revolution.

Workers were paid very little, and living conditions in the

working class (people who worked in the factories)

neighborhoods were not good. The working class lived in

crowded areas, without basic utilities like running water.

Conditions were unsanitary and pollution from factories made

them worse. The middle and upper classes such as business

owners or other professionals moved into nicer homes in the

suburbs (areas just outside the city). This showed the class

divisions in industrial societies.

9 The dangerous conditions and growing class divisions

led to political changes. The basis for the Industrial Revolution

was LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM. Under this system, all

factors of production are privately owned and the government

keeps its hands off of the economy. While this system allowed

industry to grow, it also created a large gap between the rich

and poor. Supporters of capitalism argued against reforms like

a minimum wage or safer working conditions. They believed

such changes would hurt the free market system and create

less wealth. The middle and upper classes continued to

oppress the working class.

10 The working class turned to SOCIALISM because they

believed it would provide a better life for the working classes.

Under socialism, the government was supposed to organize

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the economy to create equality and end poverty. Workers

would produce more and wealth would be distributed to those

that needed it. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The

Communist Manifesto to push for a radical form of socialism.

They believed the social classes were at war with each other,

and the PROLETARIATS (the “have-nots,” or working classes)

had to over throw the bourgeoisie (the “haves,” or factory

owners) to take control. Although this never happened, Marx

and Engels inspired future reforms and revolutions.

11 Labor unions and reform laws were created in 1800s to

correct the issues between the classes. Unions worked for

better working conditions, higher pay, and shorter hours.

They would strike (stop working) if their demands were not

met. At first these unions were restricted but they achieved

some victories over time. For example, in the 1830s, British

Parliament began regulating mine and factory conditions for

women and children.

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7 – 3.5 and 7 – 3.6 (BENCHMARK) Analyze how industrialization led to imperialism in India,

Japan, China, and Africa. Explain reactions to imperialism that resulted from growing nationalism.

12 IMPERIALISM (belief that powerful nations should

control weaker ones) was created by the Industrial Revolution

because of the wealth gap created between industrialized and

non-industrialized nations. Industrial nations needed raw

materials from less developed countries. Europe, the U.S.A.,

and Japan were the major imperial powers. They wanted land

and resources in Asia and Africa. European politics and

society supported imperialism. European nations competed for

colonies. Nationalism led each country to try and get the most

and best trading posts. SOCIAL DARWINISM (belief that

stronger nations should have the most wealth and power) also

led the belief that Western nations were superior and should

rule. Rudyard Kipling’s WHITE MAN’S BURDEN explained

that Western powers had a duty to force their culture on

weaker nations, even if the weaker nations don’t want it.

INDIA

13 India was the most important Asian colony for Great

Britain. The British East India Company set up trading posts

along the Indian coast, making it very important to the British

Empire. Britain set this organization up and gave it its own

government, which allowed it freedom to run as it pleased.

14 The SEPOY REBELLION was a result of British

imperialism. To maintain control of British interests in India,

the British East India Company hired Indian soldiers known

as sepoys (see photo on right) to protect their trading

business. As Britain took more control over India, the Indian

people became more and more unhappy. Britain suppressed

Indian culture even as they built railroads, communication

systems, and schools to transform the country. Rumors that

new gun cartridges (bullets and gunpowder wrapped in

paper) were greased with pork or beef fat angered Hindu and

Muslim sepoys.

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To use a cartridge you have to bite the end off to empty

the powder into the chamber. Hindus and Muslims are

forbidden from eating pork or beef, and they were forced to

use these contaminated cartridges. The sepoys revolted

against the British as a result of this betrayal. Britain took full

control of India after putting down the rebellion. Britain began

taking India’s raw materials while setting up markets to sell

British goods. Many Indian industries, including the textile

industry, were hurt because they could not compete with

British industrialization.

JAPAN

15 Japan’s government was forced to reopen trade when

the United States threatened to attack. Commodore Matthew

Perry of the U.S. Navy used his warships to force Japan to

sign a trade treaty. Japan, which had gone into isolationism in

the 1600s, was forced to trade again. The government of

Japan decided to industrialize rather than become a simple

market.

16 The MEIJI RESTORATION (Japan’s forced

industrialization) was Japan’s way to protect itself. In 1868

the Japanese emperor took the tile Meiji, meaning enlightened

one. The Meiji government sent people to study Western

nations so they could industrialize. Japanese conservatives

were unhappy with this decision, but the Meiji government

carried on.

17 Japan’s rapid growth of industry allowed them to join

the West in becoming a strong imperial power. In 1894, Japan

went to war with China in order to take control of Korea.

Japan needed Korea for access to raw materials and for new

markets. Japan showed the world its new industrial might by

quickly defeating China in the Sino-Japanese War. This gave

Japan control of Korea.

18 In 1904 Japan showed its power again by defeating

Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. Russia had tried to trade

in Korea but the Japanese would not allow it. Japan’s navy

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destroyed much of the Russian naval fleet headed for Korea.

Russia surrendered in 1905, giving Japan the solitary right to

Korea. The Meiji Restoration had made Japan a world power

equaling the nations of Europe and the United States.

CHINA

19 China was also forced to reopen trade with foreigners.

China was self-sufficient by the late 1700s and early 1800s,

meaning they didn’t need to trade with Europe. Britain,

however, found one thing Chinese citizens were willing to buy:

the addictive drug opium grown in India. China fought the

British in the Opium War to try and stop the drug’s trade, but

they were defeated. After Britain won the Opium War, China

had to allow Britain to trade and set up markets.

20 At the same time China was undergoing an internal

rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was an attempt to create a

kingdom without poverty. The Chinese government felt

pressured to change, but attempts to reform and gain strength

did little good. Other industrialized nations also wanted access

to China so they took advantage of China’s problems. They

began carving the

country into special

territories where

they controlled trade

and economic

rights. They called

these territories

SPHERES OF

INFLUENCE. The

U.S. created the

OPEN DOOR

POLICY to allow all

nations to trade

freely in China.

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21 The BOXER REBELLION was a response to

imperialism and growing Chinese nationalism. The Righteous

and Harmonious Fists (called the Boxers by Europeans) was a

nationalist group that used martial arts to get foreigners out of

China. The Boxers attacked and killed foreigners and Chinese

Christians while causing major damage to foreign owned

shops and businesses. The rebellion was stopped when the

eight nations with economic interests in China joined forces.

The Chinese government was forced to pay for the damages

done by the Boxers and the eight nations were allowed to keep

their spheres of influence. However, nationalism and the need

for reform stayed strong in China.

AFRICA

22 Exploration of Africa led to Belgium signing a treaty to

take the Congo. Belgium’s King Leopold II established rubber

plantations there and forced Africans to work in hard

conditions removing sap from rubber plants. Soon after, other

nations began trying to take their own piece of Africa. The

BERLIN CONFERENCE set the rules for dividing Africa.

Fourteen European nations met to decide who would take

what part of Africa. No Africans were represented, and the

Europeans ignored traditional tribal or language borders.

Europeans easily dominated Africa because of their superior

technology. Only Liberia and Ethiopia were not imperialized by

1914. Despite the attempts to reach a peaceful division,

conflicts still arose.

23 The Zulu Wars in South Africa put imperialism up

against nationalism. The Dutch, the British, and Africans all

wanted the land and valuable resources there. In the early

1800s, Shaka Zulu created a centralized country. The Boers,

Dutch settlers also known as Afrikaners, began moving North

into Zulu lands as Britain began taking over South Africa.

Shaka Zulu led his people in a war against the Boers to

protect his empire from Dutch control. His successors did not

have as much luck against the British who moved into South

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Africa. In the 1880s The Zulu Wars were fought between the

Zulu tribes of Africa and the British. Because of Britain’s

advanced weapons, the Zulu were defeated and their kingdom

became a part of the British Empire.

Map of Africa showing

different ethnic groups

Map of Africa as divided

by the Berlin Conference

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7 – 3.7 Explain the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War as a reflection

of American imperialist interests, including acquisitions, military occupations, and status as an emerging world power.

24 In 1823, U.S. President James Monroe issued the MONROE

DOCTRINE. The Doctrine said the Americas were off limits to European

colonization, while the U.S. would stay out of Europe’s side of the world.

One of the biggest tests of this doctrine came when Cuba declared its

independence from Spain. During the 1890s the U.S. became increasingly

imperialist towards Cuba, and in 1895 Cuban leader Jose Marti began

fighting for the island’s freedom from Spanish Rule

25 The SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR started in 1898. The U.S. was

providing aid to Cuba, using the Monroe Doctrine to justify their

involvement. The USS Maine, an American warship, was sent to Havana

Harbor to protect American interests there. The explosion of the USS Maine,

which was blamed on a Spanish attack, led Americans to declare war

against Spain.

26 This delighted many American newspapers. They had been

scrambling for the most sensational and competitive headlines for years.

Called “YELLOW JOURNALISM,” they were not above exaggerating,

omitting the truth, and outright lying if it would sell newspapers.

27 The war lasted four months. It was fought on two fronts: Cuba and

the Philippines. America won the Philippines, as well as the territories of

Guam and Puerto Rico. The U.S. put a military government in Cuba

controlled the country’s business, angering many Cubans. The U.S. leased

Guantanamo Bay in order to establish a major naval base on the island.

28 The war increased America’s desire for imperialism. President

Theodore Roosevelt issued the ROOSEVELT COROLLARY in 1904,

declaring the United States was an international police power protecting the

Western Hemisphere. This gave the U.S. justification for intervening in

Latin America. To showcase America’s new power Roosevelt sent the U.S.

Navy, known as the Great White Fleet, on a world tour. The U.S.

encouraged revolution in Panama in order to build the Panama Canal

(canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans). Intervention in Latin

America increased, creating an economic imperialism that established

American supremacy in the Western Hemisphere.