unit 4 penyeliaan rev

7/27/2019 Unit 4 Penyeliaan Rev

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UNIT 4 : SUPERVISORY SKILLS

4.1 SITE PREPARATION AND EARTHWORK

Once permission is granted to enter a construction site, the following works need to be carriedout :

i. Site clearingii. Preparing entrance and exit passages to construction site.iii. Preparing temporary road. See figure 4.1(a) and (b).iv. Preparing temporary parking road.v. Preparing temporary building such as site office (figure 4.1(c)), materials and

equipments store ( figure 4.1(d)), guard house, accommodation and canteen.vi. Preparing storage for materials such as reinforcing bars, structural steel,sheet piles, and

others. See figure 4.1(e) and (f).vii. Preparing fences and hoardings. See figure 4.1(g).

viii. Preparing safety signboard. See figure 4.1(h).

Besides that, basic facilities such as water supply, electric supply, telephone lines, sanitary andothers are to be provided for the workers convenience.

Figure 4.1(a) : temporary road Figure 4.1(b) : temporary road

Figure 4.1(c) : site office Figure 4.1(d) : temporary hoarding


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Figure 4.1(e) : storage for materials Figure 4.1(f) : storage for materials

Figure 4.1(g): equipments storeFigure 4.1(h): signboard

Datum is set once the contractor has accomplished to provide the basic needs. Then, sitesurveying work is carried out to determine the required formation level as in figure 4.1(i).Thisalso includes the determination of finish floor level and the gradient for the drainage using staffssurvey and staffs level.

Figure 4.1(i): site surveying work

Earthwork involves the process of preparation of the required formation level as in the workingdrawing. Cut and fill works are carried out with reference to base level line and datum that beenset-up. For area that has higher ground level than the site formation level, cutting of earth is

carried out, while earth filling is carried out to the area when the ground level is lower than theformation level. Cutting and filling work are carried out until the site level is exactly at theformation level. See figure 4.1 (j).


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Following are steps in cutting and filling work for construction.

i. Checking actual level at the site from Layout Plan by Surveyor. Example : 2.0 m.ii. Examine finished ground level which was proposed by Architect. For example : 2.6 m.iii. Embankment work cutting can be made based on the level that proposed. Example : 2.6

m 2.0 m = 0.6 m or 2 feet must be added.iv. Compaction Test needed to ensure the ground contain optimum moisture.

Figure 4.1G): cut and fill level

As conclusion, construction of site preparation and earthwork involves the followings activities.i. Preliminary work as mention before, the activities are site clearing,prepare temporary

road, temporary building such as site office and others. See figure 4.1(k).ii. Study of construction drawing flood retention pond, wash through and silt trap. The

purpose is to control and prevent erosion and flooding at the downstream. See figure4.1(l) and (m).

iii. Site formation level cutting and filling work. See figure 4.1(n).iv. Compaction test the purpose is to make sure moisture content of soil after compact

must achieve 90 % of standard. See figure 4.1 (p).

Figure 4.1(k) : site clearing Figure 4.1(l) : wash through


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Figure 4.1(m) : silt trap

Figure 4.1(n) : cutting and filling work Figure 4.1(p) : compaction test

4.2 SUBSTRUCTURE

Basic construction works are categorized as substructure that involved basic construction pad,raft, band, reinforced concrete pile and others. Most of project that involved heavy load indesigning will used reinforced concrete. Meanwhile for project that used small load the used ofbasic construction pad is enough.

Some of construction project are school, hospital, institutions of higher learning, governmentadministrative building, hostel, workshop, store, pavilion, gatehouse, TNB substation, pump

house, dumpsites, public propose and others.

All structure has its own load that need to be supported by the ground. Therefore, everystructural work needs to begin with the construction of substructure. Substructure refers to allparts of construction members that are built below the ground level. Substructure work includespiling work (if needed), foundation, column, stump, underground floor (lower floor and wall) andfoundation base floor. Figure 4.2(a) shows cross section of a building substructure work.


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Figure 4.2(a) : cross section of a building substructure

The construction of substructure begins after the setting out of the area has being carried out.The setting out are includes the pegging, set ranging pole and setting up level. Normally oncethe position of the condition of excavated soil is soft and loose, temporary trench support will beconstructed to prevent any collapse of the soil.

For large construction with heavy load, pile driving work is carried out before construction offoundation. The work has to be done based on the working drawing and work specifications thathave been specified.

Following are steps in basic construction that using pile.i. Provide and bring in a equipment likes jack machine, gauge, dolly and others work

that related for piling work and load test. Then brings out after completed.

ii. Setting out. See figure 4.2(b) and (c).iii. Piling works for example use jack in pile or hydraulic machine. See figure 4.2(d) and(e).

iv. Supply, delivery and unload. Example : 300 mm x 300 mm reinforced concrete pile.See figure 4.2(f).

v. Operate, transport, set up and drive. Example : 300 mm x 300 mm pile as bespecified. See figure 4.2(g). starting pile 12 m second extension pile 6 m

vi. 16 mm weld bonding measuring 1200 mm of parameter in among basis plate edgeand protected his surface with thick layer of bitumen. See figure 4.2(h).

vii. Once the piling work completed, excavation work around the piles will be carried outfor construction of pile cap. See figure 4.2(i).

viii. Cutting a pile from reinforced concrete pile include hacked and removed until to themarked point at the base of the pile cap. See figure 4.2(j) and figure 4.2(k).

ix. Provide tools, vehicle and worker to make to make load test on pile that was chosenby Superintending Worker. See figure 4.2(l).x. The exposed reinforcement will be bent and cost together with the pile cap

foundation and stump to provide structural continuity.xi. Formwork for the foundation is prepared and then reinforcement is placed inside the

formwork. See figure 4.2(m) until figure 4.2(r)xii. This is followed by the fabrication of reinforcement for the stump. See figure 4.2(s).xiii. Concrete is then poured into the formwork and is left to harden before ground beam

and solid ground floor slab work begin.xiv. Area surrounding and above the hardened substructure are covered

back with the original soil. See figure 4.2(t).


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Figure 4.2 (b) : Setting out

Figure 4.2 (c) : setting out for piling point

Figure 4.2 (d) : hydraulic machine Figure 4.2 (e) : Jack In pile

Figure 4.2 (f) : Pile 12m and 6m

Figure 4.2 (g) : Piles driven at specificpoint


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Figure 4.2 (h) : welding work

Figure 4.2 (i) : excavation work

Figure 4.2 (j) : cutting pile head Figure 4.2 (k) : remove pile head

Figure 4.2 (l) : load test Figure 4.2 (m) : formwork andreinforcement


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Figure 4.2 (n) : Concreting work

Figure 4.3 (p) : vibrating to reduce honeycomb

Figure 4.2 (q) : Dewatering work Figure 4.2 (r) : formwork dismantle

Figure 4.2 (s) pile cap and column stump

Figure 4.2 (t) : backfilling


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As conclusion, construction of substructure work involves the followings activities.

i. Setting out.ii. Piling (if required)iii. Excavation work for foundationiv. Formwork for foundation

v. Fabrications of reinforcementvi. Concreting work

Once the substructure work has been completed, the construction of superstructure workbegins.

4.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE

Superstructure building consist of all part of structure that are built above the substructure, whichis above the ground level. Superstructure work for building are built in stages and it begin withthe construction of structural members such as ground beam, column, first floor beam, staircase,upper floor beams, roof beam and roof frame.

Workers involved was appointed by subcontractors to carry out the work at the construction site.Workers for structural work are consist of skilled worker and general worker. The appointment ofworkers varies depending on the work stages involved such as steel, concrete, metal, bricks andtimber.

Following are steps in superstructure construction.i. Ground beam

Formwork for the ground beam is prepared and then bar reinforcement is placed insidethe formwork. Figure 4.3(a) and figure 4.3(b) are shows bending work using machine.While figure 4.3(c) and figure 4,3(d) are shows slump test and preparation for cube teston site.Concrete is then poured into the formwork and is left to harden before

solid ground floor slab work begin. See figure 4.3(e), figure 4.3(f) and figure 4.3(g) forground beam construction work.This work activities will repeat for all structure from ground beam untilroof beam

ii. Slab (refer figure 4.3(h) and figure 4.3(i))iii. Column (refer figure 4.3(j), figure 4.3(k) and figure 4.3(l))iv. Roof beam (refer figure 4.3(m), figure 4.3(n) and figure 4.3(p))v. Roof frame / Trusses (figure 4.3(q))

Figure 4.3 (a) : bar bending works Figure 4.3 (b) : bending machine


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Figure 4.3 (c) : Slump test

Figure 4.3 (d) : cube test

Figure 4.3 (e) : formwork for ground beam Figure 4.3 (f) : Reinforcement

Figure 4.3 (g) : concreting work Figure 4.3 (h) : formwork and reinforcement forground slab


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Figure 4.3 (i) : concreting work for ground flootslab

Figure 4.3 (j) : reinforcement bar for column

Figure 4.3 (k) : erection of formwork

Figure 4.3 (l) : column ready for inspection

Figure 4.3 (m) : formwork for beam Figure 4,3 (n) : installation of reinforcement


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Figure 4.3 (p) : Support for roof beam Figure 4.3 (q) : Trusses installation

4.4 BUILDING ENVELOPE

While structural work is in progress, building envelope and basic building facilities such asmechanical and electrical work for plumbing system, clean water supply, electrical supply,communication and telecommunication system as well as multimedia system, air conditioning,fire prevention system and sanitation system are to be prepared.

Building envelope involving installation of window, door, wall, ceiling and roof covering. Seefigure 4.4(a), figure 4.4(b), figure 4.4(c), figure 4.4(d), figure 4.4(e) and figure 4.4(f).

Following are steps in building envelope construction.

a) All element structure such as frame, roof covering from equivalent supplier mustapproved by Superintending Officer.b) Supplier also must sent their certificate of company and sample that fulfill the

specification in drawing.c) Contractor will continue construct / install all element structure after getting approval

from Superintending Officer.

Figure 4.4(a) : brick wall Figure 4.4(b) : Installation frame of door


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Figure 4.4(c) : Installation frame ofwindow

Figure 4.4(d) : Installation of ceiling

Figure 4.4(e) : Installation of roof covering Figure 4.4(f) : Installation of roof covering


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4.5 ARCHITECTURAL FINISHES

Architectural finishes will be started after substructure and superstructure works have finished.Involving the interior finishing such as installation of floor tiles, door frame, window frame andpainting works.. See figure 4.5 (a), figure 4,5(b), figure 4.5(c) and figure 4.5(d).

Following are steps in architectural finishes construction.a) All sample of material such as tile, metal deck roof covering, painting colors of catalog

from equivalent supplier must approved by Superintending Officer.b) Supplier must sent their certificate of company and sample that fulfill the specification in

drawing.c) Contractor will continue construct / install all materials after getting approval from

Superintending Officer.

Figure 4.5(a) : painting work Figure 4.5(b) : external plastering work

Figure 4.5(c) : plastering work Figure 4.5(d) : tiling work


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4.6 INFRASTRUCTURE

i. Septic Tank / Sewerage Treatment Plant ConstructionThere are mainly two types of sewerage systems/services in Malaysia. Thepremises' sewerage systems are either connected to a public sewage treatmentplant or have an individual septic tank. Figure 4.6i(a).

Figure 4.6i(a)

Following are steps in installation of septic tank.a) Tank supply works, example model MA 576' from equivalent company approved by

Superintending Officer. Figure 4.6i(b)b) Excavate and installation septic tank. Figure 4.6i(c)c) Concrete layer construction 1:2:4 thickness 250 mm and BRC's steel. Figure 4.6i(d)d) Cover back septic tank with original soil. Figure 4.6i(e)

e) Sanitary pipefitting to sewage tank. Figure 4.6i(f) and figure 4.6i(g)

Figure 4.6i(b) : septic tank Figure 4.6i(c) : excavation work


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Figure 4.6i(d) : cross section detail drawing of septic tank

Figure 4.6i(e) : cover back with original soil Figure 4.6i(f) : Sanitary pipefitting

Figure 4.6i(g) : Sanitary pipefitting

Figure 4.6i(h) : Sanitary operation


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ii. Water Reticulation Works

Consumers in Malaysia enjoy a 24-hour water supply and water is reliable and safe in termsof quantity and quality. It is treated according to international standards for drinking water setout by the World Health Organization (WHO). All domestic, commercial and industrial users

are metered. Figure F4.6ii(a) shows the process of water treatment.

Figure 4.6ii(a) : Sanitary operation

Following are steps in installation of water supply.a) Water tank and piping supply works, example model PVC pipe and Iron pipe from

equivalent company approved by Superintending Officer. Figure 4.6ii(b) and figure

4.6ii(c)b) Tank installation in bathroom / toilet. Installation must on top roof beam. Figure

4.6ii(d)c) Each service pipe, distribution pipe or extension pipes of building need to be planted

not less 300mm under ground level.d) Install external pipe from water meter to water supply pipe and hydrant installation

follow Water Supply Department approval (JBA)/JKR Kerja Air. Figure 4.6ii(e).

Figure 4.6ii(b) : PVC pipe Figure 4.6ii(c) : Iron pipe


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Figure 4.6ii(e) : water meter

iii. Road and Drainage

Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographicbstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel. and may be requiredto meet standards set by law or official guidelines.

Following are steps in road construction.a) Site clearing - tree displacement. Figure 4.6iii(a)b) Excavation work - placement of drainage. Figure 4.6iii(b)c) Uploading work - unloaded soil exited from site (Subbase Layer) Figure 4.6iii(c)d) Compaction work. Figure 4.6iii(d)e) Geotextile's Installation and fill in sand directly on top of layers. Figure 4.6iii(e)f) Sand is compressed using Vibrating roller machine. Figure 4.6iii(f)g) Crusher Run embarked above sand and compressed. (Subgrade Layer) Figure

4.6iii(g)h) CBR's test perpetrated upon crusher run have been compacted. Figure 4.6iii(h)i) Sand Replacement Test also must be done. Figure 4.6iii(i)

j) Drain installation works - brick are used to build wall and sump until road level.Figure 4.6iii(j), figure 4.6iii(k) and figure 4.6iii(l).

k) Road Kerb's construction use machine. Figure 4.6iii(m)l) Crusher Run's surface sprayed with Prime Coat. Figure 4.6iii(n)m) Spreading of asfaltic concrete pavement with 70mm depth. (Binder Coarse Layer)

Figure 4.6iii(p)


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n) Wearing Coarse Layer - Same process with binder coarse except depth for wearingcoarse only 50mm.

o) Finishing Works. Figure 4.6iii(q), figure 4.6iii(r) and figure 4.6iii(s)

Figure 4.6iii(a) : site clearing Figure 4.6iii(b) : excavation work

Figure 4.6iii(c) : uploading work Figure 4.6iii(d) : uploading work

Figure 4.6iii(e) : Geotextile's Installation Figure 4.6iii(f) : compaction work after sand is

fill directly on top


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Figure 4.6iii(g) : Geotextile Figure 4.6iii(h) : CBR Test

Figure 4.6iii(i) : Sand Replacement Test Figure 4.6iii(j) : install pre cast drain

Figure 4.6iii(k) : pre cast drain 450 mm Figure 4.6iii(l) : sump


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Figure 4.6iii(m) : road kerb Figure 4.6iii(n) : prime coat

Figure 4.6iii(p) : binder coarse layer Figure 4.6iii(q) : scupper drain

Figure 4.6iii(r) : interlocking blockFigure 4.6iii(s) : signage


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iv. Landscape

Landscaping is both science and art, and requires good observation and design skills. A goodlandscaper understands the elements of nature and construction, and blends them accordingly.

a) Plant of spot grass or close grass. Figure 4.6iv (a) and figure 4.6 iv (b)

b) Planting variety of flowers and trees. Figure 4.6iv(c)c) Pedestrian walkway. Figure 4.6iv(d)

Figure 4.6iv (a) : spot grass

Figure 4.6iv (b) : close grass

Figure 4.6iv (c) : gardenFigure 4.6iv (d) : pedestrian walkway

4.7 FINAL STAGE

On completing of the construction project, a Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC) will beissued to the constructor or developer and a Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC)

shall be applied from the local authority by the Architect of the project.

The employer is responsible in preparing the last payment to the developer or contractor. A sumof 5% from the overall building project cost is retained as retention money by the client for a yearor as according to the agreement made. This period of time is known as Defect Liability Period.Within this period, if there is any defect or damage due to not fulfilling the required specification,the contractor is responsible for making good of the defective work. However, if within that periodthere is no damage or the contractor has repaired all damages that are reported, a Certificate ofMaking Good Defect is issued and the retention money is released to the developer orcontractor.

a) Testing and Commissioning and Energizingb) Authorities Inspection / Approvalsc) Cleaningd) CPC Datee) Project Handover Date


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4.8 SITE DOCUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Site documentation can be defined as the creation and maintenance of events as they occurthroughout the life of a construction project. These records are meant to serve multiple purposes:

a) provide a record of daily project activities for site or office use of personnel changes arerequired

b) provide update database informationc) provide a record of daily events and activities in the event that disputes or claims arise

either during construction or after the project has been closed outd) reassure client that project is going smoothly and will be complete by the expected date.

Accurate documentation of the construction project is essential in the current contractingclimate. Clear documentation can assist in finding quick and equitable solutions forproblem occur at construction site. All documentation should be concise, as manyindividuals will be referring to it and using it as a basis for other action.

Site documentation consist of several types of document including site diary, siteminutes meeting, site inspection report and progress report.

4.8.1 SITE DIARY

Site diary is the consecutive record of events on the jobsite. It purposes is to provide asnapshot of the days activities and conditions. The daily report records informationobjectively.

Typical information included in site diary is:a) Project nameb) Clients namec) Contractors named) Name of project managere) Date of report

The date reported and the date the report is written should be the same.f) Weather conditions

Indicates project conditions that can explain why work was not done on aspecific date. The duration of disruption of work at site due to weather conditionsshould be noted.

g) Manpower each dayList the number of employees and type of their job.

h) Equipment at siteList of the equipment at site and indicate either it is being used or it is idle. Thelist of equipment indicates the capabilities to perform the work at the time.Normally, equipment listed in this area is larger and does not account for toolssuch as saws or hand tools.

i) Materials received at siteIndicate the ability to pursue construction activities. It also shows compliancewith purchase order.

j) Work task performed each dayk) Visitors at site

Verification of the dates for visits from the owners representative, architects,engineers and other interested parties is necessary in some dispute. Thepurpose of this list is to monitor visitors to the jobsite in compliance with thesafety program.

l) General notes concerning overall job progress or observations of any unusualoccurrence.This section is used to describe occurrences that fall outside of the description ofwork of progress. This area could indicate an action or a conflict on the jobsite,

an accident, discovering an unknown condition, or another notable event.m) Name, signature and title of person completing the site diary. It is necessary toestablish the report as an official document.


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Figure 4.8(a) : Site Diary (JKR Format) Front Page


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Figure 4.8(b) : Site Diary (JKR Format)


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Figure 4.8 :Site Diary (JKR Format)


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4.8.2 SITE MINUTES MEETING

Meetings are frequent occurrences during the construction process. A meeting provides severalpeople the opportunity to discuss current matters of concern about the project, face to face.Minutes meeting should be taken to reflect the conversation and any resolution issue.

The primary goal when taking minutes is to be as objective as possible. Minutes do not providedan exact record of the meeting, but an accurate summary of the major points and who madethem.

The elements in minutes meeting are:a) Title

The title should address the type of meeting, date of meeting and sequential number ofmeeting. The time and location of the meeting also should be included.

b) Project designationc) Parties in attendance

A list of individuals attends the meeting. It also includes their firm.d) Minutes form previous meeting

This section indicates any additions or correction to the previous meeting. It providescorrections that complete the validity of the minutes as viable project document.

e) Project progressOne of the most important elements of construction progress meeting is the update of

current construction progress.f) Submittals status

A submittal log might be attached to the minutes to concerned parties to indicate thestatus of any submittals.


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Figure 4.8(d): Site Meeting Agenda


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Figure 4.8(e): Site Meeting Agenda


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Figure 4.8(f): Site Minute Meeting


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4.8.3 SITE INSPECTION REPORT

Two types of Site Inspection Report are Request for Information (RFI) and Request forClarification (RFC). Rarely will a project proceed without the need of clarification of certainportions of the specifications or drawings.

a) Request for Information (RFI)The contractor has numerous questions throughout a project concerning documents,construction, materials and numerous other items. It is necessary to document everyrequest and reply. Extra cost or complications can arise during the process, requiringuse of RFI to substantiate a projects direction.

b) Request for Clarification (RFC)Several of information needed does not have cost implication. Request for Clarification(RFC), is non-charge item and can merely require information about something shown inthe documents. It can be a simple query regarding a particular in the constructiondocuments. It also can be a notice about an occurrence or knowledge of an occurrence,as well as a notice of latent, or unknown conditions.

These documents are usually considered as a short communication. It is important the problemstate clearly and define type of response required. It also a time sensitive document that requireimmediate information. The date the form was sent and date of response is needed.


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Figure 4.8(g): Site Meeting Inspection Form


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Figure 4.78(h): Site Meeting Inspection Form


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Figure 4.8(i): Site Meeting Inspection Form


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Figure 4.8(j): Site Inspection Form


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Figure 4.8(k): Site Inspection Form


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4.8.4 PROGRESS REPORT

This report is most important element in construction project. This report consist an updateprogress of construction prepared by contractor and normally verified by clerk of work. Progressreport may contain a following list:

a) Project participantList of project participant involved in the project including chart organization of client,

contractor, architect, civil and structural engineer, mechanical and electrical engineerand quantity surveyor.

b) Contract detailsInformation including title of work, name of contractor detail, site office detail, contract

sum, contract period, date of awarded, date of site possession and date of completion.c) Planning work progress

A presentation shows how the activities are scheduled. It prepared as time-scalepresentation.

d) Actual work progressA presentation shows the activities have been done.

e) Manpower at sitef) Equipment at siteg) Weather reporth) Request for Informationi) Request for Clarification

j) Quality/Material testing FormA record of all materials samples sent to testing. Including test performed at site.

k) Log of submittalsAll material being transmitted to the Resident Engineer should be logged in and out.

l) Photographic RecordsPhotographic record is to document construction progress, damage,technical detail, types of materials, methods of installation and evidence of siteconditions.


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Figure 4.8(l): Progress Report


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