Name_______________________________Test Date_____________Period_______

Unit 5 Part B: Day 1 Cell Growth, Division & Reproduction

CELL SIZE LIMITATIONS

• Cells that are _______ _______ will have

_______________ diffusing materials through the cell.

- ________________, ________________, and _______

must enter cell at an efficient rate and cells need to remove

________________ from the cell quickly or else they will build up toxins

• Cytoskeleton ________________ ________________the cell organelles

• Cellular communication ________________ and is less efficient

• DNA will a limit a cell’s size

• If cell is too big then DNA ________________ make enough ________________ to

support the cell

Large Cell: It takes ________ ________ for the nutrients to reach the ________________ of this cell

Smaller Cell: It takes ________ ________for the same nutrients to reach the ________________ of

this cell

HOW DO CELLS SOLVE THIS PROBLEM?

As cell size ______________ too much- it can which can lead to ________________ of a cell.

It is important for cells to stay small so it can ________________ properly by _____________

materials in & out ________________.

ANSWER: ________________ ________________ before they get too big!

CELL CYCLE :

Cell Cycle: is the series of events that take place in a ________________leading to its

______________ and _____________ (replication) that produces _____ daughter ______________.

Eukaryotic cells divide via the ___________ ______________.

Prokaryotic cells divide via ________________ __________________.

Cell Division in Prokaryotes (no nucleus)

– Prokaryotes such as ________________ divide by the

________________ process of ________________

__________________.

Binary Fission advantages for prokaryotes:

– Only requires a ______________ organism to start

– Reproduce ______________ and increase in population.

– Less ______________ usage

Binary Fission disadvantages for prokaryotes:

– All new cells are ______________ (identical) so the only source of genetic variation is

______________

Eukaryotic (nucleus) Cell Cycle

Process by which a _______ __________and ______________

to produce ______________ ________ __________

______ _____________ go through cell division.

Cells divide before they become ________ ___________

Average cycle for a cell is 22 hours.

Cells grow and divide, SO that YOU can grow and reproduce

3 reasons why cells reproduce by asexual (1 parent cell) reproduction:

1. ______________of organism

2. ______________ body tissues

3. __________________________ of old cells

What are the TWO main phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase: ______________________ (90%) phase of the cell cycle (G1, G0, S, G2 Phase)

State Description Abbreviation

Interphase Gap 1 G1

______________ ______________

cell ______________ ______________

carries out normal _______ ______________

Ribosomes ______________ ______________

Interphase

Gap 0 G0

______________ phase

________ division

Some cells never leave G O phase

ex.___________cells (once it’s gone- it’s gone)

Some cells never enter G O phase

ex. ______________cells (constantly renewed)

DNA Synthesis

S

DNA Replication – process by which _______

is ______________ to make _______

________________ ______ _____________.

______________ the amount of chromosomes

in cell

(you must give new cells a copy of ALL the

instructions)

Gap 2 G2

The ______________growth

cell ____________ to ______________ (mitosis)

cell’s ______________ are ______________

ex. Mitochondria, vacuole, golgi, chloroplast

Needed ______________ are produced to build.

Cell division

Mitosis M

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

Division of _____________

Cell division

Cytokinesis Division on the _____________ (2 new cells)

***SYNTHESIS (S) PHASE REVISITED***

FUNCTION (JOB) OF DNA:

The master copy of an organism’s information code that contains the _____________

(_____________)_____________ to make _____________

_____________ how an organism looks and acts (_____________)

A _____________ is a _____________ of _____________ that codes for a _____________.

Each unique gene has a unique _____________ of _____________.

This unique sequence of bases will _____________ for the production of a unique protein.

It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us different _______ _____________.

DNA STRUCTURE (HOW DOES DNA LOOK?)

The _________ ________________looks like a twisted ________________and is called a

_ ________________ _______________.

Scientists Discovery Year Oswald Avery Discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits

the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

Erwin Chargaff Discovered a relationship in the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Used radioactive phosphorous and sulfur.

Rosalind Franklin Took an x-ray of the DNA structure so the patterns could be seen. The x-rays show that DNA is twisted around each other like a helix and has two strands.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases & that the 2 strands are twisted together in a shape called a double helix.

A molecule of DNA is __________ _________of

millions of tiny _______ _________ (______________)

called _____________________.

Each nucleotide has 3 parts:

1. ________ _________ ___________ _________

2. ________ _________ ___________ _________

3. 1 of 4 ________ _________ ___________ _________

NUCLEOTIDES

The ___________ (___) & ___________ __________ (__)

form the ________________ of the DNA molecule

The ___________ ________ _____________ (____________)

form the ____________ ____ ___ of the DNA molecule.

There are ____types of _____________ ________ _ (________)

The bases are held together by _____________ ___________ _.

NITROGEN BASES

Each base will only bond with one other specific base held together with hydrogen bonds.

___________ (purine) pairs with ___________ (pyrimidine) “Apples go in a Tree”

___________ (pyrimidine) pairs with ___________ (purine) “Cars go in a Garage”

A = T form a BASE PAIR C = G form a BASE PAIR

Because of this ____________ ____ ______________

_________________, the order of the bases in one strand

determines the order of the bases in the other strand.

DNA REPLICATION (TO COPY)

DNA has to be ___________ before ______________

_ __________ can be made in __________

________________.

DNA Replication happens during the ___ ____________ or “Synthesis Phase” of the cell cycle

All _____ ___________have to be ______________ a complete set of _________ instructions!

According to Erwin Chargaff-

If there are 5 A’s, how many T’s are there?___________

If there are 82 G’s, how many C’s are there?___________

DRAW AND LABEL THE 3 PARTS OF

NUCLEOTIDE

Write the complementary strand of DNA to the following sequence.

5′ A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G 3′

Without ___________________, new _________ would NOT have all ____________

instructions & the organism will not ____________________.

Replication is _______ -___________________ (one strand is old, one strand new)

This is to help __________________ ________________ (mutations) in DNA.

START with Original DNA (Parent Strand)

STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION (TO COPY)

Step 1: Separation of strands.

DNA has to ________________and ______________.

DNA ______________ in the ________________ (weak hydrogen bonds).

______________ is the enzyme speeds the ______________ of

______________ bonds.

Step 2: Base pairing & Bonding of bases

The free _______________ _____________in the

_________________ will __ ______________ to bases to the

exposed __ _________.

Remember bases bond A=_______ , _________ =G.

Free ______________ continue to _________ _______until the

entire double strand of DNA has been ___________________

_______ ___________________ is the enzyme that builds and ___________ the nucleotides

DNA is made out of an original strand with a new strand. This is called semi-conservative.

Step 3: Results of replication.

Replication produces ____ ______________ molecules of DNA.

The polymers will twist back up. Now ________ ______________

______________ can be made!

Sequence the follow pictures in order of DNA replication.

Parent New New Parent

**BACK TO CELL CYCLE

M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis

M Phase: __________________ phase of cell cycle (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)

A ______________ cell ______________ to produce two daughter cells that are

______________ ______________ to the parent cell.

Daughter cells have the ___________ number of ______________ as the ____________ cell

MITOSIS – is divided into ________ phases

1) Prophase ____________________

______________ move to the opposite sides

Spindle ______________ form

Visible ______________ (______)

Nuclear envelope __________ down

______________ ______________ are held together by a ______________

2) Metaphase ____________________

The _________ ________________line up across the

_________________ (equator) of the cell

Sister chromatids are connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

3) Anaphase ____________________

Sister chromatids ____________________ and move

__________ from each other.

What happens if the chromatids break? ____________________

Nuclear envelope

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane

Sister Chromatid

4) Telophase TWO

The ________________ move to opposite sides of the cell.

__________ new ______________ ________________will form around the sets of

chromosomes.

Cytokinesis CUT

Cell membrane________ inward to create ____ cells

Each cell has its ______________ ____________ with

________________ ________________

CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS

Cell ________________ forms prior to the cell ___________ appearing

EUKARYOTIC REPRODUCTION: MITOSIS (ASEXUAL)

Daughter cell

Nuclear envelope reforms Daughter cell

Practice problem:

Parent Cell________________

Chromosomes replicate = ________________ Cell divides producing 2 identical daughter cells each with

________________ (same as parent)

Practice problem:

Parent Cell has ________________ Chromosomes replicate = __________________

Cell divides producing 2 identical daughter cells each with ________________

Controlling the Cell Cycle/Division

Cell ________________ and cell ________________ are carefully controlled inside an

organism.

Most ________________ and ________________ cells do ________ divide once they have

developed (G0 phase)

Cells that make blood, ________________, and ________________ divide

________________throughout life

Cell division is controlled by:

– ___________ regulates timing of cell division

– Regulator _______________ including growth factors

– Apoptosis: when a cell is programmed to _______

Cell Cycle Disorder: CANCER

Cancer - the ________________ ________________ (________________) of cells (cells

________________ ________________ making more cells)

Due to ________________ in ________________

Cells ________________ the ________________ to control their growth rate

Cells no longer respond to signals that regulate growth of most cells.

Cancer cells form ________________ of cells called ________________ and cause

________________ to other cells and tissues

a. Benign tumor: does ________________ ________________ to surrounding healthy tissue

b. Malignant tumor: ________________ and ________________ other tissue (*move)

Causes of Cancer:

• Smoking • Radiation exposure • Defective genes • Viral infections

Treatment of cancer • Surgery • Radiation

• Chemotherapy