unit 5 skeletal system 5.1 bones: an overview · title: nerve activates contraction author: karl...

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.1 BONES: AN OVERVIEW

Unit 5 Skeletal System


Section Objectives

Identify the major structures and functions of

the skeletal system.

Differentiate between the two divisions (axial

and appendicular) of the skeleton.

Identify and describe the 4 types of bone

shapes and provide examples of each.

Explain the 3 functional roles of bone

markings.


5.1 Discussion Preview

Divisions of the Skeleton

Bone Shapes

Bone Markings

Bone Development


The Skeletal System

STRUCTURES

Bones (skeleton)

Joints

Cartilages

Ligaments: attach bone to

bone

FUNCTIONS

Support of the body

Protection of soft organs

Anchor for skeletal muscles

Storage of minerals and fats

Blood cell formation


Skeletal System Organization

The adult skeleton has 206 bones

Divided into two divisions

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton


Divisions of the

Skeleton• Axial Skeleton

• “AXIS”: an imaginary

line that something turns

around

• Appendicular Skeleton

• “APPENDAGE”: a part

of the body that is

attached to the trunk

• Which color is which?

• ON YOUR DIAGRAM:

• Label each view

(anatomical language).

• Create a color key and

color in the axial and

appendicular divisions of

the skeleton.Figure 5.6


Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton: forms long axis of

the body

Includes bones of the skull, vertebral

column, rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton: Includes

bones of the upper and lower limbs and the

girdles that attach the limbs to the axial

skeleton

Girdle: something that encircles,

like a belt

Pectoral (shoulder)

Pelvic (hip)

AXIAL

APPENDICULAR

Pectoral Girdle


Divisions of the Skeleton

AXIAL

Cranium/cranial bones

Facial bones

Sternum

Hyoid

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

APPENDICULAR

Scapulae

Clavicles

Humeruses

Radii

Ulnas

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Ossa coxae

Femurs

Patellas

Tibias

Fibulas

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges


BONE SHAPES

Identify and label on your diagram as we go along.


Classification of Bones

Short bones

Generally cube-shape

Examples: Carpals

On your diagram, identify 1

additional example of short

bones.



Flat bones

Thin and flattened

Usually curved

Example: Parietal bone

(cranium)

In your notes, identify 2

additional examples of flat

bones.

Flat Bones

Sternum Ribs

Scapulae Most Skull Bones


Classification of Bones Long bones

Typically longer than wide

Have a shaft with heads at both

ends

Example: humerus

On your diagram, identify 4 additional

examples of long bones.



Irregular bones

Do not fit into other bone

classification categories

Example: Vertebrae

In your notes, identify 1

additional example of an

irregular bones.


Classification of Bones by Shape

Figure 5.1

Create a color key on your diagram for the different classes of bone shape.


Bone Markings

Surface features of bones

Categories

Projections and processes – grow out from the

bone surface

1. Muscle/ligament attachment

2. Articular Surfaces

3. Depressions /Passageways: blood vessels and

nerves


Bone Markings


BONE DEVELOPMENT

How do the bones of the skeletal system grow and change?


Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton

is primarily hyaline

cartilage

Until Week 8

During development,

much of this cartilage is

replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in

isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints


A break in a bone

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin

Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures may be treated by splinting

secure (a broken limb) with strips of rigid material

Bone Fractures


Splinting a Bone


Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2

In your notes, use only 2-3 words to describe each type of

fracture.


Repair of Bone Fractures

1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a

callus

3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony

callus

4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a

permanent patch


Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

Figure 5.5

unit 5 skeletal system 5.1 bones: an overview · title: nerve activates contraction author: karl...

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