unit 5: the civil war through reconstruction chapter 15: reconstruction - high hopes & shattered...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 5: The Civil War Through Reconstruction
Chapter 15: Reconstruction - High
Hopes & Shattered Dreams 1865-1877
Radical Republicans
Led by Charles Sumner in the Senate & Thaddeus Stevens in the House
Opposed to the swift restoration of the South
Wanted to use federal power to uproot Southern social structure, punish the planters, & emancipate the blacks
Senator Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Rep. Thaddeus Stevens(R-PENN)
Lincoln’s PlanBelieved that Southern states never
legally seceded from the Union
Wanted restoration to be easy & without malice
Policy called the Ten Percent PlanA state could be reintegrated into
the Union when 10% of its voters from the 1860 election had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. & pledged to abide by emancipation
Wrote a new state constitution that abolished slavery & elected new state officials
“With Malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds.” - Lincoln
Wade-Davis BillRadical Republicans in Congress turned down
Lincoln’s Plan
They created the Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Required 50% of a state’s voters to take the
oath of allegiance stating they were loyal & had never been disloyal
Lincoln killed the bill with a “pocket veto”
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenry
W. Davis(R-MD)
John Wilkes Booth Assassinates Lincoln
Johnson’s Plan
Very similar to Lincoln’s planRatification of the 13th
AmendmentRepudiation of Confederate
debtsRenunciation of secessionRecommended the vote be
given to blacks
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Believing that Johnson’s plan was too mild & that the freed people needed more protection, Congressional Republicans took control of Reconstruction
Passed a Civil Rights Bill (1866) & extended the authority of the Freedmen’s Bureau
Approved the 14th Amendment
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Passed the Military Reconstruction Act 1867Divided the South into 5 military districts
ruled by military governors Ordered the states to rewrite constitutions
giving the vote to blacksRequired states to ratify the 14th
Amendment
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Passed the Army Act to reduce the President’s control over the Army
Passed the Tenure of Office Act, forbidding Johnson to dismiss Cabinet members without the Senate’s permission
Approved the 15th Amendment
Freedom for African AmericansCongress created the Freedmen’s Bureau
(1865) to assist A-As with food, clothing, medical care, & education
Churches became the most prominent social organization & were the first to be fully controlled by A-As
Freedom for African AmericansGeneral William T. Sherman issued
Special Field Order No. 15“forty acres & a mule”Johnson ended land redistribution
& returned it to its former owners
Freedom for African AmericansMany turned to sharecropping
Rented land & paid the landowner with crops
Turned to local merchants for equipmentIncreased the dependency of the South on
cotton
Rental contracts & crop liens were renewed if debts weren’t paid, leaving many poor blacks & whites trapped by sharecropping
Sharecropping
The White South: Confronting Change
In an effort to define a legally subordinate place for A-As, southern state legislatures passed black codesTried to ensure a stable & subservient labor
forceEstablished racial subservience
The Ku Klux Klan (1866) formed out of resentment to the changing societyUsed terror to create a climate of fearGoals were to restore white supremacy &
destroy the Republican party
Black Reconstruction
A-As began to take an active role in state & local govts. in the south
Most supported the Republican Party
Received support from some white votersCarpetbaggersScalawags
Black Reconstruction
The Mississippi Plan
Democrats in the 1875 election in Mississippi used terror tactics to intimidate the Republicans
Pres. Grant refused to get involved out of fear of losing Northern Republican support
Johnson is Impeached
Johnson removed Sec. of War Edwin StantonViolation of the Tenure of Office Act
Was impeached by the House but came within one vote of being removed by the Senate
The Senate Trial lasted for 11 weeks. Johnson was acquitted 35 to 19, which was 1 vote short of the required 2/3s vote.
Johnson is Impeached
Election of 1868
The Election of 1876
The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?
The Compromise of 1877
Congress created a special commission consisting of Democrats and Republicans to determine the outcome of the 1876 election
Hayes was given the Presidency in exchange for ending Reconstruction & withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South
The Impact of Reconstruction
Many white southerners turned radical in their resentment of freedmen & Northerners
The Republican political agenda stood in the way of A-A’s realizing full rights & protections
Although slavery had come to an end, most A-A’s were relegated to inferior positions