Verbs being used as adjectives

Participles come in all three tenses (present, perfect, and future) and both voices (active and passive)The boy, running to the city, was happy.

Which word in this sentence is the participle?

What is happening first, the boy being happy or the boy running to the city?

At the same time!

How to identify, form, and translate

The connecting vowels for the present participles are the same as the imperfect tense:

laud + a laudamon + e monereg + e rege

aud + ie audie

Since participles are used in the sentence as adjectives, they will use adjective endings.

Present Participles will use third declension endings

To our stem + vowel, we will add –ns (for the nominative) and –ntis (for the genitive):

lauda laudans, laudantismone monens, monentis

rege regens, regentisaudie audiens, audientis

You can add any ending from the third declension in any gender to the stem of a present participle

The stem is the genitive without the –is . . . we will add to whatever is left (let’s try –es):laudantis laudant + es laudantesmonentis monent + es monentes

regentis regent + es regentesaudientis audient + es audientes

Present participles will agree with their nouns in case, number, and gender

The best translation is ‘_____ing’

puer currens ad urbem laetus erat.The boy, running to the city, was happy.

Present participles happen the same time as the main verb

Their stem comes from the second principal part

They use only third declension endings They agree with their noun in case,

number, and gender They are best translated as ‘_____ing’