Unit Map: Follow Along in your packet

WHAT ARE YOU LEARNING?Describe tissue types and their

functionsUnderstand and Explain tissue purpose

Know Understand Do!

Know Tissue Types Tissue

Locations Tissue

Anatomy

Understando Tissue purposes

in the bodyo Tissue

propertieso Tissue

development

Do Outline tissue

functions Represent

tissue types Explain tissue

importance in animal health

Key Learning: Tissue Types and Functions

Unit EQ: Why are tissues critical to animal health?

Concept : Nerve

Lesson EQ:

Why is nerve tissue damage a serious injury?

Vocab

CNS, PNS

Concept : Connective/ Muscle

Lesson EQ: How does connective function?

VocabTendon, Ligament

Concept :Epithelial

Lesson EQ:Where is epithelial tissue located?

VocabIntegument

Keratin

Essential Question

Where is epithelial tissue located?

Warm Up

What happened?

Epithelial Tissue

Collections of cells packed together into layers

Line body surfaces , openings, and tubesIntestinal, reproductive, and urinary tractsBlood vessels

Epithelial Functions

Protection from outside environmentExpulsion and movement of material

within lumen tubes Secretory Absorption of specific material Conservation Sensory input

Protection From: Bacterial invasion Extreme temperatures UV radiation (damages cells) Drying out Trauma Cilia

Specialized protrusions made from epithelial tissue.

Tissues beat in a direction to help remove debris (lungs, coughing, move digesta through intestines)

Secretory Tears : protect eye

tissue Saliva : begin digestion,

moistens food Mucus: in airways, trap

particles Mammary System:

secrete milk (only in MAMMALS)

Absorption

Highly Selective! Minerals

Intestines, lungs, and kidneys Oxygen/CO2 exchange

Blood vessels Extracellular Fluid

Is exchanged etc

Conservation

ECF within cells is conserved

Sensory

Sensory InputRetina: essential in transmitting visual

input to CNS (central nervous system)Tongue: taste, touch and temperatureNoseEars

Histology: Epithelium

Histology: study of cell structure in plants and animals

ALL epithelial tissue have:Basement membrane: collection of

fibers that tie epithelial to the underlying connective tissue

No direct blood supply (underlying connective tissue supplies everything)

Diffusion of nutrients and waste

Activity BREAK! Types of Epithelial TissueGrab your coloring stuff! Please DRAW in your notes. They

will be on your test.

Epithelial Tissue Categorized by:

Layers○ Simple: One layer○ Stratified: multiple layers○ Transitional: multiple layers that can change

shapeShape○ Squamous: flat○ Cuboidal: Cube○ Columnar: column

All terms are combined ( Layer + Shape) to appropriately describe epithelium

What type if Where?

Simple squamous (1 layer and flat)Found where there is a need for

exchange. Very fragile. In protected areas. Large surface area for transfer○ Line blood vessels: transfer of waste,

fluids, nutrients, gases○ Air sacs in the respiratory system:

carbon dioxide and oxygen

What type is where?

Simple Cuboidal (1 layer, square shaped)Associated with secretion or

absorption (Exocrine and Endocrine) ○ Thyroid, pancreas, salivary glands○ Tubules of the Kidney

Endo / Exo Explained Endocrine Cells

Secrete hormones directly in to the blood stream for transport ○ Thyroid, adrenal, pituitary

oExocrine oHave ducts to transport their secretions to impact more local areas. Hormones do not enter blood stream

oSweat and salivary glands

What type is where? Simple/ Stratified Columnar

and Cuboidal (1+ layers of column or square)Nucleus near the baseAssociated with secretion and

absorption○ Stomach and many glands○ Intestinal Lining

Have microvilli <- fingerlike projection that drastically increase the surface area = more efficient absorption

What type is where? Stratified Squamous (many layers, flat)

Found in areas of mechanical stress. Thickness determined by amount of stress to the area (back vs bottom of foot)○ Rectum, Vagina, esophagus, mouth○ SKIN!! = Integumentary System

Originate from a basal layer○ Appear more cuboidal

Continually divide and move outward ○ Loose cytoplasm and nucleus becoming flatter

and fluff off

Review Time!

Epithelial Tissue review worksheet

Essential Question

How does connective tissue function?

Warm Up

Consists of two basic elements:

Cellsand

Extra-cellular matrix

General Information

Types and functions:Loose connective tissue: fat, areolar –

insulation, protectionDense Connective: Ligaments and

tendons – binding and supportCartilage – protection, supportBone - support Blood- transportation

Common Characteristics

All Connective tissue share the following characteristics, despite the variety.Develop from the same embryonic

tissueComposed of many different types of

cells within the tissue.Contains extracellular matrixGreat variation in the amount of blood

supply (vascularization)

Extracellular Matrix Extracellular matrix is the substance that

connective cells are embedded within. Made of nonliving material called ground

substance.Can be liquid, gel-like, semi-solid or hard.Texture depends on amount of cell adhesion

proteins: proteoglycans which trap water forming a gel. More proteins, more solid ground substance.

Contains fibers that provide great strength, or flexibility, or both.

Extracellular matrix allows Conn. Tissue to bear weight, mechanical abuse – protects!!

Fibers Fibers are embedded in ground

substance to add strength/flexibility.

Collagen: stronger than steel of the same size. STRENGTH!

Elastic: allows tissue to stretch and recoil. FLEXIBLE!

Reticular: delicate, forms nets that support free cells.

Cells in Matrix Cells in connective tissue make and

maintain the ground substance and fibers.

Each type of conn. Tissue have immature and mature forms of these cells.

Immature cells have suffix “-blast” – actively produce matrix.

Mature cells have suffix “-cyte” – maintain health of matrix, reverting to blasts to regenerate matrix after injury.Fibroblasts – make conn. Tissue/fibersChondroblasts – make cartilage,Osteoblasts – make boneHematopoeitic stem cells – make blood

Fibroblasts: Secrete both fibers and ground substance of the matrix (wandering)Macrophages: Phagocytes that develop from Monocytes (wandering or fixed) Plasma Cells: Antibody secreting cells that develop from B Lymphocytes (wandering)Mast Cells: Produce histamine that help dilate small blood vessels in reaction to injury (wandering)Adipocytes: Fat cells that store triglycerides, support, protect and insulate (fixed)

Collagen Fibers: Large fibers made of the protein collagen and are typically the most abundant fibers. Promote tissue flexibility.Elastic Fibers: Intermediate fibers made of the protein elastin. Branching fibers that allow for stretch and recoilReticular Fibers: Small delicate, branched fibers that have same chemical composition of collagen. Forms structural framework for organs such as spleen and lymph nodes.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. True Connective Tissuea. Loose Connective Tissueb. Dense Connective Tissue

2. Supportive Connective Tissuea. Cartilageb. Bone

5. Liquid Connective Tissuea. Blood

Loose Connective Tissue Areolar – most widely distributed

type.Serves as “packing material”

cushioning organs, subcutaneous, attaches skin to muscle.

Contains all three fibersGelatinousVery loosely packed, lots of liquidSwells during inflammation (edema)

Loose Continued

Adipose = Fat!Loosely packed with little matrix90% of tissue is adipocytesMost of each cell is a fat dropletNutrient storage, cushioning.Richly vascularizedDevelops within areolar

tissue/subcutaneous○ 18% of an average person’s weight○ 50% of chubby person

Loose Continued

ReticularOnly contains reticular fibers.VERY DELICATE – a fine net of fibers.Supports free blood cells.Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow.REALLY TINY!

“Loose” connective tissues review Adipose tissue mostly under skin

and in mesenteries Reticular: organized 3-D network

of fibers that support lots of cellsE.g. marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

“Dense” Connective tissues Irregular

Thick fibers running in many planesE.g. dermis, fibrous capsules around organs

RegularAligned parallel fibersResists tensionE.g. tendon, ligaments, aponeurosesSometimes with elastic fibers (e.g.

ligamentum nuchae)

Cartilage Characteristics

Resists tension and pressureTough and flexibleNo nerves or blood vesselsLots of collagen and elastic fibers, high

content of proteoglycans.80% waterChondroblasts make matrix until end of

human adolescence.Mature Chondrocytes found in cavities

called lacunae (pit)

Bone

Most supportive tissue in body. Matrix is composed of collagen fibers

surrounded by calcium salts. Osteoblasts make collagen fibers and

calcium salts deposited between fibers. Well vascularized Osteocytes stored in lacunae Bone marrow stores fat and makes

blood cells.

Connective Tissue Review Connective tissue review

worksheet

Essential Question

Warm up

Functions

Movement Posture maintenance Heat generation (3/4 of energy

produced by ATP escapes as heat) Stabilization of joints Protection of some internal organs

Muscle Types

Muscle TypesSkeletal: striated, voluntaryCardiac: only in heart, striated,

involuntarySmooth/Visceral: walls of organs,

not striated, involuntary

Muscle types

Properties of Muscle

Excitability: capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

Contractility: ability of a muscle to shorten and generate pulling force

Extensibility: muscle can be stretched back to its original length

Elasticity: ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

Skeletal muscleAttached to bonesMakes up 40% of body weightResponsible for locomotion,

facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements, other types of body movement

Voluntary in action; controlled by somatic motor neurons

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle Muscle

attachmentsMost skeletal

muscles run from one bone to another

One bone will move – other bone remains fixed○ Origin – less

movable attach- ment

○ Insertion – more movable attach- ment

Smooth MuscleIn the walls of hollow organs, blood

vessels, eye, glands, uterus, skinSome functions: propel urine, mix

food in digestive tract, dilating/constricting pupils, regulating blood flow,

In some locations, autorhythmicControlled involuntarily by

endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

Smooth Muscle

Cells are not striated Fibers smaller than those in

skeletal muscle Spindle-shaped; single, central

nucleus More actin than myosin No sarcomeres

Not arranged as symmetrically as in skeletal muscle, thus NO striations.

Caveolae: indentations in sarcolemma; May act like T tubules

Dense bodies instead of Z disks Have noncontractile intermediate

filaments

Smooth Muscle

Figure 9.24

• Grouped into sheets in walls of hollow organs• Longitudinal layer – muscle fibers run parallel to organ’s long axis• Circular layer – muscle fibers run around circumference of the organ

• Both layers participate in peristalsis

Cardiac muscle

Heart: major source of movement of blood

AutorhythmicControlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

Cardiac Muscle Found only in heart where it forms a thick layer

called the myocardium Striated fibers that branch Each cell usually has one centrally-located nucleus Fibers joined by intercalated disks

IDs are composites of desmosomes and gap junctions Allow excitation in one fiber to spread quickly to adjoining

fibers Under control of the ANS (involuntary) and

endocrine system (hormones) Some cells are autorhythmic

Fibers spontaneously contract (aka Pacemaker cells)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Figure 10.10a

Neuromuscular Junction Region where the motor neuron stimulates the

muscle fiber The neuromuscular junction is formed by :

1. End of motor neuron axon (axon terminal)○ Terminals have small membranous sacs (synaptic

vesicles) that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

2. The motor end plate of a muscle• A specific part of the sarcolemma that contains

ACh receptors Though exceedingly close, axonal ends and

muscle fibers are always separated by a space called the synaptic cleft

Neuromuscular Junction

Figure 9.7 (a-c)

Muscle Quiz!

Fill in the graphic organizer below:Muscle Type of Movement Striated or

Unstriated

Heart

Intestines

Stomach Wall

Bicep

Ham String

KeyMuscle Type of Movement Striated or

Nonstriated

Heart involuntary striated

Intestines Involuntary nonstriated

Stomach Wall involuntary Nonstriated

Bicep Voluntary Striated

Ham String Voluntary Straited

Essential Question

Why is nerve tissue damage a serious injury?

Warm Up

Over view

Allow for communication between and among parts of the body

Found in:Brain+ spinal chord= CNS Everything else = PNS

Nerve tissue = Neurons Neurons have

Dendrites- impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

Nucleus- “brain” Neuron soma- Cell Body

contains nucleus Axon- conducts electrical

impulses away from the neuron's soma

Nerve Attachments

Synapses- connection between 2 neurons

On TissuesMuscle

Nerve Impulse

Impulse occurs as a flow of ions passes through the cell membrane

Resting neuron: Sodium ions actively transported into

ECF (OUT). Potassium pumped into cytoplasm (IN)

Nerve Project

1. Choose an animal2. Outline its movement of all limbs

(fore and hind limbs) for one full “step” (all four limbs MOVE in one step of an animal gait)

3. Outline the impulse pathway that requires ONE limb to MOVE

4. Draw a representation of the nerve impulse pathway

Types of Neurons Sensory: have receptors that react to

changes in the animal’s environment Signals are transmitted to motor/ inter

neurons = these record changes outside the animalLight, heat, Touch/Pressure, Hearing,

Balance, Taste, Smell, Internal Chemical (results in thirst)

Once stimulated nerve signal transmits through the neuron and back to CNS

Types of Neurons

InterneuronFound within the central nervous

system Stimulated by sensory neurons Connections between these neurons

allow for information to travel around the animal’s body

Types of Neurons

Motor NeuronsBegin in the CNS Extend to a muscle or gland (which

they control)○ An ACTION occurs when the

muscle/gland is stimulated by the motor neuron

Interneurons can influence and direct motor neurons in response to outside stimulous

Discuss the Pathway Winter time Wet rainy day Dog left outside

What is happening outside the animal? What reactions does the animal have to the environment? What neurons are being effected and stimulated? What is the result of the stimulation? What is the POINT for the actions?

Clinical Practice Read in Chapter 2

the section on Clinical practice

Give a summary of: Foot and Mouth Disease Common Companion

Animal Medicine occurrences

Monday-Morning Disease (no not the kind YOU get!)

Horner’s Syndrome

Summary includes:What?Where does it

happen?Why does is happen?What is the effect on

the animal?How is it treated? How is it prevented?SUMMARIZE the

information given to you in this section

Test Review Define: Integument Keratin Tendon Ligament CNS PNS Epithelial Connective Nerve Basement membrane Fibrous Mast Cell

Answer:1. What are the types of

epithelial tissue. Draw them

2. What are the types of connective tissue and what do they do?

3. What are the types of loose connective tissue?

4. What are the main types of muscles? What type of movement do they have? Where are they found in the body?

5. What are the 3 types of neuron receptors? What does each type of

receptor perform?