Unit VI: LearningModule 30

Learning by Observation

Observational Learning 30-1

Learning by Observation

• Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others.

• The monkey on the right imitates the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward.

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Mirror Neurons

Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active

during observational learning.

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Imitation Onset

Learning by observation begins early in life. This 12-month-old infant sees an adult look

left, and immediately follows her gaze.

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Bandura's Experiments

• Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.

• He suggested we experience vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment, especially when we identify with the person being rewarded or punished.

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Bobo Doll Experiment 30-1

Applications of Observational Learning

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Antisocial Modlles

Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models

(family, neighborhood or TV) may have antisocial effects.

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Television and Media

More recent research (Gentile et al., 2004) also shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video

games express increased aggression.

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Positive Observational Learning

Fortunately, prosocial models (positive, helpful) have prosocial effects.

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