unit xi: testing & individual differences...lewis terman & iq •in the us, lewis terman...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit XI: Testing & Individual Differences
Module 61
Assessing Intelligence
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Origins of Intelligence Testing 61-1
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Alfred Binet
• Alfred Binet developed questions that would predict children’s future progress in the Paris school system.
• He hoped the test would be used to improve children’s education, but also worried that the test would be used to label children & limit their opportunities.
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Lewis Terman & IQ
• In the US, Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet Test.
• Then William Stern introduced the following formula to derive a person’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
• Today, “IQ” is still used as
shorthand to represent an
intelligence test score – or a test taker’s performance
relative to the average performance of others the same age.
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Achievement vs. Aptitude Tests 61-2
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Achievement vs. Aptitude
• Achievement tests – measure what a person has learned
• Aptitude tests – predict a person’s future performance (aptitude = the capacity to learn)
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for school-aged children.
• It is now the most widely used intelligence test.
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WAIS
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence.
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Standardization & the Normal Curve
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Standardization
• Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested group
• The group member’s scores typically are distributed in a bell-shaped pattern that that forms the normal curve
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Normal Curve 61-3
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Reliability & Validity 61-4
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Principles of Test Construction
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must be standardized, reliable, and valid.
• Reliability – the extent to which a test yields consistent results
• Validity – the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
• General aptitude tests are highly predictive from ages 6-12
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