UNITED STATES BSPARSMEBT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Research ^ministration

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Division of Fruit laseot Investigations

University of California Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station

Board of AgFidultare end Forestry

Pineapple Research Institute Hawaiian Sugar llaaters* Association

Exparimeat Station*

IKVE3TIGATI0NS OF FRUIT FLIES IH Hfll^.11

Oriental Fruit Fly

QUARTSRLI RSP0R3?

Jisly 1 - Septsmbar 30, 1952«

0O0

CONTESTS

Introduction ». ..<»•» ...•••..•••.«•■».•• a**©

Personnel Chart «»««.. •»•••»»•»•♦•»_►•■•'•»••• £

Biologr-Ecology - D. E. Flitters, Projsot t-sader

The Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Oriental FruitFly Under Controlled Conditions (Fiitteinj, 8.8.P.Q-, P« S»Messenger-, Unir- of Calif. Agr. Exp. Station, B. Dresner,

B.E«PoQo) . .

Bloclinatic Cabinet Studies

El Castro, Ca3.ifornia (Doc 1950, Jan.-I'ob. 1951) ..... 2

Aubura3 California (Nbv.-^ec 1951 and Her. 1952) 2-3

Hotuna* Louisiana-(Hov«-Dsc. 1943; Jan-Peb. 194?)- - • * • * 3-5

San Jose, California (Dae 1951 and Mar.-Apr. 3.952) • • • .♦ 5-6

Orlando, Florida (Dec-«-Jaa.-Feb.-4ferv 1929-1930). ..... 6-7

Population Trends of ga£ua dorsali^ Hendel - 0A3U (Flittare) «- S

MAUI (R» Miyabai'a)

Effect of CliEate en t?io °riental Fruit Fly Under Field

Conditions*

Meteorological Data «... 9

Fupal Strdios .»,... • .9-10

Longevity Studies "i°

Mating Studies ■ . • • * * -n-i

Population Studios ....... 11 & 16-18

Hosts of ths Oriental ?ruit Fly 12-15

S. Makagaua)

Effect of Climats on the Oriental Fruit Fly Under Field

Conditions»

Mstsorological Data. ..- •♦•..«.-... 19-20

C 0 H T S II T S (cont }

S^ Biology-Eeolo^" cont'd

Pupal Study • • • • 19 & 21-23

Hosts of the Oriental Fruit -Fly

Fruit Collections • • • * ♦ .«-••... 19 & 24.-27

Population Trends of Dacus dorsalls ^ndsl. 28 - %

university eg? Hiuun i^SSSMiSi-BSSSSSS static

Te.xonop.iy and geographic distribution of the fruit fiAsa of

the sub»fassily Daeinae, with special oniphasis iwon thosregions where jarasito o:Tjloratio:i uoi'lc 5.s baring carri

t ( )regions whee ja g

ont (D. Slsao Kardy and M. *dacbi) .......--..-> 35

"Competition" between O..d2r3ali.s and C. canit^to (H» A»Bess end ?» Harainoto) .•..-»...-.••»••.••«• 3o

Field Ecology of ths 1-iSloa Fly (I. Hishdda) .,'..«...«. 37

Establisbmsnt and spi-eac of parasites, predators and diseases

introduced into Hawaii, and their importance in reducing the

abundance of and damage by fruit flies- (!• M. Newallj F.Karamoto). ...•«•••...*..• » . . , 3S-4S

Toxicity of insecticides to the larvae of ths oriental fruitfly and its internal parasites. (H. Tameshiro) ...... 4-9

Chemical control of G,- cgfii^S-ta on psrsiranons <• (H» A. Bsss) 50

Biological Control of Fruit Flics

TERRITORIAL BOrUtD 0? AGRiOOLTmH? affl> FOH3S25E1 (N. L. H» Kraues,

Q. C. Cfcoc!^, P. W. Wotsr and Staff)

Propagation of Easraeitcs 51

Distribution of Baranit^c . ." 52-54

Physiology -• C. C Roan, Project Lcr.dsr

Summary ««.»«o.»»»«. •...«•••»•»»►•»•»»• 55

Reaction of the Orioatal Fruiw Ply to Light, Testpoz-atuz-3 a:

Chemical Stimuli.

H&. SiSSL a of Selected &Yt:lcholinost3ras3 C&npouafis ontha Oriental Sruit K.y. tha "sditeroransan Fruit Fly said tho

Halon Fly» (Roan aaci S. Kae&i) .-.-•...•..».•. 56-59

Hunan Elasae. and P>sd 31oocl Cell Cholinastss'aso Activities . • 59

CONTENTS (cont»&)

Physiology (cont*d)

The Potential Resistance of the Orieatal Fruit Ely to Bara-

thion* (Roan aad S» Maeda) » . »,t». .*.*.».«<•. 59»6O

The Potential Resistance of the Oriental Fruit Fly to DDT

(Roaa and Kasda) .<.»».» «•,•.•»•«»».*.»« 60-61

Mass Rearing of Emit Fli^s (D« Iliitnotoj G- xasuda, K« Tosnei) . « 61-62

Ghomical Control «* L. F. Steinor, Kfoject Lsc5er

Svsmavy - ■. •• 63-66

Introduction = ....,« > 6?

Preliziinary Laboratory Testing of Insecticides

Testing of New Compounds (I. Koiser) .»..».»>►».»» 67

ativa Elffectiveaeso of Piald Deposits on Gtuiva Against

3 Spacias of 3?suit Fliss (Soiser & P!range} ...<>.<•* 67-68

Effect of Certain Fungicides on Residual Tosiicity (Ksiser &)

Qualities of Insacticides (Koiser & Prango) . . . » » 70-73

Iiisco3.1anaoi23 (Koisor)* >«.,. >,.», «,<,<>« 73

Field Tasting of Insecticides . •

Firuit Sampling Stirfies (Ste^ia-.*)' »«•«..-.......« 74

Tifa Fog Tests (Moriehita. Ibli.o■••?.;/; -Svoinsr) . .' ■. 74.-78

Comparison of Favathicn ar/1 Syst::-:-: en Cdura (Kollo;?ay <?: Staincr) 73-SO

Field Tests on Xuoaya (Hollowly £.■ St-jinnr) « 1 . « » 80-G1

Fisld Tests on ^ngcas (Stoiaer, Moi-ishita, Kil-aoshitu) » • • • S2

Methoda and Results on Vuxvl ....,..«.<..» »«.* 82-91

Pareaitiaation, Maui ... ,»,..>..-...-», 92

Relative Mite Abundance aad .Damage >>«.-»<.«....< 92-93

Methods and Results on Molokai ».».«.*«<.»D».9 93~99

COHSBNTS (cont'd)

Chemical Control (cont'd)

Large~Scale I'ast3 of Methyl Eu.goaol-Po3.8on Bait Statioac (Stoinerand Lao)c • •.»•••••••»

Oo&ala, Eauaii (Haaskua Coast)-. * ♦ «••»•• .» • o 200-105

Kilauea Expsriraauta at Half-Way House .».».c,. •».»•« 105-106

Determination of Poison Spray Residuas On and In Fruit at Harvest

(Koisor and steins?) .•.•••••....•■.•••••••••• 107-108

Development or Impcccvcmont of Trsatmanta to Control Fruit Flissin Aircraft and tteritiiae Vessela*. (Keicor, Hollouay and StDtoer) 1O9»1U

Gotaparativa Field Testc of Lutdo » 112-118

Analysis of Fiold D;>.ta Couip2i\ir.v tho Porrorcro-iCa of tho Fsr-

nentiae and Protciiisceous I.vj.r.>o 119-122

(P* Olfactoinator Scro3aing Tests

Quantitativo Olfactosetsv Texts . . . , . . . . 126 &

Hiscsllanocus Olfactomstsy Tosts .......*.«••..• 126-& 137-13^

Coauaodity Treatsssnts - -T- H» Balock. Project ^a

Investigations to Test Hsw and Prsviciaaly Untrisd *umigants forU3e in Commodity ttre&taents (Balocl:, Kiraan, KosrsEa)Commodity

Screening Materials to Test Tfcsir ?o:;ioity to ^afeed Eggs andLarvae of Dacus ^i

Tests \ritb Bt!jjl3iio Dibrosi

Post-Ho.tch Effect o:C SD3 oil F;3-> of 2» :I?,»;iSl.4-H -•<.•••« 141 & 144-145

Sffcotivs-iecc of CoT.-J3i:i2tio::K o^ Ifiti'v-losc 3?ibi-cr-«i:1e -..-ith i'fe'olfflBromido and -.;:lth Ethyl-ins Cblovobro-.r.v.c

Fumigation of D. ooi-s?.?.!.^ Lifor^ind ^v:>-.y^n in CcaXed Or.£'d-bairci G.'.rtor.so ...-,.«..-.•■•• • • • «

COHTBNTS (cont'd)

Commodity Treatments (cont*d)

Effect of EDB on the Zfedfly .......-•-••«••••• 154- & 158-1

Chemical Analysis of EDB During Fumigation (B- Lai & Baloek}. ♦ 158 & 16O«1

Tests uith Ethylono Cjiiorourojnidc. (Daloclc and Kosiasa). ..... 171-175

Investigations to Deteraiiis Infestation Jndicoo in SxprtabloHavaiian 3?ruita ana VegatsfoLes • (Balock ar.d Kbsuifla) ....... 176-179

Factors Affecting the Keeping Quality of Cut Flouars, Foliages,

OraaaientalSjj Fruits, and Vegetables in Relation to QuarantineSterilization Hsquirom3nt3 for Export» (Ernoet K» Akamine^Haxraii Agricultural Exparissont Station) «<...«..-«••■»••♦ 180-181

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Research Administration

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Division of Fruit Insect Investigations

INVESTIGATIONS OF FRUIT FLIES IN HAWAII

COOPERATIVE QUARTERLY REPORT

JULY 1 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 3OP 1952

With the transfer of Dr. C . C. Hoan to another Bureau assignment inBeltsville* Maryland, in September, the studies concerned with the development of fruit fly resistance to insacticides ware transferred to the ChemicalControl Project. Miss Sue Maeda will have the responsibility for these andthe remaining physiological studies, under Mr* Steiner*s general supervision*The production of experimental flies* with Hiss Dorothy Niimot© in charge,was assigned to the Biology-Ecology Project at the same time* FfcankSo Morishita, who has assisted in the insecticide investigations, left theproject late in the quarter to join the staff of the University of California

at Los Angeles*

We were pleased to have Da?« F. Po Cullivan, Assistant Chief* Bureau ofPlant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering visit our laboratories

late in September*

The following summaries of progress have been prepared from the reports

of the cooperating agencies:

Current Oriental Fruit .Fly Situation»-—Ba.«g&i ~ Fruit fly infestations onHawaii remained at comparatively high levels during the third quarter of 1952*A total of 8,143 puparia were reared from 4.* 535 fyuits for an infestationindex of 31«7 per poundo Rose a;,ple was most heavily infested, averaging H49puparia per pound of fruit. Indices of infestation for other fruits were guava,

45o3 per pound? mango 19«7 per pound? strawberry guava, 94»1 per pound? mountainapple 39«9 per pound} papaya, Io6 per pouadj end lime (only 17 fruits)P 2Bo$per poundo Individual fruit studies indicated that from 10 to 100 per centof the various kinds of fruits contained fruit fly infestations, with mosthaving infestations higher than §0 per cant. With the exception of 12Mediterranean fruit flies reared from mango, all flies emerging from 275pounds of fruit collected at lower elevations on Hawaii, were oriental fruitflies* Nearly all fruit flies reared from approximately 5 pounds of Jerusalemcherry collected at 4250 and 46OO feet elevations on Mauna Loa Truck Trail

were Maditsrranean fruit flies«

. The average infestation index was somewhat higher on Maui than on Hawaii,^om approximately 280 pounds of fruit consisting of 100 different collections11.407 fruit fly pupa© were reared for an infestation index of 44 par pound.The ratio of emergence from puparia was about one and ons-third oriental fruitflies to one ^Mediterranean fruit fly. Most of the liediterranean fruit flieswere reared from peach collected in the cool Eula section of Kaui at elevationsfrom 2500 to 3000 feet, but scsna were also reared from a few mango collectionsmad© at Lahaina, Wailuka, end Klhai—(Low elevation locations" In one kamantcollection made at sea level Sn Lahaina, the Mediterranean fruit fly was thepredominant species in a moderately high mixed infestation of both fruit flyspecies -> Heaviest infestations on Maui were in peach, caused principally bythe Mediterranean fruit fly, and the oriental fruit fly infestations in sobsapple and mango. Substantial oriental fruit fly infestations also occurredin guava, mountain apple, sapote and fig. The presence of a few scatteredinfestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly in low altitude areas in whichoriental fruit fly is abundant and presumably still capable of exerting a

competitive influence, is an unusual development*

Oahu - Samples of guava from Waimanalo had a mean index of 93«8 oriental fruitfly larvae per pounds Mean infestation in ten different guava plots inBrodia gulch was 21.3 feuit fly larvae per pound 42 days after last sprayapplication. Ratio of emergence from puparia reared from guava from Brcdie

gulch was two oriental fruit flies to one Mediterranean fruit fly« Roseapples in one sample from Honolulu ware 100 per cent infested, producing234 fruit fly puparia per pound, and from 1 to 51 por fruit* Papayas ©tHaimanalo averaged 4.»9 fruit fly puparia per pound on trees cleaned of allripa fruits 5 days earlier. Previously the infestation had been 15<>5 pear

pound: 86 per cent oriental fruit flies* 14- pex* cent raelon flies (^ojgcucurbitae j <> Mangoes also had substantial fruit fly infestations.

University of Hawaii records showed tint 59 par cont of the guavaecollected on Oahu during the third quarter were infested by the oriental fruitfly, an increase from 41»7 per cent during the previous quarter* The averagenumber of larva© par infested guava also increased significantly.

Trapping results for September revealed that adult oriental fruit flypopulations were approachiag or had exceeded previous paak densities attainedduring periods of from 18 to 33 months at all trapping sites on Maui and inthe Kupaahu area of Hawaii« An abundant mango crop plus other favorable hostconditions were responsible for the increase in population densities* OnOahu, University of Hawaii trap catches wora higher than the preceding quarter

but failed to ohotf any pronounced trends•

^kqffif$!pjg%-~0nly winter conditions were simulated, in the bioelimatie

cabinets during the quarter. The comparatively brief periods of cold weather

encountered in the Orlando, Florida, and Hbuma, Louisiana, cabinets retardedthe development of the immature stages but they were not sufficiently sevas1©or prolonged to interrupt the recovery of melon fjy, oriental fruit fly, ox

Mediterranean fruit fly progeny.

b

In the El Centro, California, cabinet, the production of all three flies

ceased by the middle of December and there was no further activity until the

end of February. Fruit fly activity and production was at an end "by early

November in the Auburn and San Jose, California, cabinets» Subsequent con

ditions precluded the possibility of any further activity until Marcho Theresults of all cabinet studies indicated that the Mediterranean fruit fly iscapable of more rapid development than the oriental fruit fly but the latter

can build up to greater densities in a shorter period of time, under cabinetconditions o '^he melon fly and Mediterranean fruit fly were able to developunder somewhat cooler temperature conditions than the oriental fruit fly*

Biological Control—»The parasite propagation and release activities of theTerritorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry were continued, but at a some

what reduced level of operations* In all, seven parasites were reared in the

insectary and there were sufficient numbers to allow for regular liberations

on all the islands« Six shipments of oriental fruit fly parasites were made

to Oregon and Idaho, for release as possible parasites of the cherry fruitflieso

University of Hawaii evaluation studies showed that the proportion of

oriental fruit fly larvae parasitised thus far in 1952 has been generally lower

than in a comparable period in 1951» A total of 33 New Caledonia Qpiua Koo 3were recovered from fruits collected on Oahu during the third quarter of 1952,

in comparison with 7 during the first quarter and 1 during the second quartero

Parasites other than Ocius oonhilus were encountered too infrequently to

detect any changes in their relative abundance» New Caledonia Opiyts,% was

found for the first time on the Island of Ksuaio

^^B-MW- -In screening tests, Geigy 22870 was more effective thanas a residual oriental fruit fly toxicant» Either material was as

effective against the Mediterranean fruit fly as against the oriental fruitfly» Residues of DDT on field-sprayed guava foliage were more toxic to the

oriental fruit fly than to either the melon or Mediterranean fruit flies;

with the latter in an intermediate position* Fungicides commonly used on

the iro<*»lmi had no effect on the residual effectiveness of parathion or

DOT when combinations of the materials were applied to guava foliage • Bordeauxmixture in combination with DDT had no adverse effect for 6 days but thereafterit greatly reduced the effectiveness of the spray* In the laboratory the

fumijant action of aldrin was much greater than that of dieldria and the

aotion of parathion was the lowest of these three materials* Under field

conditions, parathion has demonstrated the bast fumigant actiono In other

tests with sprays, Systoxp a systemic insecticide, was less effective than

parathiono

In replicated field tests in approximately 4,5 acres of mango orchard on

Maui, a protein hydrolysate-sugar-parathion bait spray, the latter applied

at the rate of only 4. pounds of 25 par cent wettable powder per acre, gave

97 per cent control* Parathion alone at the rate of 10 pounds of 25 per cent

wettable powder gave 95 par cent, a Dilan«$aiathon combination 93 per cent,

and a DDT-EPN combination 92 per cento The sprays, which were applied with

a mist blower, greatly reduced fly activity in adjacent uasprayed cheek plots«The bait spray had no depressive effeot on the total parasitiaationo On

Molokai? in similar large plot mango tests, a bait spray containing 8 pounds

of 25 per cent parathion vettabls powder per acre, gave 96 to 99 per cent

control of a somewhat heavier initial oriental fruit fly infestation.

The large scale experiment on the Hamakua coast of Hawaii continues toindicate that the annihilation of tfc© oriental fruit fly male population bymeans of poisoned methyl eugenol feeding stations will greatty seduce fruitinfestations if a large enough area is treated. The reductions ware especiallygood at sampling stations at locations from 700 to 1500 feet elevations wherethe reductions ranged from 61 to 100 per cent in the latest guava crop. Thapromising results obtained with this unique method of control have suggests^the need for a test in a location whore tha entire infested area can b® treatedvith the poisoned feeding stations, and other tests whsra the effect of maleannihilation i© supplemented with the us© of female lures or spot application*of a bait spray to remove at least a part of the female population. l&derthese conditions, it is possible that entirely satisfactory seductions inoriental fruit fly infestations can be achieved.

A 75 per cent DDT wattable powder retained its residual effectiveness onvarious screens aad surfaces for 6 months* Tests were made with a number ofdifferent insecticides to find the most effective material for treating thevails of packing rooms where fruit is packed for shipment to the mainlandafter fumigation.*

A rapid spot method of testing potential fruit fly attoaotants in theolfactometer has been developed. Among 320 comp unds aad essential oilsscreened by this method, 32 ware attractive to the oriental fruit f3y» and12 were attractive to the l&diterranean fruit fly. Further study of thesematerials is needed before the limits of their possible usefulness can be

established•

CftTimn^ty Treatments.—In screening tests of fumigant3p normal ha^l, heptyland octyl iodides killed 95 per cent of bo-Si eggs aad larvae of the orientalfruit fly at dosages of 3 milligrams per liter* Ethyl chloroformate killed95J8 of the eggs at a dosage of 7»3 milligrams psr liter but it was ineffectiveagainst the larvae <>

There was little or no post-fumigation effect of ethylene dibromide

when subsequent conditions were favorable for the development of larvaehatching from fumigated eggso HoweverB tha eomawhat greater mortality oflarvae hatching from fumigated oggs when subsequent developmental conditions

were not favorable indicated that they may be somewhat less vigorous thanthose coming from untreated eggs*

In small chamber studies with papayas wrapped and packed for shipmentand then sealed in cardboard cartons before fumigation with ethylene dibromids»the last survivors were recorded at a dosage of l/lb pound per 1000 cubicfeet for 2 hours at 70° Po In two large chamber tests at a dosage of 3/4pound of ethylene dibromido par 1000 cubic feet for 3 hours at 70° F« therewere no survivors in 4480 papayas containing approximately 209017 immaturefruit fliea« Analyses indicated that about 90 par cent of the gas was lostthrough sorption in the large chamber tests. Recoveries of only 0»8 to 1*4milligrams of ethylene dibromide per liter inside the cartons after 3 hoursindicated that comparatively low concentrations will produce complete kill.

In tests with the Mediterranean fruit fly in papayas^, survivors vare

recorded only at dosages of 1 to U milligrams per litest Results of ©thylene

chlorobromide fumigation testa on naked fruits infested by the oriental fruit

fly were about the same as those obtained with ethylea©

L» D. Christensoa, Entomologist in Charge

Investigations of Fruit Flies in Hamii

PERSOHHEL CHART

INVESTIGATIONS OF FRUIT FLIES 331 HAWAII

SEPTEMBER 30, 1952

HEADQUARTERS. HONOLULU

Leroy Do Christenson

L-30 A. Placek

Evelyn C. Olsen

Leah Mu Diets

Kazuko Oshikata

Nanny C. Hirano

Ella F_ Miyashiro

Harry T. Sugawara

Raymond G. S. Hong

Entomologist in Charge

Administrative Officer

Administrative Assist,

Secretary

Clark

Stenographer

Clerk-typist

Janitor

Storekeeper

CQtJMODir'y TREATS

John W. Balock

Prank G. Hlnman

Thomas T. Kozuma

Donald C. Kamakahl

Masashi Fukutooto

Ethel M. Azama

P5v Harry K. Hakamura

t *3Walter N. Kawanaa**aDavid Yo F. Lai

»Ronald T. Oshima

«Kiichi Ohinata

^S PRCvf^QT-HQNOLpX^F

Project Leader

Entomologist

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Bioi. Aid

L/A Sc. AidL/A Chemist

L/A Sc. AidL/A Chemist

CHEMICAL CONTROL PROJECT-HONOLULU

Loren F.. Steiner

Irving Kaiser

Paul L. Gow

James R. Hollouay

Doris H. Hayashi

Robert N. Kinoshita

Domingo Pagay

Martin S. Fujimoto

Project Leader

Entomologist

Chemist

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Siol. Aid

Biol. Aid

Robert K. S. Lee Biol. Aid

ECOLOGY-BIOLOGX PROJECT - HONOLULU

Norman E. Flitters-

Edgar Dresner

George K. Sadoyama

Shuichi Masuda

Richard K. KaTsiabata

Isao Tomikawa

Shigeru Yonamine

Raymond Y.. 24iyabara

Teichi Yamada

Entomologist

Entomologist

Biol. Aid

Biol, Aid

Biol. Aid

Biol, Aid

Biol. Aid

Biol. Aid

L/A Sc. Aid.

Susurou Nakagaua

Gilbert J. Farias

Entomologist

L/A Sc. Aid

Clifford C. Roan Entomologist

Shizuko Maeda Biol. Aid .

Dorothy H. Niimoto Biol. Aid

Grace K. Yasuda Biol. Aid

»Rober<; T. Yaniamoto (WAE)L/A Se.AidKeichi Tomei Biole Aid