UNITED STATES UNITED STATES HISTORY AND THE HISTORY AND THE

CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

South Carolina South Carolina

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Questions Questions

What is the antebellum period?What is the antebellum period? How and why did the North and How and why did the North and

South become different over time?South become different over time? How did this difference lead to the How did this difference lead to the

Civil War? Civil War? How did the social and cultural How did the social and cultural

differences develop first during the differences develop first during the colonial period? colonial period?

SectionalismSectionalism

These differences were increased by These differences were increased by the economic specialties that the economic specialties that resulted from differences in resulted from differences in geography of the regions.geography of the regions.

Finally increased regional pride led to Finally increased regional pride led to self interested sectionalism. self interested sectionalism.

The settlement of the West The settlement of the West exacerbated the tensions between exacerbated the tensions between the North and the South leading the North and the South leading eventually to secession and war.eventually to secession and war.

Puritans and QuakersPuritans and Quakers

The North was affected by the The North was affected by the culture of the Puritans who settled culture of the Puritans who settled New England and. the Quakers of New England and. the Quakers of Pennsylvania and by the diversity of Pennsylvania and by the diversity of the populations of commercial the populations of commercial centers such as New York City. centers such as New York City.

In New England, towns and cities In New England, towns and cities arose around the Congregational arose around the Congregational church and as commercial centers. church and as commercial centers.

EducationEducation

Education was established early by the Education was established early by the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay to Puritans of Massachusetts Bay to enable the faithful to read the Bible and enable the faithful to read the Bible and expanded in the early 19th century in expanded in the early 19th century in order to assimilate the immigrants.order to assimilate the immigrants.

Immigrants were attracted to the jobs Immigrants were attracted to the jobs in growing industries and contributed in growing industries and contributed to the cultural diversity and growing to the cultural diversity and growing population of the region. population of the region.

Regional InterestsRegional Interests

There were relatively few slaves in There were relatively few slaves in the North and by 1840 most had the North and by 1840 most had been emancipated so they did not been emancipated so they did not significantly impact the culture of the significantly impact the culture of the region.region.

Northerners supported political Northerners supported political issues that promoted their regional issues that promoted their regional interests such as high tariffs and a interests such as high tariffs and a national bank. national bank.

Southern CultureSouthern Culture

The culture of the South was strongly The culture of the South was strongly influenced by its colonial beginnings and influenced by its colonial beginnings and its economy. its economy.

Large plantations produced a privileged Large plantations produced a privileged class that dominated the government, class that dominated the government, society and culture.society and culture.

However, contrary to popular myth, the However, contrary to popular myth, the majority of Southerners in the antebellum majority of Southerners in the antebellum period lived on family farms and did not period lived on family farms and did not own slaves. own slaves.

No Public EducationNo Public Education

The South developed fewer large The South developed fewer large towns or commercial cities because towns or commercial cities because navigable rivers brought ships close navigable rivers brought ships close to the fields. to the fields.

The wealthy educated their children The wealthy educated their children privately, did not provide public privately, did not provide public education for poor whites and education for poor whites and outlawed teaching slaves to read or outlawed teaching slaves to read or write. write.

Closed CommunitiesClosed Communities

The region did not attract as many The region did not attract as many immigrants because there were few immigrants because there were few jobs in industry or available land. jobs in industry or available land.

Because of the large slave population Because of the large slave population and significant numbers of free and significant numbers of free blacks, African Americans blacks, African Americans contributed substantially to the contributed substantially to the culture and the social structure of culture and the social structure of the South. the South.

Southern PoliticsSouthern Politics

Southerners supported political Southerners supported political issues that promoted their regional issues that promoted their regional interests such as low tariffs, and the interests such as low tariffs, and the spread of slavery to the territories.spread of slavery to the territories.

Developing WestDeveloping West

The West developed as settlers The West developed as settlers moved into the region and carried moved into the region and carried their cultural values with them. their cultural values with them.

Settlers in the old Northwest Settlers in the old Northwest reflected the values of New England reflected the values of New England while the southern states influenced while the southern states influenced the culture of states such as the culture of states such as Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. Texas.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny strengthened the Manifest Destiny strengthened the strong individualism that naturally strong individualism that naturally arose among those settling the West. arose among those settling the West.

Westerners supported political issues Westerners supported political issues that promoted their interests such as that promoted their interests such as cheap land, internal improvements cheap land, internal improvements (i.e. roads and canals) and (i.e. roads and canals) and uncontrolled banking.uncontrolled banking.

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance

African Americans lived in all regions of African Americans lived in all regions of the United States. the United States.

Although the Northern states had Although the Northern states had begun to emancipate their slaves right begun to emancipate their slaves right after the Declaration of Independence , after the Declaration of Independence , some northern states continued to some northern states continued to have slaves into the 1830s. have slaves into the 1830s.

Slavery was prohibited in the old Slavery was prohibited in the old Northwest by the Northwest Ordinance. Northwest by the Northwest Ordinance.

disenfranchiseddisenfranchised

Although free blacks lived in the North, they Although free blacks lived in the North, they could not exercise the same rights as whites, could not exercise the same rights as whites, except to legally marry. except to legally marry.

In the North, African Americans were In the North, African Americans were purposefully disenfranchised by law at the purposefully disenfranchised by law at the same time that universal manhood suffrage same time that universal manhood suffrage was established.was established.

They were often the last hired and the first They were often the last hired and the first fired and did the jobs that were least fired and did the jobs that were least attractive. De facto segregation was practiced attractive. De facto segregation was practiced throughout the North. throughout the North.

SlavesSlaves

Most African Americans living in the Most African Americans living in the South were slaves. South were slaves.

The conditions of their lives The conditions of their lives depended in large part on where depended in large part on where they lived and the benevolence of they lived and the benevolence of their masters. their masters.

No Civil or Political Rights.No Civil or Political Rights.

Those freedmen who lived in the Those freedmen who lived in the South lived mostly in the cities where South lived mostly in the cities where they could find work as artisans. they could find work as artisans.

Although their job opportunities were Although their job opportunities were better than blacks in the North better than blacks in the North because many of them had skills that because many of them had skills that were in high demand, they too were were in high demand, they too were not granted civil or political rights.not granted civil or political rights.

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

The religious revival movement [the The religious revival movement [the Great Awakening] of the early 1800s Great Awakening] of the early 1800s was national in scope and contributed to was national in scope and contributed to the development of reform movements the development of reform movements that further divided the nation. that further divided the nation.

The abolitionist movement first The abolitionist movement first developed among Quakers who believed developed among Quakers who believed that everyone, even slaves, had an inner that everyone, even slaves, had an inner light. light.

AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Abolitionists included African-Abolitionists included African-Americans such as Nat Turner, Americans such as Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman and whites such as William Tubman and whites such as William Lloyd Garrison, the Grimke sisters, Lloyd Garrison, the Grimke sisters, Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Brown Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Brown who engaged in a variety of different who engaged in a variety of different protest activities because of the protest activities because of the degrees of their effectiveness and degrees of their effectiveness and radicalness. radicalness.

Abolitionists and DivisionAbolitionists and Division

They published newspapers and They published newspapers and organized anti-slavery conventions, organized anti-slavery conventions, wrote books and helped slaves wrote books and helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad. escape on the Underground Railroad.

And they led rebellions. And they led rebellions. Such activities led to a strengthening Such activities led to a strengthening

of the resolve of slave owners to of the resolve of slave owners to justify their culture and further justify their culture and further divided the nation. divided the nation.

Positive Good?Positive Good?

Southerners argued that slavery was Southerners argued that slavery was a ‘positive good’ because slaves a ‘positive good’ because slaves were better off than industrial were better off than industrial workers in the North.workers in the North.

It is important to note that most It is important to note that most northerners were not abolitionists northerners were not abolitionists and that even some abolitionists did and that even some abolitionists did not believe that freed slaves should not believe that freed slaves should have equal rights. have equal rights.

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

The abolitionist movement split over The abolitionist movement split over the issue of whether or not to engage the issue of whether or not to engage in the political process and whether in the political process and whether or not to recognize the rights of or not to recognize the rights of women to speak in public against women to speak in public against slavery. slavery.

Abolition was not effective until the Abolition was not effective until the controversy over western expansion controversy over western expansion led to political confrontation. led to political confrontation.

ConventionConvention

The women’s rights movement was The women’s rights movement was active in the North and tied to the active in the North and tied to the abolitionist movement. abolitionist movement.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, organizers of the Seneca Falls Mott, organizers of the Seneca Falls (New York) Convention in 1848 which (New York) Convention in 1848 which called for women’s rights, met and called for women’s rights, met and determined to advocate for women’s determined to advocate for women’s rights when they were denied the right rights when they were denied the right to participate at an abolitionist to participate at an abolitionist convention. convention.

Second Class CitizenshipSecond Class Citizenship

However there were many other issues However there were many other issues that caused women to protest their that caused women to protest their second class citizenship including their second class citizenship including their limited access to education and the limited access to education and the rights to own and control property and rights to own and control property and to obtain a divorce. to obtain a divorce.

The women’s rights movement was not The women’s rights movement was not successful in the antebellum period in successful in the antebellum period in securing additional rights for women. securing additional rights for women.