units periods marks part a : foundation of business 1. nature...

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1 Business Studies &XI Business Studies d{kk&XI Ø-la- uke in 1- lfork njky iz /kukpk;kZ loksZ n; dU;k fo|ky; ekrk lq Unjh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110002 2- iwue [kUuk mi iz/kukpk;Z ,ldsoh] ch,y&CykWd 'kkyhekj ckx fnYyh&110008] nwjHkk"k % 011&27495281 3- dqedqe dqekj mi iz/kukpk;Z ,ldsoh] ;w&CykWd] eaxksyiqjh fnYyh&110083] nwjHkk"k % 011&27914467 4- uh: izHkkdj iz oDrk vkjihohoh] chVh CykWd] 'kkyhekj ckx fnYyh & 110008] nwjHkk"k %& 011&27483136

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Page 1: Units Periods Marks Part A : Foundation of Business 1. Nature …edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/support_material_12_13/2012_13/11/... · * Forms of public sector enterprises : features,

1 Business Studies &XI

Business Studies

d{kk&XI

Ø-la- uke in

1- lfork njky iz/kukpk;kZ loksZn; dU;k fo|ky; ekrk lqUnjh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110002

2- iwue [kUuk mi iz/kukpk;Z ,ldsoh] ch,y&CykWd 'kkyhekj ckx fnYyh&110008] nwjHkk"k % 011&27495281

3- dqedqe dqekj mi iz/kukpk;Z ,ldsoh] ;w&CykWd] eaxksyiqjh fnYyh&110083] nwjHkk"k % 011&27914467

4- uh: izHkkdj izoDrk vkjihohoh] chVh CykWd] 'kkyhekj ckx fnYyh & 110008] nwjHkk"k %& 011&27483136

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2 Business Studies &XI

SYLLABUS

One Paper Max. Marks :100

Units Periods Marks Part A : Foundation of Business 1. Nature and Purpose of Business 20 08 2. Forms of Business Organisations 24 12 3. Public, Private and Global Enterprises 20 08 4. Business Services 18 10 5. Emerging Modes of Business 10 06 6. Social Responsibility of Business and

Business Ethics 12 06 104 50

Part B : Finance and Trade 7. Source of business finance 28 14 8. Small Business 14 06 9. Internal Trade 28 12 10. International Business 12 08 11. Project Work 22 10 Part C : Project 16 10

104 50

A Part : Foundation of Business (Period 104) Unit 1 : Nature and purpose of business : 20 Periods

* Concept and characteristics of business * Business, profession and employment - distinctive features. * Objectives of business - economic and social, role of profit in business * Classification of business activities : Industry and Commerce. * Industry - types : primary, secondary, tertiary. * Commerce - trade : types (internal, external, wholesale and retail; and

auxiliaries to trade : banking, insurance, trasportation, warehousing, communi- cation, and advertising.

* Business risks - nature and causes.

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3 Business Studies &XI

Unit 2 : Forms of Business Organization (Periods 24) * Sole Proprietorship - meaning, features, merits and limitations. * Partnership-Features, types, merits and limitations of partnership and

partners, registration of a partnership firm, partnership deed, Type of partners. * Hindu Undivided Family Business : Features. * Cooperative Societies- features, types, merits and limitations. * Company : private and public company-features, merits and limitations. * Formation of a company - stages. * Starting a business - basic factors.

Unit 3 : Public, Private & Global Enterprises (Periods 20) * Private sector and public sector enterprises. * Forms of public sector enterprises : features, merits and limitations of

departmental undertaking, statutory corporation and Government Company. * Changing role of public sector enterprises. * Global enterprises, Joint ventures, Public Partnership- features.

Unit 4 : Business Services (Periods 18) * Banking : types of bank accounts - savings, current, recurring, fixed

deposit and multiple option deposit account. * Banking services with particular reference to issue of bank draft, banker's

cheque (Pay order), RTGS (Real Time Gross Settelment), NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer), bank overdraft, cash credits and e-banking.

* Insurance : principles, concept of life, health, fire and marine insurance. * Postal and telecom services : mail (UPC, registered post, parcel, speed

post and courier) Unit 5 : Emerging Modes of Business (Periods 10)

* E-Business - scope and benefits, resources required for successful e- business implementation, online transaction, payment mechanism, security and safety of business transactions.

* Outsourcing-concept, need and scope of BPO (business process outsourcing) and KPO (knowledge process outsourcing). Unit 6 : Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics

(Periods 12) * Concept of social responsibility * Case for social responsibility * Responsiblity towards owners, investors, consumers, employees, gov-

ernment and community.

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4 Business Studies &XI

* Environment protection and business * Business ethics and elements.

Part B : Finance and Trade (Periods 104) Unit 7 : Sources of business finance (Periods 28)

* Concept of business finance. * Owner's funds - equity shares, preference shares, GDR, ADR & IDR and

retained earnings. * Borrowed funds - debentures and bonds loan from financial institutions,

loans from commercial banks, public deposits, trade credit, ICD (Inter corporate deposits). Unit 8 : Small Business (Periods 14)

* Small scale enterprise as defined by MSMED Act 2006 (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act).

* Role of small business in India with special reference to Rural Areas * Government schemes and agencies for small scale industries : NSIC

(National Small Industries Corporation) and DIC (District Industrial Center) with special reference to rural, backward & hilly areas. Unit 9 : International Trade (Period 28)

* Services rendered by a wholesaler and a retailer * Types of retail trade - itinerant and small scale fixed shops * Large scale retailers - departmental stores, chain stores, mail order busi-

ness. * Concept of automatic vending machine. * Chambers of Commerce and Industry : basic functions * Main documents used in internal trade : Performa invoice, invoice, debit

note, credit note, LR (Lorry Receipt) and RR (Railway Receipt * Terms of Trade : COD (Cash on Delivery), FOB (Free on Board), CIF

(Cost, Insurance and Freight), E&OE (Errors and Omissions Excepted) Unit 10 : International (Period 12)

* Concept and problems of international trade. * Export import procedure and documents. * Role of WTO

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5 Business Studies &XI

SYLLABUS

One Paper Max. Marks :100 Units Marks 1. Nature and Purpose of Business 08 2. Forms of Business Organisation 12 3. Public, Private and Global Enterprises 08 4. Business Services 10 5. Emerging Mode of Business 06 6. Social Responsibility and Business Ethics 06 7. Sources of Business Finance 14 8. Small Business 06 9. Internal Trade 12 10. International Business 08 11. Project work 10

100

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6 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 1

O;olk; dh izÑfr ,oa mn~ns';

vkfFkZd vkSj xSj vkfFkZd fØ;k,a

LkHkh O;fDr;ksa dh fofHkUu izdkj dh vko';drk,a gksrh gSA bu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ekuo dks fofHkUu fØ;kvksa }kjk /u dekuk iM+rk gSA ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA vkfFkZd vkSj xSj vkfFkZd fØ;k,a % &

vk/kj vkfFkZd fØ;k,a xSj&vkfFkZd fØ;k,a

mn~ns'; os fØ;k,a ftudk eq[; bu fØ;kvksa dk mn~ns'; mn~ns'; /u dekuk ykHk o /u dekuk gksrk gSA ugh gksrk vfirq ;s

lkekftd Lusg o Hkkoukvksa dh vkRe larqf"V ds fy, dh tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k yksxks dk dkj[kkuksa esa dke ,d xzg.kh dk vius ifjokj djuk ds fy, [kkuk cuuk ,d vè;kid }kjk fo|ky; ,d vè;kid }kjk ?kj esa i<+kuk ij vius cPPkksa dks i<+kuk

O;olk; dk vFkZ

O;olk; ds varxZr og vkfFkZd fØ;k,a vkrh gSa tks oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds foØ; vFkok fofue;] mRiknu ,oa forj.k ls lacaf/r gSa rkfd yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dks larq"V djds vk; vFkok ykHk dek;k tk ldsA

O;olk; dh fo'ks"krk,a

1- vkfFkZd fØ;k %& O;olk; ,d izdkj dh vkfFkZd fØ;k gS tks /u vFkok vkthfodk dekus ds fy, dh tkrh gSA

2- mRiknu ,oa forj.k %& O;olk; esa os lHkh fØ;k,a lfEefyr gS tks oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds mRiknu vFkok forj.k ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA

3- oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ysu&nsu %& O;olk; ds fy, oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ysu&nsu vfrvko';d gSA ftu oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS vFkok os Ø; djds izkIr dh xbZ gS mUgsa cspuk O;olk; dk lkj gSA

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7 Business Studies &XI

4- fu;fer ysu&nsu %& O;olk; esa oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fu;fer ;k ckj&ckj gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugh gSa rks og O;olk; ugha dgykrkA 5- ykHk dekus dk mn~ns';%& izR;sd O;olk; dk mn~ns'; ykHk dekuk gksrk gS fdlh Hkh O;olk; dk dk;e jguk mldh ykHk dekus dh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 6- vfuf'prrk %& O;olk; djus ls ykHk gksxk vFkok gkfu bl laca/ esa vfuf'prrk jgrh gSA 7- tksf[ke dk rRo %& lHkh O;kolkf;d fØ;kvksa esa dqN tksf[ke o vfuf'prrk dk rRo jgrk gSA ;s tksf[ke gM+rky] vkx] pksjh] miHkksDrkvksa dh :fp esa cnyko bR;kfn ls lacaf/r gks ldrs gSA O;olk;] is'kk rFkk jkstxkj esa rqyuk

vkfFkZd fØ;k,a O;olk; is'kk jkstxkj O;kikj esfMdy Jfed eNyh idM+uk dkuwuh izca/d ifjogu pkVZM ,dkmUVsUV~l lsYleSu

O;olk; %& blesa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk mRiknu /u dekus ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k tkrk gSA is'kk %& tc ,d O;fDr fof'k"V Kku izkIr djds lekt dks viuh lsok,a nsrk gS rFkk cnys esa is'ksoj iQhl izkIr djrk gSA

jkstxkj %& ;g ,d ,slh vkfFkZd fØ;k gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr nwljksa ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj cnys esa etnwjh] osru ;k ikfjJfed izkIr djrk gSA

vk/kj O;olk; is'kk jkstxkj 1- izkjaHk O;olk; fu.kZ; }kjk lacaf/r vf/dkfj;ksa blesa fu;qfDr i=k

;k dksbZ dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ls izek.k i=k ysdj izkIr djuk iM+rk gSA iwjh djds 'kq: fd;k tkrk izkajHk fd;k tkrk gS gSA

2- dk;Z dh blesa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa viuh fof'k"V lsokvkas tks dke ekfyd izÑfr dk mRiknu o ysu&nsu dks O;fDrvksa dks iznku lkSi ns ogh iwjk

vkrk gSA djukA djuk 3- ;ksX;rk,a blesa fdlh vkSipkfjd vkSipkfjd ;ksX;rk dk ekfyd }kjk tks

;ksX;rk dk gksuk t:jh ugh gksuk t:jh gS ;ksX;rk,a fu/kZfjr dh gSA tk,a

4- ykHk blesa ykHk izkIr gksrk gS is'ksoj iQhl izkIr gksrh etnwjh ;k osru vFkok gS vkfn izkIr gksrk gSA ikfjJfed

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8 Business Studies &XI

5- iwath O;olk; ds vkdkj ,oa dk;kZy; dh LFkkiuk ds iwath dh vko';drk fuos'k Lo:i ds vuqlkj iwath fy, lhfer iwath dh ugh gksrhA

dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vko';drkA 6- tksf[ke vf/d gksrk gSA de gksrk gSA ugha gksrk gSA 7- vkpkj ugha gksrh gSA vkpkj lafgrk dk Lokeh }kjk cuk, x,

lafgrk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA fu;e egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSA

O;olk; ds mn~ns'; %&

O;olk; ds mn~ns'; ls vfHkizk; ml iz;kstu ls gS ftlds fy, O;olk; dh LFkkiuk djh tkrh gS o mls pyk;k tkrk gSA lgh mn~ns'; dk pquko O;olk; dh liQyrk ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA

O;olk; ds mn~ns'; cgqvk;keh gSaA bUgsa eq[;r% nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS & (1) vkfFkZd mn~ns';] (2) lkekftd mn~ns';

1- vkfFkZd mn~ns';

O;olk; ds vkfFkZd mn~ns'; fuEufyf[kr gS %&

(v) ykHk dekuk %& vk; ds O;; ij vf/D; dks ykHk dgrs gSaA ykHk dekuk O;olk; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gSA ;g dsoy O;olk; ds thfor jgus ds fy, gh vko';d ugh gSA vfirq mlds fodkl vkSj foLrkj ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSA

(c) xzkgdks dk l`tu & O;olk; dk nwljk vkfFkZd mn~ns'; xzkgdksa dk ltu djuk gSA ;g rHkh laHko gSA tc O;olk; mfpr oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dks iznku djds mudh vko';drkvksa dks larq"V djsA vFkkZr~ xzkgdksa dk ltu o mudh larqf"V O;olk; dk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gSA

(l) uo izoZru & uo izorZu ls vfHkizk; dqN u;k djus ls gS tSls u, mRikn dk fuekZ.k] iqjkus mRikn ds mi;ksx ds u, rjhds cukuk] mRiknu rFkk foi.ku ds rjhdksa esa lq/kj djuk] u, cktkj dh [kkst djuk] bR;kfnA vkt ds izfr;ksfxrk iw.kZ le; esa O;olk; dh liQyrk esa uoizorZu vfuok;Z gSA

(n) lk/uksa dk vuqdwyre mi;ksx & O;olk; esa euq";] e'khuksa o lkexzh ds iz;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftUgsa nqyZHk lk/u ekuk tkrk gSA izR;sd O;olk; ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og bu lk/uksa dk Js"Bre mi;ksx djsxkA

2- lkekftd mn~ns';

O;olk;] lekt dk vfHkUu vax gSA og lekt ds lk/uksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA lekt ds lnL;ksa dks oLrqvksa o lsok,a cspdj ykHk dekrk gS] blfy, ;g mldk nkf;Ro cu tkrk gS fd og lekt

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9 Business Studies &XI

ds fy, dqN djsA O;olk; ds egRoiw.kZ lkekftd mn~ns'; fuEufyf[kr gSA

(1) mfpr nkeks aij vPNh fdLe dh oLrq,a miyC/ djkuk & O;olk; dk izFke lkekftd mn~ns'; miHkksDrkvksa dks yxkrkj mPp fdLe dh oLrq,a] i;kZIr ek=kk esa rFkk mfpr ewY; ij miyC/ djkuk gSA

(2) mfpr O;kikfjd dk;Zokfg;ska dks viukuk & O;olk; dks lnSo tSls&tek[kksjh] dkykcktkjh] vkfn ls cpuk pkfg,A bls Hkzked foKkiu rFkk udyh eky cspus tSlh vuqfpr O;kikfjd dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkh lfyIr ugh gksuk pkfg,A

(3) jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djuk & izR;sd O;olk; dks lekt ds fy, jkstxkj ds u, volj iSnk djus ds fy, viuh fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj djuk pkfg,A blesa fodykax yksxksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

(4) deZpkjh dY;k.k & O;olk; dks vius deZpkfj;ksa ds dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A mfpr etnwjh iznku djus ds vykok] O;olk; dks vius deZpkfj;ksa ds dke djus dsk vPNh n'kkvksa] dSaVhu lqfo/k] vkokl] ifjogu ,oa fpfdRlk lqfo/kvksa dk Hkh izcU/ djuk pkfg,A

(5) lekt ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku & O;olk; ftl lekt esa tUe ysrk gS vkSj iQyrk&iQwyrk gS mlds fodkl esa mls fuf'pr :i eas dqN ;ksxnku nsuk pkfg,A iqLrdky;] fpfdRlky;] 'kSf{k.kd laLFkk vkfn LFkkfir djds og vius bl mn~ns'; dks iwjk dj ldrk gSA

O;olk; esa ykHk dh Hkwfedk

O;olk; dh LFkkiuk ykHk dekus ds mn~ns'; ls djh tkrh gSA O;olk; esa bldh vge Hkwfedk gS ftls fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS %&

(1) yEcs le; rd thfor jgus ds fy, & ykHk gh O;olk; dks yEcs le; rd pyrs jgus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ykHk ds vHkko esa O;olk; dh LFkkiuk dk vkSfpR; gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA

(2) O;olk; ds fodkl vkSj foLrkj ds fy, %& lHkh O;olk;h vius O;olk; dk fodkl vkSj foLRkkj djuk pkgrs gSA blds fy, mUgsa vfrfjDr iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lafpr ykHk] iwath dk ,d vPNk L=kksr gSA ftl O;olk; esa ftruk vf/d ykHk gksrk gS mruk gh vf/d ykHksa dk iqu% fofu;ksx laaHko gksrk gS vkSj ifj.kker% ml O;olk; dk mruk gh vf/d fodkl vkSj foLRkkj dh laHkkouk,as gksrh gSA

(3) dq'kyrk o`f¼ ds fy, & ykHk og 'kfDr gS tks ekfyd o deZpkjh & nksuksa dks gh vPNk dke djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA vPNs ykHk dh ifjfLFkfr esa gh deZpkjh dks csgrj osru rFkk ekfyd dks T;knk ykHk feyus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA vr% blls O;olk; dh dq'kyrk esa of¼ gksrh g S A

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10 Business Studies &XI

(4) izfr"Bk o igpku cukus ds fy, %& lekt esa O;olk; dh izfr"Bk o igpku cukus ds fy,] O;olk;h dks lHkh lacaf/r i{kdkjksa dks larq"V djuk gksrk gSA blds fy, mls xzkgdksa dks mfpr dher ij vPNh fdLe dh oLrq,a lsok,a miyC/ djkuh gksaxh] deZpkjh oxZ dks mfpr ikfjJfed nsuk gksxk] va'k/kfj;ksa dks i;kZIr ykHkka'k nsuk gksxkA rFkk bu lc dk;ksZ dsa fy, mfpr ykHk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

O;olkf;d fØ;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k

m|ksx okf.kT; izkFkfed xkS.k lsok O;kikj O;kikj ds

lgk;d

fu"d".kZ tufud

fuekZ.k jpukRed

tSlk fd fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gS m|ksxksa dks ge nks Hkkxks esa ckaVrs gS

1- izkFkfed m|ksx %& izkFkfed m|ksx es os fØ;k,a vkrh gS ftuds }kjk izkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk iz;ksx djds vU; m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky miyC/ fd;k tkrk gSA izkÑfrd m|ksx nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

(v) fu"d"kZ.k m|ksx %& bues os m|ksx lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSa tks i`Foh ;k i`Foh ds ry ;k leqæ ry ls fofHkUu izdkj ds inkFkZ fudkyus ls laca/ j[krs gS tSls Ñf"k] [kkuksa ls fofHkUu inkFkZ fudkyuk bR;kfnA

(c) tufud m|ksx %& buesa ouLifr ,oa i'kqvksa dh fof'k"V uLyksa esa lq/kj ,oa mudh la[;k dks c<+k;k tkrk gSA tSls i'kqikyu] eqxhZ ikyu] ckxokuh vkfnA

2- f}rh;d ;k xkS.k m|ksx %& bu m|ksxks esa izkFkfed m|ksxksa ls tks inkFkZ izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA mudks ubZ oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA tSls dikl izkFkfed m|ksx dh fØ;k gS vkSj mlls diM+k cukuk xkS.k m|ksx dhA xkS.k m|ksx nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &

ns'kh & Fkksd & iQqVdj

fons'kh & vk;kr & fu;kZr & iqu% fu;kZr

ifjogu Hk.Mkj.k cSfdax chek foKkiu

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11 Business Studies &XI

(1) fuekZ.kh m|ksx %& ;s m|ksx dPps eky dks iDds eky esa ifjofrZr djrs gSa tSls xUus ls phuh fuekZ.kh m|ksx dks iqu% pkj Hkkxks esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

(i) fo'ys"k.kkRed %& blds vUrxZr ,d oLrq ls vusd izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls dPps rsy ls isVªksy] Mhty vkfnA

(ii) izfof/d %& blds varxZr os m|ksx vkrs gS ftuesa dPps eky dks fofHkUu mRiknu izfØ;k ls fudkydj mi;ksxh oLrq,a rS;kj dh tkrh gS tSls dPps yksgs ls bLikrA

(iii) lfEeJ.k m|ksx & blds varxZr vusd dPps inkFkksZ dks feykdj ,d u;k mi;ksxh inkFkZ rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA tSls pwuk] iRFkj] ftIle o dks;ys dks feykdj lhesaV rS;kj djuk] lkcqu] moZjd vkfnA

(iv) la;kstd m|ksx %& blesa fofHkUu m|ksxksa }kjk fufeZr iqtksZ dks tksM+dj ubZ&ubZ mi;ksxh oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS tSls ?kfM+;k] Vsfyfotu dEi;wVj vkfnA

2- jpukRed m|ksx %& bu m|ksxks esa nwljs m|ksxksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djds jpukRed dk;Z fd;s tkrs gS tSls & lhesaV] yksgk] bZV] ydM+h bR;kfn dk bLrseky djds Hkou] lM+ds] cka/ ] iqy vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSA

3- r`rh;d vFkok lsok {ks=k %& bu m|ksxks esa mu lsokvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tks O;olk; dks fu;fer xfr ls pyus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tSls & ;krk;kr] cSad] chek] foKkiu] laxzg.k vkfnA

okf.kT; dk vFkZ ,oa dk;Z %& okf.kT; mu lHkh fØ;kvksa dk lewg gS tks oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks mRikndksa ls miHkksDrkvksa rd igqapkus ls lacaf/r gSA mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrk dh oLrq fofue; laca/h lHkh dfBukb;k¡ okf.kT; }kjk nwj dh tkrh gSA

okf.kT; ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %&

(1) O;fDrk;ksa ls lacaf/r ck/k dks nwj djuk %& mRikndksa o miHkksDrkvksa ds chp ;g ck/k nwj djus ds fy, Fkksd O;kikjh] iQqVdj O;kikjh o ,tsaVks vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) LFkku laca/h ck/k dks nwj djuk & ifjogu ds fofHkUu lk/uks }kjk nwj fd;k tkrk gSA

(3) le; laca/h ck/k nwj djuk & HkaMkjxzg ;k laxzgu ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

(4) foÙk dh ck/k dks nwj djuk & cSad vFkok foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk gy dh tkrh gS

(5) tksf[ke dh ck/k dks nwj djuk & chek dh lgk;rk ls dh tkrh gSA

(6) lwpuk dh ck/k dks nwj djuk & foKkiu }kjk miHkksDrkvksa ds Kku dh ck/k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

O;kikj dk vFkZ ,oa izdkj %& tc oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk Ø;&foØ; ykHk dekus ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k tkrk gS rks bls O;kikj dgk tkrk gSA O;kikj nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &

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12 Business Studies &XI

(1) ns'kh O;kikj %& bl O;kikj esa ns'k dh lhekvksa ds vanj gh oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA ns'kh O;kikj dks nks Hkkxksa esa cakV ldrs gS %&

(v) Fkksd O;kikj %&;g fof'k"V izdkj dh oLrqvksa dks vf/d ek=kk esa Ø; ,oa foØ; djus ls lacaf/r gSA

(c) iQqVdj O;kikj %& iQqVdj O;kikjh oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; FkksM+h ek=kk esa djrk gS vkSj xzkgdks dks FkksM+h ek=kk esa udn o m/kj csprk gSA

(2) fons'kh O;kikj %& ;g O;kikj nks ;k nks ls vf/d ns'kksa ds chp fd;k tkrk gSA fons'kh O;kikj ds izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS %&

(1) vk;kr O;kikj % tc ,d ns'k dk O;kikjh nwljs ns'k ds O;kikjh ls eky Ø; djrk gSA

(2) fu;kZr O;kikj % tc eky ,d ns'k ds O;kikjh }kjk nwljs ns'k ds O;kikfj;ksa dks cspk tkrk gS rc eky cspus okys O;kikjh ds ns'k ds fy, fu;kZr O;kikj dgyk;sxkA

(3) iqu% fu;kZr O;kikj % tc ,d ns'k }kjk eky fdlh vU; ns'k ls vk;kr djds fdlh rhljs ns'k dkss fu;kZr dj fn;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls Hkkjrh; iQeZ us Jhyadk ls lkeku eaxokdj usiky dks fu;kZr dj fn;kA

O;kikj dh lgk;d fØ;k,a %& ,slh lHkh fØ;k,a tks O;kikj esa vkus okyh fofHkUu ck/kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, dh tkrh gS] O;kikj dh lgk;d fØ;k,a dgykrh gSA O;kikj dh lgk;d fØ;k,a fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- ifjogu ,oa lans'kokgu %& oLrqvksa dks mRiknu LFkku ls miHkksDrk LFkku rd igq¡pkus esa ck/k mRiUu gksrh gS ftls ifjogu }kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl ck/k dk nwljk igyw ;g Hkh gS fd mRiknd o Øsrk nwj&nwj LFkkuksa ij gksrs gSa rks oLrqvksa ds lkSns djus esa ck/k vkrh gSA bl leL;k dk lek/ku lans'kokgu tSls & VsfyiQksu] Mkd?kj lsok,a] baVjusV vkfn }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

2- cSafdx & m|ksxksa o O;kolkf;d iQeksZ dks le;&le; ij foÙk dh vko';drk iM+rh gS D;ksafd foÙk ds vHkko esa O;kikj djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA bl ck/k dks cSafdx dh lgk;rk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- chek & tc oLrqvksa dsk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tk;k tkrk gS rc ekxZ esa lkeku ykus ys tkus ;k laxzg.k ds le; oLrqvksa ds pksjh gks tkus ;k VwV&iQwV tkus dk [krjk jgrk gSA bldk lek/ku chek dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4- laxzg.k & dqN oLrq,a ,slh gksrh gS ftuds mRiknu vkSj miHkksx ds chp dqN le; dk varj gksrk gS vr% rS;kj eky dks mlds mRiknu le; ls miHkksx le; rd laxzg djds j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl leL;k dk HkaaMkjxzgksa dh lgk;rk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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13 Business Studies &XI

5- foKkiu & vkt c<+rh gqbZ izfr;ksfxrk dks ns[krs gq, mRiknu cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gSA xzkgdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, vr% mRikfnr eky dks 'kh?kz vkSj fu;fer fcØh djus ds fy, foKkiu dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA

m|ksx] okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj eas varj

vk/kj m|ksx okf.kT; O;kikj 1- vFkZ blesa oLrqvksa o mRikfnr dh xbZ oLrqvksa dk Ø;

lsokvksa dk fuekZ.k oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa &foØ; fd;k tkrk fd;k tkrk gSA dk forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

gSA 2- {ks=k blesa izkFkfed O;kikj rFkk O;kikj dh ns'kh o fons'kh

xkS.k rFkk lsok lgk;d fØ;k,a O;kikj lfEefyr m|ksx vkrs gSA vkrh gSA fd;k tkrk gSA

3- iwath vf/d ek=kk esa de ek=kk esa t:jr iwath dh ek=kk t:jr gksrh gSA gksrh gSA O;kikj dh izÑfr

ij fuHkZj djrh gSA 4- tksf[ke lcls vf/d m|ksx dh vis{kk de de tksf[ke 5- mi;ksfxrk :i mi;ksfxrk dk LFkku o le; LokfeRo

ltu ltu gksrk gSA mi;ksfxrk mi;ksfxrk O;kolkf;d tksf[ke %& Hkfo"; vfuf'pr gksrk gS vkSj ;g vfuf'prrk tksf[ke dks tUe nsrh gSA O;olk; ds lanHkZ esa tksf[ke ds mnkgj.k bl izdkj fn, tk ldrs gS tSls xzkgdksas dh :fp esa cnyko] Jfedksa dh gM+rky] ck<+ ;k Hkwdai bR;kfnA

O;kolkf;d tksf[keksa dh izÑfr %&

1- tksf[ke vfuf'prrkvksa dk ifj.kke %& lHkh O;kolkf;d tksf[ke vfuf'prrkvksa ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSa tSls fd gM+rky] ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu] ekax dk xyr vuqeku] lw[kk bR;kfnA

2- tksf[ke ls cpk ugha tk ldrk %& tksf[keksa ds tky ls fudyuk O;olk;h ds fy, laaHko ugha gS D;ksfd O;olk; Hkfo"; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; vfuf'pr gSA tksf[keksa dks lekIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- tksf[ke dh ek=kk O;olk; ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj % tksf[ke dh ek=kk NksVs vkdkj ds O;olk; ds fy, de vkSj cM+s vkdkj ds O;olk; esa vf/d gksrh gSA

4- tksf[ke dk izfriQy ykHk % O;olk; esa tksf[ke mBkus ds cnys tks dqN O;olk;h dks feyrk gS og mldk ykHk gksrk gSA ftu O;olk;ksa esa tksf[ke ugha gksrk mlesa ykHk Hkh ugha gksrk A ftruk vf/d tksf[ke gksrk gS mrus vf/d ykHk dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA

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14 Business Studies &XI

O;kolkf;d tksf[keksa ds dkj.k

1- izkÑfrd dkj.k %& blds vUrxZr os dkj.k vkrs gS ftu ij euq"; dk dksbZ o'k ugh pyrk tSls rwiQku] Hkwpky] vkx vkfn

2- ekuoh; dkj.k %& ekuo dh vlko/kuh] gM+rky csbZekuh ;k tYnckth ds dkj.k ;s tksf[ke mRiUu gksrs gSA

3- vkfFkZd dkj.k %& ekax o ewY;ksa esa mrkj p<+ko dM+h izfr;ksfxrk] iQS'ku es ifjorZu] rduhdh ifjorZu ls lacaf/r gksrs gSA

4- vU; dkj.k %& mijksDr dkj.kksa ds vfrfjDr os lHkh dkj.k vkrs gS ftuls O;kolkf;d tksf[ke mRiUu gksrs gSa tSls fd jktuhfrd dkj.k] ;kfU=kd dkj.k] vdq'ky O;kolkf;d izcU/d bR;kfn

O;olk; izkjaHk djrs le; è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrs %&

1- O;olk; dk pquko %& ,d O;olk;h dks HkyhHkkafr lkspdj gh O;olk; dk pquko djuk pkfg,A mls ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gksrk gS fd og VªsfMax] fuekZ.kh rFkk lsok esa ls fdl izdkj dk O;kikj djuk pkgrk gSA

2- O;olk; dk iSekuk %& O;olk; ds p;u ds ckn mlds vkdkj dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA bldks fu/kZfjr djrs le; iwath dh miyfC/] tksf[ke rRo] izcU/dh; {kerk vkfn dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

3- O;olk; ds izk:i dk p;u %& ;fn NksVs iSekus ij O;olk; djuk gks vkSj O;olk;h ds Lo;a ds ikl mls izkjaHk djus ds fy, i;kZIr iwath gS rks ,dkdh O;olk; mi;qDr jgrk gS vU;Fkk lk>snkjh ;k dEiuh es ls p;u djuk gksxkA

4- O;olk; ds LFkku dk pquko %& ;g fu.kZ; cgqr lksp le> dj ysuk pkfg,A fu.kZ; ysrs le; dqN ckrks dk è;ku vo'; j[kuk pkfg, tSls dPps eky dh lqfo/kA Jfed lLrs o i;kZIr ek=kk esa] ;krk;kr o cSafdx lqfo/k,a bR;kfnA

5- foÙk dh O;oLFkk djuk %& iwath dh ek=kk dk fu/kZj.k djuk pkfg, blds ckn bls izkfIr ds L=kksrksa dk fu/kZj.k djuk pkfg,A

6- HkkSfrd lqfo/k,a %& ,d u;k miØe 'kq: djus ls igys oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, e'khuksa ,oa midj.kksa dk pquko djuk Hkh ,d uktqd leL;k gSA

7- la;a=k dh LFkkiuk %& e'khuksa dks Ø; djus ds ckn bUgsa dkj[kkuksa ds Hkou esa yxkus dh ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gSSA

8- dk;Zcy %& O;olk; dks pykus ds fy, cgqr ls deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlesa dq'ky ,oa vdq'ky Jfed rFkk izca/dh; deZpkjh 'kkfey gksrs gSA miØe ds fy, lgh O;fDr;ksa dk pquko djuk vko'd gSA

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15 Business Studies &XI

9- dj fu;kstu %& O;olk; vFkok O;olk; ds vkdkj dk fu.kZ; ysrs le; dj laca/h fofHkUu dkuwuksa dks Hkh è;ku es j[kuk pkfg,A

10- O;olk; vkjaHk djuk %& mijksDr leLr dk;Zokgh iwjh djus ds ckn O;olk; izkjaHk djus dh ckjh vkrh gSA blds fy, laxBukRed <kapk rS;kj fd;k tk,xkA

iz'uksÙkj

1- ,d ,slh ekuoh; fØ;k dk mnkgj.k nhft, tks fd ,d rjiQ vkfFkZd vkSj nwljh rjIkQ xSj&vkfFkZd ekuh tk,\

2- O;olk; dks ,d vkfFkZd fØ;k D;ks dgk tkrk gS\

3- ,d O;fDr vius ?kj dk dEi;wVj ykHk ij csprk gS D;k vki bls O;kikj ekusaxsA O;olk; dh fdl fo'ks"krk ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

4- ml vkfFkZd fØ;k dk uke crkb, ftlesa fof'k"V Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

5- chek dks rrh;d ;k lsok m|ksx D;ks ekuk tkrk gS\

6- O;kikj is'kk vkSj jkstxkj es pkj vUrj fyf[k,\

7- ^^dksbZ Hkh O;olk; tksf[ke lfgr ugh gS** bl dFku ds izdk'k esa O;kolkf;d tksf[ke dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k djsaA

8- O;olk; ds fdUgh pkj mnn~s';ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,\

9- okf.kT; dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A bldk vk/qfud thou eas vR;kf/d egRo D;ks gSA\

10- izkFkfed o xkS.k m|ksxksa esa D;k varj gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

11- O;olk; dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, vkSj mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

12- ^okf.kT; mu leLr fØ;kvksa dk tksM+ gS tks fd mRikndksa ,oa miHkksDrkvksa ds chp dh nhokjksa dks rksM+usa esa lgk;rk djrh gS* bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,\

13- O;olk; dk pquko djrs le; dkSu lh N% ckrs è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg,\

14- m|ksx] okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj esa dksbZ ikap vUrj fyf[k,\

15- ^ykHk dks vf/dre djuk O;olk; dk ,dek=k mn~ns'; ugh gks ldrk* fVIi.kh dhft,\

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16 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 2

O;olkf;d laxBu ds izk:i

,d O;kolkf;d miØe ,d laxBu gS tks fdlh O;olk; ;k okf.kfT;d fØ;k esa lyXu gksrk gSA LokfeRo ds vk/kj ij O;kolkf;d miØeksa dks rhu oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

O;olkf;d miØe

futh {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k la;qDr {ks=k miØe miØe miØe

& LokfeRo] izcU/ o & LokfeRo] izcU/ o & LOkkfeRo] izcU/ o fu;U=k.k futh O;fDr;ksa fu;U=k.k ljdkj fu;U=k.k futh m|eh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ljdkj }kjk

la;qDr :i ls fd;k tkrk gS

& futh {ks=k ds izk:i 1- ldy LokfeRo 1- foHkkxh; miØe 2- la;qDr fgUnq ifjokj 2- lkoZtfud fuxe

O;olk; 3- ljdkjh dEiuh 3- lk>snkjh 4- lgdkjh lfefr 5- dEiuh

,dy LokfeRo

,slk O;olk; tks vdsys O;fDr }kjk LohÑr] izcfU/r o fu;fU=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ,dkdh O;kikjh lHkh tksf[ke vdsys ogu djrk gS o O;olk; ds leLr ykHk dks Hkh Lo;a gh izkIr djrk gSA

xzkgdks dks futh lsok,a iznku djus ds fy, o NksVs iSekus ds O;olk; ds fy, bl izdkj dk laxBu vR;kf/d mi;qDr gSA

,dy LokfeRo dh fo'ks"krk,a

1- ,dkdh LokfeRo & lkjh iwath dh iwfrZ ,dkdh O;kikjh ds vius /u ls ;k m/kj fy, x, /u ls dh tkrh gSA

2- i`Fkd oS/kfud vfLrRo ugha & laxBu dk vius Lokeh ls i`Fkd dksbZ oS/kfud vfLrRo ugha

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17 Business Studies &XI

gksrkA

3- fuekZ.k & ,dy LokfeRo ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fdUgha oS/kfud vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

4- izcU/ o fu;U=k.k %& O;olk; dk izcU/ o lapkyu dk dsoy ,dy O;kikjh }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA

5- vlhfer nkf;Ro %& ,dy Lokeh dk nkf;Ro vlhfer gksrk gSA ;fn O;kolkf;d laifÙk;ka ½.kksa ds Hkqxrku ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gS rks mldh futh laifÙk dk iz;ksx Hkh nsunkjksa dks Hkqxrku djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6- tksf[ke ogu djuk %& O;olk; ds ykHk o gkfu dk gdnkj og vdsyk gh gksrk gSA bl izdkj og vdsyk gh O;olk; ds tksf[ke dks ogu djrk gSA

,dy O;kikj ds xq.k

1- fuekZ.k vkSj LFkkiuk esa lqfo/k %& bldh LFkkiuk djus rFkk bls cUn djus ds fy, fdlh izdkj dh dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk ugha djuk iM+rkA

2- 'kh?kz fu.kZ; & ,dy O;kikjh fu.kZ; 'kh?kzrk ls ys ldrk gS D;ksafd mls fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, fdlhs ls lykg ;k vuqefr ysus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

3- xksiuh;rk & O;olk; ds egRoiw.kZ jkt lqjf{kr jgrs gSa] D;ksafd mudk Kku dsoy Lokeh dk gksrk gSA

4- izR;{k vfHkizsj.k & ifjJe o izfriQy esa lh/k lEcU/ gksus ds dkj.k] Lokeh dh dfBu ifjJe djus dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA

5- O;fDrxr laidZ & ,dy O;kikjh vius xzkgdks o deZpkfj;ksa ls O;fDrxr laidZ cuk, j[k ldrs gSA

,dy O;kikj dh lhek,a

1- lhfer foÙkh; lk/u %& D;ksafd laLFkk ds foÙk dh iwfrZ Lokeh ;k rks vius futh lk/uksa ls djrk gS ;k viuh lk[k ds vuqlkj ½.k ysdj djrk gSA

2- lhfer izca/dh; dq'kyrk %& blesa lHkh dk;Z ,dkdh O;kikjh }kjk fd, tkrs gSa tks lHkh {ks=kksa esa dq'ky ugh gks ldrkA og dq'ky deZpkjh dh fu;qfDr djus esa Hkh l{ke ugha gksrkA

3- vlhfer nkf;Ro & ,dkdh LOkkeh futh :i ls lHkh ½.kksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS] bl dkj.k og tksf[ke ysus ls drjkrk gSA

4- vfuf'pr thou & O;olk; dk thou] iw.kZ :i ls Lokeh ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA Lokeh dh eR;q] ikxyiu] fnokfy;k gksus dh n'kk esa O;olk; can gks tkrk gSA

5- foLrkj ds fy, lhfer volj & lhfer iwath rFkk izcU/dh; dq'kyrk ds dkj.k] O;olk; dk

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18 Business Studies &XI

foLrkj cgqr vf/d ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

,dy LokfeRo dh mi;qDrrk

laxBu dk ;g Lo:i fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa mi;qDr gSA

& mu O;olk;ksa esa tgka de iwath o lhfer izcU/dh; ;ksX;rk dh vko';drk iM+rh gksA tSls iQqVdj O;kikj

& mu O;olk;ksa esa tgka xzkgdksa dks O;fDrxr lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gS tSls diM+s flyus esa cky dkVus esa] nok rFkk dkuwu laca/h lykg nsus esa

& vizekf.kr oLrqvksa (tSls vkMZj ij tsoj cukus) ds mRiknu esa

la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk;

la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; dk LokfeRo ,oa lapkyu ,d la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj ds lnL; djrs gSA O;olk; dk izcU/ rFkk fu;U=k.k] ifjokj ds ofj"B iq:"k lnL;] ftls drkZ dgk tkrk gS] ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz'kklu fgUnw dkuwu ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blesa lnL;rk ds vk/kj&ifjokj esa tUe gksrk gSA

blesa lnL;k dks fu;af=kr djus dh nks iz.kkfy;ka gSA

n;kHkkx iz.kkyh ferk{kjk iz.kkyh

& ;g i¼fr if'pe caxky & ;g i¼fr if'pe caxky esa izpfyr gS dks NksM+dj lkjs Hkkjr esa izpfyr gS

& blds varxZr ifjokj ds & blesa dsoy ifjokj ds iq:"k o efgyk nksuks gh iq:"k lnL; gh lgHkkxh gksrs gS

lgHkkxh gksrs gSaA

y{k.k %&

(1) fuekZ.k & la;qDr fgUnq ifjokj O;olk; ds fy, ifjokj esa de ls de nks lnL; ,oa og iSrd laifÙk tks mUgsa fojklr esa feyh gks] dk gksuk vko';d gSA

(2) lnL;rk & bldh lnL;rk ifjokj esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k izkIr gksrh gSA

(3) fu;U=k.k & O;olk; ds lapkyu dk iwjk vf/dkj dsoy dÙkkZ ds ikl gksrk gSA ifjokj ds vU; lnL; mls dsoy viuh lykg ns ldrs gSA

(4) nkf;Ro & dÙkkZ ds vykok vU; lHkh lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro] la;qDr lEifÙk esa muds O;fDrxr fgr ds ewY; rd lhfer gksrk gSA

(5) LFkk;h vfLrRo & O;olk; dk vfLrRo fdlh lgHkkxh ds ;gka rd fd dÙkkZ ds Hkh fnokfy;k gksus ;k eR;q gksus ls izHkkfor ugha gksrkA

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19 Business Studies &XI

(6) ukckfyx lnL; & blesa lnL;rk ifjokj esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k gksrh gS blhfy, ukckfyx Hkh O;olk; ds lnL; gks ldrs gSA

la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; ds xq.k %&

(1) izHkkoh fu;U=k.k & dÙkkZ ds ikl] O;olk; ds izcU/ rFkk fu;a=k.k dk iw.kZ vf/dkj gksus ds dkj.k og fu.kZ; 'kh?kzrk ls ysrk gSA blesa fdlh Hkh vU; lnL; dks gLRkk{ksi djus dk vf/dkj ugha gksrk gSA

(2) fLFkj vfLrRo & dÙkkZ dh eR;q] ikxyiu rFkk fnokfy;k gksus dk O;olk; ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk vxyk lcls vf/d vk;q dk O;fDr mldk LFkku ys ysrk gSSA

(3) lhfer nkf;Ro & dÙkkZ ds vykok vU; lHkh lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro lhfer gksrk gSA

(4) xksiuh;rk & blesa lHkh fu.kZ; dsoy dÙkkZ ds }kjk fy, tkrs gSa mls fdlh ls lykg ysus ;k fdlh dks lwpuk nsus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh blfy, blesa O;kolkf;d ekeyksa dh xksiuh;rk cuh jgrh gSA

(5) oiQknkjh rFkk lg;ksx & dk;Z esa ifjokj dk uke 'kkfey gksrk gS blfy, lHkh lnL; iwjh esgur o bZekunkjh ls dke djrs gSA

la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; ds voxq.k

1- lhfer iw¡th & blesa O;olk; dh iwath ifjokj dh iSrd lEifÙk rd lhfer gksrh gSA

2- dÙkkZ dk vlhfer nkf;Ro & blesa dÙkkZ dk nkf;Ro vlhfer gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k og u;ss rFkk tksf[ke Hkjs fu.kZ; ysus ls fgpfdpkrk gSA

3- dÙkkZ dk izHkqRo & dÙkkZ vdsys gh O;olk; dk izcaU/ djrk gS tks dHkh&dHkh vU; lnL;ksa dks ekU; ugha gksrk gSA blls muesa Vdjko gks ldrk gS o ikfjokfjd bdkbZ Hkh Hkax gks ldrh gSA

4- lhfer izca/dh; {kerk & O;olk; ds izcU/ dh iwjh ftEesnkjh dÙkkZ ij gksrh gS] ijUrq og O;olk; ds gj {ks=k esa dq'ky ugha gks ldrk@rFkk mlds }kjk fy;k x;k dksbZ fu.kZ; O;olk; dks ccZkn dj ldrk gSA

5- vlarqfyr fu.kZ; & dÙkkZ dks fu.kZ; ysrs le; fdlh ls lykg ysus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA bl dkj.k mlds }kjk fy;k x;k fu.kZ; dbZ ckj vlarqfyr gksrk gSA

ns'k esa la;qDr fgUnw ifjokjksa dh la[;k de gksrh tk jgh gS blh dkj.k O;olk; ds bl izk:i dk pyu Hkh de gksrk tk jgk gSA

lk>snkjh

vFkZ & lk>snkjh nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ds chp dk laca/ gS tks fd ,d ,sls O;olk; ds chp dk ykHk ckaVus ds fy, lger gskrs gS ftldks os lHkh ;k lHkh dh vksj ls muesa ls fdlh ,d }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA

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20 Business Studies &XI

bl izk:i dk vkjaHk ,dy LokfeRo rFkk la;qDr fgUnq ifjokj O;olk; dh leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA

y{k.k

(1) nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr %& lk>snkjh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, U;wure nks lnL; gksus pkfg,A cSfdax O;olk; dh fLFkfr esa vf/dre la[;k 10 rFkk vU; O;olk; esa 20 gks ldrh gSA

(2) le>kSrk & lk>snkjh] lk>snkjks ds chp gq, le>kSrs dk ifj.kke gS tks ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr gks ldrk gSA

(3) oS| O;olk; & bldk xBu dsoy oS| O;olk; dks pykus ds mn~ns'; ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(4) izcU/ o fu;a=k.k & LkHkh lk>snkjksa dks izcU/ esa fgLlk ysus dk iwjk vf/dkj gksrk gSA

(5) vlhfer nkf;Ro & lHkh lk>snkjksa dk nkf;Ro vlhfer gksrk gSA

(6) ikjLifjd ,tsalh lEcU/ & izR;sd lk>snkj iQeZ ds Lokeh ds lkFk&lkFk iQeZ vkSj nwljs lk>snkjksa dk ,tsaV Hkh gksrk gS bl dkj.k ,d lk>snkj ds }kjk fd, x, dk;Z o vuqca/ ls vU; lHkh lk>snkj Hkh ckè; gksrs gSA

(7) LFkkf;Ro dk vHkko & D;ksafd fdlh Hkh lk>snkj dh eR;q] vodk'k xzg.k djus] fnokfy;k gksus ;k fiQj ikxy gks tkus ls ;g lekIr gks ldrh gSA

lk>snkjh ds xq.k

(1) fuekZ.k dh lqfo/k %& bldk fuekZ.k vklkuh ls rFkk fdlh dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk fd, fcuk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(2) fo'kky foÙkh; lk/u %&lHkh lk>snkjksa ds }kjk iwath yxkus ds dkj.k buds foÙkh; lk/u vf/d gksrs gSA

(3) csgrj fu.kZ; & lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; lk>snkjksa }kjk lkewfgd :i ls fy, tkrs gS ifj.kkeLo:i fu.kZ; csgrj gksrs gSA

(4) tksf[ke dk caVokjk & lk>snkjh esa tksf[ke lHkh lk>snkjksa eas caV tkrk gS blls og fpUrk eqDr gks dj dk;Z djrs gSA

(5) xksiuh;rk & lk>snkjh iQeZ dks vius [kkrs izdkf'kr djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh blfy, lk>snkjh ds egRoiw.kZ Hksn xqIr j[ks tk ldrs gSA

lk>snkjh dh lhek,a

(1) lhfer lk/u %& ,d lk>snkjh iQeZ esa lk>snkjksa dh la[;k lhfer gksrh gS bl dkj.k ls muds }kjk yxkbZ xbZ iwath Hkh lhfer gksrh gSA

(2) vlhfer nkf;Ro %& lk>snkjks dk vlhfer nkf;Ro gksrk gSA lk>snkjksa dk nsunkjksa ds izfr

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21 Business Studies &XI

nkf;Ro & la;qDr rFkk i`Fkd&nksuks izdkj ls gksrk gSA rFkk ;g mu lk>snkjksa ds fy, vuqfpr gksrk gS ftuds ikl vf/d O;fDrxr /u gksrk gSA ;fn vU; lk>snkj ½.k dk Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSa rks bldk Hkqxrku /uh lk>snkj dks djuk iM+rk gSA

(3) fujarjrk dk vHkko %& lk>snkjh dh fujarjrk vfuf'pr gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh lk>snkj dh eR;q] ikxyiu ;k fnokfy;k gks tkus ls] O;olk; lekIr gks tkrk gSA

(4) tu fo'okl dh deh %& turk dk fo'okl] lk>snkjh iQeZ esa de gksrk gS D;kasfd iQeZ ds }kjk viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ rFkk [kkrs izdkf'kr ugh fd, tkrsA

(5) va'kks dk gLrkarj.k ugha %& ,d lk>snkj viuk fgLlk fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks rHkh gLrkafjr dj ldrk gS tc vU; lHkh lk>snkj mldh vuqefr nsa vU;Fkk ughA ;g cgqr dfBu vkSj tfVy gks ldrk gSA

lk>snkjh ds izdkj

1- lfØ; lk>snkj & ;g lk>snkj iQeZ ds izcU/ esa Hkkx ysrk gSA ;g iQeZ esa iwath yxkrk gSA ykHk@gkfu ckaVrk gS rFkk bldk nkf;Ro vlhfer gksrk gSA

2- lqIr vFkok fuf"Ø; lk>snkj & ;g lk>snkj iQeZ ds izcU/ esa Hkkx ugh ysrk] ijUrq vU; lk>snkjksa dh Hkkafr bldh nsunkjh Hkh vlhfer gksrh gSA

3- xqIr lk>snkj & ,sls lk>snkj dk iQeZ ds lkFk lEcU/ vke turk dks irk ugh gksrk gSA gkykafd bldk nkf;Ro Hkh vlhfer gksrk gSA

4- ukeek=k dk lk>snkj & ;g og lk>snkj gS tks viuk uke rFkk izflf¼ iQeZ dks mlds iQk;ns ds fy, m/kj nsrk gSA ;g u rks iwath yxkrk gS] u izcU/ eas fgLlk ysrk gS] u ykHk ckaVrk gS ijUrq bldk nkf;Ro Hkh vlhfer gksrk gSA

5- xR;kojks/ }kjk lk>snkj & ;g og O;fDr gksrk gS tks vius vkpj.k ;k O;ogkj }kjk nwljksa dks ;g vkHkkl nsrk gS fd og iQeZ dk lk>snkj gS tcfd okLrfodrk ;g ugha gksrkA bldk nkf;Ro mu ½.kksa ds fy, vlhfer gksrk gS tks iQeZ dks mldh izflf¼ ds dkj.k izkIr gksrs gSA

6- izn'kZu }kjk lk>snkj & ;g og O;fDr gksrk gS tks okLro esa rks iQeZ dk lk>snkj ugha gksrk ijUrq nwljksa ds }kjk vius vkidks lk>snkj dgs tkus ij dksbZ vkifÙk ;k fojks/ ugh djrkA ,sls O;fDr dks iznZ'ku }kjk lk>snkj dgrs gSA ;g mu ½.kksa dks pqdkus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS] tks iQeZ us mlds uke dk iz;ksx djds izkIr fd, FksA

lk>snkjh lays[k

lk>snkjksa ds chp gqvk le>kSrk tks eqækafdr dkxt ij fy[kk gksrk gS rFkk ftlesa lk>snkjh ds fu;e] fofue; rFkk 'krksZ dk o.kZu gksrk gS] lk>snkjh lays[k dgykrk gSA

lkekU;r% blesa fuEu tkudkfj;ka nh tkrh gSA

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22 Business Studies &XI

& iQeZ dk uke o irk

& lk>snkjksa ds uke o irs

& lk>snkjh dh vof/

& izR;sd lk>snkj }kjk yxkbZ xbZ iwath

& O;olk; dk ykHk&gkfu foHkktu vuqikr

& lk>snkjksa ds osru] vkgj.k] iwath ij C;kt rFkk vkgj.k ij C;kt lEcfU/r fu;e

& lk>snkjksa ds vf/dkj rFkk nkf;Ro

& lk>snkjksa ds vkxeu] fuofÙk o iQeZ ds lekiu ls lEcfU/r izko/ku@fu;e

& fooknksa dks gy djus dh fof/;ka vkfn

lk>snkjh iQeZ dk iathdj.k

dkuwuh :i ls lk>snkjh iQeZ dk iathdj.k djkuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA ijUrq ;g iQeZ rFkk lk>snkjksa ds fgr esa gksrk gSA ,d viathÑr iQeZ dks fuEufyf[kr xaHkhj leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS &

(1) ,d viathÑr iQeZ dk lk>snkj] vU; lk>snkj ds fo:¼ dksbZ eqdnek nk;j ugh dj ldrkA

(2) vaithÑr iQeZ fdlh ckgjh i{k ds fo:¼ eqdnek nk;j ugh dj ldrhA

(3) viathÑr iQeZ fdlh lk>snkj ds fo:¼ Hkh eqdnek nk;j ugha dj ldrhA

lgdkjh lfefr

lgdkjh lfefr mu O;fDr;ksa dk ,d laxBu gS ftuds lk/u izk;% lhfer gksrs gSA rFkk leku vkfFkZd y{;ksa dh miyfC/ ds fy, LosPNk ls ,df=kr gksrs gSA

budk eq[; mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa dks iwathifr oxZ o eè;LFkksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys 'kks"k.k ls cpkuk gS u fd ykHk dekukA

y{k.k

1- LoSfPNd laxBu & leku fgr j[kus okyk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr lhfer esa lnL;rk izkIr dj ldrk gS rFkk tc pkgs ,d lwpuk nsdj lfefr dks NksM+ ldrk gSA

2- oS/kfud fLFkfr & lgdkjh lfefr dk iathdj.k vfuok;Z gS blls lfefr dks vius lnL;ksa ls i`Fkd vfLrRo izkIr gks tkrk gSA

3- lhfer nkf;Ro & lfefr ds lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro muds }kjk yxkbZ xbZ iwath rd lhfer gksrk gSA

4- iztkrkaf=kd izcU/ & blesa fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr lnL;ksa }kjk pquh xbZ izca/ desVh ds gkFk eas gksrh gS rFkk izcU/ desVh dk pquko lnL;ksa ds }kjk ,d lnL; ,d oksV ds fl¼kUr ij fd;k

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23 Business Studies &XI

tkrk gSA

5- lsok dk mnns~'; & lfefr dk eq[; mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa dks lsok iznku djuk gSA

6- vf/D; dk forj.k & blesa o"kZHkj esa dek,a ykHk dk ,d fuf'pr fgLlk oS/kfud lap; dks"k esa gLrkafjr fd;k tkrk gSA rRi'pkr lnL;ksa }kjk yxkbZ xbZ iwath ij mfpr nj ls ykHkka'k fn;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k ykHk dks lnL;ksa ds }kjk fd, x, ysu&nsuksa ds vuqlkj cksul ds :i esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA

lgdkjh lfefr ds ykHk

1- fuekZ.k eas lqfo/k & bldk fuekZ.k leku fgr okys dksbZ Hkh nl O;ld O;fDr feydj dj ldrs gSA blds iathdj.k dh izfØ;k Hkh cgqr lk/kj.k gksrh gSA

2- lhfer nkf;Ro & blds lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro muds }kjk yxkbZ xbZ iwath rd lhfer gksrk gSA

3- fujUrjrk & iathdj.k ds dkj.k lfefr dk viuk vyx dkuwuh vfLrRo gksrk gS rFkk lfefr ij fdlh Hkh lnL; dh eR;q] fnokfy;kiu rFkk v{kerk dk dksbZ vlj ugh iM+rkA

4- ferO;;h dk;Ziz.kkyh & blds lnL; izk;% voSrfud lsok,a nsrs gSa] oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø; ;g lh/s mRikndksa ;k Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa ls djrs gSa] leku dk foØ; udn esa djrs gSa rFkk foKkiu bR;kfn ij /u [kpZ ugh djrsA bu dkj.kksa ls lfefr ds dk;Zdkjh [kpsZ de gksrs gSA

5- ljdkjh lgk;rk & bUgsa ljdkj ds }kjk cgqr ls vuqnku] de VSDl] uhph C;kt dh nj ij ½.k rFkk foÙkh; rFkk vU; lgk;rk,a iznku dh tkrh gSA

lgdkjh lfefr dh lhek,a

1- lhfer iwath & lgdkjh laxBu izk;% lhfer lk/uksa okys O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk cuk, tkrs gS blfy, bUgsa lhfer iwath dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

2- vdq'ky izcU/ & blesa lHkh dk;Z blds lnL;ksa ds }kjk fd, tkrs gS rFkk lnL; izk;% is'ksoj dq'ky rFkk vuqHkoh ugh gksrs gSA lgdkjh laxBu is'ksoj o dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dks Åaps osru ij j[kus esa Hkh l{ke ugh gksrk gSA

3- xksiuh;rk dk vHkko %& lgdkjh lfefr ds lHkh ekeyksa ij lnL;ksa dh lHkk esa [kqydj ppkZ djh tkrh gS blfy, bl laxBu esa xksiuh;rk cuk, j[kuk laHko ugh gSA

4- vR;kf/d ljdkjh fu;a=k.k & lgdkjh lfefr;ka] jkT; ljdkj ds lgdkjh foHkkx ds cgqr ls fu;eksa ds v/hu gksrh gSA bUgsa vius [kkrs vads{kdksa ls vadsf{kr djokus iM+rs gS rFkk mldh ,d izfr jftLVªkj ds ikl tek djkuh iM+rh gSA

5- vfHkizsj.k dk vHkko & blesa iz;Ru rFkk izfriQy ds chp dksbZ lh/k lEcU/ ugh gksrkA blfy, buesa lnL;ksa esa vfHkizsj.k dk vHkko gksrk gSA

6- lnL;ksa ds chp erHksn & buesa cgqr lh n'kkvksa esa izcU/dh; lfefr vkSj lnL;ksa ds chp

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24 Business Studies &XI

erHksn@fookn mRiUu gks tkrs gS rFkk izcU/dh; lfefr vius LokFkZ mn~ns'; ds dkj.k 'kklu djuk vkjaHk dj nsrh gS vkSj os lsok ds mn~ns'; dks Hkwy tkrh gSA

lgdkjh laxBu ds izdkj

1- miHkksDrk lgdkjh lfefr %& budk eq[; mn~ns'; eè;LFkksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys xzkgdksa ds 'kks"k.k dks [kRe djuk gSA ;g vke t:jr dh lHkh oLrq,a lh/s mRikndksa rFkk Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa ls [kjhndj lnL;ksa dks mfpr dherksa ij miyC/ djkrh gSA

2- mRiknd lgdkjh lfefr %& budk eq[; mn~ns'; NksVs mRikndksa dks enn iznku djuk gS ftUgsa O;fDrxr :i ls mRiknu ds fy, t:jh dPpk eky] e'khujh vkSj vk/qfud rduhd dks tqVkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ;s lfefr;k¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS %&

(v) ,d oks tks vius lnL;ksa dks vko';d dPpk eky] vkxrs] e'khujh bR;kfn mfpr ewY; ij miyC/ djkrh gSA

(c) nwljh tks bu mRikndksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks csprh gSA

3- lgdkjh foi.ku lfefr;k¡ %& ;g NksVs mRikndksa rFkk Ñ"kdksa dks ftUgsa vius eky dks ykHkdkjh ewY;ksa esa cspus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS] dh enn djrh gSA ;g vius lnL;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh foi.ku lEcU/h lqfo/k,a tSls ifjogu] Hk.Mkj.k] iSdsftax] xzsfMx o cktkj losZ{k.k dk bUrtke djrh gSA rFkk ;g vius lnL;ksa dks muds }kjk rS;kj fd, x, eky ds fy, mfpr ewY; fnykus esa enn djrh gSA

4- lgdkjh Ñf"k lfefr %& buds lnL; os NksVs fdlku gksrs gS tks feydj Ñf"k dk;ksZ dks djuk pkgrs gSA ;g lfefr;ka vius lnL;ksa ds fy, vPNs cht] vk/qfud vkStkj] e'khujh] vk/qfud rduhd] [kkn rFkk flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa dk izcU/ djrh gSA

5- lgdkjh lk[k lfefr %& budk eq[; mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa dks lkgwdkjksa ds paqxy ls cpkuk gksrk gSA ;g vius t:jrean lnL;ksa dks vklku 'krksZ rFkk de C;kt ij ½.k miyC/ djkrh gSA

6- lgdkjh vkokl lfefr %& budk eq[; mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa dks vklku 'krksZ o mfpr ewY;ksa ij iQySV vFkok IykWV miyC/ djuk gSA

la;qDr iwath dEiuh

vFkZ & la;qDr iwath dEiuh O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk cuk;k x;k ,sfPNd la?k gSA ftldk viuk ,d vyx oS|kfud vfLrRo] 'kk'or thou rFkk lkoZeqæk gksrh gS rFkk bldh iwath gLrkarj.kh; 'ks;jksa esa cVha gqbZ gksrh gSA

y{k.k

1- i`Fkd oS/kfud vfLrRo & bldh jpuk dkuwu ds }kjk gksrh gSA rFkk lekesyu ds dkj.k bldh viuh i`Fkd igpku gksrh gSA dkuwu dh fuxkg esa dEiuh rFkk mlds lnL; ,d ugh gksrs gSA

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25 Business Studies &XI

2- 'kk'or vfLrRo & la;qDr iwath dEiuh dh jpuk rFkk bldk var dsoy dkuwu ds }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEiuh ds vfLrRo ij blds 'ks;j/kfj;ksa ds vkus tkus] eR;q] ikxyiu] fnokfy;kiu dk dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rkA

3- lhfer nkf;Ro& dEiuh ds izR;sd lnL; dk nkf;Ro mlds }kjk Ø; fd, x, va'kks ds vafdr ewY; rd vFkok mlds }kjk nh xbZ xkjaVh dh jkf'k rd lhfer gksrk gSA

4- va'kks dh gLrkarj.kh;rk & dEiuh dh iwath gLrkarj.kh; 'ks;jksa esa cVh gqbZ gksrh gSA dsoy futh dEiuh ds 'ks;jksa ds gLrkarj.k ij dqN izfrca/ gksrs gSA

5- lkoZeqæk & ,d Ñf=ke O;fDr gksus ds dkj.k dEiuh gLRkk{kj ugha dj ldrhA ftlds dkj.k gj dEiuh dh ,d lkoZeqæk gksrh gS tks dEiuh ds vf/dkj;qDr gLrk{kj dk dk;Z djrh gSA dEiuh ds gj egRoiw.kZ nLrkost ij bldh lkoZeqæk vafdr dh tkrh gSA

6- fu;=ka.k o izcU/ & dEiuh dk izcU/ o fu;U=k.k funs'kd eaMy ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftldk p;u lHkh va'k/kfj;ksa ds }kjk oksV ns dj fd;k tkrk gSA LokfeRo ,oa izca/ dk vyx vyx gksuk dEiuh dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA

la;qDr iwath dEiuh ds xq.k

1- lhfer nkf;Ro & va'k/kfj;ksa dk nkf;Ro muds }kjk [kjhns x, 'ks;jksa ds vafdr ewY; vFkok muds }kjk nh xbZ xkajVh dh jkf'k rd lhfer gksrk gSA

2- fo'kky fofÙk; lk/u & dEiuh ds ikl foÙkh; lk/u cgqr vf/d gksrs gSA og fofHkUu izdkj ds fuos'kdks ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh izfrHkwfr;ka tkjh djds] turk ls tek Lohdkj djds] fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls ½.k ysdj & cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa foÙk bdV~Bk dj ldrh gSA

3- va'kks ds gLrkarj.k esa lqfo/k & dEiuh ds va'k cktkj esa vklkuh ls [kjhns vkSj csps tk ldrs gSA bl dkj.k vke turk dks dEiuh esa iSlk fuos'k djus fy, izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

4- LFkk;h vfLrRo & dEiuh dk vius lnL;ksa ls i`Fkd vfLrRo gksus ds dkj.k] mudh eR;q] fnokfy;kiu rFkk v{kerk dk dEiuh ds vfLrRo ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

5- of¼ vkSj foLrkj & dEiuh ds ikl fo'kky foÙkh; lk/u gksrs gS] ftldh otg ls bldk foLrkj rFkk of¼ djuk vklkuh ls laHko gks ikrk gSA

6- is'ksoj izcU/ & fo'kky foÙkh; lk/u gksus ds dkj.k dEiuh dq'ky rFkk is'ksoj O;fDr;ksa dh lsok,a ysus es leFkZ gksrh gSA

la;qDr iwath dEiuh dh lhek,a

1- fuekZ.k dh tfVy izfØ;k & dEiuh ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k cgqr yEch] dfBu] tfVy gksrh gSA blesa yEch le;kof/ yxrh gS rFkk dbZ dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djuk iM+rk gSA

2- xksiuh;rk dk vHkko & dEiuh dks dEiuh vf/fu;e ds izko/kuksa ds vuqlkj le;&le; ij

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26 Business Studies &XI

dEifu;ksa ds jftLVªkj dks cgqr lh lwpuk,a nsuh iM+rh gSA ;s leLr lwpuk,a tu lk/kj.k dks miyC/ gksrh gSA bl dkj.ko'k dEiuh ds fy, xksiuh;rk cuk, j[kuk cgqr dfBu gSA

3- fu.kZ; ysus esa nsjh & dEiuh dk okLrfod izca/ lapkyd eaMy }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA budh enn ds fy, laLFkk esa mPp eè; o fuEu Lrjh; izca/d Hkh gksrs gSA bl O;oLFkk eas fofHkUu izLrkoksa ds lEizs"k.k o vuqeksnu dkiQh le; yx tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i fu.kZ; ysus esa nsjh gksrh gSA

4- izsj.kk dk vHkko & dEiuh dk izcU/ Lokfe;ksa ds }kjk ugha cfYd is'ksoj izcU/dksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa laLFkk ls viuh lsokvksa ds cnys fuf'pr osru izkIr gksrk gSA blhfy, dEiuh esa vf/d esgur o dq'kyrk ls dke djus dh izsj.kk dk vHkko gksrk gSA

5- vYira=kh; izcU/ %& fl¼karr% dEiuh ,d yksdrkaf=kd laLFkk gS ijUrq okLrfodrk ;g ugh gS bldk izcU/ lapkyd eaMy ds }kjk pyk;k tkrk gS] tks okLro esa dqN va'k/kfj;ksa ds izfrfuf/ gksrs gS dbZ ckj ;g fu.kZ; ysrs le; vius O;fDrxr fgr vkSj ykHk dks è;ku esa j[krs gSa rFkk dEiuh vkSj va'k/kfj;ksa ds fgrksa dh vosgyuk dj nsrs gSA

futh dEiuh rFkk lkoZtfud dEiuh

dEifu;ksa ds izdkj

LokfeRo ds vk/kj ij dEifu;ksa dks nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

futh dEiuh ,oa lkoZtfud dEiuh

futh dEiuh

& blesa lnL;ksa dh U;wure la[;k 2 o vf/ dre 50 gksrh gSA

& ;g vke turk dks vius 'ks;j o ½.ki=k [kjhnus ds fy, vkeaf=kr ugh djrhA

& blds 'ks;jksa ds gLrkarj.k ij dbZ izfrca/ gksrs gSA

& blesa U;wure iwath 1 yk[k :- dh gksrh gSA

& dEiuh viuk O;olk; lekesyu* dk izek.k i=k feyus ds ckn 'kq: dj ldrh gSA

& blesa dEiuh vius uke ds vUr esa izkbosV fyfeVsM 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrh gSA

lkoZtfud dEiuh

& blesa U;wure 7 rFkk vf/dre dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksrhA

& blesa vke turk dks 'ks;jksa o ½.ki=kksa ds vfHknku ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA

& blds 'ks;jksa ds gLrkarj.k ij dksbZ izfrca/ ugh gksrkA

& blesa U;wure iwath 5 yk[k :- dh gksrh gSA

& blesa O;olk; & O;olk; izkjaHk djus dk izek.k i=k feyus ds ckn gh 'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gSA

& blesa dEiuh vius uke ds vUr esa fyfeVsM 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrh gSA

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27 Business Studies &XI

O;olk; ds miØe ds p;u esa fopkj.kh; dkjd

,d mn~;eh dks O;kolkf;d laxBu ds izk:i dk pquko djrs le; fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

(1) laxBu dh LFkkiuk ls tqM+s [kpZ o vklkuh & ,dy LokfeRo laxBu dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dksbZ dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk,a ugha djuh iM+rhA bldh LFkkiuk vklkuh ls rFkk cgqr de [kpsZ esa gks tkrh gSA tcfd dEiuh dh LFkkiuk ls cgqr dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk,a rFkk ykxr tqM+h gSA

(2) vko';d izkjafHkd iwath dh ek=kk & ftu O;olk;ksa esa vis{kkÑr de iwath dh vko';drk gksrh gS mudk xBu ,dy LokfeRo vFkok Lkk>snkjh izk:i esa fd;k tk ldrk gA ijUrq ;fn O;olk; ds fy, cgqr vf/d iwath dh vko';drk gS rks laxBu dk dEiuh izk:i mi;qDr gksxkA

(3) O;olk; dh izÑfr & ;fn O;olk; esa xzkgd dks O;fDrxr è;ku vkSj izR;{k lEidZ dh vko';drk gS] rks ,dy LokfeRo vFkok lk>snkjh dk izk:i mi;qDr gSA ijUrq ;fn fuekZ.k rFkk forj.k dk dke cgqr cM+s iSekus ij djuk gS rks dEiuh Lo:i dk p;u Bhd jgsxkA

(4) fu;U=k.k dk Lrj & ;fn O;olk;h O;olk; ds Åij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k dh bPNk j[krk gS] rc mls ,dy LokfeRo iQeZ dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A ;fn O;olk;h dks fu;U=k.k ds caVokjs ls dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rk rc og lk>snkjh ;k dEiuh izk:i dks izkFkfedrk ns ldrk gSA

(5) tksf[ke dh ek=kk & miØe esa vf/d tksf[ke gksus ij O;olk;dÙkkZ dEiuh izk:i ;k lgdkjh laxBu dks vf/d izkFkfedrk nsrs gSA D;ksafd buesa lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro lhfer gksrk gSA O;olk; dks ,dy LokfeRo vkSj lk>snkjh izk:i dk iz;ksx] de tksf[ke okys miØeksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

dEiuh dk fuekZ.k %&

dEiuh ds fuekZ.k dk vFkZ ,d ubZ dEiuh dks vfLrRo esa ykuk rFkk mldk O;olk; izkjEHk djkus ls gksrk gSA ,d ubZ dEiuh ds fuekZ.k dh fuEufyf[kr voLFkk,a gS %&

(1) izorZu (2) fuxeu

(3) iwath vfHknku (4) O;olk; dk vkjEHk djuk

,d izkbosV dEiuh dks izFke nks voLFkkvksa ls xqtjuk gksrk gS ysfdu ,d lkoZtfud dEiuh dks pkjksa voLFkkvksa ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA

(v) izorZu % izorZu ds vUrxZr O;olkf;d voljksa dh [kkst dh tkrh gS rFkk dEiuh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

izorZu esa mBk;s tkus okys dne %&

(1) O;olkf;d voljksa dh igpku djuk %& izorZd dk izFke dk;Z gS O;olkf;d voljksa dh igpku djuk fd fdl oLrq ;k lsok dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk;sA

(2) lEHkkouk vè;;u %& voljksa dh igpku djus ds ckn izorZd rduhdh lEHkkouk] foÙkh;

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28 Business Studies &XI

vkSj vkfFkZd lEHkkouk dk vè;;u djrk gSA

(3) uke dh LohÑfr izkIr djuk %& dEiuh ds uke dks NkaVus ds ckn izorZd mls dEiuh ds jftLVªkj ds ikl LohÑfr ds fy, izkFkZuk i=k nsrk gSA

(4) ik"kZn lhek fu;e ds gLrk{kj dÙkkZvksa dks fu/kZfjr djuk %& izorZd dks dEiuh ds lapkydks dks fu;qDr djuk iM+rk gS rkfd ds ik"kZn lhek fu;e ij gLrk{kj dj ldsA

(5) is'ksojksa dh fu;qfDr %& izorZdksa dks dEiuh ds eapsZV cSdlZ rFkk vads{kdksa dh fu;qfDr djuh iM+rh gSA

(6) vko';d izi=k rS;kj djuk %& izorZdksa dks ik"kZn lhek fu;e] ik"kZn vUrfuZ;e vkfn oSèkkfud nLrkostks dks jftLVªkj ds ikl Hkstus ds fy, rS;kj djkuk iM+rk gSA

fuxeu %& fuxeu dk vFkZ dEiuh vf/fu;e 1956 ds v/hu dEiuh dk jftLVsª'ku djkus ,oa fuxeu izek.k i=k izkIr djus ls gksrk gSA fuxeu voLFkk esa mBk;s tkus okys dneA

(1) fuxeu gsrq vkosnu nsuk %& dEiuh ds izorZd dks dEiuh dk jftLVªs'ku djkus ds fy, jkT; ds jftLVªkj ds ikl vkosnu i=k Hkstuk gksrk gSA

(2) vko';d izi=k tek djkuk %& izorZdksa dks fuEufyf[kr izi=k tek djkus gksrs gS %&

1- ik"kZn lhek fu;e

2- ik"kZn vUrZfu;e

3- iathÑr iwath dk fooj.k

4- lapkydks dh LohÑfr

5- izLrkfor izcU/ lapkydks ds lkFk Bgjko

6- oS/kfud ?kks"k.kk

(3) 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku %& mijksDr izi=kksa ds lkFk jftLVªs'ku dh iQhl tek djkuh iM+rh gSA ;g iQhl vf/Ñr iwath ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

(4) jftLVªs'ku %& jftLVªkj lHkh nLrkostksa dh tkap djrk gSA tkap Bhd ik;s tkus ds ckn og dEiuh dk uke jftLVj dj ysrk gSA

(5) fuxeu dk izek.k i=k izkIr djuk %& dEiuh dk uke jftLVªkj gks tkus ds ckn jftLVªkj fuxeu izek.k i=k tkjh djrk gSA ftls dEiuh dk tUe izek.k i=k dgk tkrk gSA

iwath vfHknku %& ,d lkoZtfud dEiuh dks va'kks o ½.k i=kksa dks tkjh djds turk lss dks"k izkIr dj ldrh gSA blds fy, bls izfooj.k tkjh djuk gksrk gS rFkk fuEu dne mBkrh gSA

(1) lsch ls LohÑfr izkIr djuk % lsch Hkkjrh; iwath cktkj dks fu;fU=kr djrh gSA ,d lkoZtfud dEiuh dks turk ls iwath tqVkus ds fy, lsch ls eatwjh ysuh iM+rh gSA

(2) izfooj.k iQkby djuk % izfooj.k dk vFkZ ,sls izi=k ls gS tks turk ls fu{ksi vkeaf=kr

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29 Business Studies &XI

djrk gSA dEiuh ds va'kks ;k ½.ki=kksa dks Ø; djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gSA

(3) cSdalZ nykyksa ,oa vfHkxksidksa dh fu;qfDr % dEiuh }kjk fu;qDr cSad vkosnu jkf'k izkIr djrs gSA nyky turk dks 'ks;j vkosnu djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs gS ;fn turk lHkh 'ks;j ds fy, vkosnu ugha djrh rks vfHkxksid deh'ku ysdj lHkh 'ks;j [kjhn ysrs gSA

(4) U;wure vfHknku % lsch ds vuqlkj U;wure vfHknku dh jkf'k dqy fuxZeu dk 90 izfr'kr gksuk pkfg, ugha rks 'ks;jksa dk vkcaVu ugh fd;k tk,sxk rFkk dEiuh dks vkxkeh 10 fnuksa esa vkosnu jkf'k dks okil djuk gksxkA

(5) LVkd ,Dlpsat dks vkosnu djuk % ,d lkoZtfud dEiuh dks vius 'ks;j fdlh 'ks;j cktkj esa fyLV djkuk vko';d gS blfy;s izorZd fdlh 'ks;j cktkj esa vkosnu djrs gSA

(6) va'kks dk vkcaVu %& va'kks ds vkcaVu ls vfHkizk;% izkIr fd;s x;s vkosnu i=kks dks Lohdkj djuk gSA 'ks;j gksYMj dks vkcaVu i=k Hkstk tkrk gS rFkk jftLVªkj ds ikl 'ks;j gksYMj dk uke] irk o vU; tkudkjh Hksth tkrh gSA

O;olk; vkjEHk djuk %& ,d lkoZtfud dEiuh dks O;olk; vkjEHk djus ds izek.k i=k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bls izkIr djus ds fy, jftLVªkj ds ikl fuEu fyf[kr izek.k i=k Hkstus vko';d gS %&

1- bl ckr dh ?kks"k.kk dh U;wure vfHknku 90 izfr'kr izkIr dj fy;k x;k gSA

2- bl ckr dh ?kks"k.kk dh lHkh lapkydks us ftrus 'ks;j izkIr fd;s gS mudh jkf'k tek djk nh gSA

3- bl ckr dh ?kks"k.kk dh mijksDr vko';drk,a iw.kZ dj yh xbZ gSA bu ?kks"k.kkvksa ij lHkh lapkydksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,A

dEiuh ds fuekZ.k ds iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys egRo iw.kZ izi=k %

1- ik"kZn lhek fu;e %& ik"kZn lhek fu;e dEiuh dk egRoiw.kZ nLrkost gSaA fcuk ik"kZn lhek fu;e ds dksbZ Hkh dEiuh jftLVªMZ ugha djk;h tk ldrhA bls dEiuh dk thou nk;h nLrkost Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

ik"kZn lhek fu;e dh fo"k; lkexzh

1- uke okD; %& bl okD; esa dEiuh dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA dEiuh dk uke vU; dEifu;ksa ds uke ls feyrk tqyrk ugha gksuk pkfg,A

2- LFkku okD; %& bl okD; esa ml jkT; dk uke fy[kk tkrk gS ftlesa dEiuh dk iathÑr dk;kZy; LFkkfir fd;k tkuk gSA

3- mn~ns'; okD; %& bl okD; esa dEiuh ds eq[; mn~ns'; rFkk eq[; mn~ns'; ds lgk;d mn~ns'; fn;s jgrs gSA

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30 Business Studies &XI

4- nkf;Ro okD; %& bl okD; ds vUrxZr ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd dEiuh ds lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro mlds }kjk fy;s x;s va'kks ij vnÙk jkf'k rd lhfer gSA

5- iwath okD; %& bl okD; ds vUrxZr ml iwath dh ek=kk dsk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlesa dEiuh dk iath;u fd;k x;k gSA

(2) ik"kZn vUrZfu;e %& ik"kZn vUrZfu;e esa dEiuh ds vkUrfjd izcU/ ds fu;e fn;s tkrs gSA ;g dEiuh ds lapkydksa ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa ds vf/dkj ,oa dÙkZO;ksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA

ik"kZn & vUrZfu;e dh fo"k; lkexzh %&

1- va'k iwath dh jkf'k ,oa va'kks ds oxZ

2- izR;sd oxZ ds 'ks;j /kjd ds vf/dkj

3- 'ks;j ds vkcaVu dh izfØ;k

4- 'ks;j tkjh djus dh izfØ;k

5- 'ks;jksa ds gj.k djus ,oa iqu% tkjh djus dh izfØ;k

6- lHkkvksa esa oksV nsus ,oa izkDlh lEcU/h fu;e

7- lapkydksa ds fu;qDr djus o gVkus dh izfØ;k

8- ykHkka'k dh ?kks"k.kk ,oa Hkqxrku lEcU/h fu;e

9- iwath ds ifjorZu dh izfØ;k

10- dEiuh ds lekiu dh izfØ;k

(M+) izfooj.k %&

izfooj.k ,d ,slk izi=k gS tks turk dks 'ks;j ;k ½.ki=k [kjhnus ds fy, vkefU=kr djrk gSA blesa dEiuh dk iwjk bfrgkl gksrk gSA blesa dEiuh dh orZeku ,oa Hkkoh lEHkkouk,a fofu;kstdksa dks crkbZ tkrh gSA

(3) izfooj.k dh fo"k; lkexzh %&

1- blesa dEiuh dk uke] irk ,oa jftLVMZ vkWfiQl dk irk fn;k tkrk gSA

2- dEiuh ds eq[; mn~ns';

3- dEiuh dh iathÑr iwath ,oa va'kks ds izdkj

4- lapkydksa ds uke ,oa irs

5- cSad dk uke] czksdj dk uke ,oa vfHkxksidksa ds uke

6- epsZUV cSadlZ ds uke

iz'uksÙkj

1- O;kolkf;d miØe ds ml Lo:i dk uke crkb;s tks dsoy Hkkjr esa ik;k tkrk gS\

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31 Business Studies &XI

2- fdUgha nks izdkj ds O;olk;ksa dk uke crkb;s ftuds fy, ,dy LokfeRo laxBu mi;qDr gS\

3- la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; esa izcU/ dk vf/dkj fdl O;fDr dk gksrk gS\

4- la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; dh lnL;rk dks fu;af=kr djus okyh iz.kkfy;ksa ds uke crkb;s\

5- la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; dk xBu djus ds fy, dkSu lh nks 'krsZ iwjh djuk t:jh gS\ fyf[k,A

6- lgdkjh lfefr dk xBu djus ds fy, U;wure fdrus O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS\

7- vlhfer nkf;Ro ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- fdl izdkj dh dEiuh dh U;wure pqdrk iw¡th 5 yk[k :i;s gksrh gS\

9- U;wure vfHknku ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

10- ml dEiuh dk uke crkb;s ftldks dsoy nks O;fDr 'kq: dj ldrs gS\

11- lk>snkjh esa ikjLifjd ,tsalh dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,\

12- la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; esa dÙkkZ dh D;k Hkwfedk gS fyf[k,\

13- izfooj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, bl dh dksbZ rhu ckrs crkb;sa\

14- xR;kojks/ }kjk lk>snkj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

15- xqIr lk>snkj ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

16- mRiknd lgdkjh lfefr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,\

17- O;k[;k dhft, dSls ,d lgdkjh laxBu yksdrkaf=kd gS\

18- D;k lk>snkjh iQeZ dk iathdj.k djkuk vfuok;Z gS\ iathdj.k u djkus ds D;k ifj.kke gS\

19- la;qDr iwath dEiuh dh fdUgh pkj gkfu;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

20- futh dEiuh rFkk lkoZtfud dEiuh esa vUrj Li"V dhft,\

21- Jh vfer dqekj ,d dEiuh dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs gS\ mUgsa dkSu ls dne mBkus pkfg,] la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,\

22- ,dy LokfeRo laxBu rFkk lk>snkjh rqyuk esa la;qDr iwath fdl izdkj Js"B gS o.kZu djks\

23- mu rROkksa dk o.kZu dhft,] tks laxBu ds mi;qDr izk:i ds pquko esa lgk;rk djrs gS\

24- fuEufyf[kr O;olk;ksa ds fy, O;olk; dk dkSu lk izk:i mfpr gS vkSj D;ksa

d- C;wVh ikyZj [k- dksfpax lsUVj

x- gksVy ?k- 'kkafix ekya

M+- jsLVksjsUV p NksVk iQqVdj O;kikj

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32 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 3

lkoZtfud ,oa HkweaMyh; miØe

vFkZ %& lkoZtfud miØeksa ls vfHkizk; mu miØeksa ls gS ftudk LokfeRo] izca/ ,oa fu;a=k.k ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA dsUæh;] jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; ljdkj vyx&vyx ;k la;qDr :i ls lkoZtfud miØeksa ds fy, iwath ns ldrh gSA

bu miØeksa ds ekè;e ls ljdkj ns'k dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa fgLlk ysrh gSA

y{k.k %&

1- blesa iwath dsUæh; ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj vFkok LFkkuh; ljdkj ds }kjk i`Fkd ;k la;qDr :i ls nh tkrh gSA

2- budk eq[; mn~ns'; tu dY;k.k vFkok lsok gksrk gS

3- izcU/ o fu;U=k.k ljdkj ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA

4- ;g vke turk ds izfr tokcnsg gksrs gSA

lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa ds izk:i

1- foHkkxh; miØe

& bldk xBu fdlh ea=kky; ds foHkkx ds :i essa fd;k tkrk gSA

& tSls Hkkjrh; jsyos

2- oS/kfud fuxe

& l aln e s a ; k fo/kue.My esa fo'ks"k vf/fu;e ikl djds fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ,yvkbZlh

3- ljdkjh dEiuh

& bldk xBu dEiuh vf/fu;e 1956 ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls fgUnqLrku e'khu V wYl fy feV s M (,p,eVh)

1- foHkkxh; miØe

blesa miØe dks fdlh ea=kky; ds ,d foHkkx ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA bldk foÙk izcaa/ iz'kklu rFkk fu;a=k.k dsUæh; ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj vFkok nksuks ds }kjk la;qDr :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; jsyos] Mkd rFkk rkj blds mnkgj.k gSA

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33 Business Studies &XI

y{k.k

1- ;g dsUæh; vFkok jkT; ljdkj ds ea=kky; ds foHkkx ds :i esa xfBr fd;k tkrk gSA

2- bldk dksbZ i`Fkd vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA

3- bldh foÙk O;oLFkk ljdkj ds okf"kZd ctV ls dh tkrh gS o bldh vk; ljdkjh [ktkus esa tek gksrh gSA

4- blds deZpkjh] ljdkjh deZpkjh gksrs gSa ftudh HkrhZ rFkk fu;qfDr ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds fu;e ds varxZr gksrh gSA

5- ctV] ys[kk rFkk ys[kk vads{k.k ds laca/ esa bl ij ljdkjh fu;e ykxw gksrs gSA

6- ;g vius dk;Z ds fy, lacaf/r ea=kky; dks tokcnsg gksrs gSA

foHkkxh; miØe ds xq.k@ykHk

1- ljdkj ds izR;{k fu;a=k.k esa gksus ds dkj.k] ;g ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djus esa vf/d l{ke gSaA

2- budh vk; ljdkjh [ktkus esa tkrh gSA blfy, ;g ljdkj dh vk; dk ,d L=kksr

3- ctV] ys[kk rFkk vads{k.k & fu;a=k.kksa ds dkj.k blesa lkoZtfud /u ds nq:i;ksx dk tksf[ke de gksrk gSA

4- ;g mu miØeksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa ftuesa vR;kf/d xksiuh;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

foHkkxh; miØe dh lhek,a

1- bl miØe esa yphysiu dh deh gksrh gS tks fd ,d O;olk; dks lqxerkiwoZd pykus ds fy, vfr vko';d gSA

2- miØe ds fnu izfrfnu ds dk;Z esa jktuSfrd gLr{ksi gksrk gSA

3- fnu izfrfnu ds dke esa vR;kf/d ykhy&iQhrk'kkgh dk cksy&ckyk gksrk gS rFkk mfpr izfØ;k ds iwjs gksus ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh djh tk ldrh gSA

4- izfr;ksfxrk ds vHkko rFkk ,dkf/dkj gksus ds dkj.k ;g izk;% xzkgdks dh vko';drkvksa ds izfr ykijokg gksrs gSA

5- budk izcU/ ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks fd izcU/ ds {ks=k esa fuiq.k rFkk vuqHkoh ugha gksrsA ;g vf/dkjh Hkh vf/drj le; laln ;k ea=kky; ds }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj rS;kj djus esa gh yxs jgrs gSA

2- oS/kfud fuxe

bldh LFkkiuk dsUæ ;k jkT; fo/kueaMy }kjk ikfjr fd, x, fo'ks"k vf/fu;e ds varxZr dh tkrh gSA vf/fu;e esa gh blds mn~ns';ksa] dk;ksZ] vf/dkjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

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34 Business Studies &XI

mnkgj.k & Hkkjrh; thou che fuxe (,yvkbZlh)] Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV (;wVhvkbZ)

y{k.k

1- bldk fuekZ.k fo'ks"k vf/fu;e ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa miØe ds mn~ns';ksa] dk;ksZ o vf/dkjksa dk o.kZu Hkh gksrk gSA

2- bldk ,d i`Fkd oS/kfud vfLrRo gksrk gSA

3- fuxe dk izca/ ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr lapkyd eaMy ds gkFkksa esa gksrk gSA fnu izfrfnu ds dk;Z esa ljdkj dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gksrkA

4-bldh izkjafHkd iwath ljdkj ds }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA blds vykok ;g viuh foÙk dh O;oLFkk Lo;a iwjk djrs gSA ;g ljdkj ls ½.k ysdj vFkok viuh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks turk dks cspdj /u tqVkrs gSA

5- bu ij ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds ys[kkadu ,oa vads{k.k dh izfØ;k ykxw ugh gksrhA

6- buds deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ o pquko vf/fu;e esa fn, x, izko/kuksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA

[email protected]

1- ;g Lora=krk vkSj yksp'khyrk ls vius dk;ksZ dk izcU/ djrs gSA

2- buesa fu.kZ; 'kh?kzrk ls fy, tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;g fuxe ykyiQhrk'kkgh ls Lora=k gksrk gSA 3- budk mn~ns'; tufgr gh gksrk gSA

4- ;g vius deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ o fu;qfDr esa Lok;r gksrs gSa rFkk ;g egRoiw.kZ inksa ij is'ksoj] vuqHkoh rFkk fo'ks"kKksa dh fu;qfDr djrs gSA

lhek,a

1- fuxe dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj yksp'khyrk izk;% ukeek=k dh gh gksrh gSA okLro eas ea=kh] ljdkjh vf/dkjh vkSj jktuSfrd ny budh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa izk;% gLr{ksi djrs gSA

2- lkoZtfud fuxeksa dks fdlh izdkj dh izfr;ksfxrk dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rk vkSj mudk mn~ns'; ykHk dekuk Hkh ugha gksrkA blhfy, ;g viuh dk;Z dq'kyrk dks c<+kus dk iz;Ru Hkh ugha djrsA

3- buesa tgka dgha Hkh turk ls ysu&nsu dh vko';drk gksrh gS ogh vafu;af=kr Hkz"Vkpkj O;kir gSA

ljdkjh dEiuh

ljdkjh dEiuh dk rkRi;Z ml dEiuh ls ftlesa de ls de 51 izfr'kr pqdrk va'k iwath dsUæ ljdkj ds ikl ;k fiQj jkT; ljdkj ds ikl ;k la;qDr :i ls nksuks ds ikl gksrh gSA

bldk iathdj.k Hkh dEiuh vf/fu;e 1956 ds izko/kuksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k & jkT; O;kikfjd fuxe] fgUnqLrku e'khu VwYl

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35 Business Studies &XI

y{k.k

1- ljdkjh dEiuh dk lekesyu Hkh dEiuh vf/fue; 1956 ds vUrxZr gh gksrk gSA

2- bldk viuk i`Fkd oS/kfud vfLrRo gksrk gSA

3- dEiuh dh de ls de 51 izfr'kr pqdrk va'k iwath ljdkj ds ikl gksrh gS

4- bldk izcU/ ljdkj rFkk vU; va'k/kfj;ksa ds }kjk pqus x;s lapkyd eaMy ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

5- blds deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ rFkk fu;qfDr dEiuh ds lhekfu;e rFkk vUrZfu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksrh gSA

xq.k@ykHk

1- ljdkjh dEiuh dh LFkkiuk vklkuh ls dEiuh vf/fu;e dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djds djh tk ldrh gSA blds fy, fo'ks"k vf/fu;e ikfjr djus dh vko';drk ugh gksrhA

2- izcU/u laca/h fu.kZ; ysus esa budks iw.kZ LorU=krk feyh gksrh gSA

3- os vPNh lsok,a vkSj osru iznku djds is'ksoj] dq'ky vkSj vuqHkoh yksxksa dks fu;qDr dj ldrs gSA

lhek,a

1- ljdkjh dEiuh ds iznku dh xbZ Lora=krk vkSj yksp dsoy dkYifud gksrh gS okLro esa eq[; va'k/kjh gksus ds dkj.k ljdkj bls vius <ax ls pykrh gSA

2- ljdkjh dEifu;ksa esa eaf=k;ksa rFkk jktusrkvksa dk cgqr vf/d gLRk{ksi gksrk gSA

3- ;g laoS/kfud mÙkjnkf;Ro ls cprh gSa tcfd ljdkjh foÙk okyh dEiuh gksus ds dkj.k bUgsas ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A

mi;qDrrk

ljdkjh dEiuh fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mi;qDr gksrh gSA

& tgka ljdkj futh {ks=k ds lkFk feydj dke djuk pkgrh gSA

& tgka ifj;kstukvksa dks ljdkjh ;kstuk vkSj dks"kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

lkoZtfud {ks=k dh cnyrh gqbZ Hkwfedk

Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa dh LFkkiuk nks mn~s';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, djh tkrh Fkh & (1) ns'k dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh nj dks c<+kus ds fy, rFkk (2) lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ ds chp vk; rFkk lEifÙk dk leku forj.k djus ds fy,A

lekt esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh Hkwfedk o egRo le; ds lkFk cnyrh jgh gSA ns'k ds fodkl esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu ge fuEu izdkj ls dj ldrs gSA

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36 Business Studies &XI

1- ewyHkwr <kaps dk fodkl & vktknh ds le; ns'k esa ewyHkwr m|ksxks tSls ifjogu] lapkj fctyh fuekZ.k rFkk gSoh bUthfu;fjax vkfn dh cgqr deh FkhA futh {ks=k ds ikl bu Hkkjh m|ksxksa esa fuos'k ds fy, i;kZIr /u ugha FkkA vr% ftEesnkjh lkoZtfud {ks=k dks lkSiha xbZ tks mlus liQyrk ls fuHkkbZA

2- {ks=kh; larqyu & futh {ks=k miØe fiNM+s ;k nwjnjkt {ks=kksa esa vk/kjHkwr lsokvksa dh deh ds dkj.k m|ksx LFkkfir djus ls fgpfdpkrs gSaA ljdkj us fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa u, miØe LFkkfir fd, ftlls ogka ds yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyk rFkk {ks=k dk vkfFkZd fodkl gqvkA

3- iSekus dh cprsa & dqN {ks=k tSls fo|qr 'kfDr la;U=k] iSVªksfy;e bR;kfn ,sls gSa ftuesa cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS rkfd cM+s iSekus dh cprksa dk ykHk mBk;k tk ldsaA buesa fo'kky iwath fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu m|ksxksa ds fuekZ.k o lapkyu dk dk;Z lkoZtfud miØeksa us mBk;kA

4- vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds ladsUæ.k ij jksd & fuft {ks=kksa esa dsoy dqN vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa us gh cM+s iSekus ds m|ksxksa esa fuos'k fd;k ftlls iwath dqN gkFkksa esa gh dsfUær gks xbZA ifj.kkeLo:i ,dkf/dkj dks c<+kok feyk rFkk vk; dh vlekurk,a c<+hA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k es m|ksx yxk, x, ftlls cM+h la[;k esa vk; vkSj /u dk foHkktu deZPkkfj;ksa vkSj Jfedksa esa gqvkA

5- vk;kr izfrLFkkiuk & Hkkjr ljdkj us igys vk;kr dh tkus okyh iwathxr oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, vc dbZ lkoZtfud miØe LFkkfir fd,A rFkk fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, Hkh dbZ miØeksa dh LFkkiuk djh xbZA

blls ns'k ds ikl miyC/ fons'kh eqæk ds Hk.Mkj ij Hkh cgqr iQdZ iM+kA

lkoZtfud {ks=k dks ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk nh xbZ FkhA ijUrq blds dk;Z dks ns[krs gq, bldh Hkwfedk ij ljdkj us iqu% fopkj fd;kA

6- 1991 ls ljdkj dh lkoZtfud {ks=k laca/h uhfr 1991 esa viukbZ xbZ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa pkj izeq[k lq/kj fd, x, &

d- lkoZtfud {ks=kksa ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dh la[;k ?kVkdj igys 17 ls 8 rFkk fiQj 3 dj nh xbZA

;g rhu {ks=k gS % (1) v.kq 'kfDr (2) gfFk;kj (3) jsyos ifjogu

[k- eseksjaMu vkWiQ vaMjLVSfMax & ,e- vks- ;w- ds vUrxZr lkoZtfud {ks=k dks vf/d Lok;rrk nh xbZ gSA muds y{; fuf'pr dj fn, x, gS rFkk bu y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, bu bdkb;ksa dks dk;kZRed LorU=krk lkSiha xbZ gS ijUrq vc og mu ifj.kkeksa dks le; ij izkIr djus ds fy, tokcnsg gksrs gSA

x- lkoZtfud {ks=k dh pqfuank bdkb;ksa ds va'kks dk fofuos'k & blds varxZr lkoZtfud {ks=k dh

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37 Business Studies &XI

dqN bdkb;ksa ds lerk va'kksa dks futh {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa o turk dks cspk tkrk gSA ljdkj dks vk'kk Fkh fd blls lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkb;ksa dh izcU/dh; dq'kyrk esa lq/kj vk,xk rFkk foÙkh; vuq'kklu c<+sxkA

?k- chekj bdkb;ksa ls lacaf/r uhfr] futh {ks=k dh uhfr ds leku cukbZ xbZ@&gkfu ij pyus okys lHkh lkoZtfud {ks=k miØeksa dks vkS|ksfxd vkSj foÙkh; iqufuekZ.k la?k dks lkSik x;kA chvkbZ,iQvkj us dqN vf/d chekj bdkb;ksa dks cUn djus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj nwljh dqN chekj bdkb;ksa] ftUgsa LoLFk bdkb;ksa esa ifjofrZr fd, tkus dh mEehn Fkh] dk iqu% m¼kj vkSj iqu% izfr"Bkiu djus dk iQSlyk fd;kA

cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa@HkweaMyh; miØe

cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh ls vfHkizk; ,slh dEiuh ls gS tks dbZ ns'kksa ls O;olk; djrh gSA blds fy, bldh 'kk[kk,a] dkj[kkus vkSj dk;kZy; dbZ ns'kksa esa gksrs gSA ijUrq bldk eq[;ky; ml ns'k esa gksrk gS ftlesa lekesyu fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k & dksdk dksyk] lksuh] jhcksd

cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds y{k.k

1- fo'kky iwathxr lk/u & buds ikl Hkkjh ek=kk esa iwath gksrh gS rFkk ;s fofHkUu L=kksarks ls foÙk tqVk ldrh gSA

2- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; & ;g dbZ ns'kksa esa O;olk; djrh gS] ftlds fy, budh 'kk[kk,a] dkj[kkus rFkk dk;kZy; dbZ ns'kksa esa gksrs gSA

3- dsUæh; fu;U=k.k & budh fofHkUu ns'kksa esa iQSyh gqbZ 'kk[kkvksa dk fu;U=k.k vkSj izcU/ ekSfyd ns'k esa fLFkr eq[;ky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh 'kk[kk,a eq[;ky; }kjk cukbZ xbZ uhfr ds vUrZxr dk;Z djrh gSaA

4- fons'kh lg;ksx & izk;% ;g estcku ns'k esa LFkkuh; miØe ds lkFk izkS|ksfxdh dh fcØh] eky ds mRiknu czk.M ds mi;ksx ds lEcU/ esa le>kSrs djrh gSA

5- vk/qfud rduhd & izk;% ;g iwatho/Zd rduhd rFkk mRiknu dh uohure rduhd dk iz;ksx djrh gSaA

6- mRikn uoizoZru & buds ikl vR;k/qfud lqfo/kvksa ,oa midj.kksa ls ;qDr 'kks/ ,oa fodkl foHkkx gksrs gSa tks u;s mRiknksa ds fodkl rFkk fo|eku mRiknksa ds fMtkbu esa lq/kj dk dk;Z djrs gSA

7- foi.ku j.kuhfr;ka & ;s vf/d fo'oLkuh; rFkk uohure cktkj lwpuk iz.kkyh ds ekè;e ls vius ikl u;h lwpuk,a j[krs gSaA buds czk.M lqizfl¼ gksrs gSa rFkk ;s foKkiu o foØ; lao¼Zu ij vR;kf/d O;; djrs gSaA

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38 Business Studies &XI

la;qDr miØe

tc nks ;k vf/d Lora=k iQesZ ,d gh mn~ns'; ,oa ijLij ykHk ds fy, la;qDr gksrh gSa rks blls la;qDr miØe dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA nksuks iQeZs iawth iznku djrh gSa vkSj miØe ds izcU/ esa Hkkx ysrh gSA

mnkgj.k & Hkkjr dh ek:fr dEiuh o tkiku dh lqtqdh us feydj ek:fr lqtqdh rFkk Hkkjr dh gksjh lkbZfdy rFkk tkiku dh gkW.Mk eksVlZ dEiuh us feydj ghjks gkW.Mk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

fo'ks"krk,a %&

1- iwath ljdkj o futh {ks=k ds mn~;fe;ksa }kjk nh tkrh gSA

2- bldk izca/ futh mn~;fe;ksa dks lkSaik tk ldrk gSA

3- tudY;k.k o YkkHk dekuk nksuks blds mn~ns'; gSA

4- ;g ljdkj o futh mn~;fe;ksa ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA

YkkHk

1- lalk/uksa o {kerk eas of¼ gksuk & nks ;k vf/d O;olk;ksa ds lalk/u ,oa {kerk dks tksM+ fn, tkus ls ;s vf/d rsth o dk;Z{kerk ds lkFk c<+rs ,oa foLrr gksrs gSA

2- mUur izkSn~;ksxdh dk ykHk & lkekU;r% budh LFkkiuk mUur izkSn~;ksfxdh dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, djh tkrh gS rkfd mPp xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldsA

3- u, cktkjksa esa igqap & fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lk>snkjksa ds eè; la;qDr miØe ls u, cktkjksa dh [kkst djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

4- uohurk & buds dkj.k cktkj esa ubZ&ubZ oLrq,a o muds u, mi;ksx vk ikrs gSA

5- mRiknu ykxr esa deh & pwafd la;qDr miØe cM+s iSekus ij dk;Z djrs gSaA bUgsa Ø;] mRiknu ,oa forj.k esa vusd cprksa dk ykHk feyrk gSA

6- czkaM Nfo & blds fuekZ.k ls ,d i{k dks nwljs i{k dh igys ls LFkkfir czkaM Nfo dk iQk;nk feyrk gS] ftlls cM+h ek=kk esa fuos'k dh cpr gks tkrh gSA

7- tksf[keksa dk caVokjk & ubZ ifj;kstuk esa fufgr tksf[ke] la;qDr miØe ds lk>snkjksa ds chp c¡V tkrk gS rFkk blls NksVh iQeZ dh izfr;ksfxrk 'kfDr Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA

vfry?kq mÙkjkRed iz'u &

1- ml {ks=k dk uke crkb;s ftles O;kolkf;d bdkb;ksa dk LokfeRo] izca/ o fu;a=k.k ljdkj ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA

2- cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nksA

3- ml i¼fr dk uke crkb;s ftlds vUrxZr lkoZtfud miØeksa dks izcU/ esa vf/d Lok;rrk

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39 Business Studies &XI

nh xbZ gSas ijUrq fuf'pr ifj.kkeksa ds fy, mudh tokcnsgh r; dj nh xbZ gSA

4- ,sls O;kolkf;d miØe dk uke crkb, ftldk dk;Z {ks=k dbZ ns'kksa esa iQSyk gqvk gksrk gSA

5- foHkkxh; miØe ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gSA

6- ,sls miØe dk uke crkb;s ftldk fuekZ.k laln ;k jkT; fo/kue.My }kjk ikfjr ,d fo'ks"k vf/fu;e ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gS\

y?kqmÙkjkRed

7- esekSjsaMe vkWiQ vaMjLVSfMax ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- ljdkj ns'k esa {ks=kh; larqyu fdl izdkj cukrh gS\

9- foHkkxh; miØe ,oa ljdkjh dEiuh esa dksbZ rhu vUrj fyf[k,\

nh?kZ mÙkjkRed

10- la;qDr miØe fdls dgrs gS\ blds eq[; ykHk dkSu ls gS\

11- cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djks\

12- ljdkjh dEiuh ds izk:i dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ds vU; izk:iksa dh rqyuk esa izkFkfedrk D;ksa nh tkrh gS\

13- lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ifjorZu'khy Hkwfedk dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,\

14- oS/kfud fuxe ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bldh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djks\

15- foHkkxh; miØe ds fdUgha rhu ykHkksa rFkk fdUgha rhu lhekvksa dk o.kZu djksaA

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40 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 4

O;olkf;d lsok,sa

m|ksxks dks mRiknu djus ds fy, dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ ,oa mRikfnr fd, x, rS;kj eky dks forfjr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA O;kikj ds fy, Hkh vko';d gS fd fofHkUu mRikndksa ls oLrqvksa dks ,df=kr djds mUgsa vafre miHkksDrkvksa rd forfjr fd;k tk,A bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dks lqpk: :i ls djus ds fy, dqN lsokvksa tSls cSafdx] chek] ifjogu] HkaMkj.k bR;kfn dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu lc lsokvksa dks O;kikj dh lgk;d fØ;k,a dgk tkrk gSA

O;olkf;d lsokvksa dk vFkZ %& O;olkf;d lsokvksa dk vfHkizk; mu lsokvksa ls gS tks O;olk; dks liQyrkiwoZd pykus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA buds vHkko eas O;olk; dh dYiuk Hkh ugh dh tk ldrhA

buds mnkgj.k gS & cSfdax] chek] ;krk;kr] laxzg.k ,oa lans'kokgu

O;olkf;d lsokvksa dh izÑfr %& O;olkf;d lsokvksa dh izÑfr fuEu fcUnqvksa ls Li"V gksrh gSA

O;olkf;d lsokvksa dh izÑfr

1- vn`';rk ;k vewrZrk %& lsokvksa dks ns[kk ,oa Nqvk ugh tk ldrkA dsoy budk ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k & MkDVj ls bykt djkukA

2- fHkUurk %& fofHkUu xzkgdks dh ekaxks ,oa vk'kkvksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA eksckby lsok,a ,oa C;wVhikyZj dh lsok,aA

3- vi`FkDdj.kh;rk %& lsokvksa dk mRiknu ,oa miHkksx ,d lkFk gksrk gSA tSls ,Vh,e us cSad dydZ dks gVk fn;k gS ijUrq xzkgd (iSlk fudkyus okyk) vko';d gksuk pkfg,A

4- LdU/ dh gkfu %& lsokvksa dks Hkkoh mi;ksx ds fy, laxzg djds ugh j[kk tk ldrk u gh le; ls iwoZ mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls gksVy ,oa ,;jykbUl dk eUnh ds nkSj esa Hkfo"; vkus okyh rsth fy, laxzg ugh dj ldrsA

5- lEc¼ ;k xzkgd Hkkxhnkjh %& lsokvksa dh lqiqnZxh izfØ;k esa xzkgd dh Hkkxhnkjh vko';d gksrh gSA tSls dksbZ xzkgd viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj lsokvksa esa lq/kj djkus dk volj izkIr dj ldrk gSA

lsokvksa ds izdkj %&

lkekftd lsok,a %& ,sfPNd :i ls lkekftd y{;ksa dks izkIr djus okyh lsok,a tSls 'kSf{kd lqfo/k,a] ,uthvks nh xbZ lsok,asA

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41 Business Studies &XI

O;fDrxr lsok,a %& os lsok,a ftudk fHkUu&fHkUu xzkgdksa }kjk fHkUu rjhds ls vuqHko fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & i;ZVu] jsLVksjsUV vkfnA

O;olkf;d lsok,a %& os lsok,a ftUgsa O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa }kjk vius dk;ksZ ds lapkyu ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k cSfdax] chek] ifjogu] Hk.Mkj.k ,oa lapkj lsok,aA

cSad

vk/qfud ;qx eas O;kolkf;d txr esa] cSadks dh Hkwfedk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA dksbZ Hkh ns'k ,d lqO;ofLFkr cSafdx iz.kkyh ds fcuk vkS|ksfxd rFkk okf.kfT;d izxfr ugha dj ldrk gSA

cSad dk vFkZ %&

cSad ls vfHkizk; ,d ,slh laLFkk ls gS tks fd eqæk dk ysu&nsu djrh gS ;g laLFkk yksxks ds :i;s vius ikl tek ds :i esa Lohdkj djrh gS vkSj mudks ½.k ds :i esa m/kj nsrh gSA vktdy eqæk ysu&nsu ds vfrfjDr] cSad dbZ vkSj Hkh dk;Z djrs gSa tSls lk[k&fuekZ.k] ,tsUlh dk;Z] lkekU; lsok;sa bR;kfnA O;kikfjd cSadks ds dk;Z

izkFkfed@eq[;dk;Z f}rh;d@lgk;d dk;Z

tek,a Lohdkj djuk (1) LFkk;h@vkof/d tek[kkrk

(2) pkyw@ekax tek [kkrk

(3) cpr tek [kkrk

(4) vkorhZ tek [kkrk

(5) cgqfodYih; tek [kkrk

/u m/kj nsuk

(1)½.k

(2) udn lk[k

(3) vf/fod"kZ

(4) fofue; fcy dh dVkSrh ,oa Ø;

,tsUlh laca/h

dk;Z

lkekU; mi;ksxh

lsok,a

izkFkfed dk;Z

1- tek Lohdkj djuk %& cSad dk izeq[k dk;Z turk ls tek dks Lohdkj djuk gSA cSad fofHkUu izdkj ds xzkgdksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqdwy fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds [kkrs [kksyus dh lqfo/k iznku djrs gSA

(d) fuf'pr dkyhu tek [kkrk %& bl [kkrs esa ,d fuf'pr vof/ dh lekfIr ds ckn [kkrsnkj bl jkf'k dks vius [kkrs ls fudky ldrk gSA bl [kkrs esa tek ij cSad vf/d nj ls C;kt nsrk gSA tek dh vof/ ftruh yEch gksrh gS C;kt dh nj Hkh mruh Åaph gksrh gSA

([k) pkyw tek [kkrk %& ;g [kkrk izk;% O;kikjh oxZ ds }kjk [kksyk tkrk gSA bl [kkrs esa tekdÙkkZ ftruh ckj pkgs :i;k tek djk ldrk gS vkSj dHkh Hkh vko';drkuqlkj fudky ldrk gSA cSad bl izdkj dh tek ij C;kt ugha nsrk vfirq viuh lsokvksa ds fy, lsok O;; olwy djrk gSA

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42 Business Studies &XI

(x) cpr tek [kkrk & ;g [kkrk NksVh&NksVh cprksa dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, gksrk gSA dsoy FkksM+h lh jkf'k ls Hkh bl [kkrs dh [kksyk tk ldrk gSA bl [kkrs ij cSad C;kt Hkh nsrk gS tks fd fuf'prdkyhu tek [kkrs dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA

(?k) vkorhZ tek [kkrk & bl izdkj ds [kkrs esa tekdÙkkZ ,d fuf'pr le; rd izfrekl ,d fuf'pr jkf'k tek djrs gSA tekdÙkkZ dh tekjkf'k C;kt lfgr mUgsa ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds ckn fey tkrh gSA bl [kkrs esa feyus okys C;kt dh nj cpr cSad [kkrs ij feyus okys C;kt dh nj ls vf/d gksrh gSA

(M+) cgqfodYi tek [kkrk %& ;g [kkrk cpr [kkrk ,oa fe;knh tek [kkrs dk feJ.k gSA blds vUrxZr [kkrk/kjd ds funsZ'k ds vuqlkj mlds cpr [kkrs esa iM+h /u jkf'k ,d fuf'pr lhek ds ckn] fe;knh tek es ifjofrZr dj nh tkrh gS o blh izdkj ;fn fdlh le; mlds cpr [kkrs esa iM+h jkf'k mlds }kjk dkVs x, psd ds fy, vi;kZIr gksrh gS rks 'ks"k jkf'k fe;knh tek ls cpr [kkrs esa gLRkkarfjr dj nh tkrh gSA bl [kkrs ls [kkrk/kjh dks nks ykHk gksrs gSA 1- mls Åaph nj ls C;kt feyrk gSA 2- bl esa psd ds fuyfEcr gksus dk tksf[ke de gksrk gSA

(2) ½.k nsuk & cSad dk nwljk izeq[k dk;Z yksxksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA cSad ;g dk;Z fuEu izdkj ls djrk gS &

(1) ½.k & blesa cSad dtZnkj dks ,d fuf'pr jkf'k ,d [kkl le; vof/ ds fy, fdlh LFkk;h lEifÙk dks Ø; djus ds fy, nsrk gSA ½.k dh vnk;xh izk;% ekfld] =kSekfld ;k v¼Zokf"kZd fd'rksa esa djh tkrh gSA

(2) cSad vf/fod"kZ %& bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr cSad vius xzkgdksa dks pkyw [kkr esa tek dh xbZ jkf'k ls vf/d jkf'k fudkyus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;olk;h dks"kksa dh vLFkk;h deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, bl O;oLFkk dks viuk ldrk gSA C;kt dsoy vf/d fudkyh xbZ jkf'k ij gh fy;k tkrk gSA

(3) udnh m/kj %& udnh m/kj] vksoj MªkÝV tSlh gh ,d O;oLFkk gSA blds vUrxZr [kkrk/kjh fdlh ewrZ laifÙk dh tekur ij vius [kkrs esa tek /ujkf'k ls vf/d ,d fuf'pr lhek rd :i;k fudky ldrk gSA blds fy, pkyw [kkrs dk gksuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA blesa dsoy fudyokbZ xbZ jkf'k ij gh C;kt nsuk gksrk gSA

(4) fcyksa dh dVkSrh & okf.kfT;d cSad O;kolkf;d iQeksZa dks muds fofue; i=kksa] izfrKk i=kksa ,oa gqfMa;ksa dh dVkSrh ds }kjk Hkh ½.k iznku djrs gSA cSad }kjk ,sls nLrkostksa dk Hkqxrku dVkSrh ij] ;kfu muds vafdr ewY; ls de ij fd;k tkrk gSA

xkS.k dk;Z

cSad mijksDr izkFkfed dk;ksZ ds vfrfjDr Hkh dbZ xkS.k dk;Z tSls & ,tsaV ds :i esa vkSj lkekU; mi;ksfxrk ds dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA

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43 Business Studies &XI

1- ,tsUV ds :i esa dk;Z (d) cSad vius xzkgd dh vksj ls pSd] fdjk;k] C;kt bR;kfn ,df=kr djrk gS vkSj blh izdkj mudh vksj ls djks] chek dh fd'rksa vkfn dh vnk;xh djrk gSA ([k) cSad vius xzkgdksa ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh izfr&Hkwfr;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djds mudh vksj ls [kjhnus] cspus vkSj mudks lqjf{kr j[kus dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA (x) ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij :i;k Hkstuk Hkh cSasdks dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA 2- lkekU; mi;ksfxrk dh lsok,a %& O;kikfjd cSad vius xzkgdksa dh lqfo/k ds fy, dqN vU; dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA (d) cSad vius xzkgdksa dks ykdtZ dh lqfo/k Hkh iznku djrs gSA ([k) cSad vius xzkgdksa dks ;k=kk esa tkrs le; udn jkf'k lkFk u ys tkdj lqfo/k vkSj lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ;k=kh pSd dh lqfo/k iznku djrs gSA (x) cSad vius xzkgdksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh lwpuk ns'k&fons'k ds O;kikfj;ksa dks nsrs gSa rFkk ns'k fons'k ds O;kikfj;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh lwpuk vius xzkgdksa dks nsrk gSA (?k) cSad vius xzkgdksa dh lqfo/k ds fy, cSad MªkiQV] Hkqxrku vkns'k] ;k=kh pSd rFkk lkjo izek.k i=k Hkh tkjh djrk gSA & cSad MªkÝV & cSad MªkÝV ,d izi=k gS ftls dks"kksa ds gLrkarj.k ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cSad MªkÝV] cSad dh ,d czkap }kjk mlh cSad dh vU; czkap ;k fdlh vU; cSad dh czkap (;fn nksukas cSadks esa dksbZ ,slk vuqcU/ gS) ij fy[kk tkrk gS ftlesa ;g vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd ml O;fDr dks ftldk uke MªkÝV ij fy[kk x;k gS vFkok mlds vkns'k ij ,d fufnZ"V /u jkf'k dk Hkqxrku dj fn;k tk,A & cSadlZ pSd vFkok Hkqxrku vkns'k & ;g cSad MªkÝV dh Hkkafr gh gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g ,d ,slk cSad MªkÝV gS ftldk Hkqxrku dsoy mlh 'kgj esa fd;k tkrk gSA & bySDVªkWfud cSafdx lsok,a & cSad O;ogkjksa esa dEi;wVj o baVjusV ds iz;ksx djus dh bysDVªkfud cSfdax dgrs gSA bl lsok ds dkj.k vc xzkgdksa dks cSad ls ysu&nsu djus ds fy, gj le; cSad dk;kZy; tkus dh t:jrj ugh gS cfYd 24 ?k.Vs dgh Hkh cSBs gq, cSad ls ysu&nsu djuk laHko gSA eq[; cSafdx lsok,a fuEufyf[kr gSA 1- bySDVªkWfud iQaM VªkaliQj iz.kkyh % bl iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr baVjusV ds ekè;e ls :i;k ,d [kkrs ls nwljs [kkrs esa gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izk;% laLFkkvksa ds }kjk vius deZpkfj;ksa ds [kkrs esa etnwjh o osru gLrkarj.k ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA 2- Lopkfyr VSyj e'khu %& ATM ,d ,slh Lopkfyr e'khu gS ftlesa dkMZ Mkyus rFkk viuh O;fDrxr igpku la[;k (Personal Identity Number Pin VkbZi djus ls :i;k fudyok;k rFkk tek djok;k tk ldrk gSA ;g e'khu 24 ?k.Vs dke djrh gSA 3- MsfcV dkMZ (Debit Card) %& MsfcV dkMZ cSad ds xzkgd dks mldh cSad esa tek jkf'k ds cnys esa tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA xzkgd bl ds vk/kj ij eky@lsok ds foØsrk dks rqjUr Hkqxrku dj

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44 Business Studies &XI

ldrk gS ;fn foØsrk ds ikl VfeZuy lqfo/k miyC/ gksA 4- ØsfMV dkMZ & ØsfMV dkMZ cSad vius mu xzkgdks dks tkjh djrk gS ftudh lk[k cSad dh utjksa esa cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls vf/fod"kZ lqfo/k gksrh gS bl dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls dkMZ dk /kjd m/kj eky@lsok [kjhn ldrk gSA rFkk bl izdkj iz;ksx dh xbZ jkf'k dsk cSad ds le>kSrs ds vuqlkj tek djokrk jgrk gSA 5- Vsfy cSafdx % bl lqfo/k ds varxZr cSad dk xzkgd iQksu ij fdlh Hkh le; vius [kkrs dk 'ks"k o dqN vafre O;ogkjksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gSA 6- dksj cSafdx % bl cSafdx i¼fr dk iwjk uke dksj cSafdx lkWY;w'ku (Core Banking Solution- CBC) gSA bl i¼fr esa xzkgd ,d fo'ks"k czkap (dsoy og czkap ftleas CBS lqfo/k miyC/ gks) esa [kkrk [kksy dj iwjs ns'k esa ml cSad dh fdlh Hkh CBS czkap esa tkdj O;ogkj (Translation) dj ldrk gSA CBS czkap xzkgd ds fy, ;g vFkZghu gS fd og fdl CBS czkap dk xzkgd gSA 7- fj;y Vkbe xzkSl lSVyesaV (RTGS) (rqjar lexz fuiVku iz.kkyh) % RTGS dks"kksa ds gLrkarj.k dh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa ,d cSad [kkrs ls nwljs cSad [kkrs esa /u dk gLrkarj.k rqjar gks tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr RTGS ds O;kolkf;d ?kaVks esa dEi;wVj ds ekè;e ls ysu nsu dh izfØ;k yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSA 8- jk"Vªh; bySDVªkfud dks"k gLrkarj.k(National Electronic Funds Transfer) & ;g dks"k gLrkarj.k dk vR;ar lqjf{kr] fo'oluh;] rst ,oa ferO;;h lk/u gSA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr nks i{kksa ds eè; dks"kksa dk gLrkarj.k bysDVªkfud funsZ'k ds }kjk gksrk gSA blesa fuf'pr le; varjky ds i'pkr lewg esa ysu&nsuksa dk fuiVkjk fd;k tkrk gSA ds varxZr lkseokj ls 'kqØokj fnu esa 6 ckj (lqcg 09-30 cts] 10-30 cts] 12-00 cts nksigj] 1-00 cts] 3-00 cts o 4-00 cts) rFkk 'kfuokj dks fnu esa 3 ckj (9-30 cts 10-30 cts o nksigj 12-00 cts) fd;k tkrk gSA chek dk vFkZ & chek ,d izdkj dk vuqca/ gS ftlds vUrxZr ,d i{kdkj (chekdrkZ ;k chek daiuh) fdlh nwljs i{kdkj (chfer) dks ,d izfriQy (chek izhfe;e) ds cnys esa fdlh vizR;kf'kr ?kVuk) ds iQyLo:i gksus okyh ml gkfu] {kfr ;k VwV&iQwV dh HkjikbZ ds fy, ,d r;'kqnk jkf'k nsus ds fy, lger gks tkrk gS ftlesa chfer O;fDr dk foÙkh; fgr gksA ches ds lkekU; fl¼kUr %& ije~ ln~fo'okl dk fl¼kUr & chek vuqca/ chekdrkZ rFkk chfer ds chp ikjLifjd fo'okl rFkk Hkjksls ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA gj chek vuqca/ dh ;g 'krZ gS fd nksuksa i{kdkj & chekdrkZ vkSj chfer lkjh tkudkjh ,d nwljs dks ns ftlls mlds vuqca/ esa 'kkfey gksus ds fu.kZ; ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gksA chek ;ksX; fgr & bldk vFkZ gS chek vuqca/ dks fo"k; oLrq esa dksbZ vkfFkZd fgr gksukA chek ;ksX; fgr dk gksuk fdlh Hkh chek vuqca/ dh vfuok;Z iwoZ 'krZ gS chek dh xbZ oLrq esa mldh fLFkfr ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd ml oLrq ds cus jgus ls mls ykHk gksxk vkSj u"V gksus ls gkfuA O;kikjh

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45 Business Studies &XI

dk vius ?kj] LVkWd] vius vkSj viuh iRuh rFkk cPpksa ds thou vkfn esa chek ;ksX; fgr gksrk gSA 3- {kfriwfrZ & {kfriwfrZ dk fl¼kUr thou chek ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh chek vuqca/ksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA bldk thou chek ij ykxw u gksus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd thou chek esa {kfr dk vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA bu chek vuqca/ksa dk mn~ns'; chek djkus okys dks mldh okLrfod gkfu dh {kfriwfrZ djuk gksrk gS vFkkZr ;s vuqca/ {kfr ls lqj{kk iznku djus okys gksrs gSa vkSj buls fdlh izdkj dk ykHk ugha dek;k tk ldrkA 4- fudVre dkj.k & chekdÙkkZ ij gkfu dk nkf;Ro rHkh vkrk gS tc ml gkfu dk lcls utnhdh dkj.k ogh tksf[ke gks ftldk chek djk;k x;k gSA ;fn gkfu fdlh vU; dkj.k ls gksrh gS rks chekdrkZ eqvkotk ds fy, ckè; ugh gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa chekdÙkkZ dk nkf;Ro fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, fudVre dkj.k ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 5- vf/dkj leiZ.k & ;g fl¼kar mu lHkh chek vuqca/ks ij ykxw gksrk gS tks {kfriwfrZ ds vuqca/ gksA blds vuqlkj tc chek dEiuh fdlh {kfr ls lacaf/r nkos dk Hkqxrku dj nsrh gS rks {kfrxzLr laifr ls lacaf/r lHkh vf/dkj chek dEiuh dks gLrkarfjr gks tkrs gSA 6- va'knku & ;fn dksbZ O;fDr viuh oLrq dk ,d ls vf/d chek dEifu;ksa ls chek djk ysrk gS rks bldk vfHkizk; ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd {kfr gksus ij lHkh dEifu;ka gkfu dks vyx&vyx iwjk djsxhA Hkqxrku rks lHkh dEifu;ksa }kjk fd;k tk,xk ysfdu ,d fo'ks"k vuqikr esa gksxk vkSj Hkqxrku dh dqy jkf'k] dqy gkfu ls vf/d ugha gks ldrhA 7- gkfu dks de djuk & chfer dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd chekÑr laifÙk ds lkFk dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa gkfu dh jkf'k dks U;wure j[kus ds fy, lHkh mfpr mik; djsaA ,slk u djus dh fLFkfr esa mldk nkok vLohÑr gks ldrk gSA

chek ds izdkj

thou chek lkekU; chek

vfXu leqæh fofo/ chek chek chek

iQly i'kqeksVj okgu LokLFk;

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46 Business Studies &XI

thou chek dh vo/kj.kk %& blds vUrxZr ches dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku ikWfylh dh vof/ lekIr gksus ij vFkok ikWfylh /kjd dh eR;q gksus ij (bleas ls tks Hkh igys vkrk gks) fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ikWfylh /kjd ikWfylh ifjiDo gksus rd thfor jgrk gS rks ches dh jkf'k mls fey tkrh gS ijraq ikWfylh dh vof/ lekIr gksus ls igys ;fn mldh eR;q gks tkrh gS rks ches dh jkf'k mlds ifjokj dks fey tkrh gSA chek daiuh fdlh O;fDr ds thou dk chek ,d izhfe;e ds cnys esa djrh gS ftldk Hkqxrku ,d eq'r ;k le;&le; ij fdLrksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls okf"kZd] =kSekfld ;k ekfldA

thou chek ikWfyfl;ksa ds izdkj

(1) lEiw.kZ thou ikWfylh %& blds varxZr chekÑr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku chfer dh eR;q ls igys ugah fd;k tkrkA bu chek i=kksa esa izhfe;e dh nj cgqr de gksrh gSA

(2) cankscLrh thou chek ikWfylh %& bl ikWfylh ds varxZr chekdrkZ chfer dks ;k mlds okfl;ksa vFkok euksuhr mÙkjkf/dkfj;ksa dks mlds ,d fu/kZfjr mez rd igq¡pus ij ;k mldh eR;q ij tks Hkh igys gks ,d mYysf[kr jkf'k vnk djsu dk oknk djrk gSA

(3) la;qDr thou ikWfylh %& bl ikWfylh esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d thouksa dk chek ,d lkFk gksrk gS ikWfylh dh jkf'k muesa ls fdlh dh Hkh eR;q ij mÙkjthoh vFkok mrjthfo;ksa dks ns; gksrh gSA

(4) okf"kZdh & blds varxZr chfer ds fdlh fu/kZfjr vk;q rd igq¡p tkus ds ckn jkf'k ekfld] =kSekfld] v/Zokf"kZd ;k okf"kZd fdLrksa esa ns; gksrh gSA ;g ikWfylh mu yksxksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks dqN vof/ ds ckn vius vkSj vius vkfJrksa ds fy, ,d fu;fer vk; izkIr djus ds bPNqd gksaA

(5) cky cankscLrh ikWfylh & ;g ikWfylh cPpksa dh f'k{kk vkSj fookg [kpZ ds mn~ns'; ls yh tkrh gSA cPps ,d fu/kZfjr vk;q rd igq¡p tkus ij chekdrkZ ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus dks lger gks tkrk gSA

vfXu chek & vfXu ls {kfr ds fo:¼ lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA ;fn chfer dh laifÙk dks vfXu ds dkj.k {kfr igq¡prh gS rks mls chek dEiuh ls {kfriwfrZ ds :i esa {kfrxzLr laifÙk dk ewY; izkIr gks tk,xk ijUrq ;fn laifÙk dks chek vof/ esa vfXu ls dksbZ {kfr u gks rks mls dqN Hkh izkIr ugha gksxkA ,slh lsok ds fy, chek dEiuh izhfe;e ysrh gSA

fo'ks"krk,a %& 1- ije usduh;rh 2- {kfriwfrZ dk vuqca/ 3- chfer fo"k;&oLrq esa chek ;ksX; fgr dk gksuk 5- fudVre dkj.k dk fl¼kUr

;g o"kZ&izfr o"kZ dk vuqca/ gSA o"kZ chr tkus ds ckn ;g izk;% lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj fj;k;rh fnuksa ds Hkhrj izhfe;e vnk djds bldk uohdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

leqæh chek & fons'kh O;kikj esa leqæ ifjogu ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA leqæh ;k=kk

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ds nkSjku tgkt ,oa mlesa j[ks eky dks vR;kf/d tksf[ke gksrk gSA leqæh chek ,sls tksf[keksa ds fo:¼ dop iznku djrk gSA chek daiuh }kjk fu/kZfjr izhfe;e dk Hkqxrku djds O;olk;h vius eky rFkk tgkt dk ekfyd vius tgkt dk chek djok ldrk gSA leqæh chek rhu izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA (1) tgkt dk chek (2) eky dk chek (3) HkkM+s dk chek vU; tksf[keksa dk chek & LokLFk; chek & ;g vktdy yksdfiz; gksrk tk jgk gSA lk/kj.k chek daifu;ka lkekU; turk ds fy, fo'ks"k LokLF; chek ikWfyfl;ka miyC/ djkrh gS tSls esfMDyseA LokLFk; chek ikWfylh ds varxZr chek daiuh gj o"kZ FkksM+k lk izhfe;e ysrh gS vkSj cnys esa dqN chekfj;ksa ds mipkj tSls ân; ds jksx] dSalj] V;wej vkfn ds fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/ djokrh gSA lapkj & ,d egRoiw.kZ lsok gS tks O;olkf;;ksa] laxBuksa rFkk xzkgdksa ds chp dM+h dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g yksxksa dks f'kf{kr djrh gS muds Kku esa of¼ djrh gS ,oa muds n`f"Vdks.k dks foLrr djrh gSA ;g yksxksa] O;kolkf;;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa ds chp nwjh dh leL;k ls fucVus esa lgk;rk djrh gS vkSj bl izdkj O;kikj] mn~;ksx ,oa okf.kfT;d fØ;kvksa ds liQy lapkyu esa lgk;rk djrh gSA lapkj ,d egRoiw.kZ lsok gSA tks fdlh jk"Vª ds raf=kdk dsUæ ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA lapkj lsokvksa dks bl izdkj oxhZÑr dj ldrs gSa & Mkd vkSj nwjlapkj lsok,aA Mkd lsok,a & izR;sd O;olk;h izfrfnu cgqr ls i=k] cktkj izfrosnu] iklZy] euhvkMZj vkfn ckgj Hkstrk gS vkSj ckgj ls Hkh izkIr djrk gSA ;g lHkh lsok,a Mkd ,oa rkj?kj }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSa tks fd ns'k Hkj esa iQSys gq, gSA Mkd foHkkx }kjk fuEufyf[kr lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSA 1- foÙkh; lsok,¡ %& ;s vke turk dks Mkd cSafdx lsok,a iznku djrs gS rFkk fuEufyf[kr cpr ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls mudh cprksa dks xfr'khy cukrs gS tSls fd & ifCyd izkfoMsaV iQaM (PPF)] fdlku fodkl i=k (KVP)] jk"Vªh; cpr izek.k i=k (NSC)] vkorhZ tek ;kstuk(Recurring Reposit Scheme) ,oa euhvkMZjA 2- Mkd lsok,a & Mkd foHkkx }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh izeq[k lsok,a fuEufyf[kr gS %& 1- iksLVy lkfVZfiQdsV ds varxZr (UPC) & lkekU; :i ls lk/kj.k Mkd ls i=kksa dks Hkstus ij Mkd?kj dskbZ jlhn ugha nsrk gS ijUrq ;fn i=k izs"kd i=k ds Hksts tkus dk dksbZ lk{; izkIr djuk pkgrk gS rks og Mkd?kj ls izek.k i=k izkIr dj ldrk gSA Mkd?kj ds vf/dkjh blds fy, dqN pktZ yxkrs gSa rFkk i=k ij ;wihlh dh eksgj yxk nsrs gSA 2- iathÑr Mkd (Registered Post)% ;g ,slh Mkd lqfo/k gS ftlds varxZr ;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gS fd Mkd fuf'pr :i ls izsf"krh ds ikl igq¡p tk;sxh vU;Fkk ;g izs"kd ds ikl okil vk tk;sxhA bl fof/ ls i=k Hkstus ij Mkd }kjk i=k iszs"kd dks ,d jlhn nh tkrh gSA iathÑr Mkd ds izs"kd dks fyiQkiQs ij viuk iwjk irk ,d dksus esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA 3- iklZy & ;g ,d ,slh Mkd lqfo/k gS ftlds varxZr oLrqvksa dks lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ;k ns'k ls ckgj Hkstk tkrk gSA blesa Mkd O;; iklZy ds otu ds vuqlkj yxrk gSA

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48 Business Studies &XI

4- LihM iksLV & ,slh lqfo/k ftlds varxZr Mkd izsf"krh ds ikl vfr 'kh?kz igq¡p tkrh gS mls LihM iksLV dgrs gSA bl lqfo/k ds varxZr i=k] izi=k ,oa iklZy tYnh gh lqiqnZ dj fn, tkrs gSA ;g lqfo/k fof'k"V Mkd?kjksa esa miyC/ gSA

5- dqfjvj lsok,a & ;g lsok futh Mkd?kjksa }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA futh Mkd?kj ljdkjh Mkd?kjksa ds vPNs fodYi ds :i esa mHkj jgs gSA dqfjvj }kjk i=k] izys[k] iklZy vkfn Hksts tk ldrs gSA futh dke gksus ds dkj.k dqfjvj lsok esa deZpkjh vf/d ftEesnkjh ls dke djrs gSA

vU; lgk;d lqfo/k,a

1- fofHkUu voljksa ij xzhfVaXl dkMZ Hkstuk

2- ehfM;k lans'k & dEifu;ka vius czkaM mRiknksa dk foKkiu iksLVdkMZ] fyiQkiQksa ij dj ldrh gSA

3- bZ fcy Mkd & ch,l,u,y rFkk Hkkjrh; ,;jVsy gsrq fcyksa dk Hkqxrku dh lqfo/k miyC/ djkukA

4- ikliksVZ vkosnuksa dh lqfo/k gsrq fons'k ea=kky; ds lkFk ikliksVZ lqfo/k nsus esa enn djukA

nwjlapkj lsok,a & vkt ds le; esa nwjlapkj lsokvksa ds fcuk O;kikj djuk vlaHko gSA nwjlapkj lsok,a fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- lSY;wyj iQksu & ;g ,d rkj jfgr pyrk fiQjrk lapkj midj.k gSA lans'k pkgs fyf[kr gks ;k ekSf[kd lalkj esa fdlh Hkh txg igq¡p ldrk gSA

2- istj & ;g ,d ekxhZ; rkjghu lapkj midj.k gS tks lans'k dks fyf[kr :i esa izkIr ,oa fjdkMZ djrk gSA blesa lans'k dks fdlh Hkh le; fdlh Hkh txg izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- LFkk;h ykbu lsok,¡ & bu lsokvksa esa ok;l ,oa uku &ok;l eSlst yEch nwjh ds VªsfiQd ls fyad LFkkfir djus ds fy, MkVk lsokvksa lfgr lHkh izdkj dh LFkk;h ykbu lsok,a 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA buds }kjk vU; izdkj dh nwj lapkj lsokvksa ds lkFk Hkh bUVj&dusDVhfoVh nh tkrh gSA

4- dsfcy lsok,a %& budk mi;ksx ,slh ehfM;k lsokvkas gsrq gksrk gS tks ,d ekxhZ; euksjatu lacaf/r lsok,a gksrh gSA

5- vfry?kq ,ipZj VfeZuy lsok,a & ;g mixzg vk/kfjr lsok gksrh gSA bldk mi;ksx uodj.kh; vuqiz;ksxksa tSls Vsfy&dsfMflu] cktkj njksa] Vsfy&esfMflu vkfn gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA

6- MkbjsDV Vw gkse lsok,a & ;g Hkh ,d mixzg vk/kfjr ehfM;k lsok gS ftls lSY;wyj dEifu;ksa }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bl lsok dks ,d NksVs fM'k ,aVhuk ,oa lSV VkWi ckDl dh lgk;rk ls Vsyhfotu ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

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49 Business Studies &XI

iz'uksÙkj

1 vad okys iz'u

1- chek dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

2- {kfriwfrZ dk fl¼kUr fdl izdkj ds chek ij ykxw ugh gksrkA

3- og dkSu lk chek dk izdkj gS ftlds vaarxZr ikWfylh ysrs le; chek ;ksX; fgr dk fl¼kUr ugha ik;k tkrk gS\

4- lapkj lsokvksa dh nks Jsf.k;ka dkSu&dkSUk lh gS\

5- mu nks dEifu;ksa dk uke crkb, tks gekjs ns'k esa MkbjsDV Vw gkse lsok,a miyC/ djkrh gS\

6- MsfcV dkMZ ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

7- ØsfMV dkMZ ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- Vsfy cSfdax D;k gS\

9- vf/fod"kZ dks le>kb,A

3@4 vad okys iz'u

10- chek ds rhu ykHkksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

11- LokLF; chek ds {ks=k dh O;k[;k dhft,\

12- chek dk vuqca/ ije usduh;rh dk vuqca/ gS\ fVIi.kh dhft,A

13- fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa chek ;ksX; fgr dk gksuk dc t:jh gS

(1) thou chek (2) vfXu chek vkSj (3) leqæj chek

14- cSad esa lk/kj.kr;k [kksys tkus okys [kkrksa ds uke fyf[k,A

15- cgqfodYi tek [kkrs ds fo"k; esa 40 'kCnksa es fyf[k,A

16- dksj cSafdx ij uksV fyf[k,

17- bySfDVªkfud cSafdx }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh fdUgha pkj lsokvksa ds uke crk,aA

5@6 vad okys iz'u

18- thou chek fuxe }kjk tkjh dh tkus oky fofHkUu ikWfyfl;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,\

19- ,d iQSDVªh dk ekfyd vius eky dk chek djkrk gS og bl rF; dks Nqikrk gS fd fctyh foHkkx ls mls viuh iQSDVªh ds rkjksa dks cnyus dk vkns'k feyk gqvk gSA ckn esa 'kkVZ&lfdZV ds dkj.k vkx yx tkrh gS blesa ls fl¼kur dh vogsyuk dh xbZ gSA ppkZ dhft,A

20- chek dks tksf[ke ls lqj{kk vkSj fuos'k dk ra=k D;ksa dgk tkrk gSA

21- Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx }kjk iznÙk fofo/ lqfo/kvksa ij foLrr fVIi.kh dhft,\

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50 Business Studies &XI

22- fofHkUu izdkj ds [kkrksa dh laf{kIr ppkZ dhft, ftuds }kjk cSad turk ls tek vkdf"kZr djrs gSA

23- RTGS, NEFT i¼fr;ksa ij uksV fyf[k,\

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51 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 5

bZ&fctusl ,oa lsokvksa dk ckg;dj.k

vFkZ %& vkt tcfd baVjusV dk tekuk gS] nqfu;k dk vk/qfud O;kikj /hjs&/hjs baVjusV ds lkFk tqM+us yxk gSA blls O;kikj dh ,d ubZ /kj.kk izpyu esa vkbZ gS ftls bZ&dkelZ@bZ&fctusl dgk tkrk gSA vkt ge baVjusV ij viuh nqdku [kksy dj nqfu;k Hkj ds baVjusV miHkksDrkvksa rd igqap ldrs gSA baVjusV miHkksDrk ?kj cSBs gh eky dk vkns'k ns ldrs gSa] eky dh lqiqnZxh ys ldrs gSa vkSj Hkqxrku Hkh dj ldrs gSA

bZ&fctuslk dk {ks=k %& bZ&fctusl ds {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS %&

(1) B2B dkelZ %& Business to Business dkelZ& blds varxZr bysDVªkfud O;ogkjksa dks djus okys nksuks i{k iQesZ vFkok O;olk;fd bdkbZ;ka gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, nksuks iQeksZ esa ls ,d mRiknu djus okyh vkSj nwljh dPpk eky lIykbZ djus okyh gks ldrh gS

(2) B2C dkelZ %& Business to Customer dkleZ&blds varxZr ,d i{k iQeZ gksrh gS vkSj nwljk xzkgdA xzkgd ?kj cSBs gh baVjusV ij viuh eu ilan oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gS] vkns'k ns ldrk gS] dqN enksa dks izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj Hkqxrku Hkh dj ldrk gS vkSj nwljh vkSj iQeZ fdlh Hkh le; ;g tku ldrh gS fd xzkgdksa dk lUrqf"V Lrj D;k gS\ vktdy dkWy lsUVj ds ekè;e ls ;g tkudkfj;ka miyC/ gSA

(3) Intra B dkelZ (Within Business dkelZ) & blds varxZr O;olkf;d fØ;k esa lfEefyr nksuks i{k ,d gh O;olk; ds nks O;fDr vFkok foHkkx gksrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d iQeZ dk foi.ku foHkkx baVjusV ds ekè;e ls yxkrkj mRiknu foHkkx ds laidZ esa jgrk gS rkfd xzkgdksa dh bPNkuqlkj mRiknu fd;k tk ldsA

(4) C2C dkelZ (Customer to Customer) & blds varxZr O;olkf;d fØ;k esa lfEefyr nksuks i{k xzkgd gksrs gSA blesa mu oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk gS ftuds fy, LFkkfir cktkj ugh gksrsA mnkgj.k ds fy,&iqjkuh xkM+h dks baVjusV ds }kjk cspukA

bZ&dkelZ ds ykHk

blds eq[; ykHk fuEufyf[kr gS %&

(1) fo'o Lrj ij ig¡qp & tks O;olk;h bZ&fctusl ls tqM+ tkrs gS muds cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gSA u;s&2 xzkgd laidZ esa vkrs gSa ftlls fcØh esa of¼ gksrh gSA

(2) eè;LFk O;kikfj;ksa dk yqIr gksuk & blls Fkksd vkSj iQqVdj O;kikjh yqIr gksrs gSA vc vf/drj xzkgd mRikndksa ls lh/s lEidZ LFkkfir djus yxs gSa ftlls miHkksDrkvksa dks de ewY;

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52 Business Studies &XI

ij eky izkIr gksrk gSA

(3) ljy forj.k izfØ;k & bZ&dkelZ ds varxZr vusd lsok,a ,oa lwpuk,a dEi;wVj ij gh izkIr gks tkrh gSA ftlls forj.k izfØ;k ljy gks xbZ gS vkSj ykxr esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSA

(4) LFkkiuk ykxr dk de gksuk & blds varxZr cM+s 'kks:e ;k cM+h tehu dh t:jr ugha gksrhA flIkQZ dEi;wVj vkSj baVjusV ls dke py ldrk gSA

(5) u;s mRikndks dks ykus esa vklkuh & blds ekè;e ls dksbZ Hkh u;s mRiknksa dks cktkj esa yk ldrh gSA baVjusV ij bldh iwjh tkudkjh miyC/ djk dj miHkksDrkvksa dks ?kj cSBs mRiknksa ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh miyC/ djk nh tkrh gSA

(6) le; dh cpr & ?kj cSBs miHkksDrkvksa dks lkeku fey tkrk gS ftlls mUgsa cktkj esa ?kweuk ugah iM+rkA

bZ&dkelZ ds fy, vko';d lalk/u

(1) dEi;wVj flLVe (Computer System) & dEi;wVj flLVe dk gksuk bZ&dkelZ dh igyh vko';drk gSA dEi;wVj ls gh baVjusV ls tqM+k tk ldrk gSA

(2) baVjusV dusD'ku (Internet Connection) & baVjusV dusD'ku ysuk cgqr t:jh gS vkSj vktdy ;g ?kj cSBs gh cM+h vklkuh ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA

(3) osc ist cukuk & bZ dkelZ esa osc ist dk lokZf/d egRo gSA bls gkse ist ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ftl mRikn dks baVjusV ij iznZf'kr djuk gksrk gS mls osc ist ij n'kkZrs gSA

(4) vkWuykbu O;ogkj (On line Transaction) & vkWu ykbu O;ogkj dk vFkZ gS baVjusV ds ekè;e ls eky ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djuk] vkns'k nsuk] lqiqnZxh ysuk] Hkqxrku djuk vkfn lfEefyr gSA blds varxZr oLrqvksa] lwpukvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø;&foØ; laHko gSA

Hkqxrku fof/ (Payment Mechanism) & baVjusV ls [kjhnh xbZ oLrqvksa dk Hkqxrku fuEu rjhdksa ls gks ldrk gS %&

(1) lqiqnxhZ ds le; Hkqxrku (Cash on Delivery) & oLrqvksa dh lqiqnZxh ds le; Cash vFkok Cheque ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(2) Net Banking Transfer & blesa xzkgd Electronic Fund Transfer dh i¼fr }kjk baVjusV ds tfj, iQeZ ds [kkrs esa iSls tek djok ldrk gSA

(3) MsfcV vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ }kjk & xzkgd cSad }kjk tkjh fd;s x;s MsfcV ,oa ØsfMV dkMZ ls Hkqxrku Hkh dj ldrs gS fliQZ mu dkMksZ dk uEcj vkSj cSad dk uke vku ykbu ns djA

O;olkf;d lkSnksa dh lqj{kk& fuEu rjhdksa ls ge bZ&dkelZ esa gksus okys O;olkf;d lkSnksa dh lqj{kk dj ldrs gS %&

(1) oLrq dh lqiqnZxh ls igys fooj.k %& xzkgdksa }kjk oLrq dh lqiqnZxh ls igys ØsfMV dkMZ

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53 Business Studies &XI

uEcj] dkMZ tkjhdrkZ dh tkudkjh] oS|rk] dh frfFk vkfn dk fooj.k vkWu ykbu nsuk vko';d gSA

(2) ,aVh ok;jl izksxzke %& MkVk iQkby] iQksYMj rFkk dEiw;Vj dks ok;jl ls cpkus ds fy, ,aVh ok;jl izksxzke Mkyuk rFkk le; ij Update djukA

(3) lkbcj Økbe lsy %& ljdkj }kjk gsfdax ds dsl ns[kus rFkk gSdjksa ds f[kykiQ dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, fo'ks"k Økbe lsy LFkkfir djukA

lsokvksa dk ckg;dj.k %&

O;olk; dks dq'kyrkiwoZd pykus ds fy, vusd fØ;k,a djuh gksrh gS] tSls & mRiknu] Ø;&foØ;] foÙkh; izcU/] foKkiu] i=k&O;ogkj vkfnA tc O;olk; dk iSekuk NksVk Fkk rks O;olk;h ;s lHkh fØ;k,a djus ds fy, laxBu ds vanj gh bartke dj ysrs Fks] ysfdu O;olk; dk iSekuk c<+us ds lkFk vc ;g dke dkiQh dfBu gks x;k gSA vr% vkt vusd fØ;kvksa dks djus esa vkus okyh dfBukbZ dks nwj djus rFkk fof'k"Vhdj.k ds ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, bu lsokvksa dks laxBu ds ckgj ls izkIr fd;k tkus yxk gSA bls lsokvksa dk ckg~;dj.k dgrs gSA

lsokvksa ds ckâ;dj.k dh vko';drk

lsokvksa ds ckâ;dj.k dh vko';drk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gksrh gS %&

(1) vPNh DokfyVh dh lsok,a izkIr djuk %& ;fn dksbZ dEiuh lHkh fØ;kvksa dks Lo;a gh iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gS] rks lsokvksa dh DokfyVh ij foijhr izHkko iM+us dh iwjh laHkkouk jgrh gSA bl dfBukbZ ls cpus ds fy, lsokvksa dk ckg~;dj.k vko';d gksrk gSA

(2) lsokvksa esa LFkkbZ fofu;ksx ls cpuk %& ;fn dksbZ daiuh ;s lsok,a laxBu ds vanj gh miyC/ djrh gS rks mls buds fy, vyx&vyx foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk djuh gksxh ftl ij Hkkjh LFkkbZ fofu;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA vr% ,slk U;k; laxr yxrk gS fd bu lsokvksa dks dEiuh ds ckgj ls gh izkIr dj fy;k tk,A

(3) O;olk; dks lqfo/kiwoZd <ax ls pykuk %& lsokvksa ds ckg~;dj.k dh vko';drk O;olk; dks lqfo/kiwoZd rjhds ls pykus ds fy, gksrh gSA O;olk;h dk è;ku vusd NksVh&NksVh fØ;kvksa ls gVdj eq[; fØ;k dh vksj dsfUær gks tkrk gSA

ckg~;dj.k lsokvksa ds fo"k;{ks=k %&

vk/qfud lsokvksa ds fo"k; {ks=k

vk/qfud O;olk; esa vusd izdkj dh ckg~; lsokvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA buesa ls eq[; fuEufyf[kr gSA

(1) foÙkh; lsok,a %& foÙkh; lsokvksa dk vfHkizk; ,slh ckg~; lsokvksa ls gS tks fdlh u fdlh :i esa daiuh dh foÙk izcU/ esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

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54 Business Studies &XI

(2) foKkiu lsok,a %& vf/d fcØh ds fy, foKkiu vfr&vko';d gSA ;fn bl dke ds fy, fdlh foKkiu ,tsalh dh lgk;rk ys yh tk, rks de ykxr ij cf<+;k dke gks ldrk gSA

(3) i=kokgd lsok,a %& bu lsokvksa ds }kjk dEiuh miHkksDrkvksa dks oLrq] i=k] iklZy vkfn Hkstrh gSA

(4) xzkgd lgk;rk lsok,a %& ;s dEifu;ka xzkgdksa dks ?kj ij eky dh lqiqnZxh] foØ; ds ckn lsok iznku djrh gSA izk;% Vh- ch- fizQt] okaf'kx e'khu vkfn ds fuekZrk bu lsokvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Kku izfØ;k ckg~;dj.k %& KPO dk vfHkizk; O;olk; dks liQyrkiwoZd o U;wure ykxrksa ij pykus ds fy, mPp&Lrjh; Kku okys dk;Z laxBu ds ckgj ls djkus ls gSA tgka BPO ds varxZr izfØ;k fo'ks"kKrk ij è;ku dsfUær fd;k tkrk gS ogh nwljh vkSj KPO ds varxZr Kku fo'ks"kKrk ij è;ku dsfUær fd;k tkrk gSA KPO dh vko';drk %& vkt ds izfr;ksfxrkoknh okrkoj.k esa dEifu;ka vf/d è;ku mPp izkFkfedrk okys {ks=kks ij ns jgh gS dEifu;ka ;g eglwl dj jgh gS fd de egRoiw.kZ fØ;kvksa dks laxBu ds ckgj ls iwjk djok dj dsoy ykxrksa esa deh o dq'kyrk esa of¼ gh ugh gksrh cfYd dEiuh dk lkjk è;ku o 'kfDr eq[; fØ;kvksa dh vksj lapkfyr gks tkrk gSA KPO ds {ks=k %&

(1) ;g BPO dk vxyk dne gSA

(2) ;g izfØ;k fo'ks"kKrk dh vis{kk Kku fo'ks"kKrk ij è;ku dsfUær djrk gSA

(3) ;g de egRoiw.kZ fØ;kvksa dh lsok,a iznku djrk gSA

(4) blds varxZr vafre fu.kZ; ij igqapus ds fy, dksbZ iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ekxZ ugh gksrk gSA

(5) ;g {ks=k f'kf{kr yksxksa dks ,d oSdfYid dSfj;j miyC/ djkrk gSA

iz'uksÙkj

1- bysDVªkfud fctusl D;k gS\

2- KPO D;k gS\ 3- EFT D;k gS\ 4- ckg~; lsokvksa dh vko';drk dk la{ksi esa fooj.k nhft,\

5- foKkiu laca/h vkSj dqfj;j laca/h lsokvksa ds ckjs esa fyf[k,\

6- bZ&dkelZ ds fy, vko';d lalk/uksa ds uke fyf[k,\

7- vkWu ykbu O;ogkj ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

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55 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 6

O;olk; dk lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa O;olkf;d uSfrdrk

lkekftd nkf;Ro dh vo/kj.kk & O;olk; lekt dk ,d vax gSA O;olk; dks mu lHkh ckrksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg, tks lekt ds fy, t:jh gSA O;olk; ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vFkZ mu uhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k djuk] mu fu.kZ;ksa dks ysuk vFkok mu dk;ksZ dks djuk gS tks lekt ds y{;ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dh n`f"V ls okaNuh; gSA O;kolkf;d bdkb;ksa dks lkekftd vkdka{kvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, O;kolkf;d fØ;k,a djuh pkfg, rFkk ykHk vftZr djuk pkfg,A

lkekftd nkf;Ro ds i{k esa rdZ & O;olk; dh vk/qfud /kj.kk O;olk; ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh ekU;rk dks leFkZu nsrh gSA blds i{k esa fuEufyf[kr rdZ fn, x, gSA

1- vfLrRo ,oa of¼ ds fy, & O;olk; dk vfLrRo oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa }kjk ekuo tkfr dh larqf"V ds fy, miyC/ djkus ij fuHkZj djrk gSA O;olk; dh mUufr ,oa fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc lekt dks oLrq,a ,oa lsok,a yxkrkj miyC/ gksrh jgsaA

2- iQeZ dk nh?kZdkyhu fgr & ,d iQeZ yEcs le; rd vf/dre ykHk rHkh dek ldrh gS tc mldk ,d y{; lekt lsok djuk Hkh gksA

3- ljdkjh fu;eksa ls cpko & ;fn O;olk; dk lkekftd nkf;Roksa dh iwfrZ dh rjiQ dksbZ è;ku ugh tkrk gS rks ljdkj dks gLr{ksi djuk iM+rk gSA blls O;olk; dh Lora=krk lekIr gksrh gSA blfy, O;olk; dks LosPNk ls lekt ds izfr viuh ftEesnkjh iwjh djuh pkfg,A

4- lkoZtfud Nfo & ;fn O;olk; vius lkekftd nkf;Ro dks iwjk djrk gS rks mldh lkoZtfud Nfo lq/jsxh ftlls mldh liQyrk dks c<+kok feysxkA

5- i;kZoj.k dks lkiQ&lqFkjk j[kuk & m|ksxks ls i;kZoj.k nwf"kr gksrk gSA bl iznw"k.k ls turk ds LokLFk; ij izHkko iM+rk gSA m|ksxks dks bl iznw"k.k ls turk ds LokLFk; dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A

6- O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, csgrj okrkoj.k %& tks O;olk; yksxksa ds thou dh xq.korkk ds izfr tkx:d gksrk gS mls viuk O;olk; pykus ds fy, ifj.kke Lo:i vPNk lekt feyrk gSA

lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro ds foi{k esa rdZ %&

1- ykHk c<+kus ds mn~ns'; dk mYy?kau & O;olk; dk eq[; mn~ns'; vf/dre ykHk dekuk gksrk gSA bls vius lk/u ,oa 'kfDr;ka lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus esa O;FkZ ugh djuk pkfg,A

2-miHkksDrkvksa ij vuqfpr Hkkj & O;olk; }kjk lkekftd nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus esa cgqr lk

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56 Business Studies &XI

[kpZ vkrk gSA ;g [kpZ var esa O;olk; ds xzkgdks dks Hkjuk iM+rk gSA

3- lkekftd dkS'ky dh deh& O;kolkf;d iQeksZ ds izcU/dksa esa lkekftd leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky dh deh gksrh gSA blfy, lkekftd leL;kvksa dk lkek/ku vU; fof'k"V ,tsfUl;ska }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

4- tu leFkZu dk vHkko %& tu leqnk; }kjk O;olk; dk lkekftd dk;ZØeksa esa gLr{ksi ilUn ugh fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, dksbZ Hkh O;kolkf;d miØe turk ds fo'okl ds vHkko ,oa lg;ksx ds fcuk lkekftd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus esa liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z ugh dj ldrkA

fofHkUu fgr lewgksa ds izfr O;olk; dk lekftd nkf;Ro & O;olk; dk lekt ds fofHkUu lewgksa tSls] Lokfe;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa] xzkgdksa] ljdkj vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk laca/ jgrk gSA fofHkUu lewgksa ds izfr O;olk; dh ftEesnkfj;ka fuEufyf[kr gS &

1- ekfydksa vFkok fuos'kdksa ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro &

(v) Lokfe;ksa vFkok va'k/kfj;ksa ds fuos'k ij mfpr ,oa fu;fer izfriQy lqfuf'pr djukA

(c) fuos'k fd, x, dks"kksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djukA

(l) dEiuh dh izxfr ,oa foÙkh; fLFkfr dh iw.kZ tkudkjh fuos'kdksa dks nsrs jgukA

(n) O;kolkf;d lEifÙk;ksa dh lqj{kk djukA

(;) O;olk; esa lHkh izdkj ds fuos'kdksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djukA

2- deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro

(1) mfpr ikfjJfed nsukA

(2) dke djus ds fy, LoPN okrkoj.k rS;kj djukA

(3) O;fDrxr izfr"Bk dk vknj djuk

(4) ukSdjh dh lqj{kk iznku djukA

3- miHkksDrkvksa ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro

(1) vPNh DokfyVh dh oLrq,a mfpr ewY; ij miyC/ djkukA

(2) xzkgdksa dh :fp ds vuqlkj oLrq,a miyC/ djkukA

(3) oLrqvksa dh fu;fer vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djukA

(4) miHkksDrkvksa dh f'kdk;rksa dk 'kh?kz rFkk lko/kuhiwoZd fuiVkjk djukA

(5) foØ; ds ckn lsok iznku djuk rFkk equkiQk[kksjh o feykoV vkfn cqjkb;ksa ls nwj jgukA

4- ljdkj ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro

(1) ljdkj dks le;&le; ij djksa dk Hkqxrku bZekunkjh ls djukA

(2) ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, fu;eksa rFkk dkuwuksa dk fu"Bk ls ikyu djuk

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57 Business Studies &XI

(3) vuSfrd mik;ksa }kjk ljdkjh ra=k dk ykHk u mBkukA

5- leqnk; ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro

(1) jkstxkj ds volj miyC/ djkukA

(2) okrkoj.k dks nwf"kr gksus ls cpkukA

(3) lekt dks mUufr dh rjiQ ys tkus okys dk;ZØeksa esa lg;ksx nsukA

O;olk; ,oa okrkoj.k laj{k.k

okrkoj.k dk vFkZ & euq"; ds vkl&ikl ds izkÑfrd rFkk ekuo fufeZr okrkoj.k dks gh i;kZoj.k ;k okrkoj.k dgrs gSA ;s okrkoj.k izkÑfrd lalk/uksa ls Hkjiwj gS vkSj tks ekuo thou ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

okrkoj.k iznw"k.k dk vFkZ & okrkoj.k iznw"k.k og gksrk gS ftlls HkkSfrd] jlk;fud rFkk tSfod y{k.kksa }kjk gok] Hkwfe rFkk ty esa cnyko vkrk gSA okrkoj.k ds iznw"k.k ds lkFk O;olk; dks tksM+k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd okrkoj.k dks nwf"kr djus esa O;olk; gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blfy, O;kolkf;d iQeksZ ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd vius pkjksa vkSj ds okrkoj.k dh lqj{kk ds fy, mfpr dne mBk,aA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds dkj.k

cgqr ls vkS|ksfxd laxBu (1) ok;q (2) ty (3) Hkwfe rFkk (4) èofu iznw"k.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA budh O;k[;k uhps dh xbZ gS &

(1) ok;q iznw"k.k & eksVj okguksa }kjk NksM+h xbZ dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM rFkk dkj[kkuksa ls fudyk gqvk /qavk ok;q iznw"k.k iQSyrk gSA blls gekjh i`Foh ds Åij vkstksu ijr esa Hkh fNæ gks x;k gS ftlls i`Foh xeZ gks tkrh gS tks fd [krjukd gSA

(2) ty iznw"k.k & vkS|ksfxd dpjs dks ufn;ksa ,oa >hyksa esa cgk fn;k tkrk gSA ty iznw"k.k ds dkj.k izfro"kZ gtkjks i'kqvksa dh eR;q gks tkrh gS vkSj ;g ekuo thou ds fy, xaHkhj psrkouh gSA

(3) Hkwfe iznw"k.k & bl iznw"k.k dk dkj.k dpjs dks Hkwfe ds vUnj nck nsus ls gksrk gSA blds dkj.k Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk rks u"V gksrh gh gS] Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr Hkh de gks tkrh gSA

(4) èofu iznw"k.k & dqN dkj[kkus cgqr vf/d 'kksj iSnk djrs gSA vf/d 'kksjxqy esa jgus ls yksx vusd chekfj;ksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gS tSls & ekufld jksx] fny ds jksx] cgjs gks tkuk vkfnA

iznw"k.k fu;U=k.k dh vko';drk &

1- LokLFk; laca/h vk'kadkvksa dks de djuk & dSlaj] ßn; ,oa iQsiQM+ks ls lacaf/r chekfj;ka gekjs lekt esa eR;q dk izeq[k dkj.k gS rFkk ;s chekfj;ka okrkoj.k esa nwf"kr rRoksa ds dkj.k gSA iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k }kjk chekfj;ksa dh Hka;djrk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- lqj{kk ladVks dks de djuk & lfnZ;ksa esa ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k dksgjk mRiUu gksrk gSA Li"V

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58 Business Studies &XI

fn[kkbZ u nsus ds dkj.k vusd ok;q] jsy ,oa lM+d nq?kZVuk,a gksrh gSA nq?kZVukvksa dh laHkkouk dks de djus ds fy, ok;q iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djuk vko';d gSA

3- vkfFkZd gkfu;ksa dks fu;af=kr djuk & iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ns'k dks cgqr lh vkfFkZd gkfu;ka igqaprh gS tSls fd rktegy iznw"k.k ds dkj.k viuh lqnajrk dks [kks jgk gSA i;kZoj.k ds iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus dk ekeyk vR;Ur xaHkhj gSA

4- lkoZtfud Nfo esa lq/kj & vkt turk okrkoj.k dh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa vf/d tkx:d gSA tc ,d O;olk; okrkoj.k dks vPNk cukus dh ftEesnkjh ys ysrk gS rks ml laLFkk dh lkoZtfud izfr"Bk ,d lkoZtfud dÙkZO;fu"B m|e ds :i esa mHkjrh gSA

i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k esa O;olk; dh Hkwfedk %&

1- vkS|ksfxd laxBuksa }kjk ,slh rduhd iz;ksx dh tkuh pkfg, ftlesa vkS|ksfxd dpjk de gks rFkk tks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku u igqapk,A

2- tgka rd gks lds vkS|ksfxd dpjs dk iqu% iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3- iznw"k.k dks de djus ds fy, la;a=k ,oa e'khujh dk vk/qfudhdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

4- O;kolf;d x`gksa dks iznw"k.k dh jksdFkke ds fy, cuk, x, fu;eksa ,oa dkuwuksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A

5- i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ds fy, ldkjkred dne mBk, tkus pkfg,A buesa o{kkjksi.k] ufn;ksa dh liQkbZ ,oa oU; thou dh lqj{kk lfEefyr gSA

O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk %& ls vfHkizk; mu uSfrd fl¼kUrksa ls gS ftuds vk/kj ij O;olk; pyk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s fl¼kUr vPNk dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd ;g lkspuk fd ge xyr dj jgs gSa ;k BhdA ,d O;kolkf;d bdkbZ dks pkfg, fd og lgh ewY; olwy djsa] lgh rkSy dj ns] xzkgdksa ls vPNk O;ogkj djsaA

O;kolf;d uSfrdrk ds rRo

1- mPpLrjh; izcU/ dh izfrc¼rk & mPp Lrjh; izcU/ dks uSfrdrk ds O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa laxBu eas le>kus dh Hkwfedk cM+h egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ifj.kkeksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, mPpLrjh; izcU/dksa dks fuf'pr :i ls uSfrdrk O;ogkj ds fy, opuc¼ gksuk pkfg,A

2- lkekU; dksM dk izdk'ku & ;s os m|e gSa ftuds ikl izHkkoh uSfrd dk;ZØe gSaAos lHkh laxBuksa ds fy, uSfrd fl¼kUrksa dks fyf[kr izys[kksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa ftUgs dksM dgk tkrk gS tSls bZekunkjh] dkwuu ikyu] cktkj dh mfpr foØ; iz.kkyh vkfnA

3- vuqikyu ra=k dh LFkkiuk & ;g fuf'pr djus ds fy, fd okLrfod fu.kZ; rFkk dk;ksZ dk fu:i.k iQeZ ds uSfrd Lrjksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS mfpr ;U=k fuekZ.k dyk dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,A tSls dh & HkrhZ rFkk HkkM+s ij Je ysus ds fy, uSfrd ewY;ksa dh vkSj è;ku nsukA

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59 Business Studies &XI

4- izR;sd Lrj ij deZpkfj;ksa dks lfEefyr djuk & O;olk; dks uSfrdrk dk okLrfod :i nsus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dks izR;sd Lrj ij lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd mudh lac¼rk uSfrd dk;ZØeksa esa Hkh gks ldsA

5- ifj.kkeksa dk ekiu & ;|fi ;g cgqr gh dfBu dk;Z gS fd uSfrd dk;ZØeksa dh eki dh tk, ysfdu fiQj Hkh iQeZ dqN ekud LFkkfir djds ,slk dj ldrh gSA

1 vad okys iz'u

(1) lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vo/kj.kk crkb,\

(2) O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ds nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,\

(3) èofu iznw"k.k ds nks izHkko fyf[k,\

(4) i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

(5) dEiuh dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dh iw.kZ tkudkjh nsuk fdl lewg ds izfr O;olk; dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gS\

3&4 vad okys iz'u

(6) i;kZoj.k lqj{kk esa O;olk; dh Hkwfedk Li"V dhft,\

(7) deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr O;olk; ds rhu mÙkjnkf;Ro fyf[k,\

(8) O;kolf;d uSfrdrk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, ,oa buds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,\

(9) ,d O;olk; dks lkekftd ftEesnkj D;ks mBkuh pkfg,\

(10) i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds eq[; dkj.k fyf[k,\

5&6 vad okys iz'u

(11) mu 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft, tks O;kolkf;d m|eksa dh lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dks c<kusa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\

(12) ;g lekt ds fgr esa gS fd og fofHkUu fgr lewgksa ds izfr vius lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djsaA o.kZu dhft,\

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60 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 7

O;olkf;d foÙk ds L=kksr

foÙk 'kCn dk vFkZ eqæk ;k /u vFkok dks"kksa ls yxk;k tkrk gSA O;olk; }kjk viuh fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa ds lapkyu ds fy, dks"kksa dh vko';drk dks O;olkf;d foÙk dgrs gSA

O;olkf;d foÙk dh izÑfr %&

1- LFkk;h iwath lEcU/h vko';drk %& ,d u;k O;olk; vkjEHk djus ds fy, LFkk;h lEifÙk;ka [kjhnus ds fy, dks"kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls & Hkwfe] Hkou] IykaV vkSj e'khujh vkfnA ;g LFkk;h lEifÙk;ksa dh vko';drk dgykrh gSA

2- dk;Z'khy iwath lEcU/h vko';drk,a %& ,d O;olk; dks vius izfrfnu ds dk;ksZ dks pykus ds fy, dks"kks dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bls dk;Z'khy iwath dgka tkrk gS tSls dPpkeky [kjhnus]etnwjh o osru dk Hkqxrku djus rFkk fctyh fcy dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, dks"kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

3- fofo/hdj.k gsrq %& ,d dEiuh dks vius mRikn ds fofo/hdj.k vFkkZr~ cgq mRikn ds fy, dks"kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls vkbZ- Vh- lh-A

4- rduhdh lq/kj gsrq %& vk/qfud rduhd viukus ds fy, dks"kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls O;olk; esa dEi;wVj dk mi;ksxA

5- fodkl ,oa foLrkj gsrq %& rstxfr ls vkxs c<+us ds fy, O;olk; dks T;knk fofu;ksxksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blfy, O;olk; ds fodkl o foLrkj ds fy, foÙk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

foÙk izkIr djus dh fof/;ka %&

va'kks dk fuxZeu %& va'kks ds tkjh djus ls izkIr iwath dks va'k iwath dgk tkrk gSA dEiuh dh iwath NksVs NksVs Hkkxksa esa caVh gksrh gS ftls 'ks;j dgrs gSA ;fn dksbZ dEiuh 10]000 'ks;j 10 :i;s ewY; ij tkjh djrh gS rks ml dEiuh dh va'kiwath 100]000 :i;s gksxhA ftl O;fDr ds ikl ;s 'ks;j gksxs mls 'ks;j gksYMj dgka tkrk gSA 'ks;j nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&

(v) lerk 'ks;j (c) iwokZf/dkj 'ks;j

(v) lerk 'ks;j %& lerk 'ks;j&/kjh dEiuh dk Lokeh gksrk gS mls izcU/ esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/dkj ,oa oksV nsus dk vf/dkj gksrk gS D;ksafd og dEiuh dk Lokeh gksrk gSA

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62 Business Studies &XI

[email protected] %&

1- LFkk;h iwath %& yEch vof/ ds fy, foÙk izkIr djus ds fy, lerk va'k egRoiw.kZ gSA

2- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj ugha %& lerk 'ks;j tkjh djrs le; dEiuh dks viuh lEifÙk fxjoh ugha j[kuh iM+rhA

3- vf/d ykHk %& lerk va'k/kjh dks vf/d ykHk dh izkfIr gksrh gS tc dEiuh T;knk ykHk dekrh gSA

4- fu;a=k.k %& lerk 'ks;j /kjh izcU/ esa fgLlk ys ldrk gS ,oa mls oksV nsus dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA

5- dEiuh ij Hkkj ugha %& lerk va'k/kjh dks ykHkka'k dk Hkqxrku djuk t:jh ugha gksrkA

lhek,a@gkfu;ka %&

1- tksf[ke %& lerk va'k/kjh dks lcls T;knk tksf[ke gksrk gS D;kasfd mls ykHkka'k dk Hkqxrku vko'd ugha gksrkA

2- T;knk ykxr %& lerk va'kks dh ykxr ½.k dh ykxr ,oa iwokZf/dkj 'ks;jksa dh ykxr ls T;knk gksrh gSA

3- vf/d nsjh %& lerk 'ks;j tkjh djus esa T;knk le; yxrk gSA

4- 'ks;j cktkj dh n'kk %& lerk va'k/kjh dks tksf[ke T;knk gksrk gSA blfy, 'ks;j cktkj esa rsth ds le; lerk 'ks;j dh ekax T;knk gksrh gSA

iwokZf/dkj va'k %& iwokZf/dkj va'kks dks T;knk lqjf{kr fuos'k ekuk tkrk gSA ;s ,d fuf'pr nj ls ykHkka'k izkIr djrs gSA ;s ,d ysunkj dh rjg gksrs gS bUgsa oksV nsus dk vf/dkj ugh gksrkA

iwokZf/dkj va'kks ds izdkj %&

(1) lapa;h iwokZf/dkj va'k (2) vlap;h iwokZf/dkj va'k (3) Hkkxhnkjh iwokZf/dkj va'k (4) xSj Hkkxhnkj iwokZf/dkj va'k (5) ifjorZuh; iwokZf/dkj va'k (6) vifjorZuh; iwokZf/dkj va'k

iwokZf/dkj va'kks ls ykHk %&

1- fuos'k dh lqj{kk %&iwokZf/dkj va'kks dk fuos'k lqjf{kr gksrk gSA mUgsa ykHk ,oa iwath izkIr djus dk igys vf/dkj gksrk gSA

2- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj ugh %&tc dEiuh ;s 'ks;j tkjh djrh gS rks mls dksbZ lEifÙk fxjoh ugh j[kuh iM+rhA

3- fu;U=k.k %& ;s 'ks;j /kjd dEiuh ds izcU/ dks izHkkfor ugh djrs D;ksafd bUgs oksV nsus dk vf/dkj izkIr ugh gksrkA

4- fuf'pr ykHkka'k %& iwokZf/dkj va'kks ij ,d fuf'pr nj ls ykHkka'k fn;k tkrk gSA blfy,

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63 Business Studies &XI

,sls fuos'kdks ds fy, cf<+;k gS tks ,d fuf'pr nj ls vk; izkIr djuk pkgrs gSA

lhek,a@gkfu;ka

1- dks"kksa dk eagxk L=kksr %& ykHkka'k dh nj C;kt dh nj ls vf/d gksus ds dkj.k ;g fMcsUpjksa ls vf/d foÙk dk eagxk L=kksr gSA

2- dj dh cpr ugha %& iwokZf/dkj va'kks dk ykHkka'k ykHk esa ls ugh dkVk tkrk blfy;s blls dj esa cpr ugh gksrhA

3- dEiuh ij Hkkj %& dEiuh dks gkfu dh n'kk esa ykHkka'k pqdkuk iM+rk gS blfy, ;g dEiuh ij Hkkj gS

lerk 'ks;j vkSj iwokZf/dkj 'ks;j esa vUrj

Øe vk/kj lerk 'ks;j iwokZf/dkj 'ks;j la[;k

1- ykHkka'k iwokZf/dkj va'kksa dks lerk va'k/kfj;ksa ls igys Hkqxrku djus ds ckn ykHkka'k fn;k tkrk gSA ykHkka'k fn;k tkrk gSa

2- oksV nsus dk oksV nsus dk vf/dkj oksV nsus dk vf/dkj vf/dkj gksrk gSA ugh gksrkA

3- tksf[ke vf/d tksf[ke gksrk tksf[ke de gksrk gSA gSA

4- ykHkka'k dh nj ykHkka'k dh nj ?kVrh ykHkka'k dh nj c<+rh jgrh gSA fuf'pr gksrh gSA

5- fu;U=k.k izcU/ ij fu;U=k.k izcU/ ij fu;U=k.k ugha gksrkA gksrk gSA

½.ki=k %& nh?kZdkyhu foÙk izkIr djus ds fy, ½.k i=k foÙk dk egRoiw.kZ L=kksr gSA ½.ki=k/kjh fuf'pr nj ls C;kt izkIr djrs gS C;kt Nekgh ;k okf"kZd pqdk;k tkrk gS blfy, ½.ki=k/kjh dEiuh ds fy, ,d ysunkj dh rjg gksrs gSA

½.ki=k ds izdkj

(1) lqjf{kr ½.k i=k (2) vlqjf{kr ½.k i=k

(3) ifjorZuh; ½.k i=k (4) vifjorZuh; ½.ki=k

(5) 'kksè; ½.k i=k (6) iathÑr ½.k i=k

½.k i=k ds ykHk %&

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64 Business Studies &XI

1- lqjf{kr fuos'k %& ½.k i=k ,sls fuos'kdks }kjk fy;s tkrs tks tksf[keksa ugh ysuk pkgrs vkSj tks LFkk;h vk; pkgrs gSA

2- fu;U=k.k %& ½.ki=k/kjh dks oksV nsus dk vf/dkj ugh gksrkA

3- de [kphZyk %& iwokZf/dkj va'kks ls de [kphZys gksrs gSA

4- dj dh cpr %& ½.k i=k ij C;kt dj esa dVkSrh gS blfy;s dj esa cpr gksrh gSA

½.k i=kksa dh lhek,a

1- LFkk;h nkf;Ro%& gkfu gksus dh n'kk esa Hkh dEiuh dks C;kt pqdkuk iM+rk gS blfy, ;g dEiuh ds fy, tksf[ke Hkjk foÙk dk L=kksr gSA

2- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj%& ½.k i=k tkjh djrs le; dEiuh dks viuh lEifÙk fxjoh j[kuh iM+rh gSA

3- lk[k esa deh %& u;s ½.k i=k tkjh djus ij dEiuh dh ½.k ysus dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSA

va'kks vkSj ½.k i=kksa esa vUrj %&

Øe vk/kj va'k ½.k i=k la[;k

1- izÑfr va'kiw¡th dk Hkkx gSA ½.k i=k ds :i esa ½.k gSA

2- izR;k; ykHkka'k C;kt

3- oksV nsus oksV nsus dk vf/dkj oksV nsus dk vf/dkj ugh gSA dk vf/dkj

4- /kjd 'ks;j /kjd ds :i esa ½.ki=k /kjd ds :i esa Lokeh ysunkj

5- izdkj va'k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA ½.ki=k nks ls T;knk izdkj ds gksrs gSA

6- lqj{kk lqjf{kr ugh gksrs lqjf{kr gksrs gSA dEiuh dh lEifr fxjoh jgrh gSA

izfr/kfjr vk; %& 'kq¼ ykHk esa ls dj ,oa ykHkka'k ?kVkus ds ckn tks Hkkx cprk gS og Hkkx ckaVk ugh tkrk cfYd iqu% fu;kstu ds mn~ns'; ls j[k fy;k tkrk gS mls izfr/kfjr vk; dgrs gS bls LofofÙk; Hkh dgrs gSA

ykHk

1- dksbZ ykxr ugh %& dEiuh dks bls izkIr djus ds fy, C;kt] ykHkka'k] foKkiu] izfooj.k O;;

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65 Business Studies &XI

ugh djuk iM+rkA

2- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj ugha %& dEiuh dks dksbZ lEifÙk fxjoh ugha j[kuh iM+rhA

3- fodkl ,oa foLrkj %& izfr/kfjr vk; dks iqu% fofu;ksx djds dEiuh dk fodkl o foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4- [;kfr %& dEiuh ds 'ks;jksa dk cktkj ewY; c< tkrk gSA

nks"k %&

1- vfu'fpr L=kksr %& ;g fofÙk; dks"kksa dk vfuf'pr L=kksr gS D;ksafd ;g vk; rHkh izkIr gksrh gSA tc ykHk gksA

2- 'ks;j gksYMj esa vlarks"k %& izfr/kfjr vk; 'ks;j gksYMj esa vlUrks"k dk dkj.k curk gS D;ksafd mUgsa de ykHkka'k izkIr gksrk gSA

lkoZtfud tek %& ,d dEiuh ds }kjk tc turk ls lh/s tek Lohdkj fd;s tkrs gS rks mls lkoZtfud tek dgk tkrk gSA bu tekvksa ij C;kt dh nj cSad dh C;kt njksa ls T;knk gksrh gS ;s fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;fU=kr gksrh gS rFkk viuh va'k iwath o fjtoZ ds 25 izfr'kr ls T;knk Lohdkj ugha dh tk ldrhA

ykHk

1- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj ugha %& bUgsa izkIr djus ds fy, dEiuh dks dksbZ lEifÙk fxjoh ugha j[kuh iM+rhA

2- dj dh cpr %& C;kt ds Hkqxrku dks ykHkksa esa ls ?kVk;k tkrk gSA blls dj dh cpr gksrh gSA

3- ljy izfØ;k %& foÙk izkIr djus dh izfØ;k 'ks;j ;k fMcsUpj ls izkIr gksus okys foÙk izfØ;k ls T;knk ljy gksrh gSA

4- fu;U=k.k %& lkoZtfud tek dÙkkZvksa dks oksV nsus dk vf/dkj ugha gksrk blfy, os dEiuh ds fu;U=k.k dks izHkkfor ugh dj ikrsA

lhek,a

1- vYidkyhu foÙk %& budh ifjiDork vof/ de gksrh gS blfy, dEiuh nh?kZdkyhu foÙk ugha izkIr dj ldrhA

2- lhfer dks"k %& lkoZtfud tek dh jkf'k va'k iwath o lap; dk 25 izfr'kr ls T;knk izkIr ugh dh tk ldrhA

3- u;s O;olk;ksa ds fy, vuqi;qDr %& ubZ dEifu;ka bu dks"kksa dks izkIr djus esa dfBukbZ vuqHko djrh gSA

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66 Business Studies &XI

okf.kfT;d cSad %& okf.kfT;d cSad udn lk[k vf/fod"kZ] lkof/ ½.k] fcyksa ds dVkSrh ds :i esa ½.k o vxzhe iznku djrs gS ½.k ij fuf'pr nj ls C;kt fy;k tkrk gSA

ykHk %&

1- le; ij lgk;rk %& okf.kfT;d cSad mfpr le; ij O;olk; dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrs gSA

2- xksiuh;rk %& okf.kfT;d cSadks ls fy, x;s ½.k ds lEcU/ esa xksiuh;rk dks cuk;s j[kk tkrk gSA

3- vklkuh ls miyC/ %&okf.kfT;d cSad ls dks"kks dh izkfIr vklkuh ls miyC/ gksrh gSA blds fy, izfooj.k dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

lhek,@nks"k

1- dsoy vYidkyhu ,oa eè;dkyhu foÙk %& nh?kZ vof/ ds fy, foÙk ugh izkIr fd;s tk ldrsA

2- lEifÙk;ksa ij Hkkj %& ½.k o vfxze izkIr djus ds fy, O;olk; dh lEifÙk dks fxjoh j[kuk iM+rk gSA

foÙkh; laLFkk,a %& jkT; ,oa dsUæ ljdkj us dEifu;ksa dks foÙk iznku djus ds fy, cgqr lh fofÙk; laLFkk, LFkkfir dh gSA ftUgsa fodkl cSad dgk tkrk gSA muesa dqN gS & vkbZ- ,iQ- lh- vkbZ-] vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- lh- vkbZ] vkbZMhchvkbZ vkSj ,y- vkbZ- lh rFkk ;wVhvkbZ vkfnA

ykHk

1- nh?kZdkyhu foÙk %& fofÙk; laLFkk, nh?kZdkyhu foÙk iznku djrh gS tks fd okf.kfT;d cSadks }kjk ugh fn;s tkrsA

2- izcU/dh; lykg %& ;s laLFkk,a fofÙk;] izcU/dh; rFkk rduhdh lykg Hkh O;olk;ksa dks iznku djrh gSA

3- ljy iqu% Hkqxrku %& ½.k dk Hkqxrku vklku fd'rksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS tks O;olk; ij Hkkj ugha gksrkA

lhek,a@nks"k %&

1- vf/d le; yxuk %& ½.k nsus dh izfØ;k esa vf/d le; yxrk gS D;ksafd ;s dBksj ekinaM viukrs gSA

2- izfrcU/ %& fofÙk; laLFkk, dEiuh ds lapkyd eaMy ij dqN izfrcU/ Hkh yxkrh gSA

O;olkf;d foÙk ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; L=kksr %&

1- okf.kfT;d cSad %& iwjs fo'o esa fons'kh eqæk ds :i esa okf.kfT;d cSad foÙk iznku djus

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67 Business Studies &XI

dk dk;Z djrs gSA Hkkjr esa LVSUMZ pkVZj cSad fons'kh foÙk iznku djus dh egRoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA

2- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ,atsfUl;ka ,oa fodkl cSad %& vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij cgqr lh ,tsfUl;k¡ o fodkl cSad tSls vkbZ,iQlh,Mhch nh?kZdkyhu ½.k iznku djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA

3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; iwath cktkj %& tc ,d dEiuh LFkkuh; eqæk okys 'ks;j vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSad dks nsrh gS tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSd }kjk tkjh jlhn thMhvkj ;k Xykscy fMikftVjh jlhn dgykrh gSA ;s jlhn ;w- ,l- MkWyj esa vafdr gksrh gSA

fo'ks"krk,a %& 1- ;s jlhn vesfjdk ds vykok fdlh Hkh fons'kh cktkj esa lwphc¼ gks ldrh gSA

2- ;s fofue; lkè; foys[k gSA

3- bldk /kjd bls fdlh Hkh 'ks;jksa esa cnyok ldrk gSA

4- bl dk /kjd ykHkka'k izkIr dj ldrk gSA

5- /kjd dks oksV nsus dk vf/dkj ugh gksrkA

6- Hkkjrh; dEiuh fjykbUl] foizks] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ us thMhvkj tkjh fd;s gSA

vesfjdk tek jlhn (,Mhvkj)

;fn dksbZ dEiuh vesfjdk esa tek jlhn tkjh djrh gS rks mls vesfjdu tek jlhn (,Mhvkj) dgrs gSA

fo'ks"krk,a

1- ;g dsoy vesfjdu ukxfjdksa dks tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA

2- ;g dsoy vesfjdu 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc¼ gks ldrh gSA

3- Hkkjrh; dEiuh bUiQksfll rFkk fjykbUl us ,Mhvkj tkjh fd;s gSA

,Mhvkj vkSj thMhvkj esa vUrj %&

Øe vk/kj ,Mhvkj thMhvkj la[;k

1- lwphc¼ dsoy vesfjdu 'ks;j fo'o ds fdlh Hkh 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc¼ gSA cktkj esa lwphc¼ djkbZ tk

ldrh gSA

2- rjyrk vf/d rjy gksrh gSA de rjy gksrh gSA

3- va'k/kjd dsoy vesfjdu ukxfjd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk ukxfjd gks ldrs gSA gks ldrk gSA

fons'kh eqæk ckW.M %& ;s ckW.M fons'kh eqæk esa tkjh fd;s tkrs gSA bl ij fu/kZfjr nj ls C;kt fn;k tkrk gSA ;s fons'kh cktkjksa esa lwphc¼ gksrs gSA ;s ½.k i=kksa ls feyrs tqyrs gksrs gSA

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68 Business Studies &XI

foÙkh; fMikSftVjh fjflIV (Indian Depository Receipts­IDR) %& IDRs, GDRs, vkSj ADRs ds leku gh gS dsoy bl ckr dks NksM+dj fd bUgsa tkjh djus okyh dEiuh fons'kh gksrh gSA tks Hkkjrh; cktkj ls /u ,df=kr djrh gSA DRs dks :i;s esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij List djk;k tk ldrk gSA IDRs tkjh djus dh izfØ;k

1- IDR tkjh djus okyh dEiuh loZizFke vius va'kks dks OCB dks lqiqnZ djrh gSA blds fy, Custodian Bank dks Finance Ministry ls vuqefr ysuh gksrh gSA 2- OCB va'kks dks IDRs ds :i esa tkjh djus ds fy, fdlh ID ls izkFkZuk djrk gSA 3- ID }kjk fons'kh eqæk esa iznZf'kr va'kks dks IDR esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS tks fd Hkkjrh; :i;s esa gksrs gSA 4- var esa] ID bUgsa bPNqd fuos'kdksa dks tkjh djrk gSA IDRs dh fo'ks"krk,a 1- IDR fdlh fons'kh dEiuh }kjk tkjh fd;s tkrs gSA 2- IDRs dks fdlh Hkkjrh; LVkd ,Dlpsat ij lwphc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3- ,d IDR ,d ls vf/d va'kks dk izfrfuf/Ro dj ldrk gS] tSls ,d IDR % 10 va'k 4- IDRs ds /kjd dks daiuh esa oksV Mkyus dk vf/dkj ugha gksrk gSA 5- IDRs dks Hkkjrh; :i;s esa iznZf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA IDRs ds ykHk 1- ;g Hkkjrh; fuos'kdksa dks fons'kh dEifu;ksa esa fofu;ksx djus dk volj miyC/ djkrk gSA 2- ;g fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh iwath vko';drk dks larq"V djrk gSA 3- ;g fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa lwphc¼ gksus dh lqfo/k iznku djrk gSA 4- ;g mu Hkkjrh; fuos'kdksa ds tksf[ke dks de djrk gS tks viuk /u fons'kksa esa fofu;ksx djuk pkgrs gSaA vr% dEiuh tek,a (Inter­Corporate Deposits ­ ICD) & ICDs dk vfHkizk; ,d daiuh }kjk nwljh dEiuh dks fn, tkus okys vlqjf{kr vYidkyhu foÙk ls gSA ;s O;ogkj nykyksa ds ekè;e ls gksrs gSA bu tekvksa ij C;kt dh nj cSad rFkk vU; cktkjkssa ls vf/d gksrh gSA ;g dkuwuh >a>Vks ls nwj gSA ICD ds izdkj 1- rhu eghus okyh tek,a & ;g ICD dk lokZf/d izpfyr izdkj gSA ;s tek,a dEifu;ksa dh vYidkyhu iwath deh dh leL;kA bu ij C;kt dh okf"kZd nj 12 izfr'kr ds vkl&ikl jgrh

Issuing Co. (Foreign)

Overseas Custodian Bank OCB

Indian Depostory (ID)

Indian Investors

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69 Business Studies &XI

gSA 2- N% eghus okyh tek,a & ;s tek,a eq[;r% izFke Js.kh ds dtZnkjksa dsk miyC/ gksrh gSA bu ij C;kt dh okf"kZd nj 15 izfr'kr ds vkl&ikl jgrh gSA 3- ekax tek, & blds varxZr ½.knkrk ,d fnu dk uksfVl nsdj dHkh Hkh viuk /u okfil ys ldrk gSA bu ij C;kt dh nj 10 izfr'kr ds vkl&ikl gksrh gSA ICD dh fo'ks"krk,a 1) ;s O;ogkj nks daifu;ksa ds eè; gksrk gSA 2) ;s tek,a vYidky ds fy, gksrh gSA 3) ;s tek,a vlqjf{kr gksrh gSA 4) ;s O;ogkj izk;% nykyksa ds ekè;e ls gksrs gSA 5) bu tekvksa dk dksbZ laxfBr cktkj ugh gSA 6) bu O;ogkjksa ds fy, dksbZ dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk,a ugha gksrhA 7) ;s tek,a ½.knkrkvksa ds fy, vf/d tksf[ke okyh gksrh gSA iz'u %& 1- O;olkf;d foÙk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2- va'k ;k 'ks;j dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ 3- lerk va'k iwath dks tksf[ke iwath D;ks dgk tkrk gS\ 4- iwokZf/dkj va'k fdl izdkj ds fuos'kdksa ds fy, mi;qDr ugh gS\ 5- thMhvkj dks tkjh djus okyh nks Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ds uke fyf[k,\ 6- izfr/kfjr ykHkksa dks LofofÙk; D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ 7- ,ñMhñvkj dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\ 8- 'ks;j o fMcsUpj esa D;k vUrj gS\ 9- thñ Mhñ vkj ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ o.kZu dhft,\ 10- lerk va'k /kjdks ds D;k vf/dkj gS o.kZu dhft,\ 11- thñ Mhñ vkj vkSj ,ñ Mhñ vkjñ esa D;k varj gS\ 12- ½.ki=kks ds izeq[k ykHkksa ,oa gkfu;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ 13- ^foÙk ds :i esa lkoZtfud fu{ksi ½.k ysus ls csgrj gS le>kb,\ 14- lerk 'ks;j dh D;k fo'ks"krk, gS\ yEcs le; ds fy, foÙk izkIr djus ds fy, lerk 'ks;j ds D;k ykHk gS\ 15- fVIi.kh dhft, %& (1) vkbZñ Mhñ vkjñ (2) vkbZñ lhñ Mhñ

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70 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 8

y?kq O;olk;

,d O;olk; ftl dk lapkyu NksVs iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa de iwath] de Je vkSj de e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls NksVk ;k y?kq O;olk; dgk tkrk gSA oLrqvksa dk mRiknu NksVs iSekus ij gksrk gS bldk izcU/ ,oa lapkyu O;olk; ds Lokeh }kjk gksrk gS Hkkjr esa y?kqO;olk; esa xzkeh.k vkSj y?kq m|e esa ijEijkxr &gSMywe] gLrf'kYi] [kknh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx rFkk vk/qfud y?kq m|ksx esa y?kq iSekus ds m|ksx o ikoj ywe vkfn 'kkfey gSA

MSMED Act 2006 ds vuqlkj] y?kqLrjh; miØe dk vfHkizk; ml miØe ls gSa tgka IYkkaV o e'khujh esa fofu;ksx :-25 yk[k ls vf/d gks ysfdu :-5 djksM+ ls vf/d u gksA

O;olk; ds vkdkj dk ekiu djus ds fy, dbZ eki n.Mksaa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls O;olk; esa yxs yksxksa dh la[;k mlesa iwath fuos'k mRiknu dh ek=kk ,oa ewY;] fctyh dk miHkksxA Hkkjr ljdkj us y?kq O;kolk; dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, la;a=k ,oa e'khujh esa fuos'k dks vk/kj cukrs gq, bls fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gS %&

Øe m|ksxks ds iwath lhek fo'ks"krk,a la[;k izdkj

1- y?kq iSekus ds ,d djksM+ fof'k"V mRiknksa ds fy, m|ksx 5 djksM+ rd (7 mRiknks

ij)

2- lgk;d y?kq ,d djksM+ viuh ewy bdkbZ dks 50 m|ksx bdkbZ izfr'kr mRiknu nsrh gSA

3- fu;kZr iz/ku bdkbZ ,d djksM+ vius mRiknu dk 50 izfr'kr fu;kZr djrh gS vkSj 25 izfr'kr eky ?kjsyw cktkj esa csprh gSA

4- vfry?kq vkS|ksfxd 25 yk[k IykaV ,oa e'khujh esa 25 bdkbZ yk[k :i;s ls T;knk fuos'k

u gksA

5- efgyk m|e Åij es ls dksbZ Hkh LokfeRo ,oa izcU/ efgykvksa }kjk ,oa 51 izfr'kr ls T;knk

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71 Business Studies &XI

iwath Hkh efgyk dh gksA

6- lw{e O;olkf;d ,d yk[k IykaV ,oa e'khujh esa 1 yk[k m|e :i;s ls T;knk fuos'k u gksA

7- xzkeh.k m|ksx fuos'k 50000@& izfr ;s m|e xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa

Jfed ls T;knk u gksA LFkkfir gksrs gSA fcuk ikoj ds mRiknu

8- dqVhj m|ksx iwath fuos'k dk ekin.M T;knkrj Jfed ifjokj ds ugha lnL; gksrs gS] de iwath ,oa

de e'khuksa dk iz;ksx

Hkkjr ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa y?kq m|ksxks dh Hkwfedk %&

1- jkstxkj %& Ñf"k ds ckn y?kq m|ksx lcls T;knk jkstxkj miyC/ djkrk gSA Hkkjr esa 95 izfr'kr ;wfuV y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh gSA ;s miØe Je iz/ku gksrs gS vkSj Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k {ks=k es Jfed izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/ gSA

2- mRiknuksa dh fofo/rk %& y?kqLrjh; m|ksxks }kjk jsMhesUV xkjesUV] LVs'kujh] lkcqu] peM+s dh oLrq,] jcj o IykfLVd dk lkeku vkfn cgqr lh oLrq,a cukbZ tkrh gSA

3- fu;kZr %& Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZr dk 45 izfr'kr Hkkx y?kq m|ksxksa dk gS ftl ls gesa fons'kh eqæk izkIr gksrh gSA blls Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dks gy djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

4- larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl %& y?kqLrjh; m|ksx dgh Hkh LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gS D;ksfd buesa LFkkuh; lalk/uksa] de iwath ,oa lk/kj.k VsdsuksykWth dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

5- cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd %& y?kqLrjh; m|ksx cM+s m|ksxks dks fofHkUu izdkj ds midj.k] VwYl vkfn dh iwfrZ djrs gSA

6- mRiknu dh de ykxr %& y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx esa cus gq, eky dh ykxr de vkrh gS D;ksafd ;s LFkkuh; lalk/uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

7- 'kh?kz fu.kZ; %& laxBu dk vkdkj NksVk gksus ds dkj.k ;s 'kh?kz ,oa le; ij fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSA bUgsa vU; yksxksa ls ijke'kZ djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

8- m|e'khyrk dk fodkl %& ukStoku ;qod o efgykvksa dks vius O;olk; 'kq: djus ds volj y?kq m|ksxks }kjk iznku fd;s tkrs gSA

xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk

1- xzkeh.k {ks=k eas jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djuk %& y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jkstxkj ds volj miyC/ djkrk gSA

2- vkfFkZd n'kk esa lq/kj %& y?kq iSekus ds m|ksxksa }kjk vk; ds fofHkUu L=kksr xzkeh.kksa dks izkIr

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72 Business Studies &XI

gksrs gSA bl ls vkfFkZd n'kk esa lq/kj gksrk gS ,oa xzkeh.kksa ds thou Lrj esa Hkh of¼ gksrh gSA

3- izokl dks jksduk %& xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k tula[;k dk 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa izokl jksdrk gS D;ksafd mUgs xkao esa gh jkstxkj izkIr gks tkrk gSA

4- LFkkuh; lalk/uks dk iz;ksx %& y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx vius mRiknu esa LFkkuh; lalk/uksa tSls dkW;j] ydM+h o vU; dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

5- vk; dk leku forj.k %& y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx ,oa dqVhj m|ksx jk"Vªh; vk; ds leku forj.k eas Hkh ;ksxnku djrs gSA

6- larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl %& ;s miØe izk; mRiknu ds LFkkuh; lzksrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSA bl izdkj buls m|ksx ,d gh LFkku ij dsfUær u gksdj fc[kj tkrs gSA blls larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl alaHko gksrk gSA

y?kq iSekus ds m|ksxks dh leL;k,a

1- foÙk %& y?kq iSekus ds m|ksxksa dks dk;Z'khy iwath dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS bUgsa cSadks ls mfpr nj ij ½.k ysus esa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

2- dPpk eky %& cf<+;k fdLe dk dPpk eky [kjhnus es bUgs dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd ;s de ek=kk eas dPpk eky [kjhnrs gSA

3- foi.ku esa dfBukbZ %& y?kq iSekus ds m|ksx foKkiu vkSj forj.k ij T;knk jde [kpZ ugha dj ikrsA ;s eè;LFkksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gS tks bu dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSA

4- rduhdh leL;k %& iwath dh deh ds dkj.k ;s ubZ e'khu vkSj rduhdh dk iz;ksx ugh dj ikrs gSA iqjkuh e'khuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA blfy, bu dh mRiknu dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA

5- izfr;ksfxrk %& ;s m|ksx u dsoy cM+s m|ksxksa ls izfr;ksfxrk djrs gS cfYd cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls Hkh izfr;ksfxrk djrs gSA phu Hkkjr ds y?kq O;olk;ksa dks ekj jgk gSA

6- vU; leL;k,a %&

v) izcU/dh; dq'kyrk dh deh

c) mRikfnr eky dh eakx dh deh

l) LFkkuh; djksa dk Hkkj

n) Je lEcU/h leL;k,a

y?kq iSekus ds m|ksxksa rFkk y?kq O;olkf;d bdkb;ksa dks izkIr ljdkjh lgk;rk

ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s dne

laLFkkxr lgkrk,a %&

1- jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe %& bldh LFkkiuk 1955 esa y?kq m|ksxks dh lgk;rk o rsth ls fodkl

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73 Business Studies &XI

ds fy, Hkkjr esa dh xbZA

& m|fe;ksa ds lkeus eq[; ck/k e'khujh o ;a=k [kjhnus ds fy, i;kZIr iwath dk vHkko FkkA iwath dh deh ds dkj.k gh vusd u, m|eh m|eh; voljks dk ykHk mBkus ls oafpr jg tkrs FksA m|fe;ksa dh bl vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, gh NSIC dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

blds eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %&

(1) ;g fdjk;k Øe i¼fr ds vk/kj ij y?kq m|ksxksa dks dPpk eky o e'khusa miyC/ djkrk gSA

(2) ;g y?kq m|ksxksa ds eky dks fu;kZr djrk gSA

(3) ;g y?kq m|ksxksa dks rduhdh Kku iznku djrk gSA

(4) uohure rduhdh izkIr djus esa enn djukA

(5) lykgdkj lsok,a iznku djukA

(6) iV~Vs ij fofHkUu ;a=k miyC/ djkukA

(7) vkS|ksfxd cfLr;ksa dh LFkkiuk djukA

2- ftyk vkS|ksfxd dsUæ (DIC) DIC dh vo/kj.kk 1977 ds nkSjku vkbZ] tc Hkkjrh; ljdkj us 23 fnlEcj 1977 dks ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA DIC dk eq[; mn~ns'; lHkh vko';d lsok,a ,d gh LFkku ij miyC/ djkuk gSA DIC dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vko';d foÙk] lacaf/r jkT; rFkk dsUæh; ljdkj }kjk cjkcj&cjkcj miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gSA

ftyk vkS|ksfxd dsUæ ds dk;Z %&

(1) ftys esa vkS|ksfxdj.k ds dsUæ fcUnq ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

(2) y?kq Lrjh; vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, izkstsDV o m|fe;ksa dh igpku djukA

(3) y?kq Lrjh; vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks LFkk;h iathdj.k izek.k&i=k tkjh djukA

(4) y?kq Lrjh; vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks foi.ku lgk;rk miyC/ djkukA

(5) m|eh rFkk ftys ds vxz.kh cSad ds chp laca/ LFkkfir djukA

(6)fctyh cksMZ] ty vkiwfrZ cksMZ] vkfn ls ykblsal ysus esa m|fe;ksa dh enn djukA

igkM+h] fiNM+s rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ljdkjh lgk;rk

(1) fo|qr vkiwfrZ %& dqN jkT; bu {ks=kksa dks vk/h njks ij fo|qr vkiwfrZ djrs gSA

(2) VsDl NwV %& bu {ks=kksa esa m|ksx LFkkfir djus ls ikap o"kZ rd VsDl NwV fey tkrh gSA

(3) Hkwfe rFkk ty %& fj;k;rh njksa ij Hkwfe dh miyC/rk o ty dh vkiwfrZ u ykHk u gkfu ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA

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74 Business Studies &XI

(4) lqj{kkRed mik; %& ljdkj us y?kqLrjh; m|ksxksa ds fy, 800 izdkj ds mRikn lqjf{kr j[ks gS rFkk dPps eky o e'khuksa dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;rk nh tk,xhA

(5) foÙkh; lgk;rk %& iwathxr lEifÙk ds fuekZ.k esa 10&15 izfr'kr dh vkfFkZd lgk;rkA fj;k;rh njksa ij yksu miyC/ djkukA

(6) fcØh dj %& lHkh la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks fcØh dj ls eqDr j[kk x;k gS tcfd dqN jkT;ksa esa 5 o"kZ ds fy, fj;k;r nh xbZ gSA

iz'u %&

1- y?kq O;olk; ls vki D;k le>rs gks\

2- NSIC dk iwjk uke fyf[k,\

3- efgyk m|e D;k gS\

4- Hkkjr ds fu;kZr O;kikj esa y?kq m|ksxks dk fdrus izfr'kr ;ksxnku gS\

5- dqVhj m|ksxksa dh fo'ks"krk fyf[k,\

6- Hkkjr esa y?kq iSekus ds rhu izdkj ds O;olk;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

7- Hkkjr esa y?kq O;olk; dh pkj egRoiw.kZ leL;k,a le>kb;sa\

8- igkM+h] fiNM+s vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ljdkj }kjk nh tkus okyh lgk;rkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

9- xzkeh.k fodkl esa y?kq iSekus ds m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,\

10- ljdkj us y?kq m|ksxksa dh foÙk ,oa foi.ku dh leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy, D;k mik; fd;s gS\

11- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,\

(d) NSIC ([k) Mh- vkbZ- lh-

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75 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 9

vkarfjd O;kikj

ykHk izkfIr ds mn~ns'; ls oLrqvksa ds Ø;&foØ; dh izfØ;k dks O;kikj dgk tkrk gSA tc ,d gh ns'k ds yksxks ds chp O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls vkarfjd O;kikj dgrs gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa tc ,d ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa esa oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gS rks og vkarfjd O;kikj dgykrk gSA vkarfjd O;kikj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

(v) Fkksd O;kikj ([k) iQqVdj O;kikj

Fkksd O;kikj %& iqu% foØ; vFkok eè;orhZ iz;ksx ds fy, cM+h ek=kk esa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds Ø;&foØ; dks Fkksd O;kikj dgk tkrk gSA Fkksd O;kikjh fuekZrkvksa ,oa IkQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa ds chp ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA og fuekZrkvksa ls cM+h ek=kk esa oLrqvksa dk Ø; djrs gS rFkk NksVh&NksVh ek=kkvksa esa iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks csprs gSA

Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa dh fuekZrkvksa dks lsok,a%&

(1) Fkksd O;kikjh] fuekZrkvksa ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa oLrq,a [kjhnrs gS ftlds dkj.k fuekZrk cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu djrs gS ftlls mUgsa cM+s iSekus ds ykHk izkIr gksrs gSA

(2) Fkksd O;kikjh oLrqvksa dk Ø; foØ; vius uke ls djrs gS rFkk fofHkUu tksf[ke tSls dherksa esa deh] pksjh] [kjkc gksus dh lEHkkouk vkfn ogu djrk gSA

(3) Fkksd O;kikjh fuekZrkvksa ls udn Ø; djrs gS vr% og mUgsa foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA

(4) Fkksd O;kikjh fuekZrkvksa dks xzkgdksa dh :fp] cktkj dh fLFkfr vkfn ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh nsrs gSA

(5) Fkksd O;kikjh] iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks oLrq,a csprs gS tks mUgsa miHkksDrkvksa dks csprs gSa vr% os fuekZrkvvksa dks foi.ku fØ;kvksa ds Hkkj ls eqDr dj nsrs gSA

(6) Fkksd O;kikjh eky dks cM+h ek=kk esa [kjhndj vius xksnkeksa esa j[k ysrs gS vr% fuekZrkvksa dks laxzg.k dh vko';drk ugh iM+rhA

Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa dh iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks lsok,a

(1) Fkksd O;kikjh] iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks fofHkUu mRikndksa dh oLrqvksa dks miyC/ djkrs gS tks mUgsa miHkksDrkvksa dks csprs gSA

(2) Fkksd O;kikjh foKkiu rFkk vU; foØ; lao/Zu fØ;kvksa ds ekè;e ls miHkksDrkvksa dks oLrq Ø; djus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gS vr% os iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks foi.ku esa lgk;rk djrs gSA

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76 Business Studies &XI

(3) Fkksd O;kikjh }kjk iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks m/kj dh lqfo/k,a nh tkrh gSA

(4) Fkksd O;kikjh iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh ek=kkvksa esa oLrq,a csprs gS vr% iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks ewY; esa fxjkoV] laxzg] Nhtu vkfn ls gksus okyk uqdlku dk tksf[ke ugha mBkuk iM+rkA

(5) Fkksd O;kikjh vius fof'k"V Kku ds }kjk iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks u, mRiknksa] mudh mi;ksfxrk] xq.koÙkk ewY; vkfn lEcU/h lwpuk,a iznku djrs gSA

iQqVdj O;kikj

Fkksd foØsrkvksa ls cM+h ek=kk esa eky dk Ø; dj ds mUgsa vafre miHkksDrkvksa dks FkksM+h&FkksM+h ek=kk esa cspus dks iQqVdj O;kikj dgk tkrk gSA ;g O;olk; dh og dM+h gS tks vafre miHkksDrkvksa dks muds O;fDrxr mi;ksx ,oa xSj O;kolkf;d mi;ksxksa ;k foØ; dk dk;Z djrh gSA

iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dh mRikndksa ,oa Fkksd foØsrkvksa dks lsok,a

(1) iQqVdj O;kikjh] mRikndksa ,oa Fkksd foØsrkvksa ds mRiknksa dks vafre miHkksDrkvksa dks miyC/ djkrs gSA

(2) iQqVdj O;kikjh] mRikndksa ,oa Fkksd foØsrkvksa dks xzkgdksa dh :fp] ialn ,oa :>kuksa ls voxr djkrs gSA

(3) iQqVdj O;kikjh miHkksDrkvksa dks NksVh&NksVh ek=kkvksa esa eky csprs gS ftlls fuekZrk ,oa Fkksd foØsrk O;fDrxr foØ; ds Hkkj ls eqDr gks tkrs gS rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ fØ;kvksa ij è;ku dsfUær dj ldrs gSA

(4) iQqVdj O;kikjh fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx djds oLrqvksa ds lao/Zu esa lgk;rk djrs gSA

(5) iQqVdj O;kikjh] mRikndksa dks cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu djus esa lgk;rk djrs gS ftlls mUgs cM+s iSekus dh cprs izkIr gks ldsA

iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dh miHkksDrkvksa dks lsok,a

(1) iQqVdj O;kikjh] miHkksDrkvksa dks fofHkUu oLrq,sa fu;fer :i ls miyC/ djkrs gSA

(2) muds }kjk miHkksDrkvksa dks u;s mRikndks dh lwpuk nh tkrh gSA

(3) muds }kjk fofHkUu fdLe dh oLrq,a miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS ftlls xzkgdks dks p;u ds vf/d volj feyrs gSA

(4) buds }kjk xzkgdks dks fcØh ds ckn dh fofHkUu lsok,a miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS tSls ?kj ij lqiqnZxh] xzkgdksa dh vkSj è;ku nsuk vkfnA

(5) bu ds }kjk xzkgdks dks m/kj dh lqfo/k Hkh nh tkrh gS ftlls miHkksDrk vf/d [kjhnkjh djds vius thou Lrj dks Åapk mBk ldsA

iQqVdj O;kikj ds izdkj

O;kikj ds fuf'pr LFkku ds vk/kj ij iQqVdj O;kikfj;ksa dks fuEu nks izdkjksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA

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77 Business Studies &XI

(d) Hkze.k'khy iQqVdj foØsrk

([k) LFkk;h nqdkunkj

Hkze.k'khy iQqVdj foØsrk

;s os iQqVdj O;kikjh gksrs gS tks fdlh LFkk;h LFkku ls O;kikj ugh djrs gSA ;g vius lkeku ds lkFk xzkgdksa dh rkyk'k esa xyh&2 ,oa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ?kwers jgrs gSA budh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,as gksrh gS %&

(1) ;s NksVs O;kikjh gksrs gS ftuds ikl lhfer lk/u gksrs gSA

(2) buds }kjk izfrfnu mi;ksx esa vkus okyh miHkksDrk oLrqvksa tSls iQy] lfCt;ka vkfn dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gSA

(3) buds }kjk xzkgdks dks muds ?kj ij oLrq,a miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gSA

(4) budk dksbZ O;kikfjd fu;r LFkku ugh gksrk gS blfy, ;g eky dk LVkWd eq[;r% ?kj esa j[krs gSA

Hkkjr esa fuEufyf[kr Hkze.k'khy iQqVdj O;kikjh gksrs gSA

(d) iQsjh okys %& ;s NksVs O;kikjh gksrs gS tks oLrqvksa dks lkbZfdy] gkFk&Bsyh] lkbZfdy fjD'kk ;k vius flj ij j[kdj rFkk txg&txg ?wke dj] xzkgdksa ds ?kj ij tkdj eky dk foØ; djrsgSA buds }kjk de ewY; okyh oLrq,a tSls f[kykSus] iQy&lfCt;ka vkfn csph tkrh gSA

([k) lkof/d cktkj O;kikjh %& ;s NksVs iQqVdj O;kikjh gksrs gS tks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij fuf'pr fnu dks nqdku yxkrs gS tSls izfr eaxyokj ;k 'kfuokj vkfnA buds }kjk ,d gh izdkj dk lkeku cspk tkrk gS tSls f[kykSus] ØkWdjh dk lkeku vkfnA

(x) iVjh foØsrk %& ;s NksVs foØsrk gksrs gS tks ,sls LFkkuksa ij ik, tkrs gS tgka yksxks dk Hkkjh vkokxeu jgrk gS tSls cl LVSaM] jsyos LVs'ku vkfnA buds }kjk lk/kj.k :i esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa dks cspk tkrk gS tSls LVs'kujh dk lkeku] lekpkj i=k vkfnA

(?k) lLrs nj dh nqdku%& ;s NksVs iQqVdj foØsrk gksrs gS ftudh Lora=k vLFkk;h nqdku gksrh gS buds }kjk miHkksDrk oLrqvksa esa O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g O;kikj laHkkoukvksa ds vk/kj ij viuk {ks=k cnyrs gSA

LFkk;h iQqVdj nqdkunkj %&

;s og iQqVdj foØsrk gksrs gSa ftuds foØ; ds fy, LFkk;h :i ls laLFkku gksrs gSA vkdkj ds vk/kj ij LFkk;h nqdkunkjksa dks nks izdkj esa ckaVk tkrk gSA

(d) NksVs iQqVdj foØsrk %&

buds varxZr fuEufyf[kr iQqVdj O;kikjh vkrs gSA

(1) tujy LVksj %& ;s LFkkuh; cktkj ,oa vkoklh; {ks=kksa esa fLFkr gksrs gS tks miHkksDrkvksa dks

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78 Business Studies &XI

izfrfnu vko';drk okyh oLrqvksa dh fcØh djrs gSA tSls dh LVs'kujh] ijpwu dh nqdku vkfnA

(2) fof'k"VÑr HkaMkj %& buds }kjk ,d gh izdkj dh oLrqvksa dh fcØh esa fo'ks"krk izkIr dh tkrh gS tSls dsoy iq:"kksa ds oL=kksa dh nqdku] efgykvksa ds ilZ dh nqdku vkfnA

(3) xyh esa LVky %& ;s foØsrk xyh ds ,d dksus eq[;r% eqgkus ij ;k HkhM+&HkkM+ okys {ks=kksa esa gksrs gS rFkk lLrh miHkksDrk oLrq tSls flxjsV] iku] is; inkFkZ vkfn csprs gSA

(4) iqjkuh oLrqvksa dh nqdku %& bu foØsrkvksa }kjk iqjkuh oLrqvksa ftudk igys gh mi;ksx fd;k tk pqdk gksrk gS mudh fcØh dh tkrh gS tSls iqLrds] diM+s vkfnA

([k) cM+s LFkk;h iQqVdj nqdkunkj

blds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr O;kikfj;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(1) foHkkxh; HkaMkj %& ,d foHkkxh; HkaMkj ,d cM+h bdkbZ gksrh gS tks fofHkUu izdkj ds mRiknksa dks ,d gh Nr ds uhps fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa ckaV dj fcØh djrh gSA buds }kjk xzkgdks dh yxHkx lHkh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA budh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gS&

(v) ;s 'kgj ds dsUæ esa fLFkr gksrs gS rkfd vf/d xzkgdks dh ekax dh lUrqf"V dj ldsA

(c) buds }kjk xzkgdks dks fofHkUu lqfo/k,a tSls tyiku x`g] foJke x`g] VsyhiQksu cwFk vkfn lqfo/k,a iznku dh tkrh gSA

(l)bUgsa la;qDr iwath dEiuh ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS rFkk budk izca/ funsZ'kd eaMy }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

(n) buds }kjk eky dks lh/s mRiknd ls Ø; fd;k tkrk gS rFkk xzkgdks dks cspk tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k muds chp vuko';d eè;LFk mRiUu ugh gksrsA

(;) buesa eky dk Ø; dsUæh; O;oLFkk ls gksrk gS tcfd foØ; fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA

foHkkxh; HkaMkj ds ykHk

(1) ;s dsUæh; LFkyksa ij fLFkr gksrs gS ftlds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa xzkgd vkdf"kZr gksrs gSA

(2) buds }kjk ,d gh Nr ds uhps fofHkUu oLrq,sa miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS ftlls xzkgdks dh vf/dre ekaxks dks lUrq"V fd;k tk ldsA

(3) buds }kjk xzkgdks dks fofHkUu vkdZ"kd lsok,a miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS tSls tyiku x`g] foJkex`g] VsyhiQksu vkfnA

(4) buds }kjk foKkiuksa vkfn ij dkiQh [kpZ fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls budh fcØh esa of¼ gks ldrh gSA

(5) ;s cM+s iSekus ij oLrqvksa dks cspus ds fy, mRiknd ls Ø; djrs gS ftlls bUgs cM+s iSekus ij ifjpkyu ds ykHk feyrs gSA

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79 Business Studies &XI

foHkkxh; HkaMkj dh lhek,a

(1) budk vkdkj cgqr cM+k gksrk gS ifj.kke Lo:i xzkgdksa ij O;fDrxr è;ku nsuk laHko ugh gksrkA

(2) buds }kjk vusd vkd"kZd lsok,a miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k budh ifjpkyu ykxr dkiQh vf/d gksrh gSA

(3) Åaph ifjpkyu ykxr ,oa cM+s iSekus ij dk;Z djus ds dkj.k budh gkfu dh laHkkouk vf/d gksrh gSA

(4) ;s dsUæh; LFkyksa ij fLFkr gksrs gS vr% rqjUr vko';drk iM+us ij fdlh oLrq dks [kjhnuk vklku ugh gksrkA

Ja[kyk HkaMkj vFkok cgqla[;d nqdkus

bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ,d tSlh fn[kkbZ nsus okyh dbZ nqdkusa ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij [kksyh tkrh gS ftu dks ,d gh laxBu pykrk gS rFkk ftu ij ekudh; ,oa czkaM dh oLrq,a csph tkrh gSA tSls ckVk] jse.M~l vkfn ds 'kks:eA

J`a[kyk HkaMkj ds ykHk

(1) dsUæh;Ñr Ø; vFkok mRiknu ds dkj.k bUgs cM+s iSekus dh cprks ds ykHk izkIr gksrs gSA

(2) buds }kjk lh/s xzkgdksa dks oLrq,a csph tkrh gS vr% oLrqvksa dh fcØh esa eè;LFkksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

(3) buds }kjk udn foØ; fd;k tkrk gS vr% v'kksè; ½.k dh lEHkkouk ugh gksrhA

(4) ;fn oLrqvksa dh ekax ,d LFkku ij ugh gksrh rks mUgsa ml LFkku ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gS tgka mudh ekax gksrh gSA

(5) ,d nqdku dh gkfu dh iwfrZ nwljh nqdkuksa ds ykHk ls gks tkrh gS vr% laxBu dk dqy tksf[ke de gks tkrk gSA

(6) Ø; dk dsUæhdj.k eè;LFkksa dh lekfIr] cM+s iSekus ij fcØh vkfn ds dkj.k ifjpkyu ykxr de gksrh gSA

Ja[kyk Hk.Mkj dh gkfu;ka

(1) bu nqdkuksa }kjk lhfer oLrqvkas esa O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS vr% miHkksDrkvksa dks p;u ds lhfer volj gh izkIr gksrs gSA

(2) buds vUrxZr dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks iz/ku dk;kZy; ls izkIr vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gS ftlls mudh igy {kerk lekIr gks tkrh gSA

(3) izsj.kk rFkk igy {kerk ds vHkko esa deZpkfj;ksa esa mnklhurk vk tkrh gS ftllsa O;fDrxr lsok dk vHkko gks tkrk gSA

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80 Business Studies &XI

(4) bu nqdkuksa esa csph tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax esa ;fn deh vk tk,s rks laxBu dks Hkkjh gkfu gks ldrh gS D;ksafd dsUæh; HkaMkj esa cM+h ek=kk eas fcuk fcdk eky cp tkrk gSA

Mkd vkns'k O;olk;

;s ,sls iQqVdj O;olk; gksrs gS tks Mkd }kjk oLrqvksa dk foØ; djrs gSA bl izdkj ds O;kikj esa foØsrk rFkk Øsrk dk izR;{k O;fDrxr laidZ ugh gksrk gS O;kikjh v[kckjksa vFkok if=kdkvksa esa foKkiu] ifji=k vuqlwph ds ekè;e ls Øsrkvksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir djrs gSA foKkiu esa oLrqvksa ls lEcfU/r lHkh lwpuk,a nh tkrh gS tSls ewY;] lqiqnZxh dh 'krsZ] Hkqxrku dh 'krsZ vkfnA

blds vUrxZr Hkqxrku izkfIr ds fuEufyf[kr fodYi gksrs gS&

& oLrqvksa dks ewY; ns; Mkd ds ekè;e ls Hkstk tkrk gS ftles Hkqxrku izkfIr ds ckn gh eky dks xzkgdks dks fn;k tkrk gSA

& xzkgdks dks vfxze :i ls iw.kZ Hkqxrku djus dks dgk tk ldrk gSA

& eky dks cSad ds ekè;e ls Hkstk tkrk gS rFkk iw.kZ Hkqxrku ds ckn gh eky xzkgd ds lqiqnZ fd;k tkrk gSA

Mkd vkns'k O;olk; ds ykHk

(1) blds vUrxZr Hkou rFkk vU; vk/kjxr <kaps ij Hkkjh O;; dh vko';drk ugh gksrh vr% bls de iwath ls izkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(2) bl O;olk; esa foØsrk rFkk Øsrk ds chp eè;LFkks dh vko';drk ugh gksrh ftlls nksuks dks ykHk gksrk gSA

(3) Mkd }kjk dsoy udn vk/kj ij gh eky cspk tkrk gS vr% v'kksè; ½.kks dh laHkkouk ugha gksrhA

(4) bl i¼fr ls gj ml {ks=k rd eky Hkstk tk ldrk gS tgka Mkd lsok,a miyC/ gSA

(5) blds vUrxZr xzkgdksa dks muds ?kj ij eky dh lqiqnZxh dh tkrh gS tks fd muds fy, lqfo/ktud gksrk gSA

Mkd vkns'k O;olk; dh lhek,a

(1) bl O;olk; ds Øsrk rFkk foØsrk ds chp O;fDrxr lEidZ ugha gksrk ftlls muds chp Hkze rFkk vfo'okl iSnk gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

(2) bl iz.kkyh esa xzkgdks dks m/kj lqfo/k miyC/ ugh gksrhA

(3) Mkd }kjk O;olk; esa xzkgdksa dks lwfpr djus ds fy, foKkiu vkSj vU; izorZu fof/;ksa ij cgqr vf/d O;; djuk iM+rk gSA

(4) Mkd }kjk vkns'k izkIr djus rFkk muds fØ;kUo;u esa vf/d le; yxrk gSA

(5) bl iz.kkyh esa fcØh ds ckn dh lsok,a iznku ugh dh tkrh gS tks fd xzkgdksa dh lUrqf"V

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81 Business Studies &XI

ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

(6) bl izdkj ds O;kikj esa csbZeku O;kikfj;ksa }kjk /ks[kk fn, tkus dh vf/d laHkkouk jgrh gSA

(7) Mkd vkns'k O;kikj dh liQyrk Mkd lsokvksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn Mkd lsok,a izHkkoh u gks rks ;g O;olk; liQy ugh gks ldrkA

foØ; e'khusa %&

;s flDdks ls pyus okyh e'khus gksrh gS ftu ds }kjk nw/] lkWiQV fMªad] lekpkj i=k vkfn dh fcØh dh tkrh gSA bl vo/kj.kk dk uohure mnkgj.k vkVksesfVM VSyj e'khu (,Vh,e) gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fcuk cSad x, fdlh Hkh le; iSls fudkys tk ldrs gSA bu e'khuksa dh lgk;rk ls de ewY; dh ,d leku vkdkj vkSj Hkkj dh oLrqvksa dsk cspk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ,slh e'khuksa dks yxkus ij izkjafHkd O;; rFkk buds j[k&j[kko rFkk ejEer ij Hkkjh O;; djuk iM+rk gS rFkk xzkgd oLrq dks Ø; djus ls igys mldk fujh{k.k ugh dj ldrs gSA

vkUrfjd O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus okys izeq[k izi=k %&

(1) chtd %& m/kj Ø; ds fy;s foØsrk ls izkIr [kjhns x;s eky ds fooj.k dks chtd dgrs gSA chtd esa foØsrk dk uke] irk] [kjhns x;s eky dk fooj.k tSls ek=kk] DokfyVh] dqy ewY;] fcØh dj] O;kikfjd dVkSrh vkfn fy[kk gksrk gSA bls fcy ;k eheksa Hkh dgrs gSA

(2) izksiQkekZ chtd %& izs"kd }kjk izs"k.kh dks Hksts x;s eky ds fooj.k dks izksiQkekZ chtd dgrs gSaA blds vUrxZr eky dh ek=kk] ewY; o fd;s x;s [kpksZ dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gS D;ksafd izs"k.k fcØh ugha gS vkSj u gh izs"k.kh ØsrkA ;g dsoy lwpuk gSA bls varfje chtd Hkh dgrs gSaA

(3) MsfcV uksV %& bldk vfHkizk;% ,sls i=k ;k uksV ls gS tks Øsrk }kjk foØsrk dks ;g lwfpr djus ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS fd mldk [kkrk i=k esa fy[kh xbZ jkf'k ls eky okfil djus ds dkj.k MsfcV dj fn;k x;k gSA

(4) ØsfMV uksV %& bldk vfHkizk;% ,sls i=k ;k uksV ls gS tks foØsrk }kjk Øsrk dks ;g lwfpr djus ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS fd ml dk [kkrk i=k esa fy[kh xbZ jkf'k ls ml dk eky okilh dk nkok Lohdkj djrs gq, ØsfMV dj fn;k x;k gSA bldh nks izfr;ka rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ,d Øsrk dks Hkstrs gSa] nwljh vius dk;kZy; esa j[krs gSaA

(5) okgu jlhn %& bl dk vfHkizk;% ,d ,slh jlhn ls gS tks eky dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstus ds fy, ;krk;kr dEiuh }kjk eky dh LohÑfr gsrq tkjh dh tkrh gSA

(6) jsyos jlhn %& bldk vfHkizk;% ,d ,slh jlhn ls gS tks eky dks ,d LVs'ku ls nwljs LVs'ku Hkstus ds fy, jsyos }kjk eky dh LohÑfr gsrq tkjh dh tkrh gSA

O;kikfjd ensa %& O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus okyh eq[; ensa fuEu gSa %&

(1) lqiqnZxh ij uxnh %& bldk vfHkizk;% O;ogkj ds ml izdkj ls gS ftlds vUrxZr eky

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82 Business Studies &XI

dk Hkqxrku lqiqnZxh ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) tgkt ij ewY; %& bl dk vfHkizk;% Øsrk o foØsrk ds eè; gksus okys ml vuqcU/ ls gS ftlesa eky ds okgu rd lqiqnZxh nsus ds lHkh O;; foØsrk }kjk ogu fd;s tkrs gSaA

(3) ykxr chek o HkkM+k %& bl dk vfHkizk;% O;kikfjd O;ogkjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okyh ml en ls gS ftlds vUrxZr oLrqvksa ds ewY; esa dsoy ykxr gh ugha cfYd chek o HkkM+k O;; Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

(4) bZ- o vks- bZ- %& bl dk vfHkizk;% ml en ls gS ftl dk iz;ksx izi=kksa esa ;g dgus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] fd tks xyrh gqbZ gS vkSj tks phtsa NwV xbZ gSa mUgsa Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tk;sxkA

vkarfjd O;kikj ds izksRlkgu esa pSEcj vkWiQ dkWelZ ,.M b.MLVªht dh Hkwfedk

pSEcj vkWiQ dkWelZ ,aM baMLVªh fofHkUu m|ksxksa rFkk O;kikjksa ls tqM+s yksxksa dk LoSfPNd laxBu gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa] jk"Vªksa esa jgus okys is'ksoj fo'ks"kK tSls pkVZM ,dkmUVsUVl] czksdj] cSadjl Hkh blds lnL; gksrs gSA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; O;kolkf;d leqnk; ds fgrksa dh ns[k&js[k djuk rFkk {ks=kh; Lrj ij o jk"Vªh; Lrj ij m|ksx o okf.kT; ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA blds eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- ;s la?k le;&le; ij O;olk;ksa rFkk vFkZ O;oLFkk ls lacaf/r vkadM+s ,df=kr djrs gSa rFkk vkadM+ks ds vk/kj ij vusd lwpuk,a lnL;ksa dks iznku djrs gSaA

2- ;s vius lnL;ksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh rduhdh] dkuwuh rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ lwpuk,a o lykgsa nsrs gSaA

3- ;s O;olkf;d leqnk; ds fgrksa dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, vkS|ksfxd esys ,oa izn'kZfu;ka vk;ksftr djrs gSA

4- ;s {ks=kh; vkS|ksfxd rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekeys esa ljdkj dks lykg Hkh nsrs gSA

5- ;s vius lnL;ksa ds f'k{k.k rFkk izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk Hkh djrs gSaA

6- ;s fu;kZrdksa dks mn~xe LFkku dk izek.k i=k Hkh tkjh djrs gSaA

7- ;s ljdkj ds le{k] O;kolkf;d leqnk; ds izoDrk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSA leqnk; dh vko';drkvksa rFkk f'kdk;rksa dks ljdkj ds le{k izLrqr djrs gSA

8- lEesyuksa o lsfeukjksa ds vk;kstu }kjk ;s lnL;ksa dks fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku ds fy, eap iznku djrs gSaA

9- ;s O;kikj ,oa m|ksx esa gksus okys >xM+ks dk eè;LFkrk }kjk fucVkjk djus dk izcU/ djrs gSaA

vfry?kq mÙkj okys iz'u (1 vad okys)

1- O;kikj dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,\

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83 Business Studies &XI

2- O;kikj dh eq[; nks Jsf.k;ka crkb,\

3- dkSu lh nqdkus fof'k"V izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk O;kikj djrh gS\

4- Jaa[kyk LVksj dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,\

5- Mkd vkns'k x`g fdl izdkj xzkgdksa dks lqfo/k iznku djrk gS\

6- foØ; e'khus D;k gS\

7- ,Vh,e dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\

8- lhvkbZvkbZ dk iw.kZ :i fyf[k,\

9- MsfcV uksV ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

10- izksiQkekZ chtd dk D;k vFkZ gS\

11- bZñ o vksñ bZñ dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ( 3&4 vadks okys)

1- Fkksd O;kikj dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a crkb,\

2- iQqVdj O;kikjh }kjk xzkgdksa dks D;k lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gS\

3- cgqJa[kyk nqdkuksa vkSj foHkkxh; HkaMkj esa varj dhft,\

4- Mkd vkns'k O;olk; ds ykHk rFkk lhek,a crkb,\

5- foØ; e'khuksa dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,\

nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u (5&6 vadks okys)

1- Fkksd O;kikj vkSj [kqnjk O;kikj easa varj fyf[k,\

2- lqij cktkj D;k gS\ muds ykHk rFkk lhek,a crkb,\

3- pSEcj vkWiQ dkWelZ dh Hkwfedk rFkk dk;Z crkb,\

4- Hkze.kdkjh [kqnjk O;kikfj;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

5- miHkksDrk lgdkjh HkaMkj ds ykHkks dk o.kZu dhft,\

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84 Business Studies &XI

vè;k; 10

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj

tc fdlh ns'k }kjk viuh HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ls ckgj fofuekZ.k ,oa O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dgrs gSA laizs"k.k] rduhd] vk/kjxr <kapk vkfn esa fodkl ds dkj.k ;g lEHko gks ik;k gSA u;s&u;s laizs"k.k ds ekè;e ,oa ifjogu ds rhoz ,oa vf/d l{ke lk/uksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k vkt fofHkUu ns'k ,d&nwljs ds utnhd vk x, gS ftlds dkj.k muds chp O;kikj lEHko gks ik;k gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gSA

(1) izkÑfrd lalk/uks dk vleku forj.k rFkk mRikndrk eas varj ds dkj.k ,d ns'k viuh vko';drk dh lHkh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus esa l{ke ugh gks ikrkA

(2) fofHkUu lkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd ,oa jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls fofHkUu jk"Vªks esa Je dh mRikndrk rFkk mRiknu ykxr esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA

(3) mRiknu ds fofHkUu lk/u tSls Je] iwath ,oa dPpk eky vkfn lalk/uksa dh miYc/rk vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; dk {ks=k

varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr izeq[k O;kolkf;d fØ;k,a vkrh gS&

(1) oLrqvksa dk vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr %& oLrqvksa ls vfHkizk; mu ewrZ oLrqvksa ls gS ftUgs ns[kk ,oa Li'kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA oLrqvks ds vk;kr dk vFkZ gS ewrZ oLrqvksa dks nwljs ns'kksa ls vius ns'k esa ykuk rFkk oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr dk vFkZ gS ewrZ oLrqvksa dks vius ns'k ls nwljs ns'kks dks HkstukA

(2) lsokvksa dk vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr %& lsokvksa lss vfHkizk; mu vewrZ oLrqvks ls ftUgs ns[kk ,oa Li'kZ ugh fd;k tk ldrkA tSls i;ZVu ,oa ;k=kk euksjatu] laizs"k.k vkfnA varjkZ"Vªh; LRkj ij vusd lsokvksa dk O;kikj gksrk gSA

(3) varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izos'k dk ,d vkSj ekxZ ykblsal ,oa izQSpkabth gSA fdlh nwljs ns'k esa ogh ds O;olk;h dks dqN iQhl ds cnys vius VªsMekdZ] isVsaV ;k dkWih&jkbV ds varxZr oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ,oa foØ; dh vuqefr nsuk ykblsalhx dgykrh gSA iQSpkbath Hkh ykblsal iz.kkyh ds leku gS ijUrq ;g lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA

(4) fons'kks esa fuos'k djuk varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; dk ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ izdkj gSA fons'kh fuos'k nks izdkj dk gks ldrk gS % izR;{k ,oa isfVdk fuos'kA izR;{k fuos'k esa fuos'kd dks fons'kh dEiuh esa fu;=ka.k dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr fdlh ns'k esa oLrq rFkk lsokvksa ds mRiknu ,oa foi.ku ds fy, ogka la;a=k ,oa e'khuksa vkfn ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa fd, x, fuos'k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk

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gSA tcfd isfVdk fuos'k ,d dEiuh dk nwljh dEiuh esa mlds 'ks;j [kjhn ;k fiQj ½.k ds :i esa fuos'k gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr fuos'kd mRiknu ,oa foi.ku fØ;kvksa esa fyIr ugh gksrk gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds ykHk

vaRkjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,d ns'k rFkk O;olkf;d iQeksZ nksuks ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA blds vusd ykHk feyrs gSA

jk"Vªks dks ykHk

(1) blds }kjk ,d ns'k fons'kh eqæk vftZr djrk gS ftldk iz;ksx og fons'kksa ls fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djus ds fy, dj ldrk gSA

(2) blds dkj.k ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa fo'ks"krk@fof'k"Vk izkIr dj ysrk gS ftUgsa og dq'kyrk iwoZd ,oa ferO;;h rjhds ls mRikfnr dj ldrk gSA

(3) bl ds dkj.k ,d ns'k dh fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa ,oa jkstxkj ds voljksa esa of¼ gksrh gSA

(4) bl ds dkj.k gh ,d ns'k ds ukxfjd vU; ns'kksa esa mRikfnr oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk miHkksx dj ikrs gS ftuds }kjk mu ds thou Lrj esa of¼ Hkh gksrh gSA

iQeksZ dkss YkkHk

(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds dkj.k iQesZ mu ns'kksa esa viuh oLRkqvksa dks csp dj vf/d ykHk dek ldrh gS tgka mUgsa vf/d dherksa ij cspk tk ldrk gSA

(2) blds dkj.k iQesZ viuh vfrfjDr mRiknu {kerk dk iz;ksx djds mRiknu ykxr esa deh rFkk izfr bdkbZ ykHk esa of¼ dj ldrh gSA

(3) varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds dkj.k iQeksZ dh fodkl dh laHkouk,a c<+ tkrh gSA

(4) ;g vkrafjd cktkj eas mRiUu ?kksj izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko dk ,d ekxZ Hkh gSA ?kksj izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr eas varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds }kjk iQeZs i;kZIr fodkl izkIr dj ldrh gSA

(5) blds dkj.k iQesZ vf/d izfr;ksxh rFkk fofo/rkiw.kZ gks tkrh gS vr% mu ds O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko vkrk gSA

?kjsyw O;olk; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; eas varj

Øe vk/kj ?kjsyw O;olk; varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; la[;k

1- Øsrk rFkk foØsrk Øsrk rFkk foØsrk Øsrk rFkk foØsrk fHkUu&2 dh jk"Vªh;rk nksuks ,d gh ns'k ds gksrs ns'kksa ds gksrs A

gSA

2- mRiknu ds lk/uksa blds vUrxZr mRiknu ds blds vUrxZr mRiknu ds dh xfr'khyrk lk/u vf/d xfr'khy gksrs lk/u de xfr'khy gksrs gSA

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gSA

3- cktkj esa xzkgdksa ds bleas vf/d le:irk ikbZ blesa Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjoktks vkfn Lo:i esa fHkUurk tkrh gSA dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k

le:irk dk vHkko gksrk gSA

4- O;olk; esa iz;qDr bleas vius ns'k dh eqæk blesa ,d ls vf/d ns'kks dh

eqæk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eqæk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

5- jktuSfrd iz.kkfy;ka blesa dsoy ,d gh ns'k dh blesa vyx&vyx ns'kks dh ,oa tksf[ke jktuSfrd iz.kkyh ,oa tksf[keksa jktuSfrd iz.kkfy;ksa ,oa

dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA tksf[keksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izos'k dh fof/;ka

(1) vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr

oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dks vius ns'k ls cspdj nwljs ns'k dks Hkstuk fu;kZr dgykrk gS tcfd fons'kksa ls eky dk Ø;dj vius ns'k esa ykuk vk;kr dgykrk gSA

(2) lafonk fofuekZ.k

tc ,d iQeZ fons'k esa ,d ;k dqN LFkkuh; iQeksZ ds lkFk dqN oLrqvksa dks muds ekxZn'kZu esa cukus dk vuqca/ djrh gS rks mls lafonk fofuekZ.k dgk tkrk gSA bls ckÞ; L=kksrhdj.k Hkh dgrs gSA blds rhu izeq[k izdkj gksrs gS &

(1) dqN ?kVdksa dk mRiknu djuk tSls okguksa ds ?kVd ftUgsa ckn esa okgu cukus esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) ?kVdksa dk leqPp; dj vafre mRikn dk fuekZ.k djuk tSls vkVkseksckby iwtsZ ftuls LdwVj cuk;k tkrk gSA

(3) oLrq dk iw.kZ :i ls mRiknu djuk tSls flys flyk, oL=kksa dk fuekZ.kA

(3) ykblSaflx ,oa izQSapkbth (erkf/dkjh)

ykblSflax nks iQeksZ ds chp gqvk ,d ,slk vuqca/ gksrk gS ftlesa ,d iQeZ] nwljs ns'k dh fdlh iQeZ dks iQhl] ftls jk;YVh dgrs gS] ds cnys vius isVsaV vf/dkj] O;kikfjd jgL;ksa ;k rduhd ns nsrk gSA tc nks iQeksZ ds chp Kku] rduhd ,oa isVsaV vf/dkj dk ikjLikfjd fofue; gksrk gS rks mls izfr vuqKfIr ykblSal dgrs gSA izSQapkbth] ykblSflax ds gh leku gS ijUrq ykblSaflx dk iz;ksx oLrq ds fy, gksrk gS tcfd izQSpkbth lsokvksa ds lanZHk eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ihtkgV ,oa okyekV dqN vxz.kh izQSpkbtj gS tks iwjs fo'o esa izpkyu dj jgs gSA

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(4) la;qDr miØe

nks ;k nks ls vf/d Lora=k bdkb;ksa ds la;qDr LokfeRo esa ,d iQeZ dh LFkkiuk djuk la;qDr miØe dgykrh gSA bls fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS&

(1) fons'kh fuos'kd }kjk LFkkuh; dEiuh esa fgLlsnkjh dk Ø; dj ysukA

(2) LFkkuh; iQeZ }kjk iwoZ LFkkfir fons'kh iQeZ esa fgLlk izkIr dj ysukA

(3) fons'kh ,oa LFkkuh; m|eh nksuksa gh feydj ,d m|e dh LFkkiuk dj ysaA

(5) lEiw.kZ LOkkfeRo okyh lgk;d dEifu;ka

tc fdlh fons'kh dEiuh esa tud dEiuh }kjk 100 izfr'kr iwath fuos'k dj iw.kZ fu;a=k.k izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gS rks mls lEiw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d dEiuh dgk tkrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk fons'kksa ds ifjpkyu izkjaHk ds fy, fcYdqy gh ubZ dEiuh LFkkfir djds ;k nwljs ns'k esa igys ls gh LFkkfir laxBu dk vf/xzg.k djds dh tk ldrh gSA

fu;kZr izfØ;k

(1) fu;kZrd dks izLrkfod Øsrk ls iwNrkN izkIr gksrh gS ftlesa og ewY; DokWfyVh vkSj eky ds fu;kZr dh vU; 'krksZ o fu;eksa dh tkudkjh pkgrk gSA fu;kZrd mls fu[kZ Hkstrk gS ftls izk:i chtd dgk tkrk gSA

(2) ;fn Øsrk fu;kZr dh dherksa vkSj 'krksZ o fu;eks ls larq"V gksrk gS rks og eky ds fy, vkns'k ;k baMsV Hkstrk gSA

(3) vkns'k izkIr gksus ij fu;kZrd vk;krd dh ½.klk[k ds ckjs esa iwNrkN djrk gS rkfd Hkqxrku u fd, tkus ds tksf[ke dk vkdayu gks ldsA

(4) fu;kZrd iQeZ dks fu;kZr ykblsal izkIr djuk iM+rk gS ftldh izfØ;k fuEu gS&

& izf/Ñr fdlh cSad esa [kkrk [kksyuk rFkk mldh [kkrk la[;k izkIr djukA

& izeq[k funsZ'kd fons'kh O;kikj ;k {ks=kh; vk;kr fu;kZr ykblSflax izkf/dj.k ls vk;kr&fu;kZr dksM la[;k izkIr djukA

& vxyk dne mi;qDr fu;kZr lao/Zu ifj"kn ds ikl iathdj.k djkuk gksrk gSA

& Hkqxrku izkIr u gksus ds tksf[ke ds fo:¼ lqj{kk gsrq fu;kZr ½.k ,oa xkjaVh fuxe ds ikl iathdj.k djokukA

(5) fu;kZr ykblsal izkIr gksus ds ckn fu;kZrd vius cSad ds ikl mRiknu djus ds fy, iwoZ&ynku foÙk izkIr djus gsrq tkrk gSA

(6) iwoZ&ynku foÙk izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ fu;kZrd vk;krd ds vkns'kkuqlkj eky rS;kj djrk gSA

(7) Hkkjr ljdkj ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS dh dsoy vPNh DokWfyVh ds eky dk gh fu;kZr gks vr% fu;kZrd dks fu;kZr ds le; vU; izys[kksa ds lkFk iwoZ&ynku fujh{k.k fjiksVZ Hkh izLrqr djuk

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vko';d gSA

(8) dsUæh; mRikn 'kqYd vf/fu;e ds vuqlkj fufeZr oLrqvksa esa iz;qDr eky ij mRikn 'kqYd fn;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, fu;kZrd ml {ks=k ds mRikn 'kqYd v/h{kd dks chtd dh ,d izfr ds lkFk vkonsu Hkstrk gSA

(9) 'kqYdksa esa fj;k;rs vkSj vU; NwVs izkIr djus ds fy, vk;krd] fu;kZrd ls mn~xe izek.k i=k Hkstus dks dg ldrk gSA

(10) fu;kZrd tgkth daiuh dks tgkt ij LFkku iznku djus ds fy, vkosnu djrk gSA mls fu;kZr fd, tkus okys eky ls lacaf/r iw.kZ tkudkjh] ynku dh laHkkfor frfFk rFkk xarO; canjxkg dh tkudkjh nsuh iM+rh gSA

(11) oLrqvksa dh iSfdax dh tkrh gS vkSj muij vko';d lwpuk,a tSls vk;krd dk uke ,oa irk] ldy vkSj fuoy Hkkj] ynku okys rFkk xraO; canjxkg dk uke vkfn fpfUgr dj nh tkrh gSA

(12) oLrqvksa dh leqæh ;k=kk ds nkSjku gkfu ds tksf[ke ls lqj{kk ds fy, fu;kZrd fdlh chek dEiuh ls oLrqvksa dk chek djokrk gSA

(13) eky ds ynku ls igys mldh dLVe ls fudklh djokuh iM+rh gS ftlds fy, tgkth fcy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA fu;kZrd tgkth fcy dh ikap izfr;ksa ds lkFk fuEu nLrkost dLVe ?kj ij dLVe ewY;kad ds ikl izLrqr djrk gSA

(1) mn~xu izek.k i=k (2) okf.kfT;d chtd

(3) fu;kZr vuqca/@vkns'k (4) lk[k i=k

(5) fujh{k.k izek.k] vko';d gks rks

(6) leqæh chek ikWfylh

bu nLrkostks dks tek djkus ds ckn lacaf/r canjxkg ds U;k; v/h{kd ls eky dks <ksus dk vkns'k izkIRk fd;k tkrk gSA tks canjxkg ij rSukr deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, vkns'k :i eas gksrk gS fd os eky dks MkWd ds Hkhrj izos'k djus nsA

(14) eky ds tgkt ij ynus ds ckn tgkt dk dIrku canjxkg ds v/h{kd ds uke ,d esV~l jlhn tkjh djrk gS ftlesa iSdstksa dk fooj.k] ynku dh frfFk] fpUg] eky dh n'kk vkfn tkudkfj;ka gksrh gSA

(15) fudklh o izs"kd ,tsUV esV~l jlhn tgkth daiuh dks ns nsrk gSA ftlds vk/kj ij HkkM+s dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA tgkth dEiuh HkkM+k izkIr gksus ij tgkth fcYVh tkjh djrh gSA

(16) fu;kZrd Hksth xbZ oLrqvksa dk chtd cukrk gS tks eky dh ek=kk rFkk vk;krd }kjk pqdkbZ xbZ jkf'k dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA bls dLVe vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk lR;kfir fd;k tkrk gSA

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(17) eky ds ynku ds ckn vk;krd dks mldh lwpuk Hksth tkrh gSA fofHkUu izys[k tSls chtd lR;kfir izfr] tgkth fcYVh] iSafdx lwph] chek ikWfylh vkfn fu;kZrd }kjk cSad ds ekè;e ls Hksts tkrs gS ftudk iz;ksx eky dh dLVe ls vuqefr izkfIr ds fy, vko';drk gksrh gSA

fu;kZr ysu&nsu esa iz;qDr gksus okys izeq[k izys[k

(d) oLrqvksa lsa lacaf/r izys[k

1- fu;kZr chtd %& ;g foØsrk dk foØ; eky fcy gksrk gS ftlesa csps x, eky ds laca/ eas lwpuk nh gksrh gS tSls ek=kk] dqy ewY;] iSdstksa dh la[;k] iSfdax ij fpUg xUrO; canjxkg] tgkt dk uke] tgkth fcYVh la[;k] lqiqnZxh lacaf/r 'krsZ ,oa Hkqxrku vkfnA

2- fujh{k.k izek.k i=k %& mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk lqfuf'r djus ds fy, ljdkj us dqN mRiknksa dk fdlh vfèkÑr ,tsalh }kjk fujh{k.k vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; fu;kZr fujh{k.k ifj"kn~ }kjk eky dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS ,oaa izek.k i=k tkjh fd;k tkrk gS fd izsf"kr eky dk fu;kZr xq.koÙkk fu;a=k.k ,oa fujh{k.k vf/fu;e 1963 ds vuqlkj gSA

3- iSfdax lwph %& ;g izys[k ,d fooj.k ds :i esa gksrk gS tks isfV;ksa dh la[;k o muesa Hkjs x, eky dk fooj.k nsrk gSA

4- mn~xe izek.ki=k %& blds }kjk bl ckr dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gS fd eky dk mRiknu fdl ns'k esa gqvk gSA ;g izek.ki=k vk;krd dks 'kqYdksa esa fj;k;r tSls iwoZ fu/kZfjr ns'kksa esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ij dksVk&ikcafn;ksa dk ykxw u gksuk vkfn izkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

([k) ynku ls lacaf/r izys[k

1) tgkth fcy %& bl izys[k ds vk/kj ij dLVe }kjk eky ds fu;kZr dh vuqefr iznku dh tkrh gSA blesa fu;kZr fd, tk jgs eky dk iw.kZ fooj.k] tgkt dk uke] fu;kZrd dk uke o irk] vafre xraO; ns'k dk uke vkfn dk iw.kZ C;kSjk gksrk gSA

2) esV~l jlhn %& ;g jlhn tgkth dIrku ;k esV }kjk eky ds tgkt ds ynus ds ckn fu;kZrd dks tkjh dh tkrh gSA bllsa tgkt dk uke] iSdstkasa dk fooj.k] fpUg] tgkt esa ynku ds le; eky dh fLFkfr vkfn dk fooj.k gksrk gSA

3) tgkth fcYVh %& ;g izys[k tgkth dEiuh }kjk tkjh tgkt ij eky izkfIr dh jlhn gS rFkk lkFk gh xraO; canjxkg rd mUgsa ys tkus dh 'kiFk Hkh gSA ;g cspku ,oa lqiqnZxh }kjk Lora=k :i ls gLrkarj.kh; gSA

4) ok;q ekxZ foi=k %& ;g ,;j ykbu dEiuh dh gokbZ tgkt ij eky dh izkfIr dh fof/Dr jlhn gksrh gS ftlesa og eky dks xarO; gokbZ vM~Ms rd ys tkus dk opu nsrh gSA bls eky ij ekfydkuk gd ds izys[k ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

(x) Hkqxrku lacaf/r izys[k

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(1) lk[k i=k %& ;g vk;krd ds cSad }kjk nh tkus okyh xkjaVh gS ftlesa og fu;kZrd ds cSad dks ,d fuf'pr jkf'k rd ds fu;kZr fcy ds Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA

(2) fofue; foi=k %& ;g ,d fyf[kr izi=k gS ftlesa bldks tkjh djus okyk nwljs i{k dks ,d fuf'pr jkf'k] ,d fuf'pr O;fDr vFkok blds /kjd dks Hkqxrku dk vkns'k nsrk gSA

vk;kr fu;kZr ysu&nsu esa ;g fu;kZrd }kjk vk;krd ij fy[kk tkrk gSA

(3) cSad Hkqxrku izek.ki=k %& ;g bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrk gS fd ,d fuf'pr fu;kZr izs"k.k ls lacaf/r izys[kksa dk izdke.k dj fy;k x;k gS ,oa fofue; fu;a=k.k fu;eksa ds vuq:i Hkqxrku izkIr dj fy;k x;k gSA

vk;kr izfØ;k

(1) eky ds vk;kr ds nkSjku loZizFke vk;krd iQeZ mu ns'kksa o iQeksZ ds laca/ esa lwpuk ,df=kr djrk gS tks bl eky dk fu;kZr djrs gSA ,slh tkudkjh O;kikfjd Mk;jsDVjh] O;kikj /a/ksa vkSj vU; laxBuksa ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

(2) vk;krd dks ;g tkuuk vko';d gksrk gS fd ftu oLrqvksas dk og vk;kr djuk pkgrk gS mu ij vk;kr ykblsal ykxw gksrk gS vFkok ughA ;fn mu oLrqvksa ds vk;kr ds fy, ykblsal dh vko';drk gS rks vk;krd dks vk;kr ykblsal izkIr djuk iM+sxkA

(3) vk;kr ysu&nsu ls lacaf/r vkiwfrZdrkZ fons'k esa jgrk gS vr% mls Hkqxrku fons'kh eqæk esa gh djuk gksrk gSA Hkkjr eas lHkh fons'kh fofue; lacaf/r ysu&nsuksa dk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds fofue; fu;a=k.k foHkkx }kjk fu;eu gksrk gSA izR;sd vk;krd dks fons'kh fofue; gsrw LohÑfr izkIr djuh iM+rh gSA bl LohÑfr dks izkIr djus ds fy, vk;krd dks vk;kr ykblsal ds lkFk fjtoZ cSad }kjk fons'kh fofue; ds fy, vf/Ñr cSad ds ikl vkosnu djuk iM+rk gSA

(4) ykblsal izkIr gksus ds ckn vk;krd oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ gsrw fu;kZrd ds ikl vk;kr vkns'k vFkok baMSV Hkstrk gSA bl vkns'k esa eky dh dher] DokWfyVh] ek=kk] vkdkj vkSj xzsM rFkk iSfdax ynku] Hkqxrku dh fof/ vkfn ls lacaf/r tkudkfj;ka gksrh gSA

(5) tc fons'kh iwfrZdrkZ vkSj vk;krd ds eè; Hkqxrku dh 'krsZ r; gks tkrh gS rks vk;krd vius cSad ls lk[ki=k izkIr djrk gS vkSj mls fons'kh iwfrZdÙkkZ dks izsf"kr dj nsrk gSA

(6) vk;krd dks"kksa ds fy, vfxze O;oLFkk djrk gS ftlls canjxkg ij eky igq¡pus ij fu;kZrd dks Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldsA

(7) tgkt esa eky ds ynku dj nsus ds i'pkr fons'kh vkiwfrZdrkZ vk;krd dks eky Hkstus dh lwpuk Hkstrk gSA eky izs"k.k lwpuk i=k esa chtd la[;k] tgkth fcYVh] ok;qekxZ fcy uEcj ,oa frfFk] tgkt dk uke ,oa frfFk] fu;kZr canjxkg] vkfn dh lwpuk gksrh gSA

(8) eky jokuxh ds ckn fons'kh iwfrdrkZ okf.kfT;d chtd] tgkth fcYVh] chek ikWfylh] mn~xe

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91 Business Studies &XI

izek.ki=k vkfn vius cSadj dks mUgsa vkxs vk;krd dks lkSius ds fy, ns nsrk gSA

(9) vk;krd ds ns'k esa eky igqap tkus ds ckn okgu dk vfHkj{kd xksnh vFkok gokbZ vM~Ms ij rSukr ns[k&js[k vf/dkjh dks eky ds vk;krd ns'k esa igq¡p tkus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA og mUgas ,d foys[k lkSirk gS ftlesa vk;frr eky dk foLrr fooj.k fn;k gksrk gSA

10- Hkkjr ds vk;frr eky dks lhek 'kqYd fudklh ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA blds fy, vusd vkSipkfjdrk,a dks iwjk djuk iM+rk gSA blds fy, vk;krd] fudklh ,oa ynkus okys ,tsaV dh fu;qfDr djrs gSA

loZizFke vk;krd lqiqnZxh vkns'k i=k izkIr djrk gS ftls cspku Hkh dgrsA bls lacaf/r tgkth daiuh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vk;krd dks eky dks vius vf/dkj esa ysus ls igys HkkM+k pqdkuk gksrk gSA blds vykok vk;krd canjxkg U;kl 'kqYd dh jlhn ds fy, xksnh O;; dk Hkh Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA blds fy, vkosnd dks vk;kr gsrq vkosnu dh nks izfr;ksa dks Hkjdj vorj.k ,oa tgkth 'kqYd dk;kZy; esa tek djokuk iM+rk gSA xksnh O;; dk Hkqxrku djus ds ckn vk;krd dks jlhn ds :i esa vkosnu dh ,d izfr okfil ns nh tkrh gSA bl jlhn dks canjxkg U;kl 'kqYd jlhn dgrs gSA

var esa vk;krd vk;kr 'kqYd ds fu/kZj.k ds fy, izos'k fcy iQkeZ Hkjrk gS ,d ewY;kadu drkZ lHkh foys[kks dk è;ku ls vè;;u dj fujh{k.k ds fy, vkns'k nsxkA vk;krd ewY;kadudrkZ ds }kjk rS;kj foys[k dks izkIr djsxk rFkk lhek 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djsxkA vk;krd izos'k fcy dks xksnh v/h{kd ds le{k izLrqr djsxkA vk;frr eky dk fujh{k.k djds fujh{kd izos'k fcy ij viuk vuqosnu fy[k nsxkA vk;krd izos'k fcy dks canjxkg vf/dkfj;ksa ds le{k izLrqr djsxk rFkk vko';d 'kqYd ysus ds ckn vf/dkjh eky dh lqiqnZxh dk vkns'k ns nsxkA

vk;kr ysu nsuksa esa iz;qDr izys[k

(1) O;kikfjd iwNrkN %& ;g vk;krd dh vksj ls fu;kZrd dks fyf[kr izkFkZuk gksrh gS ftlesa og fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa ds ewY; ,oa fofHkUu 'krksZ dh lwpuk iznku djus ds fy, dgrk gSA

(2) izk:i chtd %& og izys[k ftlesa fu;kZr ds eky ds ewY;] xq.koÙkk Js.kh] fMtkbu] eki] Hkkj rFkk fu;kZr dh 'krksZ dk foLrr o.kZu gksrk gS izk:i chtd dgykrk gSA

(3) vk;kr vkns'k vFkok baMSV %& ;g og foys[k gS ftlesa vk;krd] fu;kZrd dks ekaxh xbZ oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ dk vkns'k nsrk gSA blds vUrxZr vk;kr dh oLrqvksa ek=kk ,oa xq.koÙkk ewY;] eky ynku dh i¼fr] iSfdax vkfn ls lEcfU/r lwpuk nh tkrh gSA

(4) lk[k i=k %& ;g vk;krd ds cSad }kjk fu;kZrd cSad dks ,d fuf'pr jkf'k ds fu;kZrd fcy ds Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh gSA ;g fu;kZrd] vk;krd dks oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr ds cnys eas tkjh djrk gSA

(5) ynku lwpuk %& blds }kjk vk;krd dks bl ckr dh lwpuk nh tkrh gS fd eky dk ynku

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gks pqdk gSA ynku lwpuk] chtd la[;k] tgkth fcYVh] tgkt dk uke] fu;kZr dk canjxkg vkfn lwpuk,a iznku djrk gSA

(6) izos'k fcy %& bls vk;krd eky dh izkfIr ij Hkjrk gSA bldh rhu izfr;k¡ gksrh gS rFkk bls lhek 'kqYd dk;kZy; esa tek djk;k tkrk gSA blesa vk;krd dk uke ,oa irk] tgkt dk uke] eky dh ek=kk ,oa ewY;] fu;kZrd dk uke ,oa irk] xraO; canjxkg ,oa ns; lhek 'kqYd vkfn lwpuk,a gksrh gSA

(7) tgkth fcYVh %& ;g tgkt ds uk;d }kjk rS;kj ,oa gLRkk{kj;qDr foys[k gksrk gS ftlesa og eky ds tgkt ij izkfIr dks Lohdkj djrk gSA blesa eky dks fu/kZfjr cnajxkg rd ys tkus ls lacaf/r 'krZs nh gqbZ gksrh gSA

(8) fofue; foi=k %& igys Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gSA

fons'kh O;kikj izksUufr izksRlkgu ,oa laxBukRed leZFku

ljdkj }kjk fu;kZr iQeksZ dh izfr;ksfxrkRed ;ksX;rk c<kus ds fy, dbZ ;kstuk,a o izksRlkgu vkjaHk fd, x, gSA ljdkj }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds layXu iQeksZ dks foi.ku esa lgk;rk ,oa cqfu;knh <kapkxr leFkZu iznku djus ds fy, laxBu LFkkfir fd, gSA

fons'kh O;kikj izksUufr@laoZ/u dh fof/;ka

(1) 'kqYd okilh ;kstuk %& fu;kZr dh xbZ oLrqvksa ij ;fn fdlh izdkj ds 'kqYd Hkqxrku dk fd;k tkrk gS rks mls fu;kZrd dks ykSVk fn;k tkrk gS ysfdu blds fy, fu;kZrd dks lacaf/r vf/dkfj;ksa dks fu;kZr dk izek.k nsuk gksrk gSA bls 'kqYd okilh dgrs gSA

(2) ckaM ;kstuk ds varxZr fu;kZr gsrq fofuekZ.k %& bl ;kstuk ds varxZr iQeZ oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fcuk mRiknu 'kqYd ;k vU; 'kqYdksa ds Hkqxrku ds dj ldrh gSA ijUrq mUgs ,d izfrKki=k nsuk iM+rk gS fd os oLrqvks dk mRiknu fu;kZr ds mn~ns'; ls dj jgh gSA

(3) foØ; dj ds Hkqxrku ls NwV %& fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ij fcØh dj ls NwV gksrh gSA yEch vof/ rd fu;kZr fØ;kvksa ls vftZr vk; ij vk;dj Hkh ugh nsuk gksrk Fkk ijUrq vc vk;dj ls NwV dsoy 100 izfr'kr fu;kZrksUeq[kh bdkb;ksa rFkk fu;kZr izorZu {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir bdkb;ksa dks dqN pqus gq, o"kksZ rd gh feyrh gSA

(4) vfxze ykblsal ;kstuk %& bl ;kstuk ds varxZr fu;kZrd dks fu;kZr ds fy, oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh ?kjsyw o vk;kfrr vkxrksa dh 'kqYd eqDr iwfrZ dh vuqefr gksrh gSA ;g dHkh&dHkh fu;kZr djus okys fu;kZrdksa dks rnFkZ vk/kj ij iznku fd;k tkrk gSA

(5) fu;kZr izorZu {ks=k %& ;g og vkS|ksfxd ifj{ks=k gksrs gS tks jk"Vªh; lhek 'kqYd {ks=k esa vr% {ks=k dk ltu djrs gSA ;g lkekU;r% leqæh canjxkg vFkok gokbZ vM~Ms ds lehi fLFkr gksrs gSA budk mn~ns'; de ykxr ij fu;kZr mRiknu ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; izfrLi/kZRed 'kqYd jfgr okrkoj.k iznku djuk gSA

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93 Business Studies &XI

mijksDr fof/;ksa ds vykok vU; mik; tSls fu;kZr foÙk dh miyC/rk] fu;kZr lao/Zu] iwathxr oLrq,a ;kstuk vkfn dk iz;ksx O;kikj lao/Zu ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA laxBu leFkZu fo'o O;kikj laxBu bl dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 1995 dks gqbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; tsusok] fLoVtjyS.M esa fLFkr gSA ;g ,d LFkk;h laxBu gS ftldh LFkkiuk varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrs ls gqbZ gS rFkk ftls lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa ,oa fo/ku eaMyksa us izekf.kr fd;k gSA blds }kjk O;kikfjd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj cgqvk;keh O;kikfjd ijkØe.k gsrq eap miyC/ djk;k tkrk gSA bl ds izeq[k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS & (1) varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh ck/kvksa dks nwj djukA (2) ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd lHkh lnL; ns'k vius vkilh fooknks dks gy djus ds fy, vf/fu;e }kjk fu/kZfjr lHkh fu;e ,oa dkuwuksa dk ikyu djs rFkk lnL; ns'kksa ds chp O;kikfjd >xM+ks dk fuiVkjk djukA (3) varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds fy, loZekU; vkpkj lafgrk cukuk ftldk mn~ns'; O;kikj esa VSfjiQ vkSj xSj&VSfjiQ :dkoVksa dks de djus ds fy, fu;e cukukA (4) vU; laca¼ ,stsafl;aksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djuk ftlls oSf'od vkfFkZd uhfr cukus esa vf/d le> ,oa lg;ksx dk lekos'k fd;k tk ldsA (5) lnL; ns'kks dks fons'kh O;kikj] jktdks"kh; uhfr ds izcU/ ds fy, vko';d rduhdh lykg vkSj ekxZ n'kZu nsukA (6) vfr xjhc jk"Vªks ds fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl djukA (7) lnL; ns'kks dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa o O;kikj laca/h uhfr;ksa dk iqujkoyksdu djukA (8) fo'o O;kikj uhfr fuekZ.k esa leUo; ykus ds fy;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k rFkk fo'o cSad dks lg;ksx nsukA (9) O;kikj mnkjhdj.k ds fy, dk;Z djukA varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh leL;k,¡ %& varjk"Vªh; O;kikj dh leL;k,a gS %& (1) Hkk"kk Hksn %& tc ,d ns'k dk O;olk;h nwljs ns'k ds O;olk;h ls dksbZ O;ogkj djrk gS rks mldh ckr le>us vkSj viuh ckr mls le>kus esa cgqr dfBukbZ vkrh gSA (2) vf/d tksf[ke %& ns'kh O;olk; dh vis{kk fons'kh O;olk; esa cgqr tksf[ke jgrk gSA (3) ljdkjh fu;a=k.k %& oLrqvksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr ds fy, le;&le; ij ykblsUl ysus iM+rs gS vkSj vusdksa lwpuk,a nsuh iM+rh gSaA blds vfrfjDr vk;kr&fu;kZr fof/;ksa esa Hkh cgqr tfVyrk,a gSA (4)dkuwu esa varj %& fofHkUu ns'kks ds vk;kr&fu;kZr lEcU/h dkuwu vyx&vyx gksrs gSA ftlds dkj.k O;ogkj djrs le; O;kikfj;ksa dks Hkqxrku o vU; 'krksZ ds ckjsa esa lUnsg cuk jgrk gSA

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94 Business Studies &XI

(5) Hkqxrku laca/h vlqfo/k %& lHkh ns'kksa dh eqæk fHkUu gksus ds dkj.k fons'kh O;olk; esa eky dk Hkqxrku djus esa cgqr dfBukbZ vkrh gSA

(6) fons'kh O;kikfj;ska ds ckjs esa lwpuk dk vHkko %& nwjLFk LFkkuksa ij cSBs O;kikfj;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr o muds O;kikfjd O;ogkj dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk dfBu gSA

vfry?kq mÙkj okys iz'u (1 vad okys)

1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; D;k gS\

2- fons'kh fuos'k ds nks izdkj crkb,\

3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; esa izos'k ds dksbZ nks rjhds crkb,\

4- lafonk fofuekZ.k D;k gS\

5- izQSpkbtj dkSu gksrk gS\

6- baMsV D;k gksrk gS\

7- Hkqxrku ls lacaf/r nks izys[kksa ds uke crkb,\

8- izk:i chtd D;k gS\

9- ,l- bZ- tsM (SEZ) dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\

10- nks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laLFkkvksa ds uke crkb,\

y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ( 3&4 vadks okys)

1- ?kjsyw rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; esa varj dhft,\

2- la;qDr miØe D;k gS\

3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ds {ks=k dh O;k[;k dhft,\

4- fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds dk;ksZ dk o.kZu dhft,\

5- tgkth fcYVh D;k gS\ ;g izos'k fcy ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u (5&6 vad okys)

1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;olk; ls jk"Vª rFkk iQeksZ dks gksus okys ykHk dk o.kZu dhft,\

2- fu;kZr esa iz;qDr gksus okys eq[; izys[kksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

3- vk;kr izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,\

4- fuEufyf[kr dh O;k[;k dhft,

(1) O;kikfjd iwNrkN (2) fu;kZr ykblsal

(3) lk[k i=k (4) fo'o O;kikj laxBu

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95 Business Studies &XI

ekWMy VsLV isij

le; % 3 ?k.Vs vad % 90

1- ml O;kolf;d miØe dk uke crkvks ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa dks lsok iznku djuk gksrk gSA (1)

2- ,- Vh- ,e dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\ (1)

3- Ja[kyk LVksj dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,\ (1)

4- ckg; L=kksrhdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ (1)

5- bZ&O;olk; ds fdUgh nks vuqiz;ksxksa dk ukekadu dhft,\ (1)

6- O;olk; ds vkfFkZd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,\ (1)

7- uhfr'kkL=k ,oa dkuwu esa dksbZ ,d varj fyf[k,\ (1)

8- ijEijkxr m|ksx ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,\ (1)

9- y?kqm|ksxksa dh igpku ds fy, ljdkj us D;k iSjkehVj fuf'pr fd;k gS\ (1)

10- L=kh m|e D;k gS\ (1)

11- foHkkxh; miØe ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bldh fdUgh nks fo'ks"krkvkas dk o.kZu djks\ (1)

12- ½.ki=k D;k gS\ bl izys[k dh vko';drk D;ks gksrh gS\ (3)

13- dksbZ Hkh O;olk; tksf[ke jfgr ugh gS ^bl dFku ds izdk'k esa O;kolkf;d tksf[ke dh vo/kj.kk ,oa blds dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k djs (dksbZ nks) (3)

14- O;olkf;d foÙk D;k gS\ O;olk; dks dks"kks dh vko';drk D;ks gksrh gS\ (3)

15- dqVhj m|ksxks ds y{k.k crkb;s\ (3)

16- iQqVdj O;kikjh }kjk xzkgdks dks D;k lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gS\ (4)

17- ,u bZ ,iQ Vh dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (4)

18- O;olk; djus dh bysDVªkfud i¼fr dh lhekvksa dh foospuk dhft,A D;k ;g lhek,a blds dk;Z {ks=kksa dks izfrcaf/r djus ds fy, dkiQh gS\ vius mÙkj ds fy, dksbZ rhu rdZ nhft,A (4)

19- i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ O;kolkf;d bdkb;ksa dks iznw"k.k fu;=ka.k mik;ksa dks viukus dh D;ks vko';drk gS\ (4)

20- vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1991 esa ljdkj ds }kjk lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, fd, x, lq/kjksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (5)

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96 Business Studies &XI

21- lk>snkjh lays[k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ blesa eq[;r% D;k tkudkjh nh tkrh gS\(5)

22- ^okf.kT; mu izfØ;kvksa dk ;ksx gS tks O;fDr] LFkku] le; laca/h ck/kvksa dks gVkus esa yxh gksrh gS* bl dFku ds izdk'k esa mu ck/kvksa dk o.kZu dhft, ftUgsa izHkko'kkyh okf.kT; }kjk gy fd;k tkrk gS\

23- fu;kZr eas iz;qDr gksus okys eq[; izys[kksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (5)

24- thMhvkj vkSj ,Mhvkj esa D;k varj gS\ (5)

25- lsok,a D;k gS\ buds y{k.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,\ (6)

;k

fofHkUu izdkj ds cheksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ izR;sd ds jf{kr tksf[keksa dh izÑfr dh tkap dhft,\

26- ,d O;kolkf;d miØe ds izk:i dk pquko djrs le; è;ku j[kus okys fdUgh N% dkjdks dk o.kZu djksA

;k

l;qDr iwath dEiuh ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,\ (6)

27- Hkze.kdkjh [kqnjk O;kikfj;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (6)

;k

miHkksDrk lgdkjh HkaMkj ds ykHkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(28) ^foÙk ds :i esa lkoZtfud fu{ksi ½.k ysus ls csgrj gksrss gS le>kb,

;k

nh?kZdkyhu foÙk O;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls iwokZf/dkj rFkk lk/kj.k va'kks dk egRo crkb;s\

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97 Business Studies &XI

ekWMy VsLV isij

le; % 3 ?k.Vs vad % 90

1- O;kolkf;d miØe ds ml Lo:i dk uke crkb;s tks dsoy Hkkjr esa ik;k tkrk gS\ (1)

2- lk>snkjh miØe esa cSafdx O;olk; esa lk>snkjh dh vf/dre la[;k fdruh gks ldrh gSA (1)

3- vlhfer nkf;Ro dk vFkZ fyf[k,\ (1)

4- lkoZtfud {ks=k dk og dkSu lk miØe gS] ftldh LFkkiuk ds fy, fo'ks"k vf/fu;e dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA (1)

5- bZ,iQVh D;k gS\ (1)

6- chek O;olk; dh vko';drk gSA le>kb,A (1)

7- ml fuekZ.kkRed m|ksx dk uke crkb, ftlesa ewy inkFkZ dk fofHkUu inkFkksZ esa fo'ys"k.k vFkok i`FkDdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA (1)

8- lhvkbZvkbZ dk iw.kZ :i fyf[k,\ (1)

9- jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe dk dksbZ ,d dk;Z fyf[k,\ (1)

10- vfr y?kq {ks=k dk vFkZ fyf[k,A (1)

11- eSeksjsMe vkiQ vMajLVSfMax ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS fyf[k,\ (3)

12- la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj O;olk; esa dÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk Li"V dhft,\ (3)

13- O;olk; ,d vkfFkZd fØ;k gS\ D;k vki lger gS\ D;ks\ (3)

14- O;olkf;d foÙk dh izÑfr dk o.kZu dhft,\ (3)

15- la;qDr miØe D;k gS\ bldh nks lhek,a crkb,\ (3)

16- cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh dh fdUgh pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djks\ (4)

17- bZ cSfdax D;k gS\ bZ&cSfdax ds ykHk fyf[k,\ (4)

18- y?kq iSekus ds O;olk; dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (4)

19- ykHk dks vf/dre djuk O;olk; dk ,dek=k mn~ns'; ugh gks ldrkA fVIi.kh dhft,\ (4)

20- ckg; lsokvksa ds izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (5)

21- foHkkxh; HkaMkj vkSj cgqJa[kyk nqdkuksa esa vUrj dhft,\ (5)

22- ykblSflax vkSj izQSpkbftax dk o.kZu dhft,A bu esa vUrj crkb,\ (5)

23- O;olk; o/Zu djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSUk lh nwjlapkj lsok,a miyC/ gS\

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98 Business Studies &XI

fVIi.kh dhft,A (5)

24- ikap izdkj ds iwokZf/dkj va'kks dk o.kZu dhft,\ (5)

25- izfr/kfjr vk; dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ izfr/kfjr vk; ds ykHkksa dks fyf[k,\ (6)

vFkok

va'k vkSj ½.k i=k esa D;k varj gS\

26- lqij cktkj D;k gS\ muds nks ykHkks rFkk nks lhekvksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ (6)

vFkok

Mkd vkns'k O;olk; ds ykHk rFkk lhek,a crkb,A

27- la;qDr iwath dEiuh ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bldh ikap fo'ks"krkvks dk o.kZu dhft,\ (6)

;k

O;olk; ds fuEu izdkjksa ds fy, O;olk; dk mfpr izk:i dkSu lk gS vkSj D;ks

(d) C;wVh ikyZj (p) 'kksfix eky

([k) gksVy (M+) NksVk iQqVdj O;kikj

(x) csdjh 'kkWi (p) pkVZM vdkamVsUlh iQeZ

28- O;kolkf;d uhfr'kkL=k ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ blds rRo D;k gS\

;k

O;olk; fuf'pr :i esa ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS u fd dsoy ykHk dekus dh fØ;k ^O;k[;k dhft,\

VfK

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99 Business Studies &XI

izLrkfor ifj;kstuk dk;Z

1- nl cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds uke crkb, rFkk ,d fons'kh ,oa ,d Hkkjrh; cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh ds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nhft, %& mudk bfrgkl] eq[;ky;] mRikfnr oLrq vkSj lsokvksa] dk;Zjr ns'k] mRiknu rFkk forj.k rduhdA fof/ vkfnA

2- chek dEifu;ksa }kjk miyC/ fofHkUu chek ikWfyfl;ksa dh tkudkfj;ksa ds lEcU/ esa ,d ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft, rFkk fofHkUu chek dEifu;ksa ls lEcaf/r lfgR; bdV~Bk dhft,\

3- ,d okf.kfT;d cSad dk nkSjk dhft, rFkk mlds miHkksDrkvksa dks nh tkus okyh fofHkUu lsokvksa ls lacaf/r tkudkjh rFkk muds dk;Z esa jkstkuk iz;ksx gksus okys izys[kks dks bdV~Bk dhft,\

4- fcx ,sIiy] 6 Vsau] 365 ;k fcx cktkj eas ls fdlh Hkh J`a[kyk HkaMkj esa tk dj muds }kj miHkksDrkvksa dks miyC/ dh tkus okyh fofHkUu oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa] mudh dher] muds izdkj vkfn ls lacaf/r tkudkjh bdV~Bh dhft, rFkk Hkkjrh; ifjos{k esa budh laxrk ds ckjs esa Hkh fyf[k,A

5- ,d lkof/d cktkj dk nkSjk dj ds fofHkUu tkudkjh tSls ogka ij csps tkus okyh oLrq,a] mudh dher] foØsrkvksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk vkSlr fuos'k] miHkksDrkvksa dh izÑfr] miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk rFkk foØsrkvksa dks gksus okyh ijs'kkfu;ksa vkfn bdV~Bk dhft,A