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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING RATTAN (CALAMUS MANAN MIQ) WITH RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS WILLD)
ISMAIL HARUN
FH 1996 3
GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING RATTAN (Calamus manan Miq.) WITH
RUBBER (Bevea brasiliensis Willd.)
By
ISMAIL HARUN
Thes i s submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Forestry in the Faculty of Forestry , Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
January 1996
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I w i s h t o exp re s s my mo s t s i n c e re and deep e s t
thanks t o my chairman , Professor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id,
for h i s i nvaluab l e gu i dance , advi c e , encouragement ,
construct ive criticisms and sugge st ions throughout the
proj ect . I also thank Assoc . Profes sor Dr . Sheikh Al i
Abod and Dr . Awang Noo r Abd . Ghani for the i r guidance
rendered .
Grat e ful a c know l e dgement i s due to the Director
General o f Fore s t Res e arch Inst itute Malays ia ( FRIM)
D a t o ' Dr . H j . S a l l e h Mohd . Nor for t he p e rm i s s i on
granted to undertake this programme . I also acknowledge
the permi s s ion granted by Rubbe r I ndus t ry and Small
holders Deve lopment Authority (RISDA) for permiss ion to
use the rubber estate at Bukit Ibol , Dengki l , Selangor
f o r the exp e r i ment s . S i n c e re thanks are due t o the
staff of the Facul ty of Forestry , Uni versiti Pertanian
Ma l ays i a e spe c i a l ly Mr . Mu z ama l Johan , Mr . Ibrahim
Edham and Mr . Zulki f l i Mohd . Zin for assistance in dat a
collect ion .
Finally, I would l ike to dedicate this work to my
parents , my wi f e Mrs. Mar iam Han i fah and my chi ldren ,
Haidar , Salha , Nadia and Amira , without whose love and
devotion this study would not have been completed .
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i
L I ST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi i i
L I ST O F FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i i
ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
1 . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 . L ITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Concept and Definit ion of Agroforestry . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Obj ect ives and Advant ages of Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Some Problems and Constraint s of Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Agroforestry Systems and Prac t i ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
Agroforestry in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Integrated Farming under Rubber Plantat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3
Rubber Industry in Malays ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
i i i
Plant ing of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6
Soil Suitabi l ity o f Rubber Cultivation . . . . 2 6
Nutrient Requirement s o f Rubber Trees . . . . . 2 8
Rattans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Rattan Indust ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Habitat and Distribut ion of Rattan . . . . . . . . 3 1
Nutrient Requirements o f Rattan . . . . . . . . . . 3 2
Silviculture of Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4
Intercropping o f Rat tan with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
Financial Analys i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Prospect s of Rattan Plant ing under Rubber and Rattan as a Commodity Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
Experimental Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
Locat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
Topography and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
Vegetat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Experiment - 1 Greenhouse Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Experiment - 2 Growth Performance of Rattan Interplanted wi th Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0
iv
Experiment - 3 Effects of Intercropping on Soil Properties , Foliar Nutrients , Latex Production and Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . 5 2
Experiment - 4 Effects of NPK Fertilization on Soil Properties and Growth of Rattan Interplanted with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
Experiment - 5 Financial Analysis of Interplanting of Rubber with Rat tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4
Soil Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8
Foliar Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9
Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9
4 . RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Experiment - 1 Greenhouse Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Obj ectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Percentage Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Growth Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2
Shoot -Root Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8
Experiment - 2 Growth Performance of Rattan Interp l anted wi th Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
Obj ectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
Survival and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
Leaf Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2
Stem Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4
v
Relationship Between Stem Length and Number of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
Other General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
Experiment - 3 Ef f ects of I ntercropping on Soil Properties, Foliar Nutrients, Latex Production and Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
Latex Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
Experiment - 4 Ef f ects of NPK Fertilization on Soil Properties and Growth of Rattan Interplanted with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
Soil Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
Soil Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 03
Growth Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5
Experiment - 5 Financial Analysis of Interplanting of Rattan with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6
Obj ecti ves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6
Financial Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6
Project Financial Appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0
Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
vi
Cost Analysis for Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5 . SUMMARY, CONCLUSI ONS AND RECOMMENDATI ONS . . . . . . . . . 129
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3
Considerations for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5
APPENDI CES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7
VITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Earnings per hectare f rom production of maize, soya beans and groundnut intercropped wi th rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Returns f rom animal rearings under rubber plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Soil suitability classif ication f or some selected soil series for rubber production . . . . . . 27
4 Returns f rom some crops planted in rubber plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
5 Comparison between cocoa and rattan planted under rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
6 Levels of NPK f ertlizer application in the greenhouse trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
7 Levels of f ertilizer treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8 Survival count f or rattan seedlings at diff erent f ertilizer" levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2
9 Analysis of Variance for seedling height f or diff erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3
10 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or means of rattan height by fertilizer level . . . . . 6 4
11 Analysis of variance of shoot-root ratio at diff erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or mean shoot-root ratio by dif f erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
13 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or some f oliar nutrients af ter fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
14 Relationship between foliar N, P, K, Mg and Na with total height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
15 Relationship between f oliar N, P, K, Mg and Na with shoot-root ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
viii
16 Survival and mortality rate of rattan ........ . . . 8 1
17 Average leaf production per plant ..... . . ........ 8 3
18 Mean stem height and mean monthly increments ............... . ........ . ............. 8 4
19 Analysis of Variance f or regression between stem length and number of leaves .. . ... . . 8 5
2 0 The eff ects of interplanting on soil chemical properties ..... . ..... . ....... . .............. . .. 8 9
2 1 The ef f ects of interplanting on soil physical properties ................ . . . . ... . ............. 9 0
2 2 The eff ects of interplanting on some f oliar nutrients of rubber trees ....... . . ............. 9 2
2 3 The eff ects of rattan planting on growth of rubber trees . .............. . . . . . ...... 9 2
2 4 The ef f ects of intercropping on latex production ......... . ....................... . ... 9 4
2 5 Comparison between intercropped and control plot on latex production in 19 9 0 ....... 9 5
2 6 Soil chemical properties bef ore fertilization .................................. 9 7
2 7 Soil chemical properties one year after fertilization .. . ...... . . . . . . ............. . . . ... 9 8
2 8 Soil chemical properties two years after fertilization . . ................ . . . . . ........... 9 9
2 9 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test f or soil chemical properties between years . ...... . . . . . . 100
3 0 Soil physical properties before f ertilization ................................. 104
3 1 Soil physical propert ies aft er f ertilization ... . ........... . ..... . . .......... 105
3 2 Analysis of variance f or average height . . . . . . . 107
3 3 Average monthly height increment .......... . .... 108
ix
3 4 Duncan's New Multi ple Range Test for height for different levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3 5 Average leaf producti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3 6 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test for rattan average leaf production per month after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3 7 Duncan's New Multi ple Range Test for some foli ar nutri ents concentrati ons after fi eld ferti li zation at different treatments . . . . 111
3 8 Relationshi p between soi l N, P, K, Mg and Ca wi th total hei ght after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . 112
3 9 Relationshi p between soi l N, P, K, Mg and Ca concentrati ons with average leaf producti on per month after ferti li zation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4 0 Relationshi p between foli ar N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrati ons wi th total hei ght after fertili zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4 1 Relati onshi p between foli ar N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations with leaf production after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4 2 Project fi nanci al apprai sal at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4 3 Net Present Value (NPV) for sensi ti vi ty analysis at 10 percent di scounting rate . . . . . . . . 125
4 4 The value of IRR for sensi ti vi ty analysi s at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . 125
4 5 The value for B/C ratio for sensiti vity analysi s at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . 126
4 6 Total cost i ncurred for rattan planti ng . . . . . . . 127
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Layout of interplant ing rattan
Page
under rubber plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
2 Locat ion of the study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3 Plant ing system of rattan under rubber in Bkt . Ibol Mini Estate Dengki l Selangor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
4 The lower and upper point for measuring stem height of rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5 Experimental layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6 Foliar nitrogen concentrat ion for di f ferent treatment levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9
7 Foliar phosphorus concentrat ion for di fferent levels of treatment after fert i l i zat ion . . . . . . . . 72
8 Fol iar potass ium concentrat ion for di f ferent fert i li zer leve l s after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
9 Foliar calcium concentrat ion for di f ferent treatment levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
1 0 Fol iar sodium concentrat ion for di f ferent fert i l i zer levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11 Fol iar magnes ium concentration for di f ferent fert i l i zer levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
12 Mortality rate of rat tan seedl ings at different ages after plant ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
xi
LIST OF PLATES
P late Page
1 Nursery at the Faculty of Forestry Univers iti Pertanian Malays ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5
2 Rubber plantat ion in Bukit Ibol , Dengki l Selangor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5
3 Rattan seedl ings planted under rubber plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8
xii
Abs trac t of thes i s submi tted to the Senate of Univers i ti Pertanian Malays ia in ful l f i lment of the
requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Science
GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING OF RATTAN (Cal.amu.s manan Miq. ) UNDER
RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis Wil ld. )
Chairman : Facu l ty :
By
I SMAIL HARUN
January 1 9 9 6
Professor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id Fores try
I n tegrated f a rming under rubbe r p l an ta ti on i s a
new agrofore s try prac tice in Mal ays i a . I t has l a te ly
become more important due to the increasing demand for
food and raw materials as a result of increas ing popu-
l a tion and scarc i ty o f land . Interp l an ting of ra ttan
under rubber can be one of the sys tems whi ch can solve
the prob l em o f i n s u f f i c i e n t supp l y o f ra ttan . The
sys tem has been introduced in the 1 9 8 0 s wi th the aim of
maximis ing land use a s we l l as to ensure suf f i c ient
rattan supply to the indu s try . Al though the sys tem is
now widely accepted by smallholders and rubber planta -
tion owners , the re are s ti l l many problems re l a te d to
the cul tivation and management aspec ts such as the
impac ts o f interc ropp ing and the op tima l f e r ti l i z e r
regime s .
xi i i
A greenhouse experiment on 9 0 potted rattan seed
l i ngs ( Ca lamu s manan Mi q . ) was c arr i e d out i n the
nursery of the Faculty of Forestry , Univers i ti Per tani
a n Ma l ays i a . E i ght l eve l s o f NPK f e r ti l i z e r and a
control ( 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 70 , 8 0 g NPK and con
trol ) were given to each seedl ing wi th 1 0 replications
for each level . Measurements and observations were made
f o r 1 2 months . At the end o f the s tudy , the ra ttan
seedl ings were harve s ted to de termine the i r roo t and
shoot dry weights .
Four f i e l d experiments we re c ondu c ted a t Buk i t
Ibo l RISDA ' s mini esta te , Dengki l , Selangor . A to tal o f
2 , 5 0 0 rattan seedl ings were planted a t a spacing of 3 x
6 m be tween s ix-year o ld RRIM 6 0 0 rubber p lanta tion .
The experiments conduc ted are : ( i ) moni toring of the
growth performance of 5 0 0 rattan seedlings for a period
of 2 years ; ( i i ) moni toring of the impac ts of inte r
cropping on l a tex production , growth of rubber tree s
and s o i l properties ; ( i ii ) de termining the effects of
nine l eve ls ( 0 , 5 0 , 1 0 0 , 1 5 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 3 5 0 and
4 0 0 g) of NPK ( 12 : 12 : 1 7 + TE ) ferti l i zer on the growth
o f ra ttan seedl ings , and ( iv ) f inanc ial apprai s a l o f
the proj ect.
xiv
The results of the greenhouse trial indicated that
N P K f e rt i l i z e r app l i e d at 3 0 g p e r rat t an s e e d l i ng
p r o du c e d the b e s t he ight grow t h o f 5 2 . 2 cm and t he
shoot - root rat io of 2 . 0 1 2 . In the f i e l d , the opt imum
leve l was 1 5 0 g NPK per seedl ing . The growth of ratt ans
was 2 . 0 8 em/year and survival after two years was 9 3 . 6
percent . In the case of the effects of intercropping on
growth o f rubber t r e e s , s o i l prope rt i e s and l a t ex
product ion , it was found that there was no s igni f icant
e f fect for all parameters studied . The financ ial analy
s i s indicated that plant ing of ratt an under s ix - year
o l d rubber trees and harvest ing after 1 2 years provide
the highest return with IRR, NPV and B /C rat io of 2 0 . 6 8
percent , RM 3 , 4 9 7. 4 4 and 1 . 64 , respect ive ly .
xv
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Univers iti Pertanian Malays ia untuk memenuhi syarat
Ij azah Master Sains
PENILAIAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN KEWANGAN KE ATAS PENANAMAN ROTAN (calamus manan Miq.) DI DALAM
LADANG GETAH (Hevea brasiliensis Willd.)
Pengerusi : Fakulti
Oleh
ISMAIL HARUN
Januari 1 9 9 6
Proffesor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id Perhutanan
Perkebunan c ampuran di dalam l adang getah adalah
satu sist em perhut anantani yang baru . Akhir- akhir ini
i anya menj adi pent i ng ke rana pen ingk a t an pe rmintaan
terhadap bahan mentah akibat dari pertumbuhan populasi
dan kekurangan t anah . P enanaman rot an d a l am l adang
getah dipercayai boleh menj adi salah satu penyelesaian
untuk mengat a s i mas a lah kekurangan b e k a l an rotan di
pasaran . S i s tem ini di perkenalkan pada t ahun 1 9 8 0 an
dengan mat1amat me nggunakan t an a h s e c a r a mak s imum
d i s amping bo l e h menj amin cukup b e k a l an r o t a n untuk
industri . Walaupun sistem ini telah dapat diterima oleh
banyak pekebun kec i l dan pemi lik l adang getah , masih
t erdapat banyak lagi mas a lah berkaitan penanaman dan
pengurusan seperti kesan penanaman dan had pembaj aan
yang optimum .
xvi
Satu k a j i an rumah kaca ke a t a s s e j uml ah 9 0 anak
benih rotan manau ( Calamus manan Miq . ) telah di j alankan
di tapak semaian , Fakulti Perhutanan , Universiti Perta
nian Mal ays i a . Satu kawalan dan lapan had pemba j aan
( 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 60 , 7 0 , 8 0 g b a j a NPK ) t e l ah
diberikan kepada set iap anak benih rotan dengan ulangan
s ebanyak 1 0 anak benih . P engukuran dan peme rhat i a n
dibuat selama 12 bulan dan d i akhir kaj ian , anak benih
dituai untuk mengukur berat kering pucuk dan akar .
Empat kaj ian lain telah d i j a l ankan di estet mini
k e punyaan R ISDA di Buk i t Ibo l , Dengk i l , S e l ango r .
Se j umlah 2 , 5 0 0 anak rotan telah ditanam dengan j arak 3
x 6 m di antara pokok getah ke lon RRIM 60 0 . Percubaan
yang t e l ah dij alankan adalah: ( i ) pene l i t i an terhadap
kadar pertumbuhan sebanyak 5 0 0 anak benih rotan se lama
2 t ahuni ( i i ) pene l i t i an t e rhadap k e s an penanaman
campuran kepada pertumbuhan dan pengeluaran getah sert a
tanah; ( i i i ) penentuan kesan 9 had pembaj aan ( 0 , 50 ,
1 0 0 , lSD, 2 0 0 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 3 5 0 d a n 4 0 0 g ) b a j a N P K
(1 2 : l 2 : l 7 + TE ) k e a t a s pertumbuhan rotan , dan ( i v )
pen i l a ian kewangan dengan menggunakan data a s a l dan
sekundar proj ek ini .
xvi i
Keputus an menunj ukkan yang pemba j aan anak benih
rotan dengan 30 g baj a NPK memberikan pertumbuhan yang
t e rbaik dengan kadar pe rtumbuhan 5 2 . 2 em dan n i sbah
pueuk dan akar sebanyak 2 . 0 12 . manakala di lapangan ,
di dapati kadar pembaj aan sebanyak 1 5 0 9 pula ada lah
yang terbaik . Adalah didapati , rotan tumbuh pada kadar
2 . 0 8 sm/ t ahun dan p e ratus kehidupan s ebanyak 9 3 . 6
peratus . Untuk kesan penanaman t e rhadap pert umbuhan
pokok getah , penge luaran getah dan sifat t anah didapati
t i ada kesan yang s igni f i kan . Ana l i s i s kewangan pula
menunj ukkan yang penanaman rotan di bawah getah yang
berus ia 6 tahun dan dituai selepas 12 t ahun memberikan
p Ulangan yang terbaik pada kadar IRR , NPV , B / C ratio
s ebanyak 2 0 . 6 8 peratus , RM' 3 , 4 9 7 . 44 dan 1 . 64 .
xvi i i
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Malaysia is one of the leading producers of natu
r a l rubb e r i n the wo r l d . A s o f 1 9 9 3 , 1 . 7 8 mi l l i o n
he c t a re s o f t he t o t a l l and a r e a i n t he count ry a r e
under rubber t re e s ( Ma l ays i a , M i n i s t ry o f P r i ma ry
I ndustries , 1 9 9 4 ) . Thi s repre sent s 5 . 4 percent o f the
total land area in the country . Out o f thi s , about 1 . 5
mi l l ion hectares are located in Peninsular Malays ia and
the remaining 0 . 2 8 mi l l ion hectares in East Mal ays i a .
About 8 1 percent of the 1 . 5 mi l l ion hect are s are man
aged by 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 sma l lholders whe r e a s t he re s t a r e
own e d by l arge r c o rporat ions s u c h a s Gut hr i e , S ime
D arby , Federal Land Deve lopme nt Au tho r i t y ( FELDA ) ,
Rubber Industry and Smal lholders Development Authority
(RISDA) and Federal Land Consol idat ion and Rehabilita
tion Authority ( FELCRA) .
The rubber industry plays a very important role in
the socio-economic deve lopment o f Mal ays i a . In 1 9 9 3 ,
the total product ion of natural rubber was 1 . 0 7 4 mi l
l ion tonnes (Malaysia , Ministry of Primary Industri es ,
1 9 9 4 ) , o f whi ch , 0 . 9 3 7 mi l l ion t onne s were export e d
with a value of RM 2 , 13 2 . 5 mi l l ion which i s equivalent
to about 3 . 9 8 pe r c e nt of the t o t a l export va l u e o f
1
2
primary commodit ies of the country . Rubber industry has
a l so provided job opportunities to the local communi
ty . A total of 1 1 6 , 0 0 0 workers were employed in the
rubb e r e s t a t e s and about ha l f a mi l l i o n p e op l e i n
rubber smal lholdings . I n addi tion , rubber p l ant at i ons
a l s o p rodu c e more t han RM 3 0 mi l l i on of rubbe rwood
s awnt imber and furniture every year . S ince 1 9 9 1 ,
rubberwood timber has made a major contribut ion to the
furni ture industry and the demand i s expected to i n
c rease due to the dimini shing supp ly of logs from the
natural forests .
A l t hough t he rubb e r i ndu s t ry h a s c o n t r i bu t e d
substant ially t o the nat ional economy , the l and under
rubber p l ant at i on can s t i l l be ut i l i z e d i n order t o
maximize land product ivity . In actual pract ice, only
about 25 percent of the area in the rubber plantat ions
i s o c c up i e d by rubber t re e s ( Ta judd i n , 1 9 8 4 ) . The
remaining 75 percent could be used for other economi c
activities to enable smallholders or plantat ion owners
to earn additional income.
Agroforestry is one of the approache s to ut i l i z e
this idle land . This form o f land use has been suggest
e d by Nik Muhamad and I smai l Harun ( 1 9 8 9 ) and I sma i l
Harun and Nik Muhamad ( 1 9 9 0 ) . Agrofore s t ry i s a col
lect ive term for land-use system in which woody plant s
are de l iberately combined on the same l and management
3
uni t w i t h he rbaceous crops and/ or anima l s e i the r i n
some form of spat ial arrangement o r i n sequence (Lund
gren , 198 2 ) . I nterplanting of Calamus man an (rattan )
with Hevea bra s i li ensis (rubber ) trees can b e cons i d
ered as a form of an agroforestry system .
Rat t an , i s a sp iny c l imb ing palm and i s one o f
the most neglected natural resource s from the tropical
forests despite of it being one of the important forest
produces after t imber in As ia (Manokaran , 1990 ) . There
are about 6 0 0 rattan species belonging to 13 genera ,
mo s t ly di st ributed in Southe a s t As i a . I n Penins u l a r
Ma l ays i a t here a r e 1 0 4 spe c i e s o f ratt an from n ine
genera (Dransfield, 1979) . The most valued economical
ly are those belonging to Daemonorops , Khorthalsia and
Calamus . One of the most economically important rattans
found in Peninsular Malays ia is " Rotan manau " (Calamus
manan ) , a large diameter (>1 8mm) cane .
I n r e c e nt y e a r s , t he r e h a s b e e n a t r emendous
increase in demand for rattan especially for furniture
manufacturing . Rattan is an economically vital commodi
ty in vil lage l ivehood (Godoy and Tan , 1991 ; Aminuddin
and Nur Supardi , 1992 ) and has been t raded worldwi de
for more than a century (Corner , 196 6 ) . The world trade
of rat t an product i s e s t imat e d to be around US$ 6 . 5
bill ion (Manokaran , 1990j Malays i a , Rubber Industry and
S ma l l ho l de r s Deve lopment Aut ho r i ty , 1 991 ) and t he
4
r a t t an indu s t ry i s e s t imat e d t o a c c ount f o r ha l f a
mi l l ion jobs .
As a result of the high commerc ial value , rattans
are rapidly being depleted from the natural forests due
to ove r - exploitat ion . Excessive logging and shi ft ing
cult ivat ion also contributed to the dec l ine of ratt an
r e s ource in the count ry . The sp e c i e s p a r t i c u l ar ly
" rattan manau " can no longer be found in abundance in
the country .
Measure s have been t aken t o cult iva t e rat t an on
plantat ion bas is to meet the future demand for thi s raw
mat e r i a l (Aminuddi n e t a l . , 1 991 , Ami nuddin and Nur
Supard i , 1 991 ; Godoy and Tan , 1 991 ) . I n P e n i ns u l a r
Malaysia , rattan plant ing is not conf ined t o the forest
areas but also in the rubber plantat ions . Intercropping
of rattan under rubber plantation was f i rst int roduced
by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia ( FRIM) in
198 0 (Aminuddin and Nur Supardi , 198 6 ) .
Research on the s i lvicultural and economic aspects
of interplant ing rat t an with rubber trees i s however
very l imited . There are s t i l l many fundament al ques
t i ons unanswered part i cu larly on the f inanc i a l f e as i
bil ity, growth interactions and e f fects on soi l proper
t i e s . In addi t ion , no research has been conducted on
t he f e rt i l i z e r requ i rement s of rat t an p l ant e d unde r
rubber .
5
The object ives of this study are to :
i . det ermine t he f e rt i l i z e r regime for opt imum
growth of rattan under greenhouse and f i e ld
condit ions .
i i . a s s e s s t he e f f e c t s of int e rc ropp ing rat t an
with rubber on latex produc t i on , growth o f
rubber trees and their e f fects o n s o i l phys i
cal and chemical propert ies .
i i i . evaluate the f inanc ial aspect s of thi s inter
cropping system .
I n order t o a c h i eve t he above obje c t iv e s t h i s
study was divided into four experiment s . Experiment 1
{ greenhouse exper iment} was condu c t e d a t Unive r s i t i
P e rt anian Ma l ays i a , S e rdang , S e l angor . Experiment 2
{ g r ow t h p e r f o rm a n c e o f r a t t an i n t e rp l an t e d w i t h
rubber} , Experiment 3 (ef fects of intercropping on soil
prop e rt i e s , l a t e x produ c t ion and growt h o f rubb e r
t ree s ) and Experiment 4 (e ffects o f NPK fert i l i z e r on
soi l propert ies and growth of rattan interplanted with
rubbe r ) were c ondu c t e d at Buk i t I b o l M i n i E s t a t e ,
Dengki l , Selangor , Malays i a . I n addit ion , a f inanc i a l
analys i s of t he proje c t was a l s o c a r r i e d out . The
study was conducted over a period of two years .
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter reviews two important aspects related
to this study . The first sect ion deals with the def ini
t ion , concept s , pract i ce s , problems and advant age s of
agroforestry sys t em . Thi s sect ion also des cribes some
agroforestry pract ices in Malays ia and South East As ia .
The second sect ion dea l s with some aspects of growth ,
cult ivation and economics of interplant ing rattan with
rubber . Thi s sect ion also highl ight s some compari sons
in int egrat i ng r a t t an w i t h other c rop s and anima l s
under rubber plantation .
Agrofores try
Concept and Definition of Agroforestry
Agrofore s t ry i s not a new pract i ce and has been
de f ined dif ferent ly by diferent researchers ( Jacalne ,
198 4 ) . Trees , crops and animals have traditional ly been
rai sed together on sma l l farms throughout the wor ld .
Agroforestry is basically a land use system involving a
de l iberate integrat ion of trees and shrubs with agr i
cul tural crops and/ or l ive stock . I t has the potent i a l
o f ensuring sustained product ivity o f natural resources
by enhancing soi l fert i l ity , control l ing eros ion and
6