[1]

Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur

Minor Research Project

Submitted to

University Grants Commission,

Western Regional Office,

Pune.

Title

“FRUIT FARMING IN DROUGHT PRONE AREA:

A CASE STUDY OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT”

Principal Investigator

Dr. Awate Sakharam Janardhan

(M.A., B.Ed, Ph.D)

Head, Dept. of Geography

Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur

Maharashtra

March 2014

[2]

Index

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

I

Introduction

03-07

II

Geographical personality of Study region

08-15

III

General Land use pattern & Cropping Pattern.

16-33

IV

Analysis of survey

34-44

V

Conclusions, Problems and Suggestions

45-51

References

52-53

[3]

Chapter: I

“Fruit Farming in Drought Prone Area: A Case Study of Solapur district”

1.1 Introduction:

India has acquired an important position in fruits, pulses, tea, and

milk production. The agriculture provides sufficient employment to the

increasing working population in India, because agriculture is the base of

industry, trade, transport and exports. 65 percent of the total workers

depended on agriculture and allied activities in Maharashtra state. In

Solapur district 65 percent of population is engaged in agriculture.

Majority of land in Solapur district is coming under rain-fed area.

Because Solapur district is located severe drought (first category

drought). In this drought prone area with the use of suitable agricultural

strategy can put more and more land under cultivation. In this study area

scanty rainfall, long dry spell in monsoon rain, fast deforestation and

depletion of ground water those are important factors affected on fruit

farming in this study area.

In last five year the problem of suicide of farmer has become very

outstanding in Solapur districts. The majority of farmers cultivate as a

single double crop according to tradition and if rainfall as scare it results

into crop failure. This situation results in to poor farmers, which make

them to commit suicide. So there is a dire need to improve economic of

drought prone area farmers to overcome this problem.

This reason of Maharashtra is basically agricultural and rural.

Agriculture of this region deposited limited irrigation facilities. More

over farmers of this region have adopted fruit farming as best possible

alternative cropping system. Farmers of this region who have survived

[4]

and conquered the natural hazards like droughts and uncertainty if

monsoon.

Since the last two decade this region is changing scenario of crops

and diversification for making agriculture more profitable through new

technique, efficient land use, drip irrigation etc. As a result horticulture in

this drought prone region has moved to commercial ventures.

1.2 The Importance of Selected Theme:

In the present time fruits are the most remunerative crops. The

farmers’ attitudes towards fruit production have increased from last two

decade. The physical, cultural, technological and environmental factors

influenced on fruit cultivation. It is generally stated that standard living of

the people depends upon the fruit consumption. Cultivation of fruits

contributes to the health, happiness and prosperity of the people.

1.3 Selection of the Study Region:

The region is located in rain shadow zone where rainfall is scanty

and uneven rainfall is receiving the retreating Monsoon season. Solapur

district has significant position as regards to area, population & economic

production concerned. The selection of the study region under

investigation has been influenced by several considerations. There is

good scope to increase the area under fruit crops. The geographical

setting and ecological factors have given boast to it. The region selected

for the problem inventory is plateau region (80%) in general. They

produce fruits not only for local market but also for the various market

places across the country. The choice of the topic under investigation has

been influenced by many considerations “Fruit farming in drought

prone area: A Case Study of Solapur District” is selected as a study

region. The researcher is motivated by many factors in selecting the fruits

viz. grape, pomegranate, bear, mango, banana, custard apple etc. The

selected study region has following considerations: -

[5]

1.4 Objectives:

The aim and objectives are the essential features of any research.

As a matter of fact, the chief purpose of research is to obtain the result by

fulfilling its objectives. “Fruit farming in drought prone area: A Case

Study of Solapur District” have specific objectives, which are cited

below: -

1. To examine the influence if physical determinants on fruit crops in

study area.

2. To Study the major fruit crops in selected region.

3. To study the transformation of Agriculture in study region.

4. To study the marketing facilities in the study region.

5. To analyze fruit farming and its future prospects in the study region.

1.5 Database & Methodology:

The present study mostly relies on the primary data collected

through sample survey and personal interviews. Limited use of secondary

data is made for the purpose of survey, purposive sampling method is

used. The primary data with fruit growers are collected through the

questionnaires. The schedules are filled in at the spot survey. It includes

published and unpublished data has been collected from reports and

abstracts such as socio-economic review, district statistical abstract and

Shetkari Sangh. Production of various fruit crops such as grape, mango,

ber, pomegranate, guava, apple, banana, papaya, lime, sapota, etc. are

cultivated in the study region.

In the second step major crops were selected for micro level study,

as it is largely influenced by physical, economic, social and

environmental factors also. Village and fruit growers have been chosen

for micro level analysis. 220 fruit farmers from 89 villages of the Solapur

district were interviewed for farm level micro study. For primary data

[6]

collection of area under different fruit farmers had chosen from different

categories i.e. small holding farmers (less than 1 hectare) medium

holdings farmers (1 to 2 hectare) high holding (above 2 hectare) land.

1.6 Review of Literature:

For the present investigation good numbers of literature of different

types has been referred.

Hajare, R.V. (2007): He recorded in his Ph.D. thesis entitled “A

study of Fruit Farming in Maharashtra Plateau” that though the fruit

farming is not native to this region it has emerged as well as estimated

form of land-use with passage of time and has been done successfully.

Mitra and Bose, (1990): Have studied various aspects of fruit

cultivation partially fruit grown in tropical and subtropical areas.

Mukherjee, S.K. (1982): He pointed out in his book

“Improvement of Mango Grape and Guava” that early maturity is the

most desirable character for grapes in North India because the rains start

by the first week of July and flowering takes place in March.

Pujari A.G. (1993): Through his Ph.D. work he studied “The

Progress and Prospects for Development of Pomegranate and Ber Fruits

in Solapur District” which is helpful in cost of production establishment

and recurring cost.

Singh Ranjit (1969): Highlighted the production of mango,

banana, grapes and guava with an objective to bring out the rich and

diverse varieties of fruits in India.

Tawade, M. D. (1980): In his book entitled “Geography of Fruit

Farming” refers to micro climate as the climate of a small area.

Horticulture production, by nature, is location specific because of its

specific climate requirements.

Other review literatures are Bal J.S.(2003), Dr.R.V.Patil and S.D.

Chavan (2002), Dr.S.D. Shinde, Dr.M.G. Jadhav, Dr.C.T. Pawar (1984),

[7]

Dr. Fule B.R (2002), N B K Reddy and Ramanaiah (1992), Noor

Mohammad and Abdul Majeed (1995). The role of the other Geographer

is very vital in synthesizing of other disciplines and in presenting

comprehensive picture of an issue.

****************************************

[8]

Chapter-II

Geographical Personality of Study region

2.1. Location:

The Solapur District is located on the south east edge of the

Maharashtra state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seen basins. Its

latitudinal extent is between 17º05’ North to 18º 32’ North latitudes and

longitudinal extent is 74º 42’ East to 76º 15’ East longitudes. The total

geographical area of Solapur district is 14,878 Sq.Km. The East-West

extension of Solapur district is 153 kms. and North-South stretch is 96

Kms. The adjoining district are Sangli to its Southwest, Satara to its west,

Pune to its northwest, Ahmadnagar to its north and Osmanabad to its east

and Bijapur district in Karnataka to the south. The population of the

district according to 2011 census is 43,15,527.

2.1 Geographical personality of the study region:

Solapur district is the heart of the drought prone area. The natural and

socio-economic determinant of the region has provided a good potential

for the development of the fruit cultivation. Region as whole is

monotonously underlain by Deccan trap basaltic lava flows. The district

as a whole occupied by the Bhima-Seena river basin, which flows in the

middle in a south easterly direction. The region is characterized by typical

Deccan trap geomorphology. On the basis of physical setup, the region is

divided into three major physiographic divisions, viz plateau, highland &

lowland.

[9]

Fig No 2.1 Location Map of Solapur District

[10]

2.2 Soil:

The soil of the Solapur district is mainly of the Deccan Trap

volcanic origin. Out of the total cultivated area very shallow soil

occupies about 43.05%, medium deep Soil 33.99% and deep and very

deep soil 22.96 of the total district.

The total area of shallow soil are 5,28,488.6 hectares. The

proportion of shallow soil within the study region is over 33%, distributed

unevenly in Sangola [50%], Malshiras [37.27%], Pandharpur [36.73%],

Barshi [35.15%], Akkalkot [22.28%], Madha [26.96%] and remaining

tahsils cover 28-33% area of shallow soil. This soil is recently used under

the ber, pomegranate and grapes Banana, etc. with the help of irrigation.

The area of medium soil occupied by about 33.99 % of the total

soil in the district. It is found in every tahsils ranging from 21.77% to

above 63 %. This soil covers in Akkalkot [63.44%], Karmala tahsils

[48.74%] and Madha tahsils [44.69%].

The total area of deep soil occupied about 2,82,206 hectares, which

constitute about 22.96% of the total soil, cover in the district. This soil is

mainly found in Barshi, Madha, Malshiras, Karmala and Sangola tahsils.

This soil is not favorable for the fruit farming. Relatively low organic

content and good drainage system are the salient feathers of these soils.

[11]

Fig No 2.2

[12]

2.3 Climate

Agro-climatic condition of this region is suitable for the sweet and

sturdy fruit crops. Physical environment (relief, climate, soil, water, etc.)

and socio-economic environment of the region is favorable for tropical,

subtropical fruits like Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber and Mango, Banana,

Citrus, Lime, Papaya, Sapota, etc. Area under these fruit crops is

increasing for the last two decades in the study region.

Rainfall

Drought is the cumulative effect of agriculture and natural

vegetation. Uncertain Rainfall is the main character of the drought in

Solapur district. Primary ecological parameter has created a variety of

farming enterprises, types or systems of agriculture. Climatically entire

region falls in the rain shadow area of Maharashtra. The rainfall of

Solapur district is very low and uneven. The distribution of rainfall in

Solapur district is characterized by three types of rainfall region:

a. High rainfall [more than 600 mm]

b. Moderate rainfall [between 500 -600 mm]

c. Low rainfall [less than 500 mm]

a. High Rainfall [more than 600 mm]:- The highest rainfall in Solapur

district was recorded in 2005 in the Barshi tahsil (757.5 mm rainfall). N.

Solapur, S. Solapur, Mangalwedha and Madha are considered in this

range of rainfall region. This area is located in the North-East part of

Solapur District.

b. Moderate Rainfall [Rainfall between 500-600 mm]:- The medium

rainfall region is bounded between 500 mm and 600 mm rainfall. In this

range of rainfall Akkalkot, Karmala, Pandharpur and Mohol tahsils are

include. This area is located in the North-West part of Solapur District.

But this area is more irrigated by canal.

[13]

Fig No 2.3

[14]

c. Low Rainfall [Rainfall less than 500 mm]:- The rainfall less than 500

mm is in low rainfall region. Relatively low rainfall occurs in Sangola

and Malshiras tahsils. In this tahsil 324.3 mm rainfall is recorded. But in

this tahsil agriculture is more developed by irrigation of canal and well.

In this tahsil that pomegranate cultivation is more developed by drip

irrigation.

2.4 Irrigation: There are two major irrigation projects, eight

medium projects, 71 minor irrigation projects, more than one thousand

percolation tanks and 721 Kolhapur type bandhare in the district are

providing irrigation to this region.

Table No 2.1 Solapur district: Area under irrigation (in hectors)

Sr. No.

Taluka Surface Irrigated Land

Subsurface Irrigated Land

Net irrigated Area

Gross Irrigated Area

1 Karmala 5526 15424 20950 25620

2 Madha 5087 19885 24972 28739

3 Barshi 3961 13972 17933 19712

4 N. Solapur 3508 8255 11763 12000

5 Mohol 3974 19275 23249 25495

6 Pandharpur 16573 33832 50405 54332

7 Malshiras 5455 39337 34792 42793

8 Sangola 5827 12615 18442 23930

9 Mangalwedha 1529 2546 4075 8346

10 S. Solapur 3797 17782 21579 22674

11 Akkalkot 5464 18118 23582 26227

Total 60701 191041 251742 289868

Source: - Agricultural divisional department, Pune (2004-2005)

The main source of surface water in this region is Yevati,

Budhehal, Dhubdhubi, Pimpalgaon, Javlgaon lakes. It is the main source

[15]

of irrigation in the district. Which helps to increase the net production of

various traditional crops as well as fruit cultivation.

Summary:

Economy of the region has an agrarian base. But drought is natural

calamity affects the agriculture in this region. Besides this climate, soils,

irrigation, physical condition those are playing important role in the fruit

cultivation. Out of the total working population nearly 71% working

population is engaged in primary economic activities, especially in

agriculture.

****************************************

[16]

Chapter: III

General Land Use and Cropping Pattern

3.1 Introduction:

In the present chapter study has been concentrated to analyze and

interpret general landuse and cropping pattern of the study area. Fruits are

nature’s gift to mankind and are also source of vitamins, minerals &

proteins. Fruits are grown at all landform where the environments are

responsibly favorable. Fruit crop plays a distinctive role in the Indian

economy by improving the income of the rural people. In study region

large tracts of drought prone land are used for fruit cultivation. Area and

production of fruits are increasing tremendously in last two decade.

3.2 General Land Use Pattern:

Land-use is an important aspect of studies in agricultural

geography, it is classified into different categories. In 2004-05 forest area

has been noticed i.e. 24200(1.63%) hectares. The non-agriculture land

was 84000(5.64%) hectares. The potential land is observed 66100 hect.

(4.44%). The fallow land is noticed 205900 hectare (13.83%). The

cultivated area in the district has been registered 1107600 hectares

(74.46).

Area under Forest:

The Solapur district has a very limited area under forest i.e. it

occupies about 1.63%, mostly out of the total geographical area in the

district being lower than that of the average of Maharashtra state. This

has decreased due to the growing pressure of population some forest

lands were converted in to agricultural land and some were denuded of

vegetation and soil.

[17]

Fig No 3.1

242840

6612059

11076

Solapur District : Ganeral Landuse 2004-05 (Area in 00 Hect.)

ForestNon agriculture landPotential land excluding fallow landFallow landCultivated area

[18]

Highest percentage is recorded in Mangalwedha, Pandharpur

tahsils with 6.4% and 5.8% respectively. Lowest percentage is recorded

in Akkalkot, Sangola and Malshiras tahsils with 0.42%, 0.62% and 0.12%

respectively.

Potential Land:

Solapur district covered 4.44% potential land of the total

geographical area in 2004-05. . The region distribution of change in

potential land is depicted. The potential agriculture land is seen to have

highly in Akkalkot tahsil (+2.15 %) and Mangalwedha (+2.11 %).

Potential agriculture land slightly decreased in the tahsils of Barshi,

Karmala and Malshiras.

Fallow Land:

The fallow land includes current fallow land and older fallow land,

which are largely found due to inadequate water supply or excess of

moisture supply, extensive holding and heavy clayey soils difficult for

tilling at proper time.

Solapur district has a substantial proportion of fallow land with in

the reference year in 2004-05 (13.83%). It clearly shows that Solapur is

located in drought-prone region.

Net Sown Area

The total agriculture area of Solapur district covers, 74.46% of

total geographical area in 2004-05. The net sown area accounts for

77.13% in the reference year 2004-05. It is clearly shown that the net

sown area largely decreased from last one decade. The decrease in the

year from 1990-91 to 2004-05 is probably due to uncertainty of rainfall,

deep water level and main rivers (Bhima, Man and Sina) remain dry for a

long period of the year.

[19]

3.3. Cropping Pattern

In study region variety of food crops and non food crops are grown. It

is observed that there is spatial variation in cropping pattern depends

upon rainfall land & other factors. Cropping pattern means the proportion

of the area under various crops at a point of time. These changes are

brought about by the socio-economic influence. The cropping pattern of

the study area are very typical because both dry land culture and irrigated

culture are directly governed by other geographical factors and modified

by the emergent, social and economic circumstances.

The agriculture land in2004-05 in Solapur district is 74.46

percent of total geographical area. It is decreased 2.67% of the total

geographical area. In the study region over-all agriculture pattern of food

crops occupy the largest area.

1. Cereals

In this category include Jowar, wheat, rice, bajra and maize are

important food grain crops. Study region is dominated by the area

production of cereal crops is due to dry land culture and low development

of irrigation. The cereal crops observed area 64.96%. in 2004-05 .

2. Pulses:

Pulses include tur, gram, udid, mug, matki, hulga, blackgram etc.

Normally pulses are cultivated in Kharip season. Out of the total gross

cropped area pulses accoun of 6.41% in 2004-05. The positive change is

observed due to the demand from market, government has give protection

for growth of pulses. It is observed that these crops are more concentrated

in Barshi, Akkalkot, Karmala and Madha tahsils.

3. Sugarcane:

Due to the development of irrigation facilities in certain pockets of

the region and establishment of sugar factories in the last four decades

cause to consistently rise in sugar area. Area of total gross cropped under

[20]

sugarcane cultivation is 6.41% observed in 2004-05. It is also observed

that area under this cultivation is more in Pandharpur and Malshiras tahsil

and relatively less in remaining tahsils of the region.

4. Cotton:

Cotton is another important cash crop of the study region.It contribute

1.61% in 2004-05. High proportion is observed in Akkalkot, Sangola and

Mohol tahsils and low is remaining tahsils of the Solapur district.

5. Oil Seeds:

It includes ground-nut, Kardi, Sunflower etc. crops. This is also important

cash it is observed 6.33% in 2004-05 in study area. The high proportion

of area under oil seeds is found in Akkalkot, Madha, karmala and

Mangalwedha tahsils.

6. Other crops:

Besides above crops, there are remarkable other cropping pattern of

the district. Area under other crops is slightly decreased in 2004-05.The

volume of change is because of farmer’s literacy, technological

development, irrigation facility. However, farmers are adopted new

cropping system which is more profitable than other crops.

7. Fruits:

In the present investigation fruit crops are treated separately,

primarily because the area is increased tremendously during the

investigation period. Fruits have undoubtedly been man’s oldest food, but

the development of fruit-growing on commercial lines has taken place

relatively from 1980 in Solapur district. This district grows fruits such as

Mango, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Ber, Guava and Lime. These are

important local fruit crops of the region. Grape and Pomegranate are the

leading crops and leading commercial fruits of the region.

[21]

3.4. Spatio-temporal Analysis of Fruit Farming in the Study

Region: In the present study for Spatio-temporal analysis tahsil is

considered as a component areal unit and district as entire region. Besides

drought prone climatic conditions, farmers of the region have always

been innovative in their profession. The development of fruit farming on

commercial lines has taken place during the last two decades in the study

area. This district grows fruits such as Mango, Banana, Grape,

Pomegranate, Ber, Guava, Lime etc. Grape, Pomegranate, Ber and

Mango are the leading commercial crops in the region. In the study

region various fruits are grown.

Table No. 3.1 Solapur District - Spatial pattern of leading

fruit crops (2004-05) (Area in Hectares)

Source: 1. Dy. Director, District Horticulture Dept. Solapur. 2. District Agriculture Officer, Solapur.

Tahsils→ Crops ↓

Karmala

Madha

Barshi

North- Solapur

Mohol

Pandhar-pur

Malshi-ras

Sangola

Mangal-wedha

South- Solapur

Akkalkot

Dist. Total

Grape 158 309 1690 1352 507 2610 555 659 559 1651 339 10389

Pome. 148 500 983 980 1640 2233 1156 7712 700 1132 501 17685

Mango 190 301 754 528 613 465 927 616 350 668 1244 6656

Ber 210 900 1384 63 799 1583 880 1534 890 730 900 10773

Lime 422 1410 1040 855 790 1165 878 640 670 891 762 9523

Banana 92 310 160 121 255 310 320 210 66 92 80 2016

Guava 201 254 230 221 150 180 140 80 63 71 62 1652

C. Apple 80 95 225 87 85 115 98 54 42 42 51 974

Total 1501 4079 6466 5107 4839 8661 4954 11505 3340 5277 3939 59668

% 2.51 6.83 10.83 8.55 8.10 14.51 8.36 19.28 5.59 8.84 6.60 100%

[22]

3.5 Principal Fruit Crops in Solapur District:

Fruit farming is a highly specialized form of agriculture. Fruit

farming is always influenced by environmental, biological and socio-

economic factors of the region. Besides these the slope, geographical

location, height from the sea level, temperature, rainfall, forest to have

their own significance. Fruit farming development in the last two decades

has emerged with a mixture of both success and failure, success due to

new technology and Green Revolution & failure due to environmental

damage.

Solapur district is located in the drought-prone region of

Maharashtra. So, the environmental conditions have not favorable for

fruit crops in this region. Besides this in this region Pomegranate, grape,

mango, sapota and guava are cultivated largely. The area of these fruits

increased tremendously in the last two decade. The total area of the fruit

crops of Solapur district is 14500 hectare. It shares only 3.41 % of the

total fruit crops of Maharashtra state and only 1.50 % of the total

cultivated area of Solapur district.

Table No 3.1 shows that the area of major fruit crops in Solapur

district. The area of Ber is 8197 hectares and it shares 31.88 % of the total

fruit crop area of the study region in1990-91. Pomegranate is the second

fruit crop, which constitutes 25.88 % of the total fruit crop area. Then

follow the sour lime (9.45%), the mango (18.42%) and banana (4.13 %)

which are the major fruit crops in Solapur district in 1990-91.

Table no 3.1 indicates that in the present investigation period the

area under the grossed fruit crops area has increased tremendously in

2004-05. Fruits have undoubtedly been man’s oldest food, but the

development of fruit-growing on the commercial basis has taken place

relatively recently in Solapur district. Varieties of fruits and vegetables

[23]

are grown in the study region such as Grape, Pomegranate, Mango, Ber,

Banana, Citrus, Apple, Fig, Coconuts, etc.

Table No: 3.2 Solapur district: Growth of Major Fruit Crops

2004-05

District Year

Area hect.

Name of the fruit Total

Grape Pome. Ber Mango

Kar

mal

a

1990-91 85 140 250 210 685

% 12.40 20.44 36.49 30.66 100

2004-05 590 940 715 640 2885

% 20.45 33.58 24.78 22.18 100

Volume of change 505 800 465 430 2200

% 8.05 13.14 -11.71 8.48

Mad

ha

1990-91 142 520 2902 350 3914

% 3.62 13.28 74.16 8.94 100

2004-05 640 2814 5710 882 10046

% 6.37 28.03 56.83 8.77 100

Volume of change 498 2294 2808 532 6132

% 2.75 14.75 -17.33 -0.17

Mal

shira

s

1990-91 120 332 320 382 1154

% 1o.39 28.76 27.75 33.10 100

2004-05 707 1469 1120 1180 4476

% 15.79 32.87 25.02 26.36 100

Volume of change 640 1137 800 598 3175

% 5.40 4.11 -2.73 -6.74

[24]

Pand

harp

ur

1990-91 1930 715 580 230 3455

% 55.86 20.69 16.80 6.65 100

2004-05 3320 2840 2011 592 8763

% 37.88 32.40 22.97 6.75 100

Volume of change 1390 2125 1431 362 5308

% -17.98 11.71 6.17 0.10

Moh

ol

1990-91 170 230 302 256 958

% 17.74 24.00 31.54 26.72 100

2004-05 645 1830 1017 780 4272

% 15.09 42.86 23.80 18.25 100

Volume of change 375 1601 715 524 3215

% -2.65 18.86 7.74 -8.47

Sang

ola

1990-91 . 290 2961 827 402 4478

% 6.47 66.14 18.44 8.97 100

2004-05 840 9807 1951 782 13380

% 6.27 73.29 14.58 5.86 100

Volume of change 550 6846 1124 380 8900

% 0.20 7.15 -3.86 -3.11

Man

galw

edha

1990-91 207 521 550 252 1530

% 13.52 34.05 35.96 16.47 100

2004-05 970 1393 1439 890 4692

% 20.67 29.68 30.69 18.96 100

Volume of change 263 872 889 638 2662

% 7.15 -4.37 -5.27 2.49

Sout

h So

lapu

r 1990-91 1110 410 350 262 2132

% 52.06 19.25 16.41 12.28 100

2004-05 2099 1440 929 850 5318

% 39.46 27.07 17.46 15.98 100

[25]

Source: 1.Compiled By Researcher 2. District Agriculture Officer, Solapur.

Volume of change 989 1030 579 588 3186

% -12.60 7.82 1.05 3.70

Akk

alko

t 1990-91 70 101 507 1236 1914

% 3.65 5.30 26.48 64.57 100

2004-05 580 990 1850 2854 6274

% 9.24 15.77 29.51 45.48 100

Volume of

change

510 889 1443 1618

4460

% 5.59 10.47 3.03 -19.09

Bar

shi

1990-91 1030 521 899 650 3100

% 33.22 16.82 29.00 20.00 100

2004-05 2150 1250 1760 960 6120

% 35.13 20.42 28.75 15.68 100

Volume of change 1120 729 861 610 3320

% 1.91 3.60 -0.25 -4.32

Nor

th S

olap

ur

1990-91 1004 224 710 320 2258

% 44.46 9.92 31.45 14.17 100

2004-05 1720 991 1225 672 4608

% 37.32 21.52 26.58 14.58 100

Volume of change 716 767 515 352 2350

% -7.14 11.60 -4.87 0.41

District

Total

1990-91 6158 6675 8197 4750 25780

In percent

2004-05 14261 25760 19727 11082 70830

In percent

change % -3.75 +10.47 -3.94 -2.78

[26]

A) Grape: -It is observed that, Grape is very important market-

oriented fruit crop grown in the study regions. It requires assured water

supply, which led to steady growth of its area in the region. In 1990-91

there was 6158 hectare grossed fruit area under this fruit crop which has

increased to 14261 hectares in the year 2004-05.

High grape area (above 30 %) is observed in North Solapur, South

Solapur, Barshi and Pandharpur tahsils and low area is observed in

Madha, Sangola and Akkalkot tahsils. During the investigation period the

grape area is highly increased in Karmala, Madha and Akkalkot tahsils

and decreased in North Solapur, South Solapur, Mohol and Pandharpur

tahsils.

Grape variety

During the period of investigation the district as whole eight

grape varieties are observed in study region, those are 1) Thomson

seedless, 2) Tas-A-Ganesh, 3) Sonaka, 4) Sharad seedless, 5) Manik-

chaman 6) plane seedless,7) Wine special etc other varieties.

1) Thomson seedless:- It is used for table purpose. Total area

under this variety is observed 3711 hectors of total grape of study region

in 1990-91, and it is increased up to 7153 hectors in 2004-05, but the

percentage is decreased from 60.26 % to 50.18% in study region. Tas-A-

Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik-chaman variety are mostly increased with

compare to this Thompson

The positive change of volume under this variety is recorded +

5.02 % in North Solapur. The negative change (-1.75%) is observed in

South Solapur.

2) Tas-A-Ganesh:-.

This variety is largely used for table purpose. Out of the total

districts grape cropped area 1086 hectare (17.63%) area is under this

variety in 1990-91 and 2948 hectors (20.67%), it constitutes 20.67 % of

[27]

total Districts grape cropped area in 1990-91. This variety is largely

planted in Barshi, South Solapur tahsil which cover 645 hectors (21.98

%).

The high concentration under this variety is observe in Pandharpur,

Low concentration is recorded in Karmala, Madha, Mohol, Sangola,

Mangalwedha and Akkalkot which ranging area 0 to 5%. The positive

change was observed in South Solapur tahsil, 17.51 % and negative

change observed in Pandharpur tahsil- 17.18 %.

The volume of change area under this variety is high in Madha

tahsil. Which is recorded + 5.28% and it was very low, negative volume

of change is recorded – 32.30% in Pandharpur tahsil.

4) Sharad seedless:- This is new variety, area under this variety is

1206 hectors and it constitutes 8.45% of the total area under grape in

study region. This variety is largely planted in Pandharpur, South Solapur

which covers 195 hectors.

Volume of change area under this variety is high in Barshi tahsil

which observe + 4%. Because Barshi and adjoined Osmanabad district

create local market for this attractive good variety. Negative volume of

change is observed in South Solapur i.e.0.8% because local market

Solapur city is not sufficient local market for this variety.

5) Other varieties:- In this category Manikchaman and other

varieties are observed in study region. Manik-chaman is very attractive

variety, this variety is similar to Sonaka which is invented by Shri T.R.

Dabhade at Nannaj in the Solapur District. Area under this variety is

observed 222 hectors of the total district Grape area in study region.

B) Pomegranate:- Pomegranate is considered as a highly

nutritious fruit. At the beginning of 1980, there was only 32 hectare area

under this fruit crop in the study region. In 1990-91, there was 6675

hectares of grossed area under Pomegranate fruit crop in India, which

[28]

shot up to 25760 hectares in the 2004-05. This fruit crop doesn’t require

any special kind of soil. Pomegranate is largely cultivated in Sangola,

Pandharpur, Malshiras and Barshi talukas and on small-scale in North

Solapur, South Solapur and Akkalkot tehasils. Pomegranate farming area

has increased in North Solapur, South Solapur, Akkalkot, Sangola and

Madha tehasils. It has decreased only in Mangalwedha (4 %).

Variety of pomegranate

In the study area different pomegranate variety was categorized in

to eight types in study region. The area under pomegranate is observed

6675 hectors in 1990-91 and 25760 hectors in 2004-05. The area under

this fruit is increased by 25.91% within the period of investigation i.e.

1990-91 to 2004-05 in study region.Table No.3.2 exhibits the variety

wise changing area under different pomegranate variety in study region.

During the period of investigation the district as whole eight

pomegranate variety are observe those are Bhagwa, Mrudula, Arakta,

Ganesh, Rubi, G-117, P-26 those are important.

1) Bhagwa:- It is observed that the area under this variety has

increased in study region from 1016 hectors to 5848 hectors within the

fifteen years. The total area under this variety is reported 1016 hectors

(15.24%) of the total pomegranate area of Solapur District in 1990-91 and

it is increased up to 5848 hectors (22.73%) in 2004-05 of the study

region. In Sangola tahsil the area under this variety has observe highest

2200 hectors (37.64%) and lowest area under this variety is observe 210

hectors (3.5) in Karmala tahsil.

2) Mrudula: In study area this variety is observed 515

hectors,(7.73%), of total district of pomegranate in 1990-91 and 5018

hectors (19.49%) in the 2004-05.

Highest area under area under this variety is observed 1726 hectars

(34.40%) in Sangola tahsil, and lowest area 152 hectars (3.02%) is

[29]

observed in North Solapur within the fifteen years. In this period this

variety is increased by 11.76% in study region.

3) Arakta:- It is observed that, out of the total district pomegranate

area 534 hectors (8.0%) observed under this variety in 1990-91 and 4570

hectors (17.74%) observed in 2004-05.. Highest area 1741 hectors

(38.90) is observe in Sangola. The proportion of high concentration is

observe in Sangola, Pandharpur and Madha ranging above 10% where

moderate concentration 5 to 10% is observe in Malashiras and Mohol

tahsil. Low concentration below 5% is observed in Karmala,

Mangalwedha, South Solapur, Akkalkot, Barshi and North Solapur.

4) Ganesh:- This variety is popular in this region, out of the total

district pomegranates area under Ganesh variety 2655 hectors (39.77%) is

observed in 1990-91 and 3904 hectors( 15.15%) recorded in 2004-05.

Volume of change under this variety is observed – 24.62% of the district

level within the fifteen years because with compare to Arakta and

Bhagwa this variety has less demand from national and international

market. The proportion of high concentration is observed in Sangola

tahsil ranging above 10%, moderate concentration is observed in Madha,

Pandharpur, Mohol, Mangalwedha, South Solapur and North Solapur.

Low concentration below 5% is observed in Karmala, Malashiras,

Akklakot and Barshi tahsis.

5) Rubi:- This is market oriented varity, out of the total district

area under pomegranate, 558 hectors (9.85%) is occupies under this

variety in 1990-91 and 1947 hectors (7.55%) area is observed in 2004-05

in study region. Highest area 690 hectors is observed in Sangola tahsil

and lowest area recorded 70 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil at the time of

investigation.

C) Ber: - In drought prone area, this is an important fruit crop in

the study region. It is the most drought-resistant crop which requires less

[30]

amount of rainfall and sustains on inferior land also. The Plantation of

this fruit crop got started in the beginning of 1980 on commercial basis in

Solapur district. At the beginning of 1990-91 only 8197 hectare area was

registered to this fruit crops, this rose up to 19727 hectares in the 2004-

05. Area under the cultivation of Ber is high in Madha, Mohol and South

Solapur. It has increased in Akkalkot, Mohol and South Solapur, but it

has gone down in Karmala, Madha and Pandharpur.

Ber Varieties The districts whole five major Ber varieties are observed 1) Umran

2) Chameli 3) Kadaka 4) Gola and 5) Sonur. The total district area under

this fruit is registered 8197 hectors in 1990-91 and 19727 hectors

occupied in 2004-05. The area under Ber fruit crop is increased by

41.55% within the period of investigation, i.e.1990-91to 2004-05.

1) Umran:- This is sturd variety, out of the total district Ber

cropped area 19727 hectors, area under Umran varieties is observed

4432hectare (54.06) in 1990-91,and13170 hectare(66.76&) observed in

2004-05. Highest area under this variety observed in Madha tahsil 3860

hectors and lowest area register 482 hectares in Karmala tahsil.

2) Chameli:- It is noticed that, out of the total district Ber cropped

area 2669 hectors (32.56%) area is under Chameli variety in 1990-91 and

5072 hectors (25.73%) area is observed under this variety in 2004-05.

highest area 3860 hectors is observed in Madha tahsil and lowest area

under this variety 150 hectares observed in South Solapur tahsil.

3) Kadaka:- Out of the total district Ber fruit area 404 hectors

(4.96%) area is observed in 1990-91 and 463 hectors (2.34%) area is

observed in 2004-05. Highest area observed under this variety is 110

hectors in Madha tahsil and lowest area 15 hectares observed in Mohol

tahsil in the study region.

[31]

4) Gola:- This is new variety observed in small scale in study

region. Out of the total district Ber fruit area 157 hectors (1.91%) is

observed in 1990-91 and 269 hectors (1.36%) is observed in 2004-05 in

study region. Highest area under this variety is observed 130 hectors in

Madha tahsil.

D) Mango: - This is king of fruits, and is a long-living commercial fruit crop. In

spite of being the king of fruits, mango, got cultivated with modern

innovative techniques during last 15 years in the study region. In 1990-91

only 4550 hectares area was under this fruit crops. It increased to 11082

hectares in 2004-05. Mango crop is highly cultivated in Akkalkot,

Karmala, Madha and Malshiras tahsils. Its cultivation seems to have

increased all over the district during the investigation period.

Mango Varieties:

There are number of commercial as well as normal varieties

observed in study region. In the study region mango fruit varieties are

categorized i.e. Kesar, Alfanso, Badam, Shendra, Rawl and other.

1) Kesar:- This is important variety well suited in this climate of

the study region. Out of the total district mango cropped area 2578

hectors (56.61%) area is observed under this variety in 1990-91 and 6463

hectors (58.31%) area occupied in 2004-05 in study region. Highest area

observed under this variety is 1570 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil and low

area 240 hectors in North Solapur in the study region. The maximum

volume of positive change is observed + 4.40% in South Solapur and

highest negative volume of change is recorded – 4.53% in Barshi tahsil.

Farmers of Barshi tahsil are attracted to words the assure grape fruit crops

in last 10 years.

2) Alfanso:- This is commercial variety, out of the total area under

mango fruit of Solapur District is observed 539 hectors (11.84%) under

[32]

Alfanso variety in 1990-91 and 1189 hectors (10.76%) area is observed in

2004-05 in Solapur District.

3) Badam:- This variety is occur from Andhra Pradesh, out of the

total district mango fruit cropped area 611 hectors (13.42%) is under

Badam variety in 1990-91 and 927 hectors (8.36%) is observed in 2004-

05. Highest area observed under this variety is 560 hectors in Akklakot

tahsil and lowest area 10 hectors is observed in Malashiras tahsil in the

study region.

4) Shendra:- Out of the total mango fruit cropped area 230 hectors

(5.05%) was under this Shendra variety in 1990-91 and 634 hectors

(5.72%) area is registered in 2004-05 in Solapur district. Highest area

observed 88 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil and lowest area observed 30

hectors in Pandharpur tahsil in the study region.

6) Other varieties:- Out of the total district mango cropped area

250 hectors (5.49%) is under this several variety 1990-91 and 978 hectors

(8.82%) is observed in 2004-05 in the study region. Other varieties are

scattered all over the district in small proportion.

Summary:- In Solapur district different fruit crops was 0.72 per cent in 1990-91,

which grew up to 1.53 per cent of area in 2004-05.Fruit farming, is a

highly specialized form of agriculture. Fruit farming development in last

two decade has emerged with a mixture of both success and failure

.Success due to new technology and failure due to environmental damage.

Varieties of fruits are grown in the study region .Grape, Pomegranate,

Mango and Ber are leading fruits .In study region new variety of Grape,

pomegranate, mango and Ber are great demand from national and

international markets.

[33]

Pomegranate is the most suited and well survived fruit crop in this

climatic region. In 2004-05 area under this fruit was 17685 hectares.

Sangola tahsil is leading in area under pomegranate with 7712 hectares

and Karmala is at the bottom with 140 hectares. Grape is another

important commercial fruit crop in study area. In 2004-05 area under this

fruit crop is 10389 hectares. Pandharpur tahsil is leading in area under

grape cultivation with 2610 hectares and Karmala is at the bottom with

158 hectares. Ber is also important fruit crop in study area. In 2004-05

area under this fruit crop is 10773 hectares. Pandharpur tahsil is leading

in area under ber with 1583 hectares and South Solapur is at the bottom

with 63 hectares.

For the purpose of Spatio-temporal analysis major important four

fruit crops are considered, these are, pomegranate, grape ber and mango.

****************************************

[34]

Chapter IV:

Analysis of survey

In this Chapter survey work is attempted, to observe personally

the situation in the drought prone region regarding the cultivation of

selected fruits. This Chapter mainly deals with the following aspects: -

1. Socio-economic status of fruit growers in drought prone area.

2. Cropping pattern and fruit farming status of the drought prone region

3. General Characteristics of sample fruit growers

4. Problems of fruit growers in study region

4.1 Data Base and Methodology: a) Selection of sample villages

The total area surveyed is 666 hectares. This ratio is 5 percent to 1

farmer. All the growers are interviewed personally. It also becomes a

climatic hazard to fruit farming when it is characterized with scantiness,

concentration, intensity, variability and unreliability. The quantum of

rainfall and time of rainy days may be quite sufficient to meet the annual

requirement of successful fruit production. On the basis of rainfall

variation, Solapur District is divided in to three board division which are

given below:-

1. High rainfall region(600mm &above)

2. Moderate rainfall region(500-600mm)

3. Low rainfall region (less than 500mm)

After grouping the rainfall regions in three board divisions or

region. According to rainfall variation in Solapur district, in each tahsil

20 fruit growers were selected each zone. For these purpose 79 villages

[35]

are selected on the basis of fruit area from that particular region, 220 fruit

growers are selected for micro level study, with specific criteria.

The first region is High Rainfall region, with assured water supply

both in volume and spread, which covered 48 percent area to total

geographical area, and 116 farmers are (A region-41 villages) selected

out of total 220 growers in study region.

Second region is medium rainfall region where supply of water

from rainfall is subject to large fluctuations, constitute 39 percent area of

district which consist 80 fruit growers (B region-29 villages) of sampling.

Third region is low rainfall region where there is no dependable irrigation

and where the rain fall is scanty and uneven, which capture 13 percent

area of district and 24 fruit growers (C region-9 villages) are selected for

this study. Table No 4.1 shows the selection of villages and growers in

Solapur District.

It may be observed that 48 percent (116) farmers of high rainfall

region capture 52 percent area (350 Hect.), which is covered by fruit

growers in this region. Second medium rainfall region (80) farmers

cached 28 percent area of total observed area and very few 13 percent

growers in low rainfall region farmers observed only 20 percent area to

total surveyed area.

[36]

Table No 4.1: Solapur District: Selected Sample Villages

Source: Compiled By Researcher

S.r. Tahsil Villages S.r. Tahsil Villages 1 North

Solapur Nannaj, Padsali, Madre, Hiraj,Belati,Nandur, Dongawn

7 Pandharpur

Sarkoli, Kasegaon Isbhavi, puluj, Korti Karkamb,Tungat

2 Barshi Barshi, Gormale Dadsinge, Kavathe Vairag, Rawalgawon Chare, Ridhore

8 Sangola Hatid, Junoni Achkdani, Sangola Wadhegaon, Kadlass Gherdi, Sangewadi

3 Akkalkot

Dudhani, Mirajgi Chappalgawon Tadwal, Jewur Hasapur, Akkalkot

9 Madha Wakav,Laul, Kurduwadi, Tulshi Aran, Bavi, Ghoti Kannhapuri

4 South Solapur

Kardehalli, Achegawon, Aherwadi, Mandrup, Bhandarkawate, Boramani

10 Karmala Parewadi, Ketur Korti, Jewur, Salse Kandar,Karmala

5 Mohol Shohale, Kurul Mohol, Ichgawon Kamti(BK), Shirapur Angar

11 Malshiras Malshiras, Natepute Phondshiras, Pilew Akluj, Velapur, Nevare

6 Mangalwedha

Marwde, Huljanti Kacharewadi, Borale Arali,Mundewadi,Mangalwedha,

[37]

4.2 Socio-economic status of fruit farmers The basic purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic

impact on the fruit cultivation practices, limitation, and expansion of this

area under fruit crops. Following socio-economic factors are influence the

survey area.

a) Age structure

The quality and productivity of fruits are affected by the physical

and environmental factors, as well as the age of the farmer. Farmers

experience in farm is more important for improvement of fruit quality and

productivity. Experienced farmers can use and adopt own technology in

farm which is not used by new farmers.

It is noticed that Proportion of age group 41-60 is high (47%) and

the age group of 21 to 40 have been observed 43% this growers age

group having more family responsibility to get more attention in

agricultural activity. very low age group above 60 is observed 03%.

.Below age 20 this group is observed 7%. It is observed that dependant

age group proportion is very low and working group very large. This is

good for the economic development as concerned.

b) Occupation structure:

Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people nearly 72%of

the total population is engaged in this occupation, directly or indirectly.

The rest 28% depends other than cultivation.

In the study region agricultural livelihood is highly concentration.

Presents the occupation wise distribution of the fruit growers. Study

reveals that 68% of peoples belong to farmers, 9 percent fruit growers

observed as a businessman. In this study region 5 percent peoples are

engaged in various services, in this region 18 percent peoples are

occupied under dairy farming, Raisin making ,transportation.etc.

[38]

c) Land holding size

According to Krishna Bhardwaj, there is a higher intensity of

irrigation on low land holding. There has been a heated debate over what

should be the appropriate size of farm, amount of income is depended on

the size of holding. High holding farmers are more economic in working

than the low land holding farmers. If the farm size is large, these farmers

can use modern machines like 18 hp tractors for inter cultivation. Spray

tractor, spray pipeline, cold house etc. Small farmers cannot buy machine.

Such farmers cannot get machinery when it is essential.

Table No 4.2 Solapur District: Land Holding Size of Fruit Growers

Sr.

No

Land holding Number of

farmers

% Area

(Hect.)

%

1 Small (below -

1hect.)

84 38 68 10

2 Medium (1- 2

Hect.)

106 48 190 29

3 Large (above 2

Hect.)

30 14 408 61

Total 220 100 666 100

Source: Compiled By Researcher.

Table No.4.2 indicates that 84 fruit growers are observed small

size,(below 1 hect), which constitute 38 percent and 106 growers were

moderate (1to2 hect) holding, it constitute 48 percent area. And 14

percent fruit growers obtained large holding (above 2 hect.). It is

interesting picture that under large proportion holding is found 61 percent

area under this category, because fruit farming is more benefited than

other traditional crops, in the study region.

[39]

4.3. Landuse

In the previous research, land use is of vital important pattern in

agricultural activity. Land is the basic source of human society. Every

fruit growers of this region use maximum land under fruit crops

according to landuse capability.

a) Landuse of selected farmers

The utilization of land according to use capability ensures that this

resource is utilized to the best advantage. One of the most significant

features of land use in Solapur District is the large proportion of area is

under in food grain crops i.e. Jawar crop.

Table No 4.3 Solapur District: Landuse pattern of Sample Fruit

growers

Sr. No. Landuse Area (hect.) %

1 Fruit 412 62

2 Jawar 121 18

3 Sugarcane 68 10

4 Pulses 26 4

5 Other crops 27 4

6 Barren land 12 2

I Total 666 100

Source:- Compiled by Researcher.

The table No. 4.3 Presents the general landuse pattern of selected

220 fruit growers of District. Among them, fruits are dominant (62%)

cultivation in District. Jawar is observed second (18%) ranks. District as a

whole Jawar is first rank stepal food, Sugar cane have been observed 18

percent area under this crops. Pulses and other crops are very limited

concentration that is only 10 percent of the survey area.

[40]

b) Area under different fruit crops of selected farmers

The development of horticulture has an impact on socio-economic

life of the people in Solapur district particularly when the per hectare

production and income are high in horticulture that is case with the

traditional crops for example Jowar provides Rs 32900 per hectare net

profit. But in case of grapes the net profit is observed Rs 439450. In

other word it is 13.35 times higher than the Jowar.

Table No. 4.4 Solapur District: Major Fruit Crop Area

Sr. No. Fruit crops Area %

1 Grape 90 22

2 Pomegranate 113 27

3 Mango 101 25

4 Ber 104 26

Total 412 100

Source: Compiled by Researcher

It is noticed from the Table 4.4 that the total sample study area is

observed 666 hectares of 220 fruit growers. Out of this 27 percent (113

hectare) is in pomegranate, 26 percent (104 hect) is under Ber fruit crop,

25 percent (101 hect) is under Mango and 22 percent (90 hect) area is

under grape cultivation. In present field study it is observed that area

under fruit crops influence of several physical, socio-economic and

technological factors on the fruit production.

c) Varieties of Fruit crops cultivation

During survey period the researcher has tried to find out the object

of growers particular variety fruit plantation. It is remarkable that 99%

fruit grower’s object is to marketing purpose only. Fruit varieties

practices depend on the purpose of plantation, the purpose of fruit

plantation in Solapur district is table fruit, Raisin, juce etc. For these

[41]

particular purposes following are the major fruit varieties practiced in

Study region. At time of survey, different fruit varieties have observed.

Table No. 4.6 indicates that area under grape cultivation 22 percent of the

total area of fruit crops is identified. Thomson seedless this variety is

observed 48 percent, and 24 percent area is occupied under the Tas-A-

Ganesh , this variety is market oriented. Sonaka variety is also popular in

this region 19 percent area is observed under this variety.

Pomegranate: Table No 4.5 shows that total area under

pomegranate is observed 113 hectares (27%) in survey area. At the time

of investigation, there are number of commercial varieties observed.

Bhagwa this variety is Observed 25 percent, and Mrudula 27 percent,

Arakta and Ganesh is observed more than 30 percent. The climatic factors

are affected this variety.

Mango: Out of the total survey cropped area 25 percent area is

under this fruit cultivation. In this region numbers of Mango varieties are

Keshar this variety observed 64 percent, next to Badam is important for

the commercial point of view it constitute 14 percent. Alfanso is new

introduction in this region and only 12 percent area is observed under this

varieties.

In survey region Ber is another popular fruit crops out of total fruit

region of investigation 26 percent region is estimated under Ber

cultivation. Umran variety is observed 70 percent this is high proportion.

Chamali observed 22 percent and area under kadaka has been observed 7

percent. Those are local market oriented varieties.

[42]

Table No. 4.5 Solapur District: Major Fruit Varieties Cultivated by

Growers

Sr.

No

Fruit Crops Variety Name

Area % % to

total

1 Grape Thomson Seedless 43 48

Tas-A-Ganesh 22 24

Sonaka 17 19

Other 08 09

Total 90 100 22

2 Pomegranate Bhagwa 28 25

Mrudula 27 27

Arkta 23 20

Ganesh 16 14

Other 19 17

Total 113 100 27

3

Mango Keshar 65 64

Alfanso 12 12

Badam 14 14

sendra 07 07

Other 03 03

Total 101 100 25

4 Ber Umran 76 70

Chemali 24 22

Kadka 07 07

Other 01 01

Total 108 100 26

Total observed 220 growers 412 - 100

Source: Compiled By Researcher

[43]

4.4 Source of water

It is also observed that well and bore-well are the only source of all

fruit crops viz ber, mango and pomegranate cultivation .

Table No 4.6 Solapur District: Irrigation System

Source: Compiled By Researcher

Sr.

No.

Fruit crops Method of

irrigation

Farmers %

1 Grape Surface (flood ) 06 05

Drip 112 95

Sprinkler - -

Other - -

Total 118 100

2 Pomegranate Surface (flood ) 05 11

Drip 41 89

Sprinkler - -

Other - -

Total 46 100

3 Mango Surface (flood ) 20 83

Drip 04 17

Sprinkler - -

Other - -

Total 24 100

4 Ber Surface (flood ) 09 28

Drip 23 72

Sprinkler - -

Other - -

Total 32 100

[44]

Irrigation system

Irrigation is very essential for fruit cultivation in drought prone

area. Water should supply at different stages of fruit growth viz. grape

berry, weight, colour, and test development.

Table No 4.6 indicates that the 80% of the observed farmers in Solapur

District used this system for fruit cultivation. Drip irrigation is more

useful for the Grape, pomegranate, Mango and Ber cultivation. The

performance of the system, which was introduced about 8 to 10 years

back, has been not satisfactory. The uneven supply of water through the

nozzles/drippers does not enable farmers to use suitable fertilizers

through water. Now progressive farmers have been adopted new

technology of fertilization through drip. Mango fruit crop it need more

amount of water. About 83 percent mango growers used surface irrigation

and remaining 27 percent used drip irrigation.

4.5. Fertilizer

Each fruit Crop has its own nutrient requirement. This depends

upon the purpose of crop, duration, soil type as well as response need of

varity.

Although the chemical fertilizers are used largely on the basis of

plant growth, berry set, fruit color, fruit size etc. During the survey it is

noticed that high use of chemical fertilizer is in the Pomegranate and ber

fruit cultivation which has been observed (100%).

Mulching:-Mulching is a soil and water conserving and weed

management practice in which a grass, crop residues, transparent

polythene sheet or other organic materials is spread around the tree. It

reduces evaporation from soil and the soil holds the moisture for a longer

period. This practice is useful Solapur District fruit growers where

irrigation water is scanty. 97% grape growers are used this method,

while pomegranate farmers are adopted 96% this method.

[45]

Chapter: v

Conclusions, Problems and Suggestions

From the preceding analysis, following findings has been emerged

and suitable suggestions have been also recommended in this to change

the existing situation and to achieve the fruit cultivation development in

the study area.

1. The physical and socio-economic of the area have a great bearing on

the growth and spatial distribution of fruit cultivation. The large

proportion of the study region is covered with a plateau (80 percent)

which is relatively large. Central part of the district comes under the

Bhima river basin. This region is favorable for the horticulture. The

agro climatic conditions of the region are favorable for the tropical

fruit crops like grapes, pomegranates, ber and mango.

December is coldest month and average minimum temperature

is about 13.850c. In April and May maximum temperature goes up to

about 430c. Rain fall is the dominant single weather parameter and

climatic hazards which affects plant growth. The region gets 75

percent rain from south-west monsoon. The variability of rainfall is

high in the eastern part than the western part of study region. The

average rain fall is ranging from 500 to 600 mm. The variation in the

annual rainfall from year to year is large. It indicates acute need of

irrigation. Wells, canals and rivers are used for irrigation and drip

irrigation system plays a very vital role as a source of irrigation for

fruit farming. Out of the total gross cropped area 22.72 percent area is

under irrigation. Fog and mist occasionally occur during the winter

season and hails and dust storms occur in summer season causing

pests and diseases on fruit crops. Shallow and medium deep soils of

[46]

the region are suitable for fruit cultivation. The study region has a

fairly good system of road and rail network, hence transport plays an

important role in the economic development of the region. In brief

physical and socio-economic aspects of the study area are favourable

for the fruit orchards. Hence, region has great potential to boost the

fruit cultivation with respect to areal extension, production, and yield.

2. Analysis of the general landuse and cropping pattern reveals that over

a period of fifteen years (1994-95 to 2009-10). Positive changes are

observed in non agricultural land (0.43 percent), potential agricultural

land (0.37 percent), follow land (2.04 percent) and negative changes

are observed in forest area (0.17 percent) and net sown area (2.67

percent).

3. The study of the cropping pattern indicates the positive changes are

observed in pulses (6.75 percent), sugarcane (4.15 percent), cotton

(0.41 percent) and fruits (1.11 percent) where as negative changes are

observed in cereals (9.16 percent) and oil seeds (2.57 percent).

Analysis of the cropping pattern reveals that area under fruits is

increased by 1.11 percent under the period of investigation. This

shows that area under fruit cultivation is increasing in the study area.

5. The area under different fruit crops was 0.72 percent in 1994-95,

which increased to 1.53 percent out of the net sown area in 2009-10.

The area under fruit crops is highly increased in Pandharpur (3.52

percent) followed by Malshiras (1.50 percent) and Mohol (1.41

percent), whereas it is decreased in Akkalkot to a very small

percentage (0.32 percent) in all the remaining tahsils of the study

area. Fruit farming development in last two decade has emerged with

a mixture of both success and failure. The Success due to new

technology and failure due to environmental damage. Varieties of

fruits are grown in the study region. Grape, Pomegranate, Mango and

[47]

Ber, lime are leading fruits. In study region new variety of Grape,

pomegranate, mango and Ber have great demand from national and

international markets.

6. Many fruit crops are cultivated in Solapur District. The Grapes holds

the first place in Pandharpur tahsil. Pomegranate holds the first place

in Sangola. Mangoes hold first place in Akkalkot. And ber holds the

first place in Madha tahsil.

7. Grape is very important market-oriented fruit crop grown in the

Solapur District. In 1990-91 there was 6158 hectares area under this

fruit crop which was increased to 14261 hectares in the year 2004.05

9. At the beginning of 1980, there was only 32 hectares area under this

fruit crop in the study region. In 1990-91, there was 6675 hectares of

area under Pomegranate fruit crop in the study area which increased

up to 25760 hectares in the year 2004-05..

10. Mango is a long-living commercial fruit crop. In 1990-91 only 4750

hectares area was under this fruit crop. It increased to 11082 hectares

in 2004-05.

11. Ber is one of the ancient and sturdy fruit crop in the district. It is the

most drought-resistant crop which requires less amount of rainfall

and sustains on inferior land also. At the beginning i.e. 1990-91 only

8197 hectares area was registered to this fruit crop, this rose up to

19727 hectares in the year 2004-05.

12. The traditional varieties of fruit crops are replaced a by new varieties..

Thomson seedless (50.18 percent) grape variety is largely cultivated

followed by Sonaka (Tas-A-Ganesh) (20.67 percent), Sonaka is

observed 18.65 percent and Sharad seedless variety (8.45 percent).

Bhagawa pomegranate variety is dominantly (22 percent) cultivated

in Solapur District. Mrudula (19 percent), Arkta (17 percent) and

Ganesh (15 percent). Mango fruit crop which is popular in local,

[48]

national and international market. Alfanso (11 percent), Rawal (7

percent) and Badam (8 percent) are the popular mango varieties

cultivated in Solapur district. Umran variety of Ber (26 percent) and

Chameli (25 percent) are dominantly cultivated in the study area.

13. On the basis of field work, it is observed that 90 percent of fruit

growers belong to middle age group (21-60 age), while 03 percent

and 07 percent of fruit growers belonged to old (above 60) and

younger (below 20) age group respectively.

14. Most of the fruit growers (62 percent) educated up to high school

level, 25.00 percent up to college level and 13 percent are illiterate. In

fruit growing activity out of the total workers, male workers account

63 percent, while female workers are 37 percent.

15. It is observed from field survey that among 220 fruit growers, 68 fruit

growers (37.77 percent) are observed small land holders (below 1

hect.), and 87 growers (48.33 percent) are moderate land holders (1

to 2 hect.) and 25 farmers (13.9 percent) are large size land holders

(above 2 hect.).

16. It is noticed from the field study that grape fruit is dominant cash crop

that cover 54 percent area to total observed fruit area followed by

Pomegranate having 21 percent area. Area under Ber and mango is 14

and 11 percent respectively.

20. Shallow soil and medium deep soil are suitable for fruit cultivation.

Grape, ber and pomegranate fruit crops dominantly cultivated in

shallow soils in study area. But the mango crop is highly (66 percent)

cultivated in deep soils.

21. In observed area, 82 percent grape area is irrigated by well and bore-

well, 14 percent area is irrigated by tank. It is also observed that well

and bore-well is the only source of all fruit crops (ber, mango and

[49]

pomegranate) cultivation. Drip irrigation method is compulsory used

for fruit cultivation by fruit growers.

23. During the survey it is noticed that high use of chemical fertilizer has

been observed in grape, pomegranate, banana and ber cultivation.

32.Satisfaction level of fruit growers has been observed with eight

satisfaction indicators, it is observed that, excellent satisfaction level

is observed among 28.18 percent, good satisfaction level observed

among 61.82 percent, moderately good among 8.63 percent and 1.36

percent belong to unsatisfied level among sample fruit growers.

Problems and Suggestions: In view of the findings stated above and problems faced by the

fruit growers some useful suggestions are made here to improve the fruit

farming in the drought prone area of Solapur district.

1. Solapur District is located in drought prone area. Water scarcity is a

serious problem in fruit cultivation. It is suggested that, the growers

should use the mulching techniques for minimize the evaporation.

Drip irrigation system is most useful in getting good yield during the

water scarcity period. Water shade development programs need to be

implemented on a large scale in this region.

2. About 87 percent fruit growers are facing water problem for the fruit

farming during the scarcity period. It reduces grape productivity and

total production. Hence, it is suggested that growers should use water

storage in the farm tanks (Shet Tale) at farm level for the rest of the

year.

4. It is also observed that high wind speed and high evaporation are the

major problems regarding the cultivation of grape, pomegranate, ber

and mango in the drought prone area of the study region. Hence, to

overcome these problems growers should create the wind breakers

[50]

along the orchards to reduce the wind speed and the rate of

evaporation.

5. Fruit growers of the region face the problem of capital. To solve this

problem, it is suggested that credit societies, N.H.B., DCC Banks and

Agriculture Departments can release more capital on subsidy basis

for increasing fruit cultivation area in the study area.

6. To minimize the problem of sun burning (sun starching) growers

should arrange grapevine rows in the east-west direction and use

paper cover on the berry clusters and fruits..

7. The problem of daily shortage of electricity is very serious. Therefore

it is suggested that to overcome this difficulty use of fuel engines,

solar plant etc. may be used as an alternative to the electricity.

8. To maintain the quality of grape and pomegranate bunches, the use of

thinning is suggested. To save the colour from the sun, the use of

Saris and papers are suggested for net shading as an alternative to

polythin paper.

9. To overcome the problem of ‘Mealy Bugs’ in grape orchards the use

of detergent spray before spraying any pesticides is suggested. The

ber fruit is affected by leaf eating caterpillar, and leaf mould and leaf-

spot diseases. It is suggested that spray 3 G Sevin 50 percent in one

liter and spray with Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250.

10. To overcome the problem of bad smell and throat imitation because

of spray of SO2, the natural sun drying and Australian dipping

method is suggested for the grape cultivation.

11. Fruit drop is big problem of mango,Jambul, crustad and Apple fruit

cultivation, studies conducted by various worker showed that in

above fruit , only about 0.1 percent of the perfect flowers developed

fruit to maturity. Attempts have also been made to control fruit drop

through the application of plant regulators. It is also suggested that

[51]

pruning can be helpful in over-coming the problem of irregular

bearing in mango.

12. Besides full reliance on the production of fresh fruits, this is the right

time to think of other fruit products such as jam, jelly, wine,

medicines and,rasins.

13. Wholesalers purchase the fruit from commission agent and finally the

fruit is given to the retailers for selling it to the consumers. It is very

lengthy and time wasting procedure. It is suggested that grower

should bring his product direct to the market and sell it himself and

increase his profit.

14. The co-operative marketing channel is quite safe to escape from the

cheating by middlemen. Hence, growers should come together and

form a federation of co-operative societies.

The above suggestions are to overcome main drawbacks or lacunas

of fruit cultivation in drought prone region of Solapur District. If these

recommendations are adopted by growers, there will be a bright future for

fruit cultivation in the region as well as in the drought prone areas of

Maharashtra.

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[52]

Bibliography:

1. Admand J.B.Sen T.S.(1964): “Fundamental of horticulture” Tata

mahogrihil co, Delhi.pp 28,34,

2. Awate, S.J,& Todkari, G.U.(2012): “Agricultural Productivity in

Solapur District of Maharashtra.’A Geographical Analysis” .

Agricultural Sci.Bioinfo pub.Vol.4 Pp-186-189

3. Bal, J. S. (2003): “Fruit Growing” Published by National

publication company Ltd, New Delhi .pp 10-15

4. Chima G.S. (1954): “Commercial fruits of India”, Mackmilan and

co. Kolkata.pp.22,24.

5. Deshmukh, S.B. and Tawade, M.D.(1983): Agricultural Planning

For Heterogeneous Region, ’The Indian Geographical Journal, Vol.

58,N0. 2, PP. 191-195.

6. Deshpande, C.D. (1971): ‘Geography of Maharashtra,’ National

Book Trust, India, New Delhi.pp.11-13.

7. Deshpande, C.D. (1971): ‘Geography of Maharashtra,’ National

Book Trust, India, New Delhi.pp.11-13.

8. G.U.Todkari, & S.J.Awate .(2012):”A Geographical Analysis of

Landuse Efficiency in Solapur District(MH)”.Latur Geographer.

Int.J.Vol.1 pp 7-12.

9. Gardnar V.R. (1955) “Fundamental of fruit production”p 22.

10. Hej W.B.(1957):’ “Fruit growing in India’Kitabisthan”, Alahabad,

Uttar Pradesh.pp.45,67.

11. Jadhav, M. S. & Patole, S. D. (2002): “Cost and Return Structure of

fruit crops in western Maharashtra.”

12. Kader, A.A, Chordas, and S. Elyatem. (1984): Responses of

Pomegranate to ethylene treatment and storage Temperature, Calif.

[53]

Agri. 38(748):14-15.

13. Kanes,O., M. Boulet and F.Costaigne. (1982): “Effect of chilling-

injury on texture and fungal rot of mangoes (Mangifera India L.).

J.Food Sci. 47:992-995.

14. Kaul, G. L. (1989): “Horticultural Crops in India”Anmol publication

New Delhi, pp.08-23.

15. Kolhe, Committee Report. (1991): Formed by government of

Maharashtra, p.133.

16. Maji, Hssain (2007): “Systematic Agricultural geography” Rawat

publications, New Delhi, p.45.

17. Nagpal R.L.(1963): “Fruit cultivation types and fundaimentals

Agricultur office Pune 1,p 32.

18. Nayik K.C. (1949): ‘South Indian fruits and their culture’ p.

vardachari sons, Chennai.p 89.

19. Phadnees n.a. (1969): “Fruit trees in Maharashtra”, Krishi region

(M.S Pune ) 01.

20. Sing Sham , S. Krashnamurti and Katyal S.L.(1963):’A “fruit

culture in India” I.C. A.R. New Delhi 1.

21. Singh Ranajeet (1969):’”A fruits” ‘National Book trusht Delhi. pp

23 to 34.

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Dr.S.J.Awate Dr.A.H.Manikshete Principal Investigator Principal

[54]

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR

MARG NEW DELHI – 110 002.

Annexure -III

Final Report of the work done on the Minor Research Project.

(Report to be submitted within 6 weeks after completion of each year).

1. Project report No.:

2. UGC Reference No: File No:23-2125/10(WRO)

3. Period of report: Feb. 2010 to Feb. 2012

4. Title of research project: “Fruit Farming in Drought Prone

Area,A

Case of Solapur district”

5. (a) Name of the Principal Investigator: Mr.S.J.Awate.

(b) Deptt. & University/College where work has progressed:

Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur.

6. Effective date of starting of the project: 16 Feb 2009 (Date of

first installment)

7. Grant approved and expenditure incurred during the period of the

report: 1,50,000=00

a. Total amount approved Rs: 1,30,000=00

b. Total expenditure Rs: 1,26,454=00 (One Lakh twenty six

thousand four hundred fifty four only)

[55]

Report of the work done:

(Please attach a separate sheet): Enclosed a copy of progress

report.

ii. Work done so far and results achieved and publications, if any, resulting

from the work

(Give details of the papers and names of the journals in which it has been

published or accepted for publication: Enclosed copy of four

research papers along with final report.

iii. Has the progress been according to original plan of work and towards

achieving the objective. If not, state reasons:

The work progressed smoothly as per the original plan & objectives

defined in the project report. Three objectives of the project have

been achieved upto satisfactory level.

iv) Please indicate the difficulties, if any, experienced in implementing

the project:

No difficulties were observed while implementation & all the work

progressed smoothly.

v) If project has not been completed, please indicate the approximate time

by which it is likely to be completed. A summary of the work done for

the period (Annual basis) may please be sent to the commission on a

separate:

[56]

No, our project has been completed to our satisfaction.

vi) If the project has been completed, please enclose a summary of the

findings of the study. Two bound copies of the final report of the work

done also be sent to the commission.

Enclosed two copies of the report of the work done.

vii) Any other information which would help in evaluation of work done

on the project. At the completion of the project, the first report should

indicate the output, such as …

a) Manpower trained: 03

b) Ph.D.awarded: Nil

c) Publications: 04 research papers are communicated

for

publication and 01 has been accepted for publication

Dr. S.J.Awate Dr.A.H.Manikshete

(Prin. Investigator) (Principal)

**********************************