556 UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS.

duce evidence of having passed the First ProfessionalExamination ; also certificates of having subsequentlyattended-(a) a Medico-Chirurgieal Hospital for ninemonths, and of having taken notes of at least three Medicalcases and three Surgical cases, or a certificate of ClinicalClerkship ; (b) the following courses of Lectures : (1) Demon,-strations and Dissections ; (2) Physiology; (3) Surgery,winter courses, six months ; (4) Materia Medica; (5) PracticalPhysiology. including Histology, summer courses, threemonths. The fee for this examination is JE7 7s. Candidateswill be examined in Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica,and Pharmacy.

Third Professional Examination.-Candidates must pro-duce evidence of having passed the Second ProfessionalExamination; also certificates of having subsequentlyattended-(a) a Medico Chirurgical Hospital for six monthsas resident pupil, or for nine months as extern pupil, and,in the latter case, notes of at least three Medical and threeSurgical casee, or of having acted as Clinical Clerk at anyperiod ; (b) the following courses of Lectures : (1) Demon-strations and Dissections ; (2) Medicine ; (3) Midwifery andDiseases peculiar to Women, in winter courses (may be de.ferred to the fourth year); (4) Pathology ;13 (5) Medical Juris-prudence, Forensic Medicine, and Hygiene, in summer course.The fee for this examination is X7 7s. Candidates will beexamined in Anatomy, Surgery, Medicine, and Medical andSurgical Pathology.Fourth Professional Examination.-The candidate must

produce evidence-=(1) Of having been registered as a

medical student by the Medical Council at leash forty-fivemonths previously ; (2) of having passed the Third Profes.sional Examination ; (3) of having subsequently attended-(a) a Medico Chirurgical Hospital for nine months as

extern pupil, or six months as resident pupil; (b) Lectureson Midwifery, a winter course (unless taken in the thirdyear) ; (c) a recognised Midwifery Hospital, or Maternity,

15 The certificate in Pathology will not be required until furthernotice.

for six months in the winter or tummer of either the thirdor the fourth ysar, with evidence of having been present a.thirty labours ; (d) of three months’ study of Fever in aClinical Hospital containing fever wards, and of havingtaken notes of at least five cases of fever (attendance at a,

fever hospital will not be recognised if concurrent withthat on Practical Midwifery) ; (e) Operative Sargery in thesummer session of either the third or fourth year; (f) ClinicalLectures in Ophthalmic and Aural Surgery (three months)at a recognised Ophthalmic Hospital, or at an OphthalmicDepartment of a General Hospital. The fee for thisexamination is jE7 7s. Candidates will be examined inMedicine, Therapeutics, Surgery, Midwifery and Diseasespeculiar to Women, Ophthalmic and Aural Sargery, andForensic Medicine and Hygiene.

UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS.British and other practitioners holding proper medical and

surgical qualifications are admissible for the Doctorate ofthe University of Brussels, without any further curriculum.Ib is necessary, however, that all candidates should leavetheir diplomas with the Registrar of the University prior tothe examination, and no one will be admitted until thiscondition has been complied with. The fees are-For in.scription of name, j68 12s.; for examination, £13 ; for legali.sation of diploma, 8s.-£22. The unsuccessful candidatesmay present themselves again three months after rejection,on paying one-half of the examination fees. Candidateswho have paid in advance the fees for the three tests, andare unsuccessful in the first, recover the fees paid for thesecond and third examinations ; these who fail in the secondrecover the fees paid for the third examination. The exa.mination consists of three tests, viz.-lst Doctorate: Medi.cine ; Special and General Pathology and PathologicalAnatomy with the Microscope ; General Therapeutics;Mental Diseases ; Diseases of Women and Children. 2ndDoctorate : Surgery ; Surgical Pathology; Ophthalmology;Midwifery ; Hygiene; Medical Jurisprudence (not including

TABULATED STATEMENT OF EXAMINATION OR GRADUATION FEES PAYABLE TO THE VARIOUSBODIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM GRANTING REGISTRABLE QUALIFICATIONS.

557THE ARMY, NAVY, AND INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICES.

Toxicology). 3rd Doctorate : Clinical Examination in Medi-cine at the Hospital; Clinical Surgical Examination ; Exa-mination in Midwifery, consisting in obstetrical operationson the mannikin (model of pelvis) ; Examination in Opera-tive Surgery, consisting in some of the usual operations onthe dead subject’, such as Amputation, Ligature of anArtery, &c,; Regional Anatomy on the Dead Body, withDissections. Great importance is attached to practical know-ledge, bat candidates must also prove that they pcssesspositive theoretical science. The examinations which arevivâ voce take place on the first Tuesday in November,December, February, May and June. The three examina-tions may be got through in about a week. Saturday,before 2 P.M., is the most eligible day for airiving, for candi-dates for whom time is an object. The Examinations areconducted in English. There are in England at presentabout 600 graduates holding this degree.Dr. Wainotg having been appointed Professor of Opera-

tive Surgery, the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of theUniversity of Brussels has appointed Dr. Albert Wills asInterpreter for the Examinations of British and Americancandidates who present themselves for the degree of M.D.Brussels. All applications concerning the examinationmust he sent to Dr. Albert C. Wills, 25, BoulevardBischoffsheim, Brussels.

THE ARMY, NAVY, AND INDIAN MEDICALSERVICES.

Consequent upon the issue of the Royal Warrant of August,1891, alterations have taken place in the designations ofthe departmental rank of the officers of the Army Medi alStaff, and medical officers are also now placed, as regacdssick leave of absence on full pay, on the same footing as

those laid down for regimental officers. By a subsequentRoyal Warrant, dated Nov. 10th, 1891, Art. 1208b of thePay Warrant was revised by inserting the words"an officer of our Medical Staff" after the words "comba- tant officer," thus giving medical officers an equal titlewith combatant officers to reckon time on half-pay towardsretirement, when the half-pay has been due to ill-healthcontracted in the performance of military duty. Thesubstantive ranks of officers of the Medical Staffcarry precedence and other advantages attaching to therank indicated by the military portion of it, with suchexceptions and within such limits as are laid down in theearlier Warrant.In the Gazette of Aug. 28th, 1891, it was announced that the

Queen had been pleased, by Royal Warrant, dated Aug. 7th,1891, to approve of the following alterations of the designa-tions of the departmental rank of the officers of the MedicalStaff now serving as follows :-Surgeons-General, ranking asMajors-General, to be Surgeons-Major-General; Deputy bur-geons-General, ranking as Colonels, to be Surgeons-Colonel;Brigade-Surgeons, ranking as Lieutenant-Colonels, to beSurgeons-Lieu tenant-Colonel; Surgeons-Major, ranking asLieutenant-Colonels, to be Surgeons-Lieutenant-Colonel ;Surgeons-Major, ranking as Majors, to be Surgeons-Major;Surgeons, ranking as Captains, to be Surgeons-Captain. Therank of the Director-General of the Army Medical Depart-ment is that of Surgeon-Major- General.

[For the text of the Warrant of Aug. 7th for the MedicalStaff, vide THE LANCET of August 22nd, 1891, page 459et seq. ]Admission into the Army and Indian Medical Services

is gained as the result of competitive examination.Under special conditions, the admission may take placeby nomination of the Secretary of State for War. Can-didates for both services must, before being admitted toexamination, possess the double qualification to practiseMedicine and Surgery, and be registered under the MedicalAct. They are also now required to produce certificatesof having acted as a medical clinical clerk for six months,as surgical dresser for another six months, and ofhaving had not less than three months’ instructionat an ophthalmic hospital, including a course on errors ofrefraction. They must also furnish satisfactory certificates ofmoral character. Candidates for the Army must be betweenthe ages of twenty-one and twenty-eight, in good health, andboth parents of unmixed European blood ; for the IndianService, between twenty-one and twenty-eight, of soundbodily health, and natural-born subjects of Her Majesty.Both are examined as to physical fitness by a Board ofMedical Officers. These conditions being satisfied, the can-

didate is admitted to the competitive examination, whichis usually held in London twice a year, in the monthsof February and August. No candidate for either Ser-vice will be allowed to compete on more than twooccasions. The subjects of examination are divided into

compulsory and voluntary. The former comprise Anatomyand Physiology, Surgery, Medicine, including Thera-

peutics and the Diseases of Women and Children,Chemistry and Pharmacy, and a practical knowledge ofDrugs. The eligibility of the candidate for admission intothe service is determined by the result of this part of theexamination. The voluntary subjects are French, German,Comparative Anatomy. Zoology, Natural Philosophy,Physical Geography, and Botany, with especial reference toMateria Medica, and for the Indian service Hindustani.Although the results of the examination in voluntarysubjects do not affect the question of the eligibility of thecandidate for a commission, they influence his position onthe list, which is determined by the numbers obtainedunder the two heads conjointly. After having passed thisexamination, the successful candidates for both services aresent to the Army Medical School at Netley as " surgeonson probation," receiving a daily pay of .8s. and certainallowances, to go through a four months’ course of instruc-tion in the special duties required of them in the service.The staff of the school consists of four professors, all ofthem men of high standing in their special departments.The Professorship of Military Medicine is held by DeputySurgeon-General Henry Cayley, 1.M.S. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel W. F. Sbevenson, M.S , is Professor ofMilitary Surgery; Brigade Surgeon-Lieutenant- Colonel J.L. Notter, M.D , of Military Hygiene; and Dr. A. E. Wright,of Pathology. To each of these an Army Medical Officer isattached as Assistant Professor. The lectures on MilitarySurgery include gunshot and other wounds, transport of sickand wounded, duties of army medical officers in the field, onboard troopships and transports. recruiting, and other duties-incident to military service. Those on Military Medicinetreat of tropical and other diseases to which soldiers areexposed in the course of their service, the mortality and in-validing by disease, in peace and war, at home and abroad,management of lunatics under the conditions of militaryservice, &o. The course of six lectures on Lunacy andMilitary Asylum work is delivered at the Netley LunaticAsylum by Surgeon-Lieutenant Colonel Irving. Thecourse of Hygiene comprises the examination of waterand air, the general principles of diet, with the qualityand adulterations of food and beverages, the sanitaryrequirements of barracks, hospitals, and camps, theclothing, duties, and exercises of the soldier, and the cir-cumstances aflecting his health, with the best means ofpreventing disease, and instruction in the mode of preparingthe various statistical and other returns required of themedical officer. The surgeons on probation are detailed forduty in the wards of the hospital, under the Professors andAssistant Professors of Medicine and Surgery. They spendtwo months in the medical and two monrhs in the surgicaldivision of the hospital, and there they are taughtpractically the details of the management of patientsin a military hospital, the registration of their diseases,the duties of invaliding, the modes of filling up theregulation statistical returns and other service docu-ments. The surgeons on probation are provided withquarters and are extra members of the mess at Netley.After having passed through the course of instruction theyare examined on the subjects taught in the school, and theirposition on the list of those recommended for commissionsis determined by the combined results of the competitiveand final examinations. At the close of each session eightprizes are awarded : the Herbert Prize of jE20 to the surgeonon probation who has obtained the highest number of marksat the Netley examination; the Parkes Memorial BronzeMedal to the one who gains the highest number of marksin the examination in Hygiene ; the de Chaumont prize of.books for Practical Hygiene ; the Martin Memorial GoldMedal for the highest number of marks in the examinationon Military Medicine; the Montefiore Medal and £21,awarded for Military Surgery ; the Montefiore SecondPrize, consisting of works on Military Surgery, to thesurgeon on probation who obtains the second highestnumbers in this branch ; the Maclean prize of bonks forClinical Medicine and Surgery and for Ward Work; andthe Fayrer prize of books for the highest number of marksgained in Pathology.At the close of the Netley Session those surgeons en