university of thessaly department of planning and regional development graduate program in european...
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University of ThessalyDepartment of Planning and Regional DevelopmentGraduate Program in European Regional Development
StudiesFall Semester, 2010-11
Course:The Geography of European Integration: Economy,
Society and Institutions
Lecturers: Petrakos G., Camhis M., Kotios A., Topaloglou L., Bogiazides N.
Presentation 2:
European Society
Nick Bogiazides
European Society
Modernity – shift from community to society, gemeinschaft to gesellschaftIndustrial societyUrbanisationMass society, mass culture, overarching cultureShift from secondary to tertiary sector, from an emphasis on class position to
class perceptionThe above apply both West and East, Les Trente GlorieusesEmigration immigration, racism, multiculturalism, from assimilation to
integrationIdentity politics collective identity / regionalismFeminism, sexual emancipationSecular religion (Christian Democracy) division between Catholicism and
Protestantism supplanted by division between Christianity and IslamDoes economic integration necessarily imply social and cultural integrationPost-modernity and globalisation: is the former so important, is the latter such
a novelty
European Society
In the ‘concept of Europe’, in its permutations and complexity, inevitably inhere the traits of a European society extending beyond national and regional contingencies
Across the Continent, convergences and divergences abound. Yet these develop around some shared key societal elements cross-cutting deep post-war economic, political and ideological divisions as well as inherited pre-war national-cultural traditions.
European Society
Europe as the cauldron of ‘modernity’
European Society
Not just modernity in its narrow phenomenal manifestation - from industrialisation and electrification to the modern movement in the arts and the Bauhaus
But modernity in its essentialist sense of ‘denial of identity so as to secure survival’
In this sense, the first ‘modern’, as idealised by early twentieth century modernists, must be ‘Oύτις’
European Society
As denial of identity, modernity has its conceptual parallel in alienation
Be it through inclusion in mass society and the nation-state or ‘subsumption in the product’ and the value extracted, according to liberalism and marxism respectively, identity is lost and another is imposed or opted for, in order to ensure survival
European Society
Modernity therefore, in its essence as perennial shift between established identity and its denial, is inevitably premised on the pertinent efficacy of otherness
And, by extension, the inevitability of otherness and of the need to face up to it imbues modernity with its ‘categorical imperatives’
European Society
Modernity’s prime categorical imperative must be the shift from community to society (from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft)
In Brechtian terms, from Kleinstadt to Grossenstadt, from Augsburg to Berlin
European Society
Modernity’s prime categorical imperative must be the shift from community to society (from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft)
In Brechtian terms, from Kleinstadt to Grossenstadt, from Augsburg to Berlin
European Society
Industrialisation and the development of industrial society is another of modernity’s imperatives
The shift from agricultural to industrial production, and from handicrafts and manufactures to mass production and heavy industry affected all parts of Europe
European Society
A similar spatial shift has occurred regarding urbanisation.
The transition from rural village and market town to industrial city and supra-national metropolis has also affected all parts of the Continent, and continues to this day
European Society
Concomitant to industrialisation and urbanisation is the shift to mass society and mass culture
A shift that has not, however, abolished the distinction between a ‘high’ culture of the elite and a ‘low’ popular culture, or between national cultural perceptions and practices and a local / regional vernacular, often also referred to as ethnic culture
To this need be added the overarching encroachment of a ‘cosmopolitan’ culture originating from across the Atlantic, with the US media industry and the English language as its main battering rams
European Society
Since the war there has been, almost everywhere in Europe, an apparent shift from the secondary (industrial) sector to the tertiary (services) sector.
Yet, though this may be so at the objective level of the inanimate goods and services produced, at the subjective level of the living producers, the working people comprising all productive sectors are increasingly facing the strictures of secondary-sector type production, as, in operational pattern and organisational form, all sectors seem to converge to it.
European Society
Shift from class position to class perception, from structuralist to phenomenological approach
Hence also, shift from emphasis on collective identity to emphasis on individual / personal identity
European Society
The ‘Glorious Years’ (‘Les Trente Glorieuses’) apply equally West and East
European Society
Shift from net emigration to net immigration
From ethnic homogeneity and assimilation to multicultarism and integration
European Society
Multiculturalism fostering further identity politics
Feminisms, sexual emancipation
Yet some collective identities are also rediscovered and promoted through the different regionalisms
European Society
Religion secularised
The return of Islam
European Society
Open questions:
i) What the interdeterminations between economic and social, cultural and political integration? ii) Post-modernity and globalisation: is the former so important, is the latter such a novelty?