114 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2014 Twinde-Javner

is unusual for Oneota and does not seem to represent a portion of a long-house or palisade. Diagnostic artifacts including Perrot Punctated vessels and Madison Tri­angular points, bipolar cores, and debitage made from Hixton Silicified Sandstone and Grand Meadow chert were associated with the featmes in the Schaffner block. These artifacts are indicative of the Brice Prairie phase and are likely an extension of the nearby Schoolyard site (47TR157).

Additional research will be carried out at Mis- sissippian localities in Trempealeau during the 2015 field season and interpretive exhibits highlighting the Mississippian Initiative and TAP discoveries are in process. Designed as three interconnected exhibits, the Trempealeau Interpretive Path (TRIP) will allow visitors to explore the Mississippian discoveries more deeply. The first of three exhibit venues opened in Jan­uary 2015 at the Shirley M. Wright Memorial Library in Trempealeau and features authentic artifacts recov­ered from recent Mississippian investigations directed by the authors. The second will be an interpretive walking trail leading to Little Bluff where visitors will learn about the process of platform mound construc­tion and the activities that Mississippians conducted there. The largest of the three exhibits is venue three, the Nature Center at Perrot State Park. Visitors will learn about the rich 13,000-year culture history of the area as well as the geological importance of the Drift­less Area. Exhibit locales two and three will open in late 2015 or early 2016. This interpretive project is funded in part by the Morgridge Center for Public Service at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the CapX2020 project through Trempealeau County.

References Cited

Benden, Danielle M., Robert F. Boszhardt, and Timothy R.Pauketat2011 The Mississippian Initiative: Year 2 at

Trempealeau. The Wisconsin Archeologist 92(l):73-75.Benden, Danielle M. and Robert F. Boszhardt

2014 The Trempealeau Archaeology Project (TAP):The Knepper Locality of the Uhl Site (47TR159). The Wisconsin Archeologist 95(1):136-138.

Boszhardt, Robert F., Danielle M. Benden, and Timothy R.Pauketat2012 Mississippian Initiative Year 3: 2011. The Wisconsin

Ardwologist 93(l):81-89.

Gale, George1867 Upper Mississippi: Or, Historical Sketches oftlw

Mound-Builders, the Indian Tribes, and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west; from A.D. 1600 to tlw Present Time. Clark and Company, Chicago.

Green, William and Roland L. Rodell1994 The Mississippian Presence and Cahokian

Interaction at Trempealeau, Wisconsin. American Antiquity 59(2):334-359.

Squier, George H.1905 Certain Archaeological Features of Western

Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist (o.s.) 4:25-38. 1917 Archaeology. In History of Trempealeau County,

Wisconsin, compiled by Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge and edited by Eben Douglas Pierce, M.D., pp. 26-35. H.C. Cooper, Jr. and Co. Chicago.

University of Wisconsin-Madison

By Fernanda Neubauer

A Research Collaboration Between the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Illinois State University, and the Hiawatha National Forest. I am a PhD candidate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and my doc­toral research is a collaboration between UW-Madi- son, Illinois State University (ISU), and the Hiawatha National Forest. With funding from the Brazilian Min­istry of Education's CAPES Foundation, I am investi­gating the foodways, hot rock and chipped stone tech­nologies, settlement variability, and residential mobil­ity of the people who inhabited Grand Island during the Late Archaic period from 5,000 to 2,000 BP. Grand Island is located in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and is the largest island on Lakes Superior's southern shore. The earliest known human occupations there date to the Late Archaic.

Since 2007, I have been working with Dr. James Skibo (ISU) as a project staff member of the Grand Island Archaeological Program (GIAP). GIAP is an ongoing collaboration between ISU and the Hiawatha National Forest that was initiated in 2001. The six Late Archaic archaeological sites excavated by GIAP (Fig­ure 22) span the entire period and allow for a study of diachronic socioeconomic changes. The sites are Pop­per (FS09-10-03-825), Duck Lake (FS09-10-03-1056), Gete Odena (FS09-10-03-803), 754 (FS09-10-03-754), 913 (FS09-10-03-913), and 914 (FS09-10-03-914). I co­directed the 913 and 914 site excavations during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons. In our fieldwork, all finds were plotted and collected, and their location coordi­nates recorded. These data have been used to create 3D spatial distribution GIS maps. Materials identified in the screen and shovel test pits were also collected, as well as soil sediments from hearths and other fea­tures for flotation and lipid residue extraction. Part of the collection is on loan to UW-Madison and the remainder is held in the Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology at ISU.

114 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2014 Twinde-Javner

is unusual for Oneota and does not seem to represent a portion of a long-house or palisade. Diagnostic artifacts including Perrot Punctated vessels and Madison Tri­angular points, bipolar cores, and debitage made from Hixton Silicified Sandstone and Grand Meadow chert were associated with the features in the Schaffner block. These artifacts are indicative of the Brice Prairie phase and are likely an extension of the nearby Schoolyard site (47TR157).

Additional research will be carried out at Mis- sissippian localities in Trempealeau during the 2015 field season and interpretive exhibits highlighting the Mississippian Initiative and TAP discoveries are in process. Designed as three interconnected exhibits, the Trempealeau Interpretive Path (TRIP) will allow visitors to explore the Mississippian discoveries more deeply. The first of three exhibit venues opened in Jan­uary 2015 at the Shirley M. Wright Memorial Library in Trempealeau and features authentic artifacts recov­ered from recent Mississippian investigations directed by the authors. The second will be an interpretive walking trail leading to Little Bluff where visitors will learn about the process of platform mound construc­tion and the activities that Mississippians conducted there. The largest of the three exhibits is venue three, the Nature Center at Perrot State Park. Visitors will learn about the rich 13,000-year culture history of the area as well as the geological importance of the Drift­less Area. Exhibit locales two and three will open in late 2015 or early 2016. This interpretive project is funded in part by the Morgridge Center for Public Service at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the CapX2020 project through Trempealeau County.

References Cited

Benden, Danielle M., Robert F. Boszhardt, and Timothy R.Pauketat2011 The Mississippian Initiative: Year 2 at

Trempealeau. The Wisconsin Archeologist 92(l):73-75.Benden, Danielle M. and Robert F. Boszhardt

2014 The Trempealeau Archaeology Project (TAP):The Knepper Locality of the Uhl Site (47TR159). The Wisconsin Archeologist 95(1):136-138.

Boszhardt, Robert F., Danielle M. Benden, and Timothy R.Pauketat2012 Mississippian Initiative Year 3: 2011. The Wisconsin

Arclteologist 93(l):81-89.Gale, George

1867 Upper Mississippi: Or, Historical Sketches of the Mound-Builders, the Indian Tribes, and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west; from A.D. 1600 to the Present Time. Clark and Company, Chicago.

Green, William and Roland L. Rodell1994 The Mississippian Presence and Cahokian

Interaction at Trempealeau, Wisconsin. American Antiquity 59(2):334-359.

Squier, George H.1905 Certain Archaeological Features of Western

Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist (o.s.) 4:25-38. 1917 Archaeology. In History of Trempealeau Coun ty,

Wisconsin, compiled by Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge and edited by Eben Douglas Pierce, M.D., pp. 26-35. H.C. Cooper, Jr. and Co. Chicago.

University of Wisconsin-Madison

By Fernanda Neubauer

A Research Collaboration Between the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Illinois State University, and the Hiawatha National Forest. I am a PhD candidate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and my doc­toral research is a collaboration between UW-Madi- son, Illinois State University (ISU), and the Hiawatha National Forest. With funding from the Brazilian Min­istry of Education's CAPES Foundation, I am investi­gating the foodways, hot rock and chipped stone tech­nologies, settlement variability, and residential mobil­ity of the people who inhabited Grand Island during the Late Archaic period from 5,000 to 2,000 BP. Grand Island is located in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and is the largest island on Lakes Superior's southern shore. The earliest known human occupations there date to the Late Archaic.

Since 2007, I have been working with Dr. James Skibo (ISU) as a project staff member of the Grand Island Archaeological Program (GIAP). GIAP is an ongoing collaboration between ISU and the Hiawatha National Forest that was initiated in 2001. The six Late Archaic archaeological sites excavated by GIAP (Fig­ure 22) span the entire period and allow for a study of diachronic socioeconomic changes. The sites are Pop­per (FS09-10-03-825), Duck Lake (FS09-10-03-1056), Gete Odena (FS09-10-03-803), 754 (FS09-10-03-754), 913 (FS09-10-03-913), and 914 (FS09-10-03-914). I co­directed the 913 and 914 site excavations during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons. In our fieldwork, all finds were plotted and collected, and their location coordi­nates recorded. These data have been used to create 3D spatial distribution GIS maps. Materials identified in the screen and shovel test pits were also collected, as well as soil sediments from hearths and other fea­tures for flotation and lipid residue extraction. Part of the collection is on loan to UW-Madison and the remainder is held in the Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology at ISU.

Vol. 96, No. 1 The Wisconsin Archeologist 115

Figure 22. The location of the six Late Archaic sites on Grand Island studied in this research.

I am combining a detailed analysis of hot rock and chipped stone technologies in order to understand ancient behavior related to fire (domestic and heat­ing facilities), subsistence, settlement, and knapping activities. My comparative study of lithic collections (m = c. 42,000) from the six sites on Grand Island will more than double the number of lithics analyzed in the entire Upper Peninsula of Michigan from dated Late Archaic habitation and raw material extraction sites (n = 33,633). My lithic techno-typological analysis is divided into two phases and involves a combina­tion of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The first phase categorizes finds into typological quantifica­tions of their raw material, type (e.g., direct percus­sion flake, bipolar flake), modifications (e.g., use-wear and retouch), and alterations (e.g., thermal alteration, patina). The subsequent phase of analysis first divides the finds into six general categories: direct percussion and bipolar flakes, cores, bifaces and unifaces, fire- cracked rocks, rocks, and other materials (hammer- stones, anvils, ground stones, and polished pieces) so that a variety of attributes of specific artifact types can be recorded for each single piece. These categories are then sub-divided to become specific. For example, there are 23 attributes recorded for each flake (e.g..

raw material, dimensions, cortex amount and location, type of flake, preservation state, and attributes related to the bulb, platform of percussion, morphology, dor­sal and ventral surface, use-wear and retouch, etc.). The goal of the lithic analysis is to investigate the spe­cific characteristics of Grand Island's Late Archaic lith­ic industry and its technological organization, as well as to determine the selection of raw material and tech­niques of manufacture used to produce each category of artifacts (Figure 23) through time. I have completed the first phase of analysis and am currently conduct- ing the second phase. The analysis will be complete this year and I plan to defend my PhD dissertation by August 2016.

The goal of my analysis of fire-cracked rocks (FCR), a by-product of the systematic use of heated rocks, is to determine distinct behavioral patterns and performance characteristics (following Schiffer and Skibo 1997) related to the different raw material types (e.g., types of breakage patterns, types of ther­mal alteration, morphology). The analysis studies FCR's physical properties and variability in feature formation. The analysis of hearth feature morpholo­gies and soil characteristics combined with an anal­ysis of their associated materials will aid in contex­tualizing FCR's utilization by Late Archaic people, for example in earth-oven or stone boiling facilities. Hearths can be evident or latent features-the former is evident in the field and the latter becomes appar­ent during subsequent analysis, and can represent single-state or multi-state features depending on the amount of reuse (Petraglia 2002).

My methodology also functions to spatially and temporally contextualize hearth features and middens containing FCR. To complement the hot rock analysis,I am producing spatial artifactual distribution analysis maps as an attempt to identify domestic versus knap­ping activity areas, and heating versus cooking areas. In addition to representing cooking facilities, hot rocks are also known ethnographically to have been used for other purposes, such as residential heating, sweat lodges, rituals, and in medicinal practices (Ellis 1997).

To address these findings, I have created a meth­odology to analyze FCR and to record the various thermal alterations evidenced across all types of lithic materials (e.g., flakes, cores, hammerstones). I have noticed, for example, that some FCR include the pres­ence of retouch and use-wear patterns, which indicates that they were later used as tools. The majority of the unmodified cobbles have surface thermal alteration, which indicates that their presence in the sites was not random. They were collected and brought to the sites by Late Archaic people for activities that involved direct contact with fire.

116 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2014 Twinde-Javner

quartzite "salami slices" c) retouched quartzite flakes

+ •!■♦+++

Figure 23. Examples of the chipped stone technology from the Late Archaic sites on Grand Island.

FCR is found in large quantities at North American hunter-gatherer sites, but as archaeologists have noted (e.g., Jackson 1998; Petraglia 2002; Thoms 2003; Wilson and DeLyria 1999), FCR is still an understudied and undervalued analytical artifact type. FCR is often so overlooked in Upper Peninsula site reports that it is not

even properly quantified. The GIAP excavations piece- plot, collect, and analyze all FCR evidenced in the field (e.g., Neubauer et al. 2010). In contrast however, 8 of the 14 archaeological investigations of dated Late Archaic habitation/raw material extraction sites in the Upper Peninsula by non-GIAP institutions faded to quantify

116 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2014 Twinde-Javner

6 icm

d) projectile points ,

Figure 23. Examples of the chipped stone technology from the Late Archaic sites on Grand Island.

FCR is found in large quantities at North American hunter-gatherer sites, but as archaeologists have noted (e.g., Jackson 1998; Petraglia 2002; Thoms 2003; Wilson and DeLyria 1999), FCR is still an understudied and undervalued analytical artifact type. FCR is often so overlooked in Upper Peninsula site reports that it is not

even properly quantified. The GIAP excavations piece- plot, collect, and analyze all FCR evidenced in the field (e.g., Neubauer et al. 2010). In contrast however, 8 of the 14 archaeological investigatiorrs of dated Late Archaic habitation/raw material extraction sites in the Upper Peninsula by non-GIAP institutions failed to quantify

Vol. 96, No. 1 The Wisconsin Archeologist 117

FCR findings. Because FCR often dominates the Late Archaic archaeological assemblages on Grand Island, it is imperative to investigate its importance in ancient life and to determine the types of activities in which it was employed. To produce such great quantities of FCR, people must have spent a considerable amoimt of their time in fire-related activities (e.g., acquiring fuel, maintaining the fire, controlling the heat's temperature, collecting, replacing and managing the heated rocks). As a record of various cooking and heating facilities, FCR "has substantial potential for addressing research questions on past settlement and subsistence systems. Addressing these questions requires reliable methods that can identify or infer how a given FCR was used" 0ackson 1998:iii).

Because organic remains are poorly preserved in the region due to the acidic soils and dynamic envi­ronment, FCR may hold the key to investigating sub­sistence practices. Late Archaic sites on Grand Island are heavily dominated by FCR, which is characteristic of the period in the region. On Grand Island in general, FCR comprise the majority of lithic assemblages in Late Archaic sites compared to flintknapped materials. At the Duck Lake site on Grand Island, for example, FCR comprises 83 percent of the 18,552 lithics recovered there. Similarly, at Trout Point I on Grand Island, FCR represents 70 percent of the 21,274 lithics (Benchley et al. 1988). In contrast, during the Woodland period on the island, FCR is found in much lower quantities com­pared to stone tools and debitage. One possible but still inconclusive explanation for the massive amoimts of FCR evidenced in Late Archaic sites on Grand Island compared to the smaller quantities observed in Wood­land sites, is that cooking with ceramic vessels might have replaced the large-scale use of hot rocks dur­ing the latter period, a trend noticed by Thoms (2003) across North America. The Skibo et al. (2009) study of food-related lipid residues still preserved in prehistoric archaeological materials on Grand Island supports this inference. They selected three FCR recovered from the Late Archaic component at site 754 for lipid residue analysis, and six sherds of the Initial Woodland period occupations from sites 754 and 929. "The presence of plant sterols, very high levels of C18;l isomers, low levels of C18:0, and only traces of triacylglycerols in these residues are consistent with their identification as nut oils" (Skibo and Malainey 2013:176), suggesting that FCR resulted potentially from the stone boiling technique of acorn oil processing. According to Dun­ham (2009:116-117), pollen studies from the eastern Upper Peninsula indicate that oak was present in the region by 11,000 years ago, and oak pollen quantities peaked at the beginning of the Late Archaic, between 5,000 to 3,500 BP. Upper Peninsula oaks derived from

two broad subgenera that generally ripen in September and October. Productive oaks produce anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 nuts in a season (Dunham 2009:116-117), making acorns a valuable potential source of storable energy just before winter.

Preliminary results of my research indicate that the spatial and temporal extent of the occupations at the Popper, Trout Point I, Duck Lake, 754, 913, and 914 sites on the island suggest that they were occupied repeatedly through time, perhaps primarily during the fall. Evidence supporting this inference includes: four possible hearths at the Popper site that appear to have been built in essentially the same place through generations of use (Dunham and Anderton 1999); fall spawning fish species at the Trout Point I (Benchley et al. 1988) and Popper (Neubauer et al. 2010) sites; and fall acorn processing at 754 (Skibo et al. 2009). These three sites on the island date to the beginning (Pop­per), middle (754) and late (Trout Point I) Late Archaic, indicating that fall was, throughout the period, proba­bly the predominant season when key resources were being exploited on Grand Island. According to Robert­son (1987)—who developed a model of mobility and settlement systems for the Late Archaic populations of the Saginaw Valley in Lower Michigan—fall was a critical moment because it was then that many precise­ly scheduled activities had to take place. The econo­mies of the fall focused arormd three sets of activities: the gathering and processing of edible plants, espe­cially nuts; the hunting and preservation of large ani­mals; and the processing of hides. Stone tool supplies would also necessarily need replenishing to support himting and butchering activities. The success of these activities would have had a strong impact on survival and comfort through the harsh winter. Fall would also be a time to store resources because the coming winter could bring scarcity and reduced social mobility. In a region where seasons are so well defined, seasonality probably structured many technological innovations and decisions related to survival and landscape modi­fication, considering how dangerous the winter envi­ronment would have been.

In sum, this research will result in the develop­ment of a synthetic overview of Late Archaic subsis­tence practices, chipped stone and hot rock technolo­gies, and settlement patterns on Grand Island. Com­bined data on chipped stone, hot rock, and on a smaller scale, faunal, floral, and lipid residue may inform on how activities related to technological production and subsistence practices were connected to Late Archaic social organization on Grand Island. In this sense, this research may contribute to a new contextualization of FCR beyond the current approaches that are often lim­ited to basic quantification or even presence/ absence

118 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2014 Twinde-Javner

reporting. Should this work be successful, researchers will be empowered to expand their imderstanding of ancient diets and behaviors by contextualizing the FCR that dominates most hunter-gatherer sites.

More information on the project is available on my blog at http://femanda.soulshadow.com, and on the GlAP website: h ttp ://lilt.ilstu.edu/jmskibo/gran- disland/.

References Cited

Benchley, Elizabeth, Derrick Marcucci, Cheong-Yip Yuen,and Kristin Griffin1988 Final Report of Archaeological Investigation

and Data Recovery at the Trout Point 1 Site, Alger Country, Michigan. Report of Investigations, No. 89. Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Dunham, Sean2009 Nuts About Acorns: A Pilot Study on Acorn

Use in Woodland Period Subsistence in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Wisconsin Archeologist 90(1&2):113-130.

Dunham, Sean, and John Anderton1999 Late Archaic Radiocarbon Dates from the Popper

Site (FS 09-10-03-825/20AR350): A Multicomponent Site on Grand Island, Michigan. The Michigan Archaeologist 45(l):l-22.

Ellis, Linda W.1997 Hot Rock Technology. In Hot Rock Cooking on tlw

Greater Edwards Plateau: Four Burned Rock Midden Sites in West Central Texas, edited by Stephen Black, Linda Ellis, Darrell Creel, and Glenn Goode, pp. 43-81. Studies in Archeology 22(1), Archeological Studies Program, Report 2. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory and The University of Texas at Austin.

Jackson, Michael A.1998 The Nature of Fire-Cracked Rock: New

Insights from Ethnoarchaeological and Laboratory Experiments. Unpublished Master's thesis. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station.

Neubauer, Fernanda, James Skibo, and Eric Drake2010 SItio Arqueoldgico Popper: Um Estudo da

Tecnologia Litica do Periodo Arcaico Tardio em Grand Island, Michigan, E.U.A. Proceedings of the 15th National Congress of the Society of Brazilian Archaeology (SAB), 2009 Sept. 20-23, Belem, PA, Brazil, Trabalhos Completes: Comunica^oes, v .l, pp. 44-62.

Petraglia, Michael D.2002 The Heated and the Broken: Thermally Altered

Stone, Human Behavior, and Archaeological Site Formation. North American Archaeologist 23(3):241- 269.

Robertson, James1987 Inter-Assemblage Variability and Hunter-Gatherer

Settlement System: A Perspective from the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Schiffer, Michael B., and James Skibo1997 The Explanahon of Artifact Variability. American

Antiquity 62(l):27-50.

Skibo, James, and Mary Malainey2013 Residue. In Understanding Pottery Function, edited

by James Skibo, pp. 161-189. Springer, New York. Skibo, James, Mary Malainey, and Eric Drake

2009 Stone Boiling, Fire-Cracked Rock, and Nut Oil: Exploring the Origins of Pottery Making on Grand Island. The Wisconsin Archeologist 90(l-2):47-64.

Thoms, Alston V.2003 Cook-Stone Technology in North America:

Evolutionary Changes in Domestic Fire Structures during the Holocene. In Le Feu Domestique et ses Structures au Neolithique et aux Ages des Metaux:Actes du Colloque de Bourg-en-Bresse et Beaune, 7 et 8 Octobre 2000, edited by Marie-Chantal Frere-Sautot, with Christophe Bontemps, Jacqueline Chastel, Georges Vicherd and Alain Villes, pp. 87-96. Editions Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, France.

Wilson, Douglas C., and David V. DeLyria 1999 The Experimental Reduction of Rock in a Camas

Oven: Towards an Understanding of the Behavioral Significance of Fire-cracked Rock. Archaeology in Washington VII:81-89.

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Cultural Resource Management Services

By Jennifer L. Picard, William M. Balco, Brooke L. Drew, and John D. Richards

Summary of Phase III Excavations at the McHugh Site (47WP294), Waupaca Coxmty, Wisconsin. During the summer of 2014, University of Wisconsin-Milwau­kee Cultural Resource Management conducted Phase III excavations at the McHugh site (47WP294), a mid­nineteenth to early twentieth century Irish immigrant farmstead located in Waupaca County, Wisconsin (Fig­ure 24). Mitigation was conducted in advance of Wis- DOT roadwork associated with the reconfiguration of the USH 45 STH 96 intersection. The site is located on a relatively level outwash plain, and presettlement vege­tation maps indicate the presence of a mixed hardwood and oak forest at the time the site was occupied.

Results indicate the presence of a domestic struc­ture, possibly a dugout cabin, as well as at least one outbuilding. Initial analysis of the extensive artifact