upstream chemical industry
TRANSCRIPT
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7th GROUP
proudly presents...
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UPSTREAM CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
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Introducing our members
Diny Gustini
Lia Wiliani
Nurul Fitriani
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What Is Upstream Chemical Industry ?
Upstream chemical industry is industry that
only prossesing raw materials into semi-
finished goods. This industry just provide the
raw materials for other industrial activities.
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Characteristics ofUpstream Chemical
Upstream chemical industry has the
characteristics of capital-intensive, large
scale, using advanced technology and
reliability.
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Products of upstream chemical
industryUpstream chemical industrie produce basic materials of :
plastic
textiles
coatings
adhesives
cleaners
medicines
coal briquettes
lubricants
industrial gases
explosive materials raw materials fertilizer and fertilizer product
pesticide formulations
and others
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Polyvinyl chloride
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What is PVC ?
Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC
Poly(chloroethanediyl)) commonly
abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer.
It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating
vinyl groups (ethenyls) having one of their
hydrogens replaced with a chloride group.
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Characteristics ofPVC
Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely
produced plastic, after polyethylene and
polypropylene. PVC is widely used in
construction because it is cheap, durable, and
easy to assemble.
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How is PVC made?
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Flow Chart
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The chemical process for making PVCinvolves three steps:
Producing Ethylene Gas
production of the monomer, vinyl
chloride
polymerisation process
blending of the polymer withadditives.
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Producing Ethylene Gas
Ethylene comes from oil or natural gas whichis refined and 'cracked' by heating ethane,propane or butane or naptha from oil. For
example the cracking process for methanemay be represented as follows:
2CH4
C2H2 + 3H2
The by-products of these processes ishydrogen that can be burned to provideenergy on site.
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Producing Vinyl Chloride
Ethylene and chlorine are combined to form a
liquid, ethylene dichloride which is then heated
to give vinyl chloride which is then distilled off
and gives hydrogen chloride gas;
H2C=CH2 + ClH2C-CH2Cl H2C=CHCl + HCl
The remaining by-products are burnt to reclaim
hydrogen chloride, which can be recycled andreacted with more ethylene to form new
ethylene dichloride.
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Producing PVC
Pressure is applied to vinyl chloride (dispersedin water as a sus pension or an emulsion) in highpressure chambers at temperatures of 50-70C.
The role of water is to remove and control theheat given off in the polymerisation process.
PVC forms as tiny particles which grow and whenthey reach a desired size the reaction is stoppedand any unreacted vinyl chloride is distilled offand re-used.
The PVC is separated off and dried to form awhite powder.
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The Blender
There are two methods in blending theadditives :
One method blends all the ingredients using
an intensive high-speed mixer to form a 'dryblend' powder, which is then fed into theprocessing equipment.
The second method blends the ingredients ineither a high or low speed mixer and then thepowder is transferred to a melt compounder.
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Common/main additives are as follows:
plasticisers
heat stabilisers
lubricants
processing aids and impact modifiers
fillers
colourants flame retardants
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Flow Chart
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Products
Medical applications:PVC is used for blood bags and intravenous containers. PVC
is also low cost and provides many uses in hospitals such as
in flooring of operating theatres and mattress covers as is
easy to clean and hygenic.
Electical applications:
PVC is a suitable insulating and sheathing material for
wiring and cables used in household goods such as fridges
and cookers and also office equipment such as computers
and photocopiers.
Vehicle applications:
The use ofPVC in vehicle components reduces the weight
of the vehicle hence reduces fuel consumption and so
conserves fossil fuels.
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Building and Construction applications:
PVC resists corrosion and weathering and so has
many outdoor uses such as water butts, window
frames, mud flaps, water pipes and garden furniture. Toys:
PVC is non-toxic, tough and durable and products
can be made in a variety of colours providing the
perfect material to make toys with.
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Waste
the waste ofPVC industry is dioxin. Dioxins
are environmental pollutants. They have the
dubious distinction of belonging to the dirty
dozen - a group of dangerous chemicals
known as persistent organic pollutants.
Dioxins are of concern because of their highly
toxic potential
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What is the effect of dioxin to our
body ?
Once dioxins have entered the body, theyendure a long time because of their chemical
stability and their ability to be absorbed by fattissue, where they are then stored in the body.Their half-life in the body is estimated to beseven to eleven years. In the environment,dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain.
The higher in the animal food chain one goes,the higher the concentration of dioxins.
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How to prevent dioxin ?
Proper incineration of contaminated material
is the best available method ofpreventing
and controlling exposure to dioxins. The
incineration process requires high
temperatures, over 850C. For the
destruction of large amounts of
contaminated material, even highertemperatures - 1000C or more - are
required.
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Disposing of PVC
R
ecycling;a. Mechanical recycling sort the waste plastics by hand
or more recently automatically,
b. Feedstock recycling, alternatively the polymer can be
decomposed at high temperatures and then thechemical components can be recovered and recycled.
Incineration are equipped with pollution control
equipment to minimize the release of emissions to the
environment. Landfill is carried out for the PVCplastics that can not
be recycled. Controlled landfill does not cause
significant risk to the environment.
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THE END . . .
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION