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/ / ,,t//n / t"/,';>*/,t;/ ftl -i " / '/u { ., i .r,!'-r.t / HOUSEHOLD PESTSAustralia since early settlement times, and generally . 1.0% gamma BHC (in foam base)high standards of personal hygiene continue to o 6.6 glkg bioallethrin and 26.4 g/kg piperonylmake conditions unfavourable for the development butoxide.of body lice.

(r,' 'Trench fever This relatively uncommon andmostly non-fatal disease is caused by Rechalimaeaquintana a Rickettsia. As with typhus, distributionof the disease largely relies on large populations ofbody lice associated with crowded, unhygienicconditions. Transmission again depends on thelouse taking an infective blood meal, after whichit or its faeces is crushed and scratched into the bitewound.Relapsing fever Historically, relapsing fever hasbeen a disease much associated with wars.Fatalities from the disease are relatively few,except in cases where the human hosts are under-nourished. The louse becomes infected by thedisease-causing spirochaete organism when it feedson an infected host. Transmission to a new host iseffected only when the body of the infected Iouse iscrushed and allowed to contaminate broken skin.

Some characteristics of the important human-infesting louse species are summarized inTable 11.13.LOUSE CONTROLThe development of synthetic insecticides hasplayed a significant role in louse control since theSecond World War. As well, increases in standardsof personal hygiene have made the human body aless favourable habitat for lice. Where a louseinfestation is discovered, persons that mayassociate with the infested person should immedi-ately be checked, as this may timit the spread.Non-chemical methods of preventionand controlWhere possible, avoidance of contact with louse-infested persons, their bedding and clothes isadvisable. Frequent bathing, or washing with soapand water, and frequent changing of underwearcreate conditions unfavourable to louse infestation.Where an infestation has been controlled withthe use of appropriate insecticidal formulations,clothing, towels, bedding etc. should be thoroughlywashed in hot water and then ironed. Speciallydesigned fine-toothed metal combs can give partialcontrol of head lice by physical removal.Chemical control

Persons with a louse infestation should seek aidfrom state health authorities or other medicalpersonnel. A range of effective products for thetreatment of human-infesting lice is currentlyavailable. Types of formulations include lotions,washes and aerosols, and examples of the activeconstituents of products include:0.165% pyrethrins, 2.000% piperonyl buroxideand 5.000% deodorized kerosene1.0% maldison (in foam base)

Label directions may indicate one or more than onetreatments. Such products should be used only inaccordance with label directions and in consultationwith appropriate medical personnel.In summary, where a louse infestation issuspected, it should be quickly diagnosed; and if itis confirmed, action should be taken to arrest theactivity. Consultation with health authorities andproper use of available insecticidal formulationsshoutd give effective control. High standards ofpersonal hygiene help in making infestation lesslikely.

D . i": 1I' Cj n E r- '1' rli1 i:i I "')i rLr -!:J -i r:i -* j j"-,L\ 'f5 i*i] \,,A l,i i-,\ F: ::, .L-l E: il,;=\ I \- i,,r )- rn;: !- !_,".j :.The insects most commonly associated withdamage to fabric and paper products includeclothes moths, carpet beetles, silverfish and book-lice. These groups are discussed in separatesections below, and the appearance and char-acteristics of some pest species are given inTable 11.14.Clothes moths and carpet beetles can be seriouspests, damaging a variety of materials, mainly ofanimal origin. In nature these insects have and doperform an important 'clean-up' function, wherebycertain parts of dead animals (eg feathers, furs,hides, horns, beaks) are recycled. While somematerials of animal origin (eg woollen carpets) maybe 'pretreated' or 'proofed' against such insectsduring manufacture, many materials are not.Within man's buildings, clothes moths and carpetbeetles feed on and exploit an enormous range ofanimal origin materials, including: wool in carpets,clothing and furnishings; silk; fur; underfelt; andsometimes animal product-type foods (eg fishmeal).Even synthetic fabrics may be attacked, if madeattractive by contaminants such as urine, perspira-tion and food or drink stains. In some instances,infestations in a dwelling arise from activityassociated with rodent or bird-nesting areas, ordead bodies in roof cavities, disused chimneys etc.Silverfish have a preference for starchy materials,and in dwellings they may cause damage to cotton,linen, books, paper, wallpaper and other materialsincorporating starch, sizing or glues.Booklice, although often associated with storedpapers, books, files etc., are usually more of anuisance pest than a cause of serious or costlydamage. They feed on the microscopic moulds thatgrow on such materials when they are storedimproperly.CLOTHES MOTHSClothes moths belong to Family Tineidae (OrderLepidoptera) and are widely known for the damagethat they may cause to woollens, fur, felts andother materials of animal origin. In Australia, the

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URBAN PEST CONTROLcasemaking clothes moth and common clothesmoth are the,:more prevalent species, and they tendto be morer frequently encountered in coastalregions, where the humidity is more appropriatefor their requirements. Of the various -develop-mental stages, only the larval stage is directlyresponsible for damage to materials. Adult mothiare, relatively short-lived and with siphoning-typesucking {Tlouthparts tend only to feed on auailableliquids if at all.CLOTHES MOTH STRUCTURE,LIFECYCLE AND HABITSStructureIn general, adult clothes moths are small (up toabout 10 mm long) and often yellow or gold tobuff, with narrow wings that are distinctly fringedand siphoning-type sucking mouthparts. Larviie areusually caterpillar-like, with a creamy-white body,dark head and mandibulate mouthparts. The larvaof the casemaking clothes moth constructs a cocoon-like case inside which it carries out its larvaldevelopment, dragging the case wherever it goes.The case is made basically of silk but may have,incorporated in it, fibres from the larval feedingmedium. The colour of the case may give someindication of the feeding material in instanceswhere the larvae have migrated away from thefeeding site.LifecycleFemale ciothes moths usually lay eggs on or inmaterials that will provide a suitable food sourcefor larval development. Eggs usually hatch in5-10 days. The caterpillar-like larvae tend to feedin dark, undisturbed places. They may be protectedin a case (eg casemaking clothes moth) or naked,feeding in silken tubes constructed throughout thefeeding medium (eg common clothes moth). Larvalfeeding may be completed in 24 months, de-pending on temperature and other factors. Whenfully fed, larvae pupate. The common clothes mothusually does this within the feeding material, whilethe casemaking clothes moth usually crawls upwardto the ceiling, picture rails or tops of wardiobes.The pupal phase usually takes abour 8-12 days.Adults are usually short-lived, often surviving lessthan 14 days. They probably feed on availableliquids (eg condensation, nectar), if at all.HabitsFeeding clothes-moth larvae produce droppingsthat are similar to coarse sand. Their activitv isusually restricted to dark, undisturbed u.eas, *be.ethe sand-like droppings and sometimes cast skinsmay accummulate. Adults tend to fly when dis-turbed and shun light.CLOTHES MOTHS AS PESTSWith their preference for materials of animalorigin, the range of materials attacked anddamaged by clothes moths includes clothing, rugs,134

Casemaking clothes moth larvae Tineapellionella - Tineidea - Lepidoptera - 6 mmcarpets, fabrics, furs, blankets, upholstered furni_ture, underfelt and felting such as that found inpianos. Usually, attack is confined to dark, undis_turbed areas (eg carpet under heavy furniture,clothes stored for long periods in trunks). Adultclothes moths flying around in a room may indicatethe presence of an infestation. Sighting ofdamagedfabric (or other material), sand--like-larvat drop-pings, cast skins and perhaps live larvae willconfirm their activity.CLOTHES MOTH CONTROLControl methods are similar to those for carpetbeetles and are discussed with those for carpetbeetles below.CARPET BEETLES- _Carpet

beetles belong to Family Dermestidae(Order Coleoptera) and are widely known for thedamage. th-at they may cause to a variety ofmaterials of animal origin. A number of species areactive in Australia, but the more commonlyencountered ones are the variegated carpet beetleand the black carpet beetle. The distribution ofcarpet beetles is more widespread than that ofclothes mo-ths, probably owing to their highertolerance of lower humidities, ai may be prevaientin more inland locations. Only the jarvai stage isdestructive to man's materials.CARPET BEETLE STRUCTURE,LIFECYCLE AND HABITSStructure- Adult carpet beetles are rypically small (up to5 mm long) and oval or elongate oval in shaped.Larvae tend to be reddy-brown in colour andendowed with stiff bristles over the bodv surface.

LifecyFemaareas tllarvae.often ftpupate.days. CusuallYclothesdays.HabitrFeedthat ar(toberfeedingand canectarwindovTheir ttobetcut flo\an egg-CARILikemarkecbut th

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LifecYcle-'i.*'^r.t tend to lqY eBgs in-dark' undisturbedareas that will provide food for the cleveloprngi^t"* iggt usually hatch in 14-28 days' I arvae"tr." f*E"t", up io 9 months' after which theyL'"",.. The pupil stage usually takes about 14-2.1I]I. ou"tali- ihe lifecvcle of the carpet beetle rs"ririry considerably longer than that of mostiro,t'.i *o,t't. Aduits tenE to live for about 20-40days.Habits"F;";i"g carpet-beetle larvae produce .droppingsthat are slmilai to coarse sand' Their activity tendsio-U"'t".,ti.,"d to dark, undisturbed areas' wherefeedins may lead to the accumulation ot clropprngs,J'.itil-"r.ins. Adults are mostly pollen and"i.r^t- feeders' They are often found around;;;J;*t, probably migrating out to find flowers'Their habii of feeding on flowers may cause tnem.'I" itu"tported int-o houses by 'hitchhiking' on.ut-no*.r., and, once indoors, they may look foran egg-laying site.CARPET BEETLES AS PESTS- t-it

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