Urban Transportation System in Seoul

2015. 9.

Joonho Ko, Ph.D.

Research Fellow

The Seoul Institute

Contents

Ⅰ _Seoul Transportation Overview

Ⅱ _Subway System

Ⅲ _Bus System

Ⅳ_ Travel Demand Management and Initiatives

Ⅴ_ Big Data

Overview Ⅰ.

4

Overview

Transportation settings

5

Overview

Change of travel modes and roadway network

Expansion of Road Network

Mode of transportation

Streetcar (1945～1970) Walk (~ 1945) Bus (1971～1985) Car (1986 ~ 2000)

2000 1972 1966 1936

Overview

Number of cars and traffic congestion cost

Population and Number of Cars

Traffic congestion costs (unit: KRW) (Unit : billion)

1980 99,286 8,364,379

# of vehicles Population

2013 2,338,864 10,388,055

2255.7%↑ 24.2%↑

Traffic

Congestion costs

(KRW)

5,087 8,414

2001 2013

65.4%↑

Overview

Mode share Mode share

Transit ridership

1996 2013

Auto 24.6% 23.1% 1.5%↓

Public

Transportation 59.5% 65.6% 6.1%↑

1985 2013

Total 3,313 4,145 25%↑

Subway 511 2,485 386%↑

Bus 2,802 1,660 41%↓

Urban Railway System Ⅱ.

Phase 2

- Line #5: 1990 ~ 1996

- Line #6: 1994 ~ 2001

- Line #7: 1990 ~ 2000

- Line #8: 1990 ~ 1999

Phase 3

- Line #9: 2001 ~ 2009

- Ui-Sinseol Line

Subway System

Subway system

Phase 1

- Line #1: 1971 ~ 1974

(7.8km, Seoul Station – Cheongnangri)

- Line #2: 1978 ~ 1984

- Line #3, #4: 1980 ~ 1985

1st

Stage

Metro

3rd

Stage

Metro

2nd

Stage

Metro

Regional

Rail

Subway System

Subway system

Subway System

Subway Extension

Subway system

Subway station catchment area

Radius Catchm-ent area

Ratio to whole Seoul area

Catchm-ent area within built-up area

Ratio to Seoul built-up area

100m 9.9㎢ 1.6% 6.5㎢ 1.8%

200m 38.2㎢ 6.3% 27.3㎢ 7.6%

300m 83.2㎢ 13.7% 61.2㎢ 16.9%

500m 202.3㎢ 33.4% 148.0㎢ 41.0%

* Seoul area: 605.25 ㎢ (built-up area: 361 ㎢)

Legend

500m 역세권

구경계_Project

41% of Seoul area (built-up area) is included within the station catchment area

on the basis of 500m radius

Subway station catchment area

Subway System

Crowdedness

Subway System

Overall Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9

2009 RH

159% 122% 202% 122% 172% 168% 177% 179% 176%

2011 RH

169% 144% 196% 149% 180% 170% 143% 182% 147% 215%

Difference (2011 – 2009)

+10% +22% -6% +27% +8% +2% -34% +3% -29% -

Tolerable degree of crowdedness = 150%, but current conditions during rush

hour exceed the degree

Note: For line 9, the highest crowdedness is for express services.

Subway operating companies

Established Length (km) # of Stations Boarding (million

persons/day) Revenue (million USD/day)**

Seoul Metro 1981 137.9 120 3.04 2.01

Seoul Metropolitan

Rapid Transit

(SMRT)

1994 152 148 1.73 1.18

Metro 9 2004 25.5 25 0.17* 0.11*

Note: * as of 2010; ** exchange rate: $1.0 = KRW1100

As of 2011

Subway System

Fare vs. operating cost

Subway System

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Seoul Metro

Average fare

659 723 736 727 726 725 791

Operating cost

948 1,007 1,018 1,048 1,092 1,051 989

Difference -288 -284 -282 -321 -366 -326 -198

SMRT

Average fare

687 756 760 754 749 750 818

Operating cost

1,285 1,262 1,277 1,283 1,217 1,276 1,207

Difference -598 -506 -517 -529 -468 -525 -388

Unit: KRW/passenger

Plan for rail network expansion

LRT construction for low transit Service Areas (73.7 km, 8 Lines)

- Establishing a 10-Year Master Plan for Urban Railroad

Central governm

ent 12%

Seoul 34%

Private 54%

(0.9 trillion KRW for 11.4km)

Subway System

Ppp project: Metro 9

17

Infra

30 year concession

BTO

Planning Construction Operation

Rolling stock, station

10 year contract

Subway System

Bus System Ⅲ.

Bus system City bus : 7,534buses/363 routes, Community bus :1,401 buses/210 routes

No. of passengers in a day (average) 5.7 million

Bus only lane : 52 corridors, 203.6km (Median bus lane : 12 corridors,114.3km)

As of December 2011

Bus System

Color-coded hierarchical bus system

Trunk Lines

Inter-regional Lines

Feeder Lines

Circular Lines

Connecting suburban areas and center cities

Punctuality and speediness.

Link trunk line buses or subways for easy transfer

Satisfy the local needs and securing accessibility.

Circular bus service for business and

shopping in urban areas.

(sub)Urban areas ↔ (sub)Center cities

Meet the demand of private car.

Bus System

Integrated distance-based transit fare system

Free transfer between bus-bus and bus-subway, free transfer within 30 minutes. (maximum 5 times)

<Fare Structure>

July 2004

July 2007

September 2008

October 2008

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus ↔ Incheon bus

Expansion of the fare system in Metropolitan area

Subway (single ride) : Basic Fare W1,050 for 10 Km Distance-based Fare W100 for 5Km up to 40Km and for 10Km beyond

Bus [single ride] : Flat Fare W1,050(Trunk) / W 1,850 (Inter regional bus)

Bus System

Number of bus – subway transfer passengers

Bus System

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Number of passengers who transfer

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Transfer passengers/Total passengers

thousand passengers %

Note: Data is only applied to 5,6, 7 and 8 lines.

Bus management system

For Public

• Route and operation Info • Bus Arrival Time

BIT

Internet Mobile ARS

• Real-time Bus location Info •Interval and operation Info

•Bus Interval Info •Bus Operation Info

Bus Company

• Bus Location • Allocating Bus • Notice

-Real-time Bus Operation Info -Bus Operation DB

-Real-time Bus Operation Information

-Route and Transfer Info

Seoul BMS

Bus System

Median bus lanes

For faster and reliable bus operation

To improve passengers’ convenience by comfortable shelter, transfer center

- 12 corridors of 115.3km (210 km including planned corridors)

Under Operation

Plan for 2013

Plan for 2014 - 2016

After 2017

Bus System

Cheongnyangni Transportation Center, July. 2005

Yeoido Transportation Center

Seoul Station Center

Bus System

Transportation centers

Night Bus

26

Implemented on two pilot routes (N37 and N26) using 6 buses for each route

Service hour: from midnight until 3:30am

Service interval: 35 ~ 40 minutes

Fare: 1,850 KRW (higher than regular fare)

Bus System

Electric bus pilot project

EV Bus in Namsan

Type Category Features

Vehicle

Weight 10.7 ton

Size 11m(Length) × 2.49m(Width) ×

3.5m(Height)

Engine Drive Motor 240kW (322hp)

Battery Lithium-ion polymer(80kWh)

Performance

Top speed 100km/h

Gradability* 30%(17˚)

Distance per Charging

110km (Driving at 60km/h)

Charging time 20mins(Rapid charging)

Namsan EV Bus Routes

Line No. 02

Line No. 05

Line No. 03

Bus System

Transit Mall

28

Target road: Yonsei-ro (550 meter)

Opened in Jan. 2014

Provision of more pedestrian and

bike spaces

Allowed to run for buses and

emergency vehicles

Taxies are allowed to travel during

midnight to 6am

Bus System

Travel Demand Management and

Initiatives Ⅳ.

30

1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2013

Em

plo

yer-b

ased

TD

M

Rais

ed

traffic

imp

act fe

e

Park

ing

pric

ing

Weekly

no

-driv

ing

day p

rog

ram

Public

transit re

form

Bu

sin

ess ta

xi

Fle

xib

le w

ork

ing

ho

urs

Ma

nd

ato

ry

Vo

lun

tary

An

nu

al tra

ffic im

pact fe

e

1st p

hase m

etro

syste

m

(Lin

e 1

~4,’8

5)

2nd p

hase m

etro

sys

tem

(Lin

e 5

~8)

Metro

line 9

Car S

harin

g

No

n-fre

e p

ark

ing

Rais

ed

traffic

imp

act fe

e

Illeg

al p

ark

ing

en

forc

em

en

t

Mo

nth

ly p

ub

lic tra

nsit d

ay

Exp

an

din

g p

ark

ing

cap

are

a

Chunggae s

tream

resto

ratio

n p

roje

ct

Rais

ed

traffic

imp

act fe

e

Nam

san

co

ng

estio

n c

harg

ing

Park

ing

cap

Rev

ised

Em

plo

yer-b

ased

TD

M

Historical TDM program evolvement

Travel Demand Management

Energy consumption and mode share

31

27.8%

12.1%

35.2%

5.5%

25.9%

55.7%

6.2%

6.1%

4.1%

19.2%

0.8%

1.5%

수단분담률(2009)

에너지

Mode share VS. Energy consumption share

버스 지하철 승용차 택시 트럭 오토바이

Energy

Mode

share

(2009)

Bus Metro Passenger

car

Taxi Truck

Motorcycle

Travel Demand Management

Why?

- Reducing the amount of traffic

- Securing revenue for transit system improvement

Who pays?

- Building owners (≥1,000 ㎡ of Total floor area)

Equation for annual traffic impact fee

- Floor area × Traffic impact fee unit × Coefficient by building type

Note: Revenue (2011) of about 84 billion KRW (70 million USD)

Jan. 1990 May 1995 Oct. 1996

Total floor area <3,000㎡, < 10 parking spaces 350

350 350

Total floor area ≥ 3,000㎡, ≥10 parking spaces 500 700

Traffic impact fee unit (unit: KRW/m2)

32

Travel Demand Management

Annual traffic impact fee

15. Business taxi

16. Shuttle bus operation for customers

17. Commuting bus operation

18. Installment of parking guidance system

21. Elimination of free parking

22. Reduction of parking space

23. Employee parking restriction

24. Others

Incentives for the employer-based TDM: reduction of traffic impact fee

Different reduction rates for different employer-based TMD programs

Employer-Based TDM

⇒ Average traffic impact fee reduction rate: 17.9% (for the applicants; as of 2010)

1. Number plate rationing program (last digit)

2. Voluntary weekly no driving day program

3. Number plate rationing program (weekday)

4. Number plate rationing program (even & odd)

<Traffic impact fee reduction rate>

Tra

ffic

im

pa

ct fe

e r

ed

uctio

n r

ate

(%)

Program

33

Travel Demand Management

Legal speed criteria for the selection of target roads

Expressways Arterials

# of lanes

(one way) >= 4 >= 4 <= 3

Speed < 30km/h < 21km/h < 15km/h

Occurrence At least 3 times per day

Congestion Pricing

Charging implementation: `96.11.11

Charging time period: Weekdays 07:00 ～ 21:00

Charging point: Namsan 1 tunnel, Namsan 3 tunnel

Amount: 2,000 KRW

Target: passenger cars with less than 3 occupants

Travel Demand Management

34

Weekly No Driving Day Program: Characteristics

Voluntary participants can choose at least one weekday as their no-driving day

Applied time : 7am to 10pm, weekdays except for Sat., Sun., and national holidays

Target vehicles : non-commercial vehicles carrying less than 11 passengers

Incentives : discount on annual car tax (5%), congestion charge (50%), public parking fees (10-

20%), gasoline price (1-6¢/liter), car maintenance cost (5-10%), and auto insurance premiums (8.7%)

Management : adopting RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology: participants should

attach RFID-tag on the windshield of their car

35

Travel Demand Management

Apply for and receive electronic tag

Attach the tag to the car

RFID readers verify compliance

Successful sincere participants

are given incentives

Car-sharing system

1대 2대 3~5대 6~10대 11~15대 # of sharing cars :

Sum

Regula

r

Cars

Electric

Cars

Number of

members 349,999 290,222 59,777

Number of cars 1,816 1,474 342

Number of

accumulated users 769,265 691,062 78,203

Number of users

per day 2,775 2,540 202

Number of users

per car each day 1.5 1.7 0.7

Average rental time 4hr 2min 4hr 24min 3hr 49min

Average mileage

per rental (km) 57 74 46

Run by a total of 5 business operators (regular cars : 2, electric cars : 3)

1,816 cars running in 850 sharing stations throughout Seoul (regular car : 1,474, electric car : 342)

# of trips by car-sharing: 7,909 trips/day (0.02% of total trips in Seoul)

36

Travel Demand Management

Big Data in Transportation Ⅴ.

Background

Big Data

2.5 quintillion bytes of data are generated every day!

- A quintillion is 1018

Data come from many quarters

- Social media sites

- Sensors

- Digital photos

- Business transactions

- Location-based data

Source: IBM http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/

Definition

Big Data

Big data was defined by IBM in 2010

Big Data

There is much more than meets the eye!!

40

Big Data

41

Transportation card

Number of bus passengers Level of crowding near and in CBD during morning peak hour

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

%

Time of day

Temporal distribution of metro ridership (Weekdays) (Data: Line 1- 4, 2013)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

%

Time of day

Temporal distribution of metro ridership (Weekends) (Data: Line 1- 4, 2013)

Big Data

42

Archived traffic speed

Congested road segments with more than

or equal to two hours of congestion per day

(hourly speeds of less than 10 km/h)

Congested road segments with more than

or equal to two hours of congestion per day

(hourly speeds of less than 15 km/h)

0% 2%

19%

46%

63%

73% 79%

84% 87%

0% 1%

12%

39%

58%

70% 76% 81%

85%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Cum

ula

tive

pro

port

ion

Threshold speed (km/h)

평일

주말

weekdays

weekend

Big Data

A device for collecting taxi operation data

- Location, passenger boarding/alighting, fare, operation time

100% installment of DTG for 72,189 Seoul Taxis

No. Type of

Taxi

Data Collected Date/Time

Company Name

Company

ID

Vehicle Registration Number

Driver’s

ID

Boarding Time

Alighting Time

Service Distanc

e Fare

Nighttime Extra

Charge

Type of Paymen

t

Boarding x-coordinate

Alighting y-coordinate

Non-service Distanc

e

1 Corporati

on 2013-03-25

0:00 한양상운(주)

301200006 서울33사14

33 3323

2013-03-24 23:52

2013-03-25 0:00

3005 3700 Normal Credit Card

127057771 37592720 3809

2 Corporati

on 2013-03-25

0:00 삼익택시(주)

301200011 서울34사25

18 4970

2013-03-24 23:41

2013-03-25 0:00

6554 6900 Normal Cash 126907898 37519421 1699

3 Owner-driven

2013-03-25 0:00

301200016 서울33사26

23 5127

2013-03-24 23:55

2013-03-25 0:00

1525 2400 Extra

Charged Cash 126546260 37362755 686

Taxi digital Tachograph (DTG)

Big Data

44

Taxi digital Tachograph (DTG)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Time of day

%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0

40

80

12

0

16

0

20

0

24

0

28

0

32

0

36

0

40

0

44

0

48

0

52

0

56

0

60

0

Daily travel distance (km)

Cu

mu

lati

ve

den

sity

Seoul Taxi Operational Characteristics

During 8 a.m. – 9 a.m.

Spatial distribution of Seoul taxi trips

During 12 a.m. – 1 a.m.

Car-sharing

Big Data

less than 1 1~2 2~5

5~10 above 10

⊙ ⊙ ⊙

⊙ ⊙ top 20% of car-sharing stations

Characteristics of car-sharing

stations with high usages

(top 20%)

- Large population in nearby areas

- High accessibility to subway station

- Few car-sharing stations

in neighboring area (less competitions)

- Mixed land use

- University-located area

Use less than 1 time a day 23%

Use 1 - 2 times a day 52%

Use 3 - 4 times a day 17%

Use 5 or more a day 8%

45

Car-sharing

Big Data

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

00~

01

01~

02

02~

03

03~

04

04~

05

05~

06

06~

07

07~

08

08~

09

09~

10

10~

11

11~

12

12~

13

13~

14

14~

15

15~

16

16~

17

17~

18

18~

19

19~

20

20~

21

21~

22

22~

23

23~

24

도심 교량 간선 시계 나눔카 대여

시간

Peak time of Car-sharing use is different from that of traffic volume

More rentals during day time and night time

time

<Traffic volume and shared car rentals by time of day>

46

Pedestrian activity

Big Data

47

07:30 08:30

09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30

13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30

17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

07:0

0-07

:05

07:3

0-07

:35

08:0

0-08

:05

08:3

0-08

:35

09:0

0-09

:05

09:3

0-09

:35

10:0

0-10

:05

10:3

0-10

:35

11:0

0-11

:05

11:3

0-11

:35

12:0

0-12

:05

12:3

0-12

:35

13:0

0-13

:05

13:3

0-13

:35

14:0

0-14

:05

14:3

0-14

:35

15:0

0-15

:05

15:3

0-15

:35

16:0

0-16

:05

16:3

0-16

:35

17:0

0-17

:05

17:3

0-17

:35

18:0

0-18

:05

18:3

0-18

:35

19:0

0-19

:05

19:3

0-19

:35

20:0

0-20

:05

20:3

0-20

:35

보행량(

인/5min

)

Big Data

48

Pedestrian activity

08:00~09:00 18:00~19:00 12:30~13:30

08:30~09:30 18:15~19:15 12:45~13:45

Weekday

Weekend

Big Data

49

What can we do with the big data?

Pin-pointing problematic areas

Balancing supply and demand of services

Improving quality of services

Increasing operational efficiency

Facilitating data collection

Saving money + Saving resources + …

Thank you!! jko@si.re.kr