URBANOFILI

“

“Denne plads ville retfærdig-

Gøre enhver by. Hvis jeg var

Obelisken på Place Vendôme,

Ville jeg straks gifte mig med

Place de la Concorde.

Ord: Vladimir Majakovskij

Maleri: Salvador Dali

BYPLANER I LITTERATUREN

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OM BYSTUDIERS RELEVANS

• ”Gud skabte landet, mennesket skabte byen”

• Basilius von Ramdohr om Københavns Havn i 1792: ”Havnen viser, at mennesket i sine værker kan være lige så stor som Gud”.

• Arkitektur som den største sociale og individuelle investering.

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BY OG FILOSOFI

• Sokrates: “Jeg kan ikke lære noget af træerne og blomsterne; jeg kan kun lære af mennesker”.

• Aristoteles:

• Descartes: “Gamle byer, der først kun var landsbyer, men som i tidens løb er blevet større byer, er sædvanligvis dårligt udformede i sammenligning med regelmæssigheden i de byer, som en en professionel arkitekt har planlagt frit på en åben mark”.

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AT GRUNDLÆGGE EN BY

En materiel handling

En mental handling

Jf. dobbeltbetydningen I ordene “at fundere” og “at grunde”

• Joseph Rykwert: Idea of a Town

URBAN PLANNING

• “Først for nylig er der gjort seriøse forsøg på at redegøre for byens grammatik og syntaks, og selv når det er sket, har der været en stærk tilbøjelighed til at betragte byen som en arbitrært konstrueret skal, som befolkningen ligesom en eremitkrabbe må kravle ind i for at søge beskyttelse og således tilpasse sig denne som en færdiglavet beholder.

• - Patrick Abercrombie (ed.) in: The Town Planning Review (founded 1910): Vol. 4, no 2, 1913, p.98f – “International contributions to the study of town planning and the city organisation.”

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DEN FØRSTE BY, DEN FØRSTE PLADS

• “Men det antikke menneske fatter den beslutning at rive sig løs fra Jorden, fra nature, fra det geobotaniske kosmos. Hvordan kan det være muligt? Hvordan kan mennesket rive sig løs fra Jorden? Hvor skal man gå hen, når Jorden er hele verden, når den ingen grænser har? Det er uhyre simpelt: Man indhegner blot et stykke af denne jord med nogle mure, der adskiller det lukkede begrænsede rum fra det uendelige, formløse rum. Dér har vi torvet”.

• Joé Ortega y Gasset: Massernes oprør. (1931/1964)

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PRIVAT OG OFFENTLIGT

• Domus and familia: power and hierarchy - c.1400, "servants of a household," from L. familia "family servants, domestics;" also "members of a household," including relatives and servants, from famulus "servant”. Ancestral sense is from early 15c.; "household" sense recorded in English from 1540s; main modern sense of "those connected by blood" (whether living together or not) is first attested 1660s. As an adjective meaning "suitable for a family," by 1807. Buzzword family values first recorded 1966. Family circle is 1809; family man, one devoted to wife and children, is 1856 (earlier it meant "thief," 1788, from family in a slang sense of "the fraternity of thieves

• ”In ancient feeling the private trait of privacy, indicated in the word itself, was all-important; it meant literally a state of being deprived of something, and even of the highest and most human of man’s capacities. A man who lived only a private life, who like the slave was not permitted to enter the public realm, or like the barbarian had chosen not to establish such a realm, was not fully human. We no longer think primarily of deprivation when we use the word ’privacy’, and this is partly due to the enormous enrichment of the private sphere through modern individualism

.” (Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition, Chicago 1958,

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THE PIAZZA

Repræsentative funktioner

Rummet vigtigere end bygningerne

Pladsen en velovervejet udformning af 3d-rum

“Byen er ikke et produkt af naturen, men et resultat af planlægning”, Vincenzo Scamozzi

Homogenitet i den arkitektur, der omgiver pladsen – arkader, sigtelinjer mv.

Pladsen som en artikulation af byens form, jf. Palmanova

Stabilitet som ideal

• Alberti: Om byggekunsten, o. 1440

• ”Æren træder frem på de offentlige pladser, ryet næres af stemmen og vurderingen hos de mange ærefulde personer, og i folkets midte. Ryet flyver fra alle de ensomme og private steder for lykkeligt at slå sig ned på den arena, hvor folk samles og berømmelsen findes”.

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LA PLAZA

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LA PLACE ROYALE

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Repræsentativ function Udvikles samtidig med Descartes’ “geometriske metode” Pladsen som kongepropaganda Pladsen som scene – jf. Corneille: Place Royale (1634) Pladsen som led I “civiliseringsproccessen” – ligesom hoffet et sted, hvor idealet om “det honnette menneske” udformes Fra stabilitet til mobilitet – pladsen åbnes

THE RESIDENTIAL SQUARE “Vor del af London er så langt

bedre end de fleste andre! Du må ikke forveksle os med London i almindelighed, kæreste papa. Kvarteret omkring Brunswick Square er helt anderledes end næsten hele resten af byen. Vi har så påfaldende god luft!”-.

Jane Austen: Emma (1815)

“London was a swarm of lights with a pale yellow canopy drooping above it. There were the lights of the great theatres, the lights of the long streets, lights that indicated

huge squares of domestic comfort”

Virginia Woolf: Voyage Out (1909)

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DEN ÅBNE PLADS

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AGORAFOBI

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They’re polished clean, that’s all. The pavement on Rosenthaler Platz was being torn up;

he walked on the wooden planks along with the others. Just go ahead and mix with people, then everything's going to clear up, and you won’t notice anything, you fool. Wax figures stood in the show-windows, in suits, overcoats, with skirts, with shoes and stockings. Outside everything was moving, but - behind it - there was nothing! It - did not - live! It had happy faces, it laughed, waited in twos and threes on the traffic islands opposite Aschinger’s, smoked cigarettes, turned the pages of newspapers. Thus it stood in the street like the street-lamps - and - became more and more rigid. The people

How they hustle and bustle! My brain needs oiling, it’s probably dried up. What was all this? Shoe-shops, hat-shops, incandescent lamps, pubs. People had to have shoes to run around so much; didn’t we have a cobbler’s shop out there? let’s bear that in mind! Hundreds of polished window panes, let ’em blaze away, are they going to make you afraid or something, why, you can smash ’em up, can’t you, what’s the matter with ’em?

BYEN UDEN PLADSER

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BYENS HJERTE

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PLADSER ELLER MEDIER

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• Robert Venturi: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (19

• ”The piazza, in fact, in ”un-American”. Americans feel uncomfortable sitting in a square: they should be working at office or home with the family looking at television. Chores around the house or the weekend drive have replaced the passegiata. The traditional piazza is for collective use as well as individual use, and public ceremonies involving crowds are even harder to imagine in Copley Square than passegiate. Our square therefore is not an open space to accommodate non-existing crowds (…), but to accommodate the individual who comfortably walks through the maze and sits alone along the ”streets” rather than in a ”piazza”. We are in habit of thinking that open space is precious in the city. It is not”.

HJEMMET SOM BYENS OG SAMFUNDETS GRUNDLAG

“This is the true nature of home – it is the place of Peace: the shelter, not only from all injury, but from all terror, doubt, and division. In so far as it is not this, it is not home; so far as the anxieties of the outer life penetrate into it, and the inconsistently-minded, unknown, unloved, or hostile society of the outer world is allowed (…) to cross the threshold, it ceases to be home; it is then only a part of that outer world which you have roofed over, and lighted fire in. But so far as it is a sacred place, a vestal temple, as temple of the hearth watched over by Household Gods, before those faces none may come but those whom they can receive with love, - so far as it is this, and roof and fire are types only of a nobler shade and light, - shade as of the rock in a weary land, and light as of the Pharos in the stormy sea; - so far it vindicates the name, and fulfils the praise, of home.”

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DEN GENFUNDNE PLADS

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PUERTA DEL SOL I MADRID 2011

• “Jeg har drømt om en agora, et drama, et sted hvor tingene mødes: et åben og mangfoldigt rum, en enorm fælled for ideer … et sted for møder mellem fremmede, et sted hvor vi glemmer de sociale tvangsmekanismer, et sted hvor vi finder vores identiteter i den midlertidige suspendering af hierarkier, i kroppenes lighed”.

• Juan Goytisolo: Makbara (1980)

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TAHRIR-PLADSEN I CAIRO 2011

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PLADSEN FØR OF EFTER DET ARABISKE FORÅR

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PLADSEN I OPLEVELSESSAMFUNDET

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PLADSEN SOM FORBLEV EN IDE

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