uropean plant cytogenetics · beta vulgaris amaranthaceae b. vulgaris (sugar beet, 2n = 18) is the...
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EUROPEAN PLANT CYTOGENETICS
2019 -
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Incomplete wheat-Agropyron
amphiploid, (IWAA)
POACEAE
Incomplete wheat-Agropyron amphiploids
(2n=56) produced by the Russian breeder
N. V. Tsitsin are characterized by many
agronomically valuable traits, like
perenniality, winter hardiness, large spikes
and grains.
E.D. Badaeva & V.P. Upelniek (Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia)
Giemsa C-banded mitotic metaphase
chromosomes of incomplete wheat-
Agropyron amphiploid. All 42 wheat and
14 Agropyron chromosomes (designated
A-F) can be identified based on their C-
banding patterns.
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JANUARY Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
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Alstroemeria longistaminea
ALSTROEMERIACEAE
A. longistaminea Mart. ex Schult. belongs to an
endemic South American genus of ornamental
plants. The karyotype (2n=16) is asymmetrical
and shows a variable number of B chromosomes.
T. Ribeiro, M. Vaio, L. Felix & M. Guerra (UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay; UFPB, Areia-PB, Brazil; UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil)
SatDNA ALSAT155 is distributed as arrays of
variable length on the karyotype of A. logistaminea.
B chromosomes are arrowed.
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
FEBRUARY
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45S rDNA 45S rDNA DAPI
Merge
P. T. N. Hoang, V. Schubert, J. Fuchs & I. Schubert (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
45S rDNA FISH signals with two chromosome pairs
harboring 45S rDNA (pink dotted circles) and enlarged frame
(bottom right) with an extended (red and green) secondary
constriction.
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Wolffiella rotunda
ARACEAE
An aquatic duckweed species (2n = 82, 1914 Mbp) with ovate
shaped organismic structure (frond), mother (m) and
daughter (d) fronds are connected together (see below);
vegetative and reproductive fronds are similar; flowers
(arrowhead) and fruits may occur.
m
d
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
MARCH
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Arabidopsis arenosa
BRASSICACEAE
A. arenosa possesses widespread diploid (2n=16) and
autotetraploid (4n=32) populations and has recently
become established as a model organism for investigating
how meiosis evolves to overcome the challenges faced by
newly formed autopolyploids.
C. Morgan & K. Bomblies (John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK)
Meiotic chromosomes of autotetraploid A. arenosa are
labelled for the cohesin subunit SMC3 (green),
synaptonemal complex protein ZYP1 (red) and chromatin
(blue) and imaged with super-resolution 3D-SIM
microscopy to investigate how autotetraploid chromosomes
pair and synapse during prophase I.
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30
APRIL
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Silene latifolia and Silene dioica
CARYOPHYLACEAE
S. latifolia and S. dioica (2n=24) are dioecious plants with
the heteromorphic sex chromosomes X and Y.
Most of LTR retrotransposons are preferentially
accumulated on either X or Y chromosomes suggesting
that retrotransposons proliferate sex-specifically in these
species.
Z. Kubat, E. Kejnovsky, B. Vyskot & R. Hobza (Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic)
Mitotic chromosomes of S. latifolia and distrubution of two
closely related Ty3/gypsy LTR retrotransposon Athila
families (in red). The upper left figure shows Athila
accumulated on the X chromosome while the second
Athila family (bottom right) is accumulated on the Y
chromosome. Male flower of S. latifolia (upper right) and
female flower of S. dioica (bottom left) are depicted.
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MAY Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
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Beta vulgaris
AMARANTHACEAE
B. vulgaris (sugar beet, 2n = 18) is the only sucrose
producing crop of temperate climate grown for the
production of sugar, vegetables, animal feed and
bioethanol.
T. Heitkam, H. Zhao, G. Tomaz Braz, J. Jiang & T. Schmidt (TU Dresden, Germany; Michigan State University, USA)
Two-color barcodes for sugar beet karyotyping.
Simultaneous fluorescent in situ hybridization of 54,720
differently labelled unique oligos derived from twenty-five
distal chromosome regions allowed the barcoding and
grouping of all chromosome pairs.
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
JUNE
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Triticum aestivum
POACEAE
T. aestivum (2n=6x=42), bread wheat, is one of the most
important crops. It carries three homeologous genomes, but
forms 21 strict homologous bivalents at meiosis. This diploid-
like inheritance is controlled by the Pairing homoeologous 1
locus. During early meiosis, temporary centromere
associations are observed.
A. Sepsi, T. Schwarzacher & J.S. Heslop-Harrison (University of Leicester, UK)
Three- dimensionally reconstructed confocal image of an
early meiotic nucleus at zygotene of T. aestivum ‘Chinese
Spring’ labelled with antibodies to the centromere-specific
histone variant CENH3 (red) and the SC proteins Asy1
(unpaired lateral elements, green) and ZYP1 (central
elements in synapsed chromosomes, purple).
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JULY Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
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Hordeum vulgare
POACEAE
H. vulgare (2n = 14) is a member of the grass
family and one of the main cereals cultivated
around the world. It serves as human and
animal food and is a main ingredient for beer
production.
YJ. Ahn & S. Heckmann (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
Meiotic pachytene chromosomes revealing
partial EdU staining (green) and DNA
counterstained with DAPI. EdU is
incorporated into DNA during replication and
can be detected following a chemical (Click)
reaction.
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2 µm
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
AUGUST
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Aegilops crassa Boiss.
POACEAE
Two cytotypes of Ae. crassa (2n = 4x = 28 and 2n =
6x = 42) are available. It possesses important traits,
such as cytoplasmic male sterility, yield, seed quality
and salinity tolerance that is used for wheat
improvement.
G. Mirzaghaderi (University of Kurdistan, Iran)
Metaphase chromosomes of Ae. crassa are labelled
with three different tandem repeats (CTT)10 (green),
pTa535 (red) and pSc119 (blue). The distribution of
probes can be used for chromosome identification.
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10 µm
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SEPTEMBER Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23/30 24 25 26 27 28 29
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5
5
3
2
4
1
Arabidopsis thaliana
BRASSICACEAE
A. thaliana (2n=10) can easily be
treated with colchicine. By means
of this methodology, autotetraploid
plants (2n=20) are obtained.
P. Parra-Núñez, N. Fernández-Jiménez, M. Pradillo & J.L. Santos (UCM, Madrid, Spain)
Metaphase I from a wild-type A. thaliana autotetraploid plant. All chromosomes are associated as
quadrivalents, except chromosome 5, which appears as two bivalents. Chromosomes are identified
by FISH with 5S (red) and 45S rDNA (green) probes.
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5
5
3
2
4
1
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OCTOBER Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
5
5
3
2
4
1
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J. Fuchs, Y.-J. Ahn, S. Dreissig,, S. Heckmann & A. Houben (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
Hordeum vulgare
POACEAE
Pollen grains, protected by a hard coat
made of sporopollenin, are the end product
of the male microgametogenesis in flowering
plants. Roughly 30% of flowering plants,
release their pollen at trinucleate stage (one
vegetative and two sperm nuclei).
Differences in size, shape and chromatin
condensation allow the flow cytometric
separation of vegetative and sperm nuclei
after propidium iodide staining.
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Fluorescence intensity
Sc
att
er
lig
ht
Intact barley pollen
Sperm nuclei
Fluorescence intensity
Sca
tte
r lig
ht
Generative nuclei
Vegetative nuclei
Intact barley pollen
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
NOVEMBER
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Cuscuta europaea
CONVOLVULACEAE
C. europaea (2n=14) is a plant parasite,
whose chromosomes condense before
the nuclear membrane dissolves. As a
result, hollow orb-shaped mitotic
chromosomes are formed before tubulin
fibers attach and pull the chromosomes
into the metaphase plate.
S. Klemme, V. Schubert, P. Neumann & J. Macas (Czech Acad Sci, Biol Ctr, České Budějovice,
Czech Republic; IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
Pre-mitotic chromosomes
of C. europaea. The same
cell from several
perspectives with surface
reconstruction.
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23/30 24/31 25 26 27 28 29
DECEMBER
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Cardamine occulta
BRASSICACEAE
C. occulta is an octoploid weedy species (2n=8x=64) originated in
Eastern Asia. It has been introduced to other continents including
Europe and considered to be an invasive species. C. occulta most
probably originated through hybridization between tetraploid C.
scutata and C. kokaiensis (both 2n=32). Combination of different
parental (sub)genomes, adapted to distinct habitats, enabled to the
newly formed polyploid species to occupy new ecological niches.
T. Mandáková & M.A. Lysak (CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic)
Four bivalents, species-specific chromosome rearrangements
and chromosome territories identified by comparative
chromosome painting, using Arabidopsis BAC contigs
corresponding to chromosome AK1, on pachytene and diakinetic
chromosomes, and in interphase nucleus.
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A Ca
B
Cb
A
B
C A
B C
C
Bb
Ba
A
AK1
AK1A
AK1K
AK1
AK1 AK1
AK1A AK1K
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2020 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 1 2 3 4 5 5 1 2 9 1 14 1 2 3 4 5
2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
4 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 8 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
5 27 28 29 30 31 9 24 25 26 27 28 29 13 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 18 27 28 29 30
14 30 31
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
18 1 2 3 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 1 2 3 4 5 31 1 2
19 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 24 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 28 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 32 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 25 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 33 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
21 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 34 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 27 29 30 31 27 28 29 30 31 35 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
36 31
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
36 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 1 2 3 4 44 1 49 1 2 3 4 5 6
37 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 41 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 45 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
38 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 42 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 46 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 51 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
39 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 43 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 47 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 52 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
40 28 29 30 44 26 27 28 29 30 31 48 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 53 28 29 30 31
49 30
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Cover picture
Physical mapping of the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA (green) and the 5S rDNA (magenta) by multi-colour FISH along larch
metaphase chromosomes.
PINACEAE Larix decidua (European Larch, 2n = 24) is a deciduous conifer, native to central Europe. Its tough,
durable and flexible wood is often used as timber.
I. Walter, T. Heitkam & T. Schmidt (TU Dresden, Germany)
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Sarah Houben and Karin Lipfert for the design as well as Regina Devrient for the production of
the calendar. The print was supported by the IPK Gatersleben. Finally, I would like to thank all colleagues who
provided the beautiful chromosome pictures.
Andreas Houben, IPK, Gatersleben, Germany
http://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en/breeding-
research/chromosome-structure-and-function/ https://www.facebook.com/CSF1Houben/