urushi.pdf

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URSHI

roceedings of

the rushi Study roup

une 10-27, 1985

Tokyo

N s Bromm and Prry mith E

TH Y CORVAO IU


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Cover:Food Container, detailJapan, Momoyama Period 1568-1615Black lacquer with gold makeThe Los Angele County Mueum of ArtM87202 a.bGift of Donald & Iri Blackmore

Coordination: Irina Averkieff, The Getty Conservation Insttute,Marina del Rey, CalifoaDesign:Joe Moloy, Mondo Typo, nc., Santa Monica, CaifornaTypography Ventura/ Adobe PostScript Stone Serifand Berthold Sabon and UniversPrintng: Dai Nippon, Tokyo,apan

1988 Paul Getty TrustAll rights reserved

Printed inJapan

Library of Congress Catalogng-nPublcation Data

Urushi Study Group (985: Tokyo,apan)Urushi Proceedings of the 985 Urush Study Group/

NS Brommelle and Perry Smth, editorsp cm

Bibliography p.SBN 0-89236096-8 $400 acquer and lacqueringEast AsiaCongresses.

2 Lacquer and lacqueringConservation and restorationast AsiaCongresses. I Brommele, N.S II Smith, PerryII. Title

852394 CIP


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THE GEY CONSERVAON INSUE

The Getty Conseration Instue (Gel), an operaing

program of he]. Paul Gety Trust, was creaed in 1982

o enhance he qualy of conservation practice n he

word oday Based on the belief tha he best approach

o consevaon s inerdiscplinary, the Instiute brngs

togeher the knowledge of conservaors, scientss,

and ar hisorians. Through a combination of in-

house actvites and collaborative ventures wh oher

organizations he Instiute pays a caalytc role ha

conribues subsanaly o he conservaon of our

cutural heritage The Insute ams to furher scentifc

research, o increase conservaon training opporunies

and o srenghen communicaion among specalss


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CONTENTS

Hirokazu Arakawa

Motoo Yoshimura

George Kuwayama

Beatrix von Ragu

Akio Haino

Norimitsu Kimura

Yoshiyuki Kuraku

Jongseok Lee

Yoshio Hasegawa

Zhou Bao Zhong

Shin Yagihashi

Toshie Nakajima

Prooge

Map

Chronology

n he Chinese Kyushitsu Mehod Based on

a dy o Kyushoku-roku Docmens

nnovatons n Kodaiji kie

Chnese Guri Lacqers

Inro esearch: ome Proposed Ftre eps

ano Chokan, the rshi Maser died hrogh

is Work

Heidatsu and Hyomon in he ara Period

rgns o he se o rshi inJapan and

Is Development

acqerware n he nied lla Period,

wth pecial eerence o he nds a napchi

rshi Coaing and Color Paining ppled o

Japanese rchecra Ctral Monmens

Q

The Proecion o ncen Chnese acqerware

The Preservaon and anding Down o

Tradional rsh rt Technqes in Japan

Conservaion o Chinese rshi

Mehods and Diiclies

i

x

Xl

3

7

3

23

3

37

45

5

7

7

7


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Shogyo Ohb

T Chs

Knch Ktmur

Susnn Brchl

Kyotro Nshkw

Aln Sklov

Yoshkun Tguch

Toshktsu Nksto

Toshko Knjo

A. Burmstr

YumnDu

Bll Mlm nd

Hln Glltt

M. Drrck, C. Druzk

ndF Prussr

Rosmond Wstmorlnd

Ju Kumnotn

he Kyushtsu Techique Demosaed

o a Ntsum

Lacque xamaio ad eamet at he

Fee Gale of A: Some Case isoies

Some houghts about Coseig Uushi

A Objecs Japa, ad a xample

of Coseato Wok

Appeiceship ad Coseaio

D Lacque Satues of Japa

Chiese Lacque

ssa o Shels ha Became Che Blossoms

ushi Techique i the Pehisoic

ad Atque Peiods Japa

EE

Scietfic Appoach o Tadtoal Lacque A

Techca Sudies of Chese Lacque

The Poducto ad Use of Chiese Ra ushi

ad he Pese Sate of Reseach

X-a Radiogaph he Sud of

Oiea Lacqueae Substucues

FTIR Aalsis of Auheic ad Simulated

Black Lacque Fiishes o

igheeth Ceu Fuiue

Sole Tesig Mehod fo Ideifcaio

of Oietal Lacque Used i uopea Fuitue

The Chemist of Oiea Lacque

(Rhus Vc{u)

Glossa

9I

95

II3

2

27

I33

I39

7

I55

99

227

235

23

253


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Oval TryChina Yuan Dynasty, 13-14th CenturyCarved red lacuerThe Los Angeles County Museum of ArtM81.12S1Gift of Mr &Mrs John Nessley


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LGU

In 985, the Getty Conservton Insttute (Ge

orgnized n terntonl eeting on the study of

Orent cquerwreurushn colborton with the

Tokyo Ntionl Reserch Insttute of Cuturl Properties

n Jpn eld on June O, the eeting ncluded

specilists in the history nd technques of urush n n

effort to stulte n nterdscpnry discussion ndpproch to the conservtion of this ncient nd

conteporry rt for The Gel wishes to express its

grtitude for the opportunty to cooperte wth the

Tokyo Ntion Reserch Insttute of Cuturl Properties

n this portnt endevor pecl pprecton is

extended to r. Nobuo Ito, rector of the Institute t

the tie of the eeting, nd to his colegues who,

through the orgnzton of vsts to useus, teples,urush workshops, conservtion studios, nd nufc

turers, fcltted cultur nd techncl understndng

of urushi objects

The ppers presented here re the proceedings

of the eeting, which hve been edted through the good

offces of the Interntionl Insttute for Conservton.

We re very grteful toM Norn Broele nd Miss

Perry ith who undertook the editor responsibilty.Apprecition is lso expressed to Miss Brbr Roberts,

ecortive Arts Conservtor, TheJ Pul Getty Museu,

who served s coordintor of the eeting, nd to the

ny prticpnts who trvelled toJpn fro other

countries with the hope of gining new scientific,

historicl, nd cuturl insghts into the nufcture

nd conservton of urush objects

uis Monrel

Director

The Gett onervation Intitute

ix


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QNGA

HEILONGANG

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JLIN \rJ

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JeYamagata..

Ngati

WaJma. eNifko

JAPNe

okyo

SOUTH

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UANG ' UANGDONGj

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Ryukyu Island

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LGY

CHINA

Neolihi Perio c 7000 600 B.C.

Shang c. 600027 B.C.

Zhou 027256 B.CWest hou 02777 B.C.East Zhou 770256 B.C.

Warring Sae Perio 47522 B.C.

Qin 22206 B.C.

Han AD 220West Han 206 B.C.-A.D 8

East Han A.D. 25220

Perio o hehree Kingoman Six Dynaie A.D. 2258

Sui A.D. 5868

ang A.D. 68906

Five Dynaie Perio A.D. 907960Liao 90725

Song 96279

Nothen Song 960126Southe Song 27279

Yuan 1280368

Ming 368644

Qing 64492

hi hronology i inene o give he reaer a generaoverview o he perio iue in he ex an no a aeiniive reerene

JAPAN

Jomon . 200 B.C

Yayoi c. 200 B.C.-. A.D. 250

Koun (umulu) A.D. 250552

Auka A.D. 552646

Nara A.D. 646794

Heian 79485Kamakura 85392

Muromahi 392568

Momoyama 568600

o 600868

Meii 86892

KOREA

hree Kingom Perio 37 B.C.-A.D. 935Kingdom of Koguyo 37 B.CAD. 668Kingdom of Paekche 8 BC.-A.D. 660Kingdom of Sia 57 B.CA.D. 935

Uniie Silla AD 66898

Koryo 98392

Choon 3929


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On the Chinese Kyushitsu Method,

Based on a Study of Kyushoku-roku

Hkzu A rkwTky aa Museum

Do on

kyushitsu

The doumen on he ar o uruhi n China rarey e u abou he deaied

proe o manuaure To he be o my nowedge here are ony a ew

exampe One o hee i Kyushokuoku whih reord mehod o kyushiu

he proe and ehnque or he appiaion o urh rom he ground oaing o

he urae oaing

Kyushokuoku i a doumen or pea on he ar o uruhi I over

amo a he ehnque wih a proper expanaion o eah I wa wrien by Huang

We an uruhi raman in he Longqng period (156715 7 bu he orgina i

o The ediion wih he amp Kenkado oshoin" i hough o be he mo reia-

be o he manurip i in exene (A reerene in hi paper o Kyushokuoku

reer o hi edon Araawa 1963 I oni o eigheen haper divided ino wo

voume Ken and Kon. Ken derbe oo maera and varou poin o noe n

mang uruh Kon aiie eah ehnique and deribe i in deai A noe o hi

edion ay ha he preae wa wrien by an Mn bu doe no give any expana

on abou hi baground reumaby he wa an urhi raman o he Tanqi

period ine he preae wa wrien in he h year o Tianqi ( 165 .

Oher imporan doumen on kyushiu inude

1 A voume o Doten Seioku whih wa omped by Tuao Chi Hu in he

Song dynay (960179 He expan how o diereniae od vee he expana

ion o kyushiu nuded in he haper Kokinben.2. ekkooku whih wa ompied in hry voume by Tao Son I in he

Ming dynay (1 36816 44 . I auay a boo on ega yem and drbane in

he uan period ( 1803 68 bu he auhor ao dea wh paning and ai

graphi wor The a voume Kyuki derbe he ar o urhi

3 Foureen voume o Kinkyo whih were ompied by Tuan Ta Mi in he

Ming dynay. Thi wa revied by Sun In Ie Shi and Wan Mao Tao and pubihed

in he hiryevenh year o Wani (1 609 Inuded i a deaied deripion o

kyushitsu or he evenring koto (I inereing o ind ommen on kyushitsu n

doumen on koto I have aready made a deaied udy o hi ubje (Araawa

198 1a 19 81 b 1981 and he reader i reerred o hee pubiaion or a eraoun

Kyushitsu i expained in prinipe i n voume 17 o Kyushokuoku ied

Shippo Th voume menion even proee rom he wooden ubrae o nakanui

(inermedae oaing. The ype o uwanui (ina oaing aordng o oor are

Araawa


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Gyokuhe s a knd of dctona"Yupan n hnee pubshedn the Sx Dynates n A.D 543

expained in voume 3 5hsshoku Eigh ype are named ba vermiion yeow

green purpe brown oi oaing" and nshu. Oi oaing i a ehnique o appy

ing oi on he aquerware urae and knshtsu i ornamening wih god iing and

god pain n hi paper we ha onenrae on kokukyo (ba uruhi

The proee o kyushu expained in Kyushokuoku and oher doumen

are a oow1 Kenso Ken i deined in yokuhen a a ben wor a vee made o urved

wood 50 mean kj, shtaj and soza, a ubrae Kenso, hen mean magemono or

a benwor ubrae In Kyushokuoku, however he erm hata and kkou are

ued inead o kenso. The noe by an menion ha maeria uh a bamboo me

a and oher were ued a ubrae We houd hereore inerpre kenso a ubrae

(Araawa 1977

an noe i bamboo raan bronze in erami nemono (a moding

pae oh and paper and ayer o oh a exampe o ubrae In addiion

wood i menioned a being ued or quare boxe ben wor and rned wor For

exampe pauownia and oher wood were ued a maeria or ziher

oho oho mean oining eah urae or aahing eg A raman in

urae wih hoshu, aen hem wih ring and wedge hem Knkyo expainhoshu a a mixure o raw urhi and hoan mn (anima gue

3 50to. Thi i he i ing wih kokuso (a hi pae o onneing par

miing area and no in he kj (wooden ubrae an noe expain he

mehod o iing in deep gap uing a mixure o hoshu and wood powder or oon

du

4 Fushu. Thi i a mehod o uing oh a a reinoremen Hemp oh i

areuy paed on wih hoshu o ha here are no irreguariie on he urae

Hoshu i appied o he edge and onneing par beaue hey are iabe o

exoiae Aording o an noe hemp iber or hi paper wa ued during he

Tianqi period inead o eaher whih had been ued previouy I houd be noedha fshu i no done or koto

S Kanshu kashtsu Thee are ype o uruhi priming Kyushokuoku men

ion he oowing maeria mixed wih uruhi or priming: unoko (ained deer

horn and ine poreain powder are ira maeria bone powder and amhe

powder are eonda maeria and erami powder and tonoko (iney ground

baed ay are hirda maeria Thee ype o powder are ieved ino oare

ine and inermediae grade hen appied in ive eparae age

Fir oare kashu i appied hiny many ime Nex ighy iner

kashu i appied eveny in a hi oa Third a i iner kashtsu i ued o mae

ange and edge and i in den Fourh very ine kashu i appied neiher hinnor hi Finay edge ange and border ine are harpened"

an noe ay ha here are oher shtaj (ground ayer nown a shtaj

ubiue One i made o a mixure o erami powder and haroa powder o

whih arh pig bood ou uie and gue are added i wa ued by ower

raning ramen in he Tianqi period and onidered worhe Anoher i aed

mansu, made rom oi and ime a deaied deripion i given in he eion on

manui in ekkoku

Arakawa


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Biblioaphy

Arakawa, Hoka

M-S o urus-og o Kyusokuoku T Kyusou-rou ad laqur ar of Mgad Qg prods) Musum 5 1 162 Toyo

"Urus ogs o -sa o moda soo Som problms o sora dvopmof laqur raf) Musum 3 324 Toyo

"K o yussu su aqur wor xud o zr) I Hsto o Laqu A

Skkos Vo 4 Toyo

" K o yussu su aqur wor ud o zr) ur for Aadmy ofaqur Rsar. Upublsd mausrp

K o yussu aqur dorao of zrs). Musum 36 33 Toyo

6 Araawa


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Innovations in Kodaiji Makie

ooo YoshurKans Gakun Unvrs

Fgur 1 Asagao mak jko(ood ontanr

From te ieet to te eeee ceturie makie furiure e ocalled

odaii makie wa ery popula Sce I ae already wre abou te date of

poducio ad te maufactue ti pape wll coceate o te ioa

o odaij makie wi pecfc referece o acual work (Yomua 1971)

Fir t mu be teed tat odaji makie (a yle of lacquer aociated wi

te odaij emple yoto) doe o employ e okime metod i ery fac

accou fo te pecula beauty of odaj makie Te okime metod coi of daw-

g a oug kec o pape wi yakiuuhi wc i euuhi (ickeed aw lacque

ad red ocer made by puttig i o a pape ad corcig it wi fie By placg

oug ketc face dow o e uface to be decoraed, ad rubbg lgtly witete figer o bu te ketc i trafered Today almo all te oug ketce

fo makie are pepared i i way Howeer oda makie tere i eidece a

metod wa o employed

igue 1 ow e aagao makie jiki (food cotaer) Net o e uppe

gt edge of te mog gloy leaf te ceter tere i a trace of a emilo le

Smilar ermlo le ae alo foud o te leaf to te lef ad o e uppe de of

te leaf doe i enahiji te left coe t i difficul o ee ee le te pic

ture bu ey are ealy obered o te acual wok becaue ey ae copcuou o

e kuonui (black backgroud O i food coaer i may be ad tat prelimi

ary le were made i ermlio ad a oug ketc wa daw before te proceof makie (priklg meallc powde o a wet lacque uface to form a picture o

deg) I te fial tage of te oug ketc te total effect of te deig wa eco

dered ad te pelmiary le wee lgtly eed ually after te compleo

of makie ee emilio le ae eraed completely but i ti paricular work

procedue wa fogotte ad ece te oug ketc i reealed

Dawg a roug ketc i uc a imprompu maer a ery ky poce

Yosmra 7


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Fgu 2a. Ku-r-mo

mae ogaa gusou-bsubo o stong amo) onuyamao.

Fgu 2b. Dtal sowng tol n t nt o t santmum dsgn madby t pont o a ompass.Fgu 2. Dtal sowng tol mad by t pont o aompass w t paulowna

la and ow stalk mt.

Fgu 2d Dagam sowng t

omposton o t paulownadsgn usng a ompass

dure Teefoe ecep e wor of eemey illul makie a, uc a meod

may reul a uefed" poduc. I order o mmze , e folowig

ecque were employed i odaj makie. ir of all compaavey arge ower

ad leave, uc a oe o cyaemum, Cee bell flower ad e morig

glory ee e food coaie uder dicuo, a well a pray o cryae-

mum ad paulowia, were epeed by e epeio o evera paer Te

deig wee peveed fom becomig moooou by e diveriie o dea ade aageme o e pae o brace ad em, rod o Japaee pampa

ga ad mal buclover ower, wc were decribed wi ie ad po Te

deal a gve ie o e deig wee pobably draw by e mo lled makie ar

i a e fal age. Ti mea a ee mig ave bee a udo of aa wo

dew e ame pae repeaedy ad a makie ari wo oo e leadg role. Ti

diviio of labor woud ave bee e deal meod fo e maufacure o odaiji

makie fuure, wc wa e maproduced

Ne, e me iroduce a eampe o a wo ug a compa wic

eabled e roug ec o be daw eaiy ad pecely e kiku-kii-mon makie

oigata guokubitu (a bo o og armor of Iuyamao (ig 2a i wo ee

ae wo ype of cryaemum deig igle ad doube, ad bo arge ad mall

deg. o e paulowa deig, a fve ad eveowered paer ued ad

ee, oo, arge ad ma ize ae foud. A careu udy o e deal eveal a mal

oe a e ceer o e cyaemum deig (ig. 2b, ad a mla mal oe i

oud a e poi wee e pauowia ea ad flowe al mee (ig 2c Tee

mall ole wee wou doub made by e po of a compa

Te ollowig meod demoae a mo effecive ue o e compa

Yosmura


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Figre 3 Kiu-suu-amemai bao (cometic box).

drawng te pauowna design irst a crcle o a certan sze s made wit a compass

and te gure drawn so tat te center o te lower stalk and te centra ea meet at

te center o te crcle (g 2d Obousy in ts gure te lengts o te central

lower stak and central lea are te same eac s equal to te diameter o te crcle

en te circumerence is dded wt te compass into six sections e ponts o

contact A troug are placed on te circumerence and eaes are added to te et

and rgt o te centra lea aing ter tps on points and D respectely. ne OBbecomes te mdrib o te centra ea; te arc toucng OD becomes te midrb o

te ea on eac side. Next points B and and B and E are jned; te points o con-

tact o ts lne wit te let and rgt leaes and H are marked; ten te ines

and EH become te stalks o owers on te et and rgt s orms a igure smlar

to te paulownia desgn oug we may not be able to say tat a te drawngs o

te crysantemum and paulowna designs on oda makie were made usng a com

pass t s nterestng to note tat te orms o crysantemum and paulowna

desgns o te eco perod (15961614 resemble designs made n ts way

t is also a weknown act tat oda makie did not employ togidahi makie

(desgn us wt surace or takamakie (g reie or use metods o ntricate deco-

ration suc as kanagai (gold lea kiigane (god akes or aden (sel inay; only

hiamakie (low ree was used Yet te use o himakie alone would tend to make a

work monotonous in color Snce te design is ormed by a repetition o set patterns

diersty n coor is necessary to enien te desgn Makie urniture ad to be decora-

te because it was surrounded by brlantly colored gided screens and used by

people dressed beautiuy in costumes embelised wit sujigaana dyes and god

embrodery n order to bring about ts ornamental appearance arous metods

were used suc as sprnking aokin (an aloy o gold and sler we appying te

gold lngs or usng neigaki (a mxture o urus and gold ngs or enahiji (gold

and sler powders sprinked to make a dente desgn.

urtermore many more eects were created by appying enahiji on red

ocer coatngs or on black urusi e combned use o ginmakie and ginenahiji

(tecniques usng sler is seen in te makie in te had (buldng compex o te

sukubusuma srne and in te umiie (carcoal basket o Dago tempe

Now et us discuss te compositiona caracterstcs n odaiji makie tere

are seera mots suc as pne trees bamboo cerry trees and scattered muscal

instruments. But te most popuar are te autumn pants especiay tose tat are

depcted reaistcally. ese reaistic depctons o autumn pants dd not appear sud-

denly in oda makie. ere were already some works made between te iteent

century and te irst al o te sxteent century tat exbted ts tendency or

exampe te kikutuukame makie tebako (cosmetc box; g 3 depcts crysante-mums blooming on a mound wt lowing water as well as a crane and tortoise de-

sign wc are tradtona symbos o good ortune. e dagonal depiction o te

crysantemum on te side is aso ery tradtonal. Howeer te crysantemum s

muc larger tan te crane; te actua relate sze o te mots is ignored

n works between te late teent century and te irst a o te sxteent

century tere s an increasng number o desgns acking a sense o baance. or

exampe as roessor on Ragu (1967 ) notes in te oguayama makie uzuibako

(wrting box n te Suntory Museum te buses growing on a dstant mountain

peak are drawn muc larger tan te nearby trees gnorng perspecte Smlary on

te back o te id o te kaugayama makie uzuibako (wrtng box n te Nezu ArtMuseum te autumn plants booming n te dstance are depcted muc arger tan

te ut n te oreground Suc concentraton ges a strong impresson o te

autumnal season to te iewer

e desgn o te akikua uukame makie bundai (ow tabe; ig 4 s prob-

ably modeed ater te preiousy mentoned cosmetic box (ig 3 Howeer wt

Yosimura 9


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22/268

Fgu 8 bao stakngbos sowng ontadtodsgn mntsFgu 9 Smaa ebaoosmt bo om tSunto Musum

Fgu 10. Kobo tay wt

a dsgn oans and pampasgass

addto to reatc depcto o autum plat, oda makie there

are deg cotratg arou cotradctory elemet. O the urace o the ld ad

the four de of the ma body o the jubako (tackg boe) Fgure 8 pampa

gra depcted a e e ad drop of dew chryathemum, ad paulowa are

cattered he cotrat betwee the delcately pattered le of pampa gra ad the

dtctly od hape of the chryathemum ad paulowa deg ugget the rea-

tohp o backgroud ad oregroud he deg o the sumiaka tebako (cometcbo) gure 9 cotrat the traght le o the cypre fece ad the cotrolled

cure of the paulowa arabeque deg here are alo deg uch a thoe of the

kobon (tray; Fg. 10, whch ahaped deg are cattered oer pampa gra

creatg a ee of derty. h deg udoubtedy oow the tradto of senmen

chirashi from the amakura perod Howeer what wa mportat the tradtoa

senm chirshi wa the arragemet of arou auly ope, half ope com-

petely coed ad ghty opecattered oer the urface. I th kobon arge pam-

pa grae are ued a backgroud ad elaborately decorated fahaped deg are

cattered oer them, thu creatg a cotrat betwee bolde ad decacy. h co-

trat urther emphazed becaue o the deg o the a ace, whch are clacal

motf of sumiyoshi tree, arched brdge, torii (gateway), ad hre budg

ad wakanour patterkatawagma (waterwhee) a reed buh ad trp o

paper ad crae hee tradtoa motf troduced wth the frame o a pcture

make the cotrat all the more d

Amog thee deg of cotrat, the mot effecte katamigawari where

the two hae o the object are pattered dfferetly h deg wa orgally

deeoped for cotume; howeer the Momoyama perod, whe gorgeoue ad

pledor were preferred the deg wa popular ee makie ad pottery uch a

oribeyaki. Rechu kyuk" t wrtte

o katakata-nu ad katakata-aku ave o defe seasoal resros Tere may beobjes belogg o varos seasos oe ad e same desg I s o aral o ave

a assal pre desg o oe katakata al ad someg of seasoal mpor o eoer katakata Ise d

Orgaly, dyed fabrc ether cotrary deg poeg eaoa atmo

phere were draw wth nui o oe de ad haku o the other, or ometme caca

pctora deg wthout ay eaoa gcace o oe de were cotrated wth

deg of the our eao o the other de

Yosmra 1 1


23/268

n.d.

makie, nashiji

kunuri

suzuribako

makie

makie,

makie

makie

takamakie

hiramakie makihanashi

makie) takamakie

kanagai kirigane

makie takamakie,makie-fn enashiji

Ise, Sadamutsu

von Ragu, Beatrix

Yoshimura Motoo


24/268

Chinese Guri Lacquers

George KuwymLos Angls Coun Musum o A

O all the technque of embeng lacquerware, the art of caed acquer

qunteentaly hnee Tycally thee work occur n two bac orm

ctora acquer cared wth lutrate or narrate teme, and quun,

commonly known a guri wch are culted cro attern arranged geometrcally

Guri are mle ra comounded nto a come attern o curng and counter-

curng croll, or nto concentrc row o reeated wordommel attern. t an

endurng theme n hnee art, arretng n t geometrc order and undertated

beauty Datng nee lacquer wth cared guri attern a robem tat th aer

wll ty to addre

e earlet hnee ecmen of cro attern n acquer reroduce the

leiwen ra, that ubqutou background degn on Shang bronze In a fragmentary

eame ecaated from a Sang tomb at Tacun, aochang Xan, Hebe ronce,

leiwen (thunder attern and oter tradtonal bronze degn were cared nto the

body of the wood and then coated wth red and back acquer (Hebe eng bowu-

guan 194 Other materal unearthed tere date te te to te ate Anyang erod.

The Zou dynaty te o Sangcunng, Henan, attrbuted to about 00 alo

yeded cared wood anted wth lacquer.

Molded acquer hae been made nce the Han dynaty (206 D 220

and oby a early a the Warrng State erod (45221 .; arner 19965 The

mot notable eamle of moded lacquer occur n te oga tracery o te acquercaket dated 1042 from the Huguang agoda, Zeang (Zeang roncal Mueum

193

Tue cared lacquer, wt me geometrc cro attern cut nto a lacquer

ground, came to be made n the ang erod D 618906. The numerou layer of

lacquer, totalng eera doen or more, are oten coored n derent hue creatng a

ucceon o contratng band The earlet lacquer wth guri cang are armor

late ecaated at Fort Mran n Eat Turketan by Sr Marc Aurel Sten n 1906

(Fg 1 Wtfeld 1985 . Thee Brth Mueum ece, dated by tyle and arcaeoog-

ca contet to the Tang dynaty, cont o een aternatng layer o brownred

and black band o lacquer aed to a eater core recent, comma, andShaed degn are cut at a ong ange nto te acquer ayer Te many alca-

ton o lacquer on eater armor ate were rotecte n ther thckne, and the

dere or adornment robably led to mle relef cang that ultmately roduced

guri acquer.

Kuwayama3


25/268

Fgue 1 Amo plaes eavaed a Fo Man, EasTukesan: eales eampleso laque wh gur avng;Tang dnas Bsh Museum

Fgue 2. Handled mo bowh aed gur paes eavaed a Wun Xan, ngsuSouhe Song peod

Fgue 3 Cove o aed laque bo eavaed a Pengan, Shuan, showng swodpommel solls and a penagonal osee; Souhe Songpeod

Aide from tee ort Mira piece tere are o oer gui acuer a ca

be attribued wit coidece to te ag period. Howeer, eera acie Ciee

teual referece uppor eir mauacure durig i era, pariculary e i

cetury Yinhuau by Zao Li (uoted i arer 9902252 .

Tetua ource alo proide a bai for aumig e eteie maufacture

of gui lacuer durig e Sog dyay (D 960129. Ceg Dacag' Yananu

o 8 (arer 199012 ad te Gegu Yaun editio o 1 388 by Cao Zao

(Daid 944145 reer o cared lacuer. A tree o te aoremetioed e

reer to xp, a erm wit a may ierpretatio a tere are writer. Howeer, rom

it coetual uage a geeral defiitio may be eured. Xp reer o lacuer layero differet coor wit cared deig troug ee ayer. rior o Sog it may ae

referred to a marbled acuer, wic e apaee cal ugau

A izable corpu of gui lacuer from e Sog period ca be aembled from

etat piece at ca be yliically related o material from datable arcaeological

fid or to imilar Sog objec i oer media

Te 9198 ecaaio of a mortuary ite at Wui Xia Jiagu, yieded

a adled mirror bo wi cared gui pater (ig 2; Ce 19 9 e coet o

te tomb idicae a dae i e ecod af o te Souer Sog period. e mirror

bo a a back urface ad e beeled carig proceed troug ayer o back, ye

ow, ad ermilio to a bae of dark brow Te deig i a aggomeratio o word-pomme crol arraged aroud a cetra roee o our doted a circe e

upper urace of te gui relief i moo ad rouded.

I te ummer of 1982 te tomb o Yu ogzu ad i wie, wo died i

1226 ad 1199 repectiey, wa dicoered i egia, Sicua (CAM Sicua ro

ice 1985 Te pi laged omb yieded a red cared acuercoered bo wit ie

wordpommel croll ad a petagoa roee o i coer (Fig 3 I ide were

embellied wi eered alf gui cro arraged i a orizoa bad i daabe

gui work a wordpommel cro wi a ceral fiig a doe ot deced

betwee te wo curiliear pira, u ideiyig agui orm a ca be irmy

dated to Souer Sog ( 1 12129. Te coiuace o igui

orm io e Yuaperiod (280368 i idicated by a Jiou ceramic ae i e de Sao coecio

(Medey 94. 120

14 Kuwayama


26/268

Fgur 4 Pott modl aatd om a Lao kln t n

Bng owng a mpldoublprl pa; Laodyna.Fgur 5. Fan andl ardwt tr llptal group

ng oang artapdroll ntan Xan angu;Sout Song prod.Fgur 6 Slr-lnd up wtrow o urlnar wordpomml roll dordat Saou Xan angu;Song dynay.

An eay type of ple doublepira patten wa dcoeed on a pottery

odel ecaated fo a Lao (901 125 in te n Beng (Fg 4; u 9 8 It

wtout an uppe ac and wtout te inteo fllng coon to ater wodpoel

cro

Seera acue an ande adoned wt cared gur crol ae been

ecaated ro a Souten Song tob datable to around 249. Te nteed eain

and beonging of Zou Yu were found at Jntan ian, Jiangu (Zeang ty

Mueu 19 One of te an andle wa cared wt tee ellptca grouping of

facing eartaped col (Fig. 5. Te utiple laye of eddbrown acue ae

dided into oe ten egent by airline of blac lacuer

A lened acue cup wit row of curinear wordpoel coll cut

troug laye o bac and ed wa dcoeed in a tob at Sazou an iangu

(ig. 6; Sazou ounty utural Offce 198 1 i babooboded cup coe fro

a funeay ite attbuted by t ecaato to te Song peod

One of te lohan pantng fo a group of teen at te Seiryoji, yoto

lutrate an attendant oldng a lacuer incene cae wt cared gur degn

(Manic Newpaper 96 . Ti et o Japanee Nationa reaue i beleed to

ae been brougt fo na by te Toda i on, onen Japanee aca

ource elate tat onen retuned to Japan in 98 wit any Buddt relic incud-

ing te Sixeen Lohans onen' painting, owee, ae now beleed to ae been

ot and te etng Seiryoji lohan are widely accepted a Soutern Song nee

Buddit paintng

A good nube of Song le obect wt cro deign proide ntgung

anaogie to Song gur lacuer Te ecent arcaeoogica ecaaton of Tob 201 at

Laoean Hangzou Zeang, uncoered a ier bo wit ow of wordpoe

cro on t coe and body ang 195 e ind can be dated by a bow incribed

wit te date 1 16 2

A ie botte wa aong te ind fo a Song oad at Deyang, Sicuan

(Sen 1961. Ti botte wa adorned wit two facng Sape conigured into aeat oti Ti identca pattern occur along te borde of a bo coer ound n

te tob o Zu an, wo wa buried in 389 at iu ian San dong, attetng to te

contnuation of Song tyle nto Yuan and eay Ming (Sandong eng bowuguan

192

Anoter Souten Song tob at Huangyueing, iangpu an, Jangu

yelded ie ae and round boe wt unduatng repou degn tat enlarge

te nown ocabulary o gur patten popua during te Song peod (Nanng i

bowuguan 19 3 A round ead bo bearing ila coll degn wa ecoered ro

anote Song tob ocated n Sangai (Huang 1962.

eu tyltic parale can ao be dawn fo Song ceaic. Swordpoe and i (cepte coll deign panted on Jzou toneware are identica to

toe on any cared gur lacue (Medley 194133 11B Stoneware wt

pira patten cieed on te bode befoe iring reproduce te eect of caed

acuewae (Medey 94l 120. Te proiity o in and acuer woop n

Zejang and iangi ay account fo ti iiarity

Kuwayama5


27/268


28/268

Fgure Crcular ds caredwt decoraton Songdynasy Tokyo NatonalMuseum

Two bowtand, one n e B Mueum (ane 1995, Fg. 2 andanoe n te Lo Angele ounty Mueum o A (uwayama 982 59, No , may

be added to Song copu. Te owe ymc moemen o te degn and te

nceaed ylzaton ugge a dae ubeuent to te goup o twee

ee ae numeou gur lacue tat can be agned wt condence o e

Yuan peod. eual eeence uc a te 1388 edton o te Gegu Yu

acaeologca ecaaton, and te lage numbe o ean pece atbutable to

Yuan enable u to aemble an mpee copu

Tecnca deeopment n te manuacue o lacuewae may accoun o

t lage copu o Yuan acue objec. Te tn, lgt, Song gur pece w

aplycut, wde, beeled gooe eole nto te eae Yuan ype w tudebode, moe numeou laye o lacue, and gooe moe deeply cut a a teepe

angle wt te uace ounded and mooed Te wooden coe uualy a-

embled o at te gan at one de pependcula to te et, gng tucua

engt and gdy o e body e caetto coe a ee o wooden p ad on

top o one anote and planed o e deed ape, gng taby agan wapage

Gur paen o te wodpomme aey now coe e ene uace o a

pece n odeed ow e eaboate and eegan acey o Song gur gone and te

ceate enege o te nee acuecae un nead o a new nteet n

depctng naate cene o pcoa eemen culpted n ele Two ound ay,

one n e Okayama A Mueum (Tokyo Natonal Mueum 19No 468 and eoe n e coecon o te Lo Angele ounty Mueum o A (uwayama

1982 6465, No. 11), typy tye o caed back lacue w gur degn on te

uppe ace a well a unde e caeo oncentc ng o wodpomme co n

ow o and twee uound a ymmecal cental medallon o ooaped ac

and poned pa w bucatng tp. nde e caetto tee a ypcal Yuan pa

Kuwayama 1 7


29/268


30/268

Fgue 10 Plae wth olatedm and s onent ows o

gu pates lealy dvdednto quates Qanlong makand peod Palae Meum,Beng

Fgue 1 1 A Yuan platteshowng a hamonous desgnthat ontasts wth theQuanlong platte n Fgue10 Yuan dynasy YamatoBunkakan.

Fgue 12 Quanlong laqueeght-lobed bo, wth deeplyaved gu solls n ou onent ows on the ove

Qanlong mak and peodPalae Museum, Beng.

scolls as we as the smler seeed om (Fg 9; ugong bowuyaun 1985Nos 38,39) Athough smlar to eces om eae dynastes, the connectng arch lacks the

curlnea tenson o eous eas and s at, staght, and rgd Anothe marked

Qanong acque s a lage latter wth olated m and s concentc ows o gur

attens clearly dded nto quarters (Fg 10; okyo Natonal Museum 198No

228) hs dson contasts wth smla works o the Yuan erod that emhase

the harmonous ntegraton o all comonents (Fg ; okyo Natonal Museum

9No 466) Yet anothe acquer bo s maked Qanlong It s eghtlobed and

teems wth deely caed guri scols n ou concentrc ows on ts coer (Fg 12;

ugong bowuyuan 1985No. 381) he deth o carng and the tghty acked

scolls ceate the eect o unrestaned embeshment tyca o Qanongke so many asects o hnese claton, t was n Jaan that lacques

wth guri desgns contnued to be created, om the Muomach (13921568) through

the Edo eod ( 6001868) nsed by the aesthetcs o Zen and the tea ceremony,

kamakubori acqueed works wee oduced durng the Muromach era . aanese

tradton mantans that true cared lacques were made as eary as the Muromach

eod ctng the works o sushu Yose n the late teenth centuy Monnyu

anothe notable cratsman contemoay wth Yose, also ceated caed lacque

works sushu lacques wee atoned by the Ashkaga shoguns and subsequenty

by the rulng okugawa clan. egend s conmed by documentaton n the ate eght

eenth centuy when tsushu carers are ocay aonted as cared acque makersto the shogun (Noma and an 952) Aas, t s only the acquerwae made n the

eghteenth and nneteenth centues that can be dated wth assuance. he datng o

cared Jaanese lacques s a comle ssue and a ew woks now beang hnese

attbuton coud be Jaanese

Kwayama 19


31/268

Biblioaphy hen, Jing

" Jn Wn xn t d Nnon zn (Impont Sotn Son l nwlyxtd t Wjn Jn Wnwu 3:4648

PAM Sichuan Povince

8 "Nn Son Gonz n m ( tomb of Gonz nd wf of t Sotn Son dynty Kao Xubao 3:383402 P 22 No 6!

avid, Si Pecival

Cn Connoup Nw o: Pblton

Gae, Si Hay

Cn acqu London b nd b

Gugong owuyuan

8 "Gon bowyn n do (Cd l n t oton of t Pl MmBjn: Wnwu Cuban S No 26

Heei sheng owuguan, Heei sheng wenguanzhu

4 "Hb Gon Xn Txn Snd yd 3 nn d zonyo (T Sn dynty tt xn Gon onty Hb pon Wnwu No 8:424 P

Huang, Xuanpei

6 "Sn Son m (Son tomb n Sn Kaogu 8: 484 P 0 4

Jiang, Zuanchu

"Dn Hnzo Lon Son m t d (A don of t l lntd fom t Son tomb n Lon Hnzo Wnwu cankao cao :30

Kuwayama, Geoge

8 Fa Eat acqu Lo Anl: Lo Anl Conty Mm of At

ee, Yu-kuan

Onta acqu At oyo: Wtl

u, Qi

8 "B n Mntoo Lonnw fxn Lod yo (Lo dynty poln ln

mn fond t Lonnw n Mntoo Bjn Wnwu 5: 3 No 0

Mainichi Newspapes

6 "Koo (Ntonl t Manc Smbun 3:12324

Medey, Magaet

4 Yuan Pocan and Stonwa London: Ptmn Pbln

Nanjing shi owuguan

"np Hnyln Nn Son n onz m ( Sotn Son tomb of nonz nd onot n Hnyln np Wnwu 4:65 15118

Noma, Seioku, and Tani, Shinichi

Non Bjt o oyodo: 430 nd 600

Shandong sheng owuguan

"j Mn Tn m jyo (A pot on t xton of Mn n tomb Wnwu5:36 24

Shazhou ounty utua Ofce

8 "n Szo t boyn zt wn A bowl wt l lnn nd bmboobody xtd fom Szo n Wn 8:3

Shen, Zhongchang

6 "Sn Dyn t d Sond yn jnjn (Bf pot on t l obt of t Sondynty xtd t Dyn Sn Wnwu 1 1 :4852 6

Tokugawa At Museum and Nezu Institute of Fine As

84 Cad acqu No

Tokyo National Museum

oyo no kkkog, No 431

8 oyo no Skk Kog (Ontl t ommmot tlo No 228

Whitfield, Rodeick

8 At o Cnta Aa Vol 3 oyo: Kodn ntnton

20 Kwym


32/268

Wuxi shi bowuguan

1964 "iangu Wu i Yuan mu zhong cutu yp wenwu A oad o cutua object uneatedfom a Yuan tomb nea Wui, Jiangu). Wnwu 12P. 6 Fig 6

Zhejiang Ciy Museum, Jnan Xian Cuura Bureau

1977 "iangu Jntan an Song ou Yu mu ajue j ianbao e epot o the dicoey of theSouthen Song tomb of ou Yu at intan Jiangu) Wnwu 71827.

Zejiang Povinca Museum

197 "Ruan ei Song Huiguang ta cutu wenwu oten Song cultual obect ecaated fom teHuguang agoda at Ruan, Zhej iang. Wn 14858 P. 8.

Kuwayama 21


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34/268

Inro Research: Some Proposed Future Steps

Bex von RCuato, Muum of Fa at At Bn

Te aetec beaty of inro mall comparmenazed conane ognay

for eal bt ao ed fo medcne and oer mall objectegted ome

apanee coeco a ealy a te end of e egeent centy and many

more Ween coecor from te ate nneteen centy on. Bt n pe of ome

good old cataog lke te Tomknon cataog of 1898, and te profond arce by te

lae U.A. aa pbled n 94 , e oy of in and ter pace n e many

coo of apanee lacqer art a come nto foc ony receny.

De o e combned effo of collector and ar oan n many con

tre, inr reeac a reaced a new lee drng e la ffeen year. An aton

ng nmbe of book and caalog on inr ae been pbled n apan, a wel an Ween cone (ee bbograpy .

Hrokaz Arakawa, eaang ealy Edo perod pbcaon, a demon

taed tat accodng o wren oce te e of in wa known dng e Kane

era (1 624644, and inro were n geneal e n te econd af of e eeneent

cenry e and drawng n te Hinagata itohigua ( 05 and Bankin anobukuro

(132 ow a n e ealy egteent cenry many ino ape wee popar.

Sokn kiho (1 8 , pbled by Aakawa n 982, a an annotated lt of trty

een inro art. In addon to orgn ape and att te new pbcaon

decrbe te many lacqe ecnqe ed for in decoaton mot of wc wee

we etabed n e ealy Edo perod.A e moden pbcaon agee on te amot mte nmbe of bject

for in decoraon angng from a ngle anma or fower to complee landcape;

fom te ble wold to te wold of got; from geograpc map o mof wt t

eay aocaon; a wel a abact onament. A eary a 123, Koam Nagak,

n an eay fo decendan menoned tat eeryng n e nee

depcted n maki" (H 984109

Howee t e ao of mo recen in pblcaon conpcoly refran

from dang. It geneally agreed tat nnynne pecen of eng inro were made

drng e egteen and nneeent cene bt tee ae ey few elabe gde

ne fo eact dangnew reearc neceay.

n Ragu3


35/268

Dang

t i known tat Rtuo wo ded n 14 iked to nay ote mateal into

i acue bae. We know tat beautful iotoidashi a toidashi tecnue emoy-

ing a coloed deign wa n ogue at te end o te eigteent centuy and tat

ioy ino or ino woe lacuer decoaton imitated ote mateal wee made during

te lat decade of te do eriod We alo ae ome knowledge of te imact of

kiyo- woodblock nt on acue decoration. But to date an inro to ome eciic

tme in te egteent or nineteent century i at bet ut an educated gue and afom reiable

Te eaon o t ae wel known te abundance of ino tecniue

ae and motf i o oewelming and te uantity o inro cattered oe te

wole word o enormou tat u unti now we ae been dicouraged rom old at

itocal eeac

Some wte beiee n a tyitic deeloment tat woud ode a cance

o inO datng. But tat eem ady aible for two reaon Firt n many lacuer

cool te tyle o te ognal mater wa eetuated by i olowe wle ote

coo wee imutaneouly working in dfferent ye. Second a we know from

Jaanee ainting one artit reuently matered eea tye

Jut a derent tyle ae adly eu fo inro datng a mla diicuty

occur wit ino ae (altoug wt ae certan tend can be detected Eter-

na and ntena codunne (himotoshi) or intace bot occu a eary a 05 .

And it i mleading to ugget tat te onge moe cyndca ae ae geneally

to be ound n earie ino wie a atter lage ze wa n greater abundance dung

te late Meiji ea" a nd86 In fact flat inro ae occur trougout te

nneteent century. Suc generaized tatement tend to conue te eade. Howeer

I would lke to ugget n t ae a few oibiite fo dating ino

Some inO are databe becaue teir decoaton baed on dated woodblock

rint o book iutaton. Lacuer coecto ae not away aware o te act tatmany nt eecaly toe reated to te world of teater and actor are dated o

datable. Teate int wee nomally made immediatey ater te teatcal eent

tey dected.

Juia Hutt (9 wa te irt to ubi uc a connecton between a wood-

bock and an inO. Te int made by atukawa Suno eeent te actor

Ickawa Danuro IV erorming te Sibaraku ole (wc wa eormed ecuey

by cikawa artt. Te ino gned oma yuaku saku." Te rint i datable

between 1 68 and 10 .e te yea wen Danuro V actuay erormed te

Sibaaku ole and te yea wen e canged name and wa encefort not e

mtted to wear cotume decoated a on te rint wit te big uae tat ae teamly ley o te ckawa artit. Mot eert attribute te nt to 168

Te decoation of te inro obiouy imitate te nt and cannot ae been

made beore 68. Since at tat time inO were object of g faon te inro too

wa robaby made beoe 10 certany it would not ae been comatbe wit

te tate of a man o aon to carry an ino dectng a famou acto n a roe e wa

no onger efoming.

T ort eod o 680 make t oible to denti te acuer

mater oma yuaku wo igned te in Tee were eera oma artit wo

ued te name yuaku but t in mut ae been made by yuaku wo wa

acte dung te econd a of te egteent century

24 von Ragu


36/268

Sia

In cae ike a daable pn ued a a mode fo an inr decoaon can

ere bo o dae e inro que elably and o denify e inr mae. Howee

wen an inr decoaion i baed on a woodblock iuraion in a book we ofen ge

ony a dae ante quem non Fo nance e decoraion of a aj kawa inro from e

aal ollecion in e Oaka Municipal Mueum of Ar (Do 19842 No 43

baed on bo de on a Tacibana Mokuni prin n e book Ehon shaho-bukuro

publed n 120. Te inro canno eefore ae been made before a yea Bunce e ubjec of e prin no an acua een lke e earical pefomance of

Danjuo IV bu a ory from e old Heike-monoatari one canno be ue weer e

in wa made ery oon afe e book wa pubied or a a muc lae me. Bu a

lea e year of pubcaon of e book pode e dae no befoe 120" fo e

in

Bo eampe ow a a coe comparion of inro decoraion wi daable

pn or book lluraion wi offe ome ep fo inro dang Te ame meod

curenly ued que uccefy by Magare Medley n er eearc on e ogn of

bueandwe pocelan decoaon in prined book uraion.

One of e gea dfficulie n in daing i paradocaly preened by

er gnaure. Aloug unded of ouand of in ae gned e ignaure

ery ofen gie ar name a were carred on roug many generaion. How

many ari fom e ajikawa famiy (o name ju one famiy ae made inro? I

ere a way o e wee a pecfc ino igned ajikawa" i a eeneen eig-

een o nneeen ceny piece? I ere a way o dngui beween eera a-

i wo ue e ame name? And if o wa can we learn abou eir cronologcal

equence? Ae ere mean o decide a a gned inro canno ae been made before

or afer a pecific yea? If we find anwer o ome of ee queon dang of igned

ino and pobly een unigned one mig become muc eae.

Te mo informaie inro gnaure known o me wa pubied in 925 by

Edward Srange In i Cataloue oJapanese Lacquer n e Vicoria and Alber

Mueum in London e menion an inro w e foowing ignaue obayai

Yauaki of Yanagawa age 65 Bunka 8 year of Seep" (No 1 5 Tere i no que-

ion if e incpion i genuine a e inro daed 1 811 a dae confirmed by

eecuion in sumie toidashi (a yle of degn miaing an ink paining a ec

nque ofen ued a a me Te inro decoraion ow a inee man w per

foming monkey and a peaan famiy oe o e man we find e name of e

painer Yaunobu Tere wee eeal painer w a name; e coe woud be a

ano painer wo died in 98 een yea before e inro wa made

Ofen inro decoraon wa baed on degn by famou painer. In uc caewe find incripon ike made by Toyo afer Hakugyoku Hogen" Te paine

Hakugyoku ao known a ano Sukenobu wa born in 30 and led conem

poaneouy w e acque maer Toyo. Hakugyoku receied e ile of hoen (eye

of e law a Buddi e awarded o ai and cafmen in 16 2 No ino ep-

cy made afer a degn of Hakugyoku Hogen can erefore ae been made befoe

162 Nineeen yea laer in 181 Hakugyoku wa gien e iger le of hoin (eal

of e aw e ge Budd ie awarded o ari and crafmen and we know

of oe ino carrying e incripion made by Toyo afe Hakugyoku Hoin "

on Ragu5


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38/268

Fgur 1 Saur Kajkawaak w sal o CoconBaur, Gna No 390

Fr 2. Snaur Kajkawaak (Do 1984: No 4)Fgur 3 Snaur Kajkawaak (Do 1 984 No 55

Fr 4 Snaur Kajkawa

ak w a (Do 1 984: No21Fgur 5. Saur Kajkawaak w sal (Do 1 984: No44)

No. 35. To make thg ee more derfed the eteeth cetury mater

Kakawa Hdetaka ged h full ame, ug a roud eal (ormery the collectoof Kurt Herbert Wuera, No ] 18, whle Kajkawa Buryua dd ot ue a ea

but a kakhan (Scheeberger 984No. 1 14 .

We do o kow how may Kakawa ar made nro but there mut hae

bee may whom we caot o far earae ad detfy. Ee whe we hae o deal

wth oy hree artt ug he ame ame, for tace Koma Kaa, our reet

method are o effce eough o defy ad date ther work. aurace Robert

h Dctona o Japanese Artsts (d wrte about Kaa

Kanai (?- 79) acqee. on i n Edo Adopted into te Koma family wa te it tobea te name of Kana i te atit wo bogt te wok of te Koma cool back to it

oiginal tandad .. .. i on, Koma Kanai II ( 766-835, i aid to ae been te finet at-it of te family n 184 etied a a piet and Koma Kanai cceeded to te name. It

i, o fa, qite impoible to ay wic one of tee tee atit made wi of te manypiece, ally nro igned Koma Kana

Bu a look at Kaa nro how that there are at ea three dfferet ye of

gaure (1 Kaa wh kakhan (g 6, (2 Koma Kaa wh kakhan (Fg (3)

Koma Kaa saku (Fg 8.

on Rag 7


39/268

Figure 6 Signature Kansai wih

kakihan. Inro Collection

Baur, Geneva No 1 76)

Figure 7 Signaure KomaKansai with kakihan (Doi1 984: No 21)

Figure 8 Sinaure Kma

Kansai saku (Doi 1 984 No.119)

Concluion

Figure 9 Kakihan forms of

pes A-F om Toyo school

objec.

Could each of these signaure types have beonged o one ars exclusvely?

Certainy would be usefl to arrange he exsting Kansai and Kajikawa inro (and

hose rom oher schools as wel) accordng to their types o sgnaure, sea, and/or

kakihan. By hs means we shoud estabsh coherent groups. Other characerisic fea-

ures such as echnique and syle coud hen be used to arrange these groups ino a

chronoogica order and, perhaps, connec each wth one partcularartist.

In 1964, I researched the acquer maser Toyo and hs school (von Ragu

1964 usng this method. At hat ime I ound wenysix dfferen kakihan forms

beongng to six major types (Fig. 9) al occurring with sgnaures rom he Toyo

schoo The lacquer objecs belongng to the diferen kakihan ypes (Fig. 9, A hrough

F qute obvousy ormed coheren groups, which by arthstorica means could be

arranged n chronoogcal order Whle general quaity stye techniques, sense o

color, and other characersics were not suffcent bythemselves to gve a coser dae

o he Toyo acquer objecs, a hese feaures f astonshngly well nto the groups

estabished by kakihan ypes. I became possble no onlyo recognze ndvdual

masters bu even to ideny a ake sgnaure.

Several recent inro caalogs reproduce not ony he ino bu also he complete

signaure wth seal or kakihan evidence o the ac ha a sudy o signaures, seas,

and kakihan may open newand necessary avenues o inro research.To sum up, I suggest frther research on inro datng n three ways: by a cose

survey of dated prnts and book llustraons used as models for inro decoraon; by a

more carefl study of the daes provded by ites and ariss' names, or go, menoned

on he in; and by establishing groups o inro (and oher acquer objects) unied by

he same ype o signaure sea or kakihan

1 P f # & - Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 AS A9 A0 All Aa Aa2

V . , ; n ] - n.Aa3 81 Cl D1 2 3 4 El E2 E3 E4 Fl F2

8 von Rague


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Biblioaphy Akiyama, T.

Japans Pantng Geneva

Arakawa, Hirokazu

n to ntsuk okyo.

4 "nro to netske no asse n tai-sr ic kosas. Musum 3 5 okyo Naona Msem

Boyer, Mara

Catalogu oJapans Lacqur. Baltimoe e Walters A Ga ey

Casa, V.A.

4 "e no. Tansactons and Procdngs ot Japan S oLondon XXXV 53

Campoud Collection

4 nro Catalogu ot Campoud Collcton n Brmblms, Swtrland. Jaan.

Doi Kunko

4 Sosn. Osaka Sru Bjuukan on mokuoku XV Osaka.

Hu, Juia

"Inro decoraton ts individa caracter. n Artstc Prsonal and Dcoratv Sl n JapansArt Edited byWWatson. London

4 Lacqur An ntatonal Hsto and Collctor' Gud aanese secon) Maboog WiltsireTe Cowood ress.

Jass, Melvin and Bey

nd nro and otr Mnatur Forms oJapans Lacqur Art c 70) ondon

Pekark, Andrew

Japans Lacqur . .om t Carls A. Grnld Collcton. New York

Robers, Laurance P.

nd Dctona o Japans Artsts.

Scneeberger, Perre

4 Baur Collcton Gnva Japans Lacqur Geneva.

Srange, Edward

Catalogu oJapans Lacqur Vo II ondon Victoa and Abe Msem.

von Ragu, Bearix

64 "Maerialien z Izka Toyo, senem Werk nd sene Sce Orns Etrmus Wesbaden) Jg e ace aears in isse No and te reodcion of te oyo kakan lis n e oow

ng isse.)

Wrangam, E.A.

Ebton catalogu. Ofod Asmolean Msem

von Rag


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42/268

Sano Chokan, the Urushi Master, Studied

through His Work

Akira HinaKyoo Naona Muum

On 3 Aprl 1925, te yoto Natona Mueum opened t rt acquerware

ehbton T Woks oCokan t Uus Mast. Atoug the ehbton

lated only ve day two month later a coecton o utraton o the

maor work ebted wa publhed by the hokan Memora Aocaton The ore

word o t book ntroduce okan ( 17941 856, born te econd on o

Nagaamaya e, an uruh artan o yoto hokan wa a eltraned man who

wandered apan or egt year n order to learn the bet work and tecnque and

wo never accepted order tat dd not meet polcy. Fame wa not hokan goal;

work were coected and treaured or ther g quay.

Aong wth t bre ummary o te mater le the book llutrate orty

nne tem that were n te poeon o major collector o te Me and Taho

perod ncludng Hayah Shnuke Nhmura Motokc Oara Magozaburo

Nomura Tokuch and Imamura Tero Tee ortynne tem can be dvded nto

two group accordng to ter purpoe Te rt group cont o tea ceremony

tem uc a a (tea caddy naum (teapowder contaner kogo (ncene con

taner mzusas (water bowl and kas-bon (patry tray Te econd group cont

o tabeware uc a wan (oup and rce bow, jk (ood contaner jubako (net o

lunch boe and a (cup Wen condered rom the apect o te degn

empoyed n mak (prnkled pcture" and uus (true acquer pantng te ame

ortynne tem can be rougy dvded nto two group thoe wt tradtonayJapanee degn taken rom nature pant and ower; and toe that are modeled

on nee degn

In term o degn, te jko dcued n t paper to epan te peronal

y and charactertc o hokan work belong to te atter group. Th jko not

among the collecton o llutraton pubed n 1925. However accordng to te

wrtng on te paper tat covered te bo contanng the jko t wa gven to te

yoto Natonal Mueum on tat occaon Thu t can be ad tat te jko wa

among te work tat commemorated the eventet year ater okan death and

contrbuted to a reevaluaton o the uru mater.

Haino 3 1


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Figure 1 The jikiro.

Te jiko

Figure 2. The lid, showing thecharacters "made in the year ofKaei

Figure 3 The character for"wealth inside the lid

Figure 4 e character fornoble in the base of the recep-tacle

The overa shape of the jikiro is round, wth the edge of thecontaner

sighty curvng outward and the side genty rounded (Fg. 1 It has a ld n the

otoshibuta style (the id droppng nto the receptacle and a back urush ground

coating On the id, a par of phoenix and couds are placed ngold, slver, and aokin,

hirmakie and party drawn n urushi coored with a mxture of red ocher and vermil-

ion At the center of the kodai (raised circuar ridge on the top of the ld, the

characters for made n the era of Kaei" (8481853 are placed n gold makie within

a double crce (Fig 2). Inside the id, the eaborately drawn Chnese character for

weath" is paced in gold hiramakie over a vermlon crcle (Fg. 3. On the exteror of

the receptacle are clouds and a pair of dragons The receptaclehas a rased base, onthe nside of which the character for nobe" s placed n the same manner as the

character on the id (Fg 4 On the outer surface of the baseof the receptacle, there is

a stamp reading made by Chokan" n gold hiramakie nsde a double crcle (Fg 5

From the base to the lower part of the sde of the container, stylzed flower petas are

drawn next to each other The jikiro is contaned in a back urushcoated box, at the

bottom of which the foowing characters are found: coored drawng"; a sack of

gold dust"; id attached"; phoenix and dragon design n the Manrek stye"; and

made by Chokan, the urushi master"

The jiki is called a sack of god dust" This name derves from ts round

shape The two characters sgnfying nobe" and wealth" aso suggest ts name. Asthe writing on the bottom of the box indcates, the coud, phoenx, and dragon

designs folow the stye of the Manrek (Wani period of the Mng dynasty (1368

1644 The stylzed flower petas, seen together with the phoenx, dragon, and clouds,

become symbols of the sacred mountans, typcal of Chinese goodfortune patterns.

Aso, the inscrption made in the year of Kae" mtates the wordng made n the

Manreki perod of the Ming dynasty," which was seen on all work made n the royal

I

@

3

Hano


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Fr 5. T tamp "madbyCokan

Sano Chokan, tmn

inee udo o te Ming dynaty. Oera en e degn ollow te typica

goodorune pattern a i een o oten in Mng ceramc tete and acuerware

Beng a tudiou aran oan uded te baic tecniue and paern

o nee lacuerware epecaly te zons tecniue o te Manrei period.

Zons i a ecniue o drawing patern wt colored urui in ermilon red ocer

green and yeow and ten edging em n chnkn (incied gold decoraton).

Aoug oan learned rom ee nee tradiion e rerucured te patternand tranormed tem into apanized" inee degn. In e orgna inee

zons te ground i competey coered wit dealed patern but n oan' wor

e ground e blac e coored urush- and hramak ge te ame eec a

at o ons Bu e yied petal and te eparaon o te two caracter in e

ld and te recepacle ugge an attemp o creae an mpreion o pace roug

implcation By dregardng te minue ground pattern and by uing oer org-

nal deice oan aceed a truly apanee arttc ue o pace

ereore altoug t obect wa made under e inuence o te

cinoierie popuar at tat tme it conan Japanee eemen a mae t an orgi-

na pece o wor For eampe unie radtona inee dragon wc ae ie

caw an' dragon ae only our Since oan wa ully epoed to inee

culure and rom e conpcuou way n wic e dragon tretc out eir caw

e derence in e number o claw eem inentonal not a reut o ignorance.

i wa not an ioaed piece o wor but wa creaed a one o a par

or par o a erie e etence o a nee ower urush and mak jk ren-

orce aumpon It made in e ame tecniue and ize and wt te ame

wo caracter noble" and weal." Moreoer e ollowing are done in te ame

manner te incrpton made n e era o ae"; a amp on te bottom aying i

wa made by oan; and e decrption o e colored drawing"; a ac o

gold dut"; d aaced"; arabeue degn n te Manrei ye"; and made by

oan e urui maer" From ee act i t eem obiou at apar rom tepeony and arabeue degn te two wor are idenica and were clearly made

durng e ame perod

e ie o oan can be raced mainy rom boo pubied in e Mei i

and ao period From tee record e ouine o oan e emerge. Sano

oan oten caled Nagaamaya iue wa e econd on o Nagaamaya Je

born n anei 6 (194) n yoto. He wa a brg boy wo uded readng and wrt-

ing rom an early age and enoyed mang poem. On te deat o i ater e

ucceeded o ater name en e wandered apan iiting many udi

mater and colecor o ee and learn rom teir be wor. Among e place eiied were Negoro Yono and do (preenday oyo In Edo e iied e

ogunae mak tudo to try to tudy muasak-urush (a ecnue o mang

purplecolored urui) but e wa reeced. He ound nulng and laer d

coered te meod on own n Bune 8 (1825) e returned to yoto and iolated

ime n i udo ere dreng n umble cote and eang i air

uncombed e wored ard to create a new type o acuerware. I wa ten a e

canged i name o oan ater oan e grea orean maer o ourai and

called ime a decendan o e orean oan. Aoug e ed a impe ie e

enoyed ecanging poem wt we. All creaon were o rare and precou

ta coecor treaured tem bu e neer wored on order a dd no u mno mater ow muc money wa oered He died n Anei 3 (2 Marc 1856)

Haino 33


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46/268

Conclion

oka' peroaiy ot oy a a artit but alo a a irtuoo, i cearly

reflected i e fact tat e ackowedged i writig te aue o te work o oer

artit O a box o mudae bowl wit plat ad ower deig, oka wroe i

aei ( 85 tat tey were made i te eicho period ( 1 59616 O aoter

occaio he idetiied a ik box made by oetu i empo 12 (1 8 Ao i

oka' Memor (priae collectio), e ef a ioice ad direcio wi diagram

or orig ableware e ad made rom hee accout we ae a picure o a mawo wa deoed to i profeio ad tudiou i reearc.

Aoer good way of grapig a picure o the ma i reaio o hi hiori

cal backgroud i to compare oka o aoer urui mater, amakaji Zokoku

(80869 Zokoku wa bor tirtee year after oka i akamau Shikoku.

ike oka, he wa bor i te oue o a cabbardpaitig maer, eared tech-

ique uch a tsushu ukoku kouka okuyo zonse ad knma wic were iro-

duced o Japa rom ia ad oter Soueat Aia coutrie, ad e work tha

reec hee oreig tye The work o e wo artit ad te eirome i

wic they were broug up were imiar bu teir ifetyle ad eir pace of

actiiy were quie diere Zokoku wa uder the patroage o te Lord of

akamatu ad hi repuaio wa widey promoted uder te proecio of etab-

ihed iey. hoka, o the oter ad lied ad died a a maer wiout the pro

ecio or edoreme of he etabime

I wih to coclude thi paper by ummig up te caraceritic of hoka

He wa a urui maer wo adaped foreig iuece o creae a origia

apaee tyle ad who worked i hi ow way wiou relyig o ay autority e

reowed maer of te Edo period ca be eparaed io wo group thoe uder

te proecio o te Tokugawa oguate ad oe liig outide bureaucraic co-

rol hoka i a ypical exampe of te aer group Te objectie attiude e

owed i i udy o work by oer ad i hi ow work gie im te ouook ofa moder arti We ae oy ju begu to reearc the mater wo wa a foreru-

er o e moder period, ad I beliee that may work wi be redicoered to

eric our uderadig o hoka ad i age

Hano 3


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48/268

Heidatsu and Hyomon in the Nara Period

Norimitsu KimurSoson Trasur Hous

Teue of e

Shosoin

Te opnion epreed ere are baed on bo e reaure and e wriing

abou heidau and hyomon e ancien urui ar ecnque of apan wic

are ored a e Sooin I ae e onor and prlege o be enrued wi

e Sooin reaure and documen and I belee i my duy o wrie on e

bec of uru.

In heidau and hyomon ler ad god foi i cu ino deign and adered o

e uruhihitai (ground or nakanurimen (inermediae layer Afer applcaon of

addonal urui e opmo urui ayer i eier peeled off e ler or gold foil

or burned o dplay e oera deign Fnally degn n fne lne are engraedn keori ecnique.

Heidau and hyomon appear bacally e ame and oday i genera y

oug a heidau e nee erm and hyomon i Japanee. Howeer before

general concuon wa reaced ere wa muc debae among colar on

queon I beiee a e debae oud be reopened and all opnon ould be

gien aenon repec and reconideraon In my peronal opinon aoug

recen debae a ouced upon meod a been primariy emanic. I beiee

a no a imporan o dcu difference in erminoogy beween heidau and

hyomon a i i o dcu em a ey reae direcy o urui ar ecnque.

Bo erm heidau and hyomon appear n e Toda Kemmoucho a l of

many reaure dedicaed o Todaij i Ruanabuu (Dabuu by e Empre

Dowager omyo on 2 June 56 (Tempyo oo 8) for e oul of er deceaed

uband e Emperor Somu Te followng are incuded n i i of reaure

1 Documen in weny olume paced in a bo decoraed wi ier

heidatu Te bo wa placed in a bag of orai embroidery.

2 Nor oreoue 25. Four gou (round boe decoraed w ler

heidatsu (Fig. 1 ad. Eac conain go (board game pece.

3 A arp decoraed wi ier hyomon; leg decoraed w ory Inde e

arp i i wren a i wa made by e Hyo famiy; aaced a purple lk bag

ined in red lk.

Kma 37


49/268

Fgur 1 ad Gosu roundos dcoratd wt lredatsu 2 A C E I.

Fur 2 Fragmn of a roundmrror 426 A C J.Fgur An octagonal mrrorN4212: A C EHFgur 4 Sioe wr;N4 A C E H

Fur A com ca dcoratdwt slr eidatsu 14:A C E IFur 6 A arp dcoratd wtgold and slr yomo N26B D F H

legend to the captions

A N ae (sros nsh.B Roo-shae (mroke nsh.C Haokos ( sh over e desn s ee ed offO Todas (rs over e desn s r nsedE. jecs ha ave a roh s srace de o he eeln o o he rsh ayer aed ove he old and slver oF. jecs ha ave a dsnc ondary eween e od and sve fol and he sh de o rsh e end

aer keor.G he old and s ve ol are lower an e s saceH. God and slve fo ae eve w he s sace.I Gold and slve fol ae hhe an e rsh srfaceJ No clea de o e eeln of of od and slver o

38 Kmua


50/268

l " th harp made by theShhe amly wrtten onhe harp and thereore t ithought to have been o theZu perod2 The harp ncrbed " n theyear o Otuga Khun and thereore though to have beenmade n Kagen 23 735

A doubeedged ieeyle wod mouted wit god ad ile 89 cm

legt. A dago o a coud i caed le. e gip i made o akk. A

oamet aped lke a moua le. e ea a ile hyomon wt oy

ad dago deg. A badic i wte eate i aaced; te buckle made o

eate oo. Tee i a backipupe bodybel ad a oa gee lk bag ied i

ed.

A iee wod mouted wi le decoated wit te ape o amoua e. Ioy ad aima hyomon deig.

6 A ee wod moued wt god ad i e decoaed w te ape

o a moua i ie gi. Ioy ad ama hyomon deig.

A iee wod mouted wt god ad le ad a ee wod

moued wit ie gi. Bo ae decoated wi e ape o moutai i god ad

ile. Dago cae ad ioy hyomon deig.

8 A oeayle wod mouted wt le decoated wit e ape o a

mouta i ie. Ioy hyomon deig.

9 Not oeoue 6 Fagme o a oud mio diamee 8 cm.

u back wi gold ad ie heidau (Fg. Red ik be. u woode bo.

10 No toeoue 1 A octagoa mio diamete 9 cm. ui

back wit god ad ie heidau (Fig. Red k bel u leate bo wit ed

ik ie iig.

1 1 No toeoue . Shikkohei (ewe decoated wit owe ad bd

ape i e heidau (Fig. Sle ca. A cap aped ike a bid' ead. apacty

le.

Beide te aboe o 6 July o te ame yea a addoal dedcatio wa

ecoded i a diee Kemmoucho It meio a combcae decoated wit ie

heidatsu" (ot oeoue 1; Fg.

Tu a toa o iee teaue w heidau ad hyomon decoaio

epoted. Out o ee tee ae ie eample o heidau ad ee eample o hyo

mon Eg o ee em (No. 91011 et today. I i ao cea om e lt tat

tey ae heidau Howee e combcae decoaed wi ie heidatsu tougt to

ae bee depoited o a ae occao by a diee oute.Net i D 8 (o abou y yea ate te aboe eaue wee

oeed a peiouly led ap decoated wt e hyomon wa emoed om te

oeoue ad wa late eplaced D 81 by te pee ap decoated wit god

ad le hyomon (Fg. 6; ot oeoue 62

Tee ae e eaue wit heidau o hyomon ecoded ete te

Kemmoucho o te Dashiirecho D 8 Howee tee ae ote goup o ea-ue i te Sooi at ae come om oe ouce. I .D 90 (Teyaku 4 e

eakui oeoue tat beoged o Toda wa deoyed ad te may Buddi

alta ittig ad utei wee moed o e ou toeoue o e Sooi. Lae

ome o tee wee agai emoed o e ceta toeoue. Te quaiy ad aety

o tee teaue ae muc geae a e item i te Kemmotsucho Mo o tem

idicae e yea i wc tey wee made ad ae daabe o e Naa peod. Toe

witou ay dicaio o date coey eembe e peiouy ied eaue bot

quaiy ad ape uggeg at tey ae ao o e Naa peod.

Amog ee em ae eaue wic ulzed ecique ma to heidau

ad hyomon A i o ee iem wa o daw up we tey wee moed owee.Someoe i te Me peiod tudied em w eeece to te Kemmoucho ad

gae em oical ame. I do o kow ow te tem heidau ad hyomon wic

appea i e Kemmotsucho wee tepeted but it i oug a e obec wee

idetiied by eeg em o e item aeady ecoded i e Kemmoucho W

e ecepo o two o ee o tee iem a o em ae heidau Te two

Kmura39


51/268

Fu 7 a,. Cns swodsmound w god and sv(C823): B? D? H

Fgu 8. A swod mound wgod and sv (C84):B? D?

Fgu 9. A mo-opanad o (C88) A C E HFgu 1. Kawabako ao) dcoad w god andsv eidatsu (C138): A C E 1Fgu 1 1 An nn aydcoad w sv eidatsu(C164): A C E H

Fgu 12 A o dcoad wsv eidatsu (7-5): A C E H.Fgu 13 An ocagona mocas dcoad w sveidatsu 71): A C E G

Fgu 1 4 a. A mo casdcoad w sv eidatsu(71) A C E GFgu 15 Heidatsu tsubo(pp-od fo wu; 18):A C E G.

Fgu 16 Heidatsu tsubo

(pp-od fo wu; 18):A C E G Fgu 17. A so muscansumn; 1 9): A C E G 1Fgu 18 . A pon addcoad w eidatsu

1 74-2) A .

F 19 A dagon-sapdnk-o w sv eidatsu(1 74-3): A I

40

Kimura


52/268

A personal perspective

on the htory of

rearch

Cineetyle word mounted wit ie glt were reported in te pecial uey o

word (made between 196 and 966) to be heidatu. e moteropeal nlad bo

and te poen ead (originay called turte ead decorated wit heidau were ao

eported in a pecal urey o uu at (made between 1968 and 19) to be

heidatu o a combination o heidau and rden Howee, nete uey wa a tdy

o heidau and hyomon aone

1 Centra toeoue 8, Two Cnee word mounted wt gold andle (Fg ab)

Centra toreoue 8 4 A word mountd wt gold and ier od and

ie heidau in ioy and anima deign (Fg 8)

Centra toeoue 88 A moteopear inaid bo (Fg. 9)

Cental toeoue 8 Two kawabako (eater boe decoated wt god

and ler heidau (Fg 10)

Cental toeoue 64 An nne tay decorated wt le heidau

(Fg 1 1 )

6 Sout toreoue 0 A bo decorated wt le heidatu (Fig )

Sout toreoue 1 An octagonal mo cae decorated wit e

heidatu (Fg 1)

8 Sout toreoue A mo cae decorated wit ier heidatu

(Fig a,b).

9 Sout toreoue 108 Two heidau ubo (pipe olde o wu)

(Fg 16)

10 Sout toreoue 109 A ho (muical ntument; Fg 1)

. Sout toreoue 1 A poen ead (ognaly decribed a a tutle

ead decoated wit heidau (ig 18)

1 Sout toeoue 1 A dagonaped inkbo wit poen ead

decoated wit le heidau (Fg 9)

ee teen treaure ae n heidau and hyomon Wen te peouy

lited nne tem are added, tee a tota o twentyou tem Tey ti eit at te

Soon

e ollowng a it o aou opinion about heidatu and hyomon mainly

about tei temnology and tecnue, in oder o publcaton

In Mayori Kuokawa' Nihon Shikki Shurui 90), hyomon tougt to be a

impled orm o heidatumon and, teeore, heidau and hyomon do not ary a

tecnue but ae part o te ame togidahi tecnue n wc uui i appied

oe a deign and burnied wt cacoal Howeer I cannot completey agree witt eplanaton becaue among te teaue tee ae eera tem uing te

peelng o tecniue ntead, and tere are no eerence to heidatumo being te

ogn o hyomon.

n Zentaro Ono' Guide to the Shooi (190) heidau te art o ang te

god o aboe te uu uace o tat t can be elt by te and, we hyomon,

ke rden, a te degn eter on te ame ee a te urui uace o a lttle

below t n bot uru appied oer te deign and ater burnied, but tey

de n appearance Howeer ome o te heidau piece mentoned n te

emmoucho ae te god oi protruding aboe te urui urace wle n oter t

lower tan te u Moreoer tee one obou eample o a degn tat leel wt te uru urace, tu bingng t opnon nto ueton

Kimura 4


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Soa Tujimua' Tokyo Bjuu Gakko Koyuka Gppo (19 mention ou

point: (1 kuro-urush nurtat, ( ku-urush nurtogdash, ( mootne and

unevenne o krgan (gold ae ued in mak), ( te eitence o uui in kbor

(ailine engaving. Moeove it intoduce te concept tat hdau and hyomon

ae dieent. Wen hdau i ued te uui painted ove te deign i immedi

ately peeed off. Hyomon ue togdash and te deign i away eve wit te uui

uace. Howeve a to te eitence of uui in kbor, atoug Tujimua onlymention uui emaining in hdau and hyomon, tee ae vey few eample of

kbor tat ave uui Te condition o te uui ove te gold and ilve oil in

toe object tat ae tougt to be hdau doe not appea to ave anyting to do

wit kbor; it appea to ave been impy peeed off. Meanwile in te ap wic

aone i entited to be caled hyomon, te uui emain only in te kbor and te

gold and ive foil i bunied to te ame eigt (of coue ome pat ave aen

of

Siui Roau in i Shkkosh (98 and in i Tokyo Shkko-sh (19

elate tat altoug it may be convenient to tin of hyomon a a impiied om of

hdatsumon, if tee i a dieence it ie in te act tat in hdau eite a tin aye

o uui i appied ove te god and ilve foi and ate emoved o uui applica

tion i avoided on te deign tu allowing te deign to potude above te uui

uace Roau opinion i teeoe imia to Tujimua'. Howeve I do not

completey agee wit im ince tee a been no epot of applying uui avoid

ing te gold and ilve oi pat. Moeove one cannot ay tat all deign wit

peeled off uui ae in eie

Tomio Yoino in i Suds o th Shoson (199 ay tat hdatsu conit

in ligtly buniing and peeling te uui off tin god and ive oi deign.

Teefoe tee ae two type of gold and ilve foi deign one being te eief ind

and te ote being te eceed ind. Hyomon ue a tic kanaga (god o ive

eaf and uui i appied eveal time until it become a beautiu piece o at wenbunied Te epaate categoization o hdau and hyomon i a moe detailed

obevation tan beoe. Howeve ee tat tee i till oom fo moe eeac.

In Toen Hioe' Suds o th Shoson (99 hdau and hyomon ae

tougt to be competey difeent tecnique. Hdau ue te buniing tec

nique tat ceated equiite elaboate item in te Tang (Naa peiod. Hyomon,

wic flouied ate te Heian peiod i te implified tecnica om o to pea

o hdau deign but began in te Tang peiod Tu it wa alo een duing te

Naa peiod Hioe alo ay tat all te uviving item ae hdau, wic ue te

buniing tecnique. Tu i intepetation i quite contay to toe peviouly

ed o e tate tat hdau a an even uace and hyomon a a oug uface. Ido not ave any obection to caing hartsukhyomon impy hyomon, a impliied

tecnique found in ate geneation Howeve cannot agee wit te tatement

tat all item of te Naa peiod wee hdau uing te buniing tecnique be

caue it imply goe againt te act

It wa Tomio Yoino' Nhon Shkkosh (9 tat uggeted o te fit

time tat bot tecnique wee pacticay te ame but tat hdatsu i te inee

name and hyomon te apanee name Ti idea i baed on te act tat tee i no

ue o te wod hyomon in inee document but in Japan duing te Naa peiod

tee ae at leat i eampe (nine item o hyomon plu numeou eample in

ate age. H e conclude tat ti i imia to caing te inee kyocho, soku inapanee and tat ti intepetation i te olution to te long agument ove

hdatsu and hyomon Ti intepetation a ince been widely acnowledged in te

wold o uui at itoy and it i te mot accepted view up to ti day. Howeve

believe tat hyomon afte te Heian peiod (9-118 efe to a diffeent tecnique

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Conclion

Shoson Kyushsuhn hosa Hokoku 99) by Yuzuru Okada onroku

Mauda e a and Shosonno Shkko 9) by Okada Mauda Arakawa e al. uppor

Yono inerpreaon bu ao re e fac a ee iem fal n e end eier

no e peeedoff group or ino e burnied group ey manan a ere

only one example of a burned obec e hyomon arp and n a Soka

umura 9) and omio Yoino inerpreaion 99) are quie reaonabe.

Howeer i nge exampe of a burnied obec e hyomon arp i no reporedin e Kemmosucho A e obec lied ere are example of hedau no one

example of hyomon found. u ey aod eparaing hedau and hyomon n

erm of ecnique afer reaizing e dffculy of macing e acual obec w

e documen.

rom i i can be ad a ere one inerpreaion wc ay a

hedasu and hyomon are dfferen ecnque and anoer nerpreaon a ay

a ey are e ame. oday ere o muc uppor for e dea a hedau

e nee name and hyomon i e apanee name a becoming acceped

a fac Ye during e complaion of e Kemmoucho n e Nara period ere

exied an expanaion a e ineeyle word impored from na ad

hyomon deign. I canno erae i from my mind nor can I conder e peeingoff

ecnque and e burnng ecnque o be e ame wen obouly ey are

compeely differen erefore on poin I uppor Soka umura iew 9)

and e Shoson Kyushu-hn hosa Hokoku 99), wc ugge a hedau e

peengoff ecnque and hyomon e burnng ecnque

Lookng again a e odaii Kemmoucho e iem are ed n a eer

hedasu or hyomon I feel ere wa a reaon for i. ere mu ae been eera

people engaged n compiing l wic coer n grea deal e quaiy ape

and meauremen of more an ix undred reaure I almo mpoibe o

nk a ony one peron did a i in uc a or me. Mo probaby differenpeople dea w dfferen kind of obec and wen e record were combned

dfferen name ad been ued o decribe e ame ecnique I can be een from

e way e Kemmosucho i wrien a wa probaby drafed by one learned man

from many noe anded on o m by eera peope in order o unfy e mode

and conen of e i e amang orderine of e ex and a peron famiiar-

iy w e feld and exremely deep knowledge of eery knd of ar are eden.

Nex we canno impy ay a wa wa en caled in ina hedau wa

known a hyomon n apan a if we were callng e inee kyocho, soku" n

Japanee. ere urey mu ae been an acceped diincon in ecnque o dffer-

enae e wo. A n laer ime ogdash make wa called hramake and choshuwa called kamakurabor. Aoug hedasu and hyomon look ake a fir glance e

ecnque inoled in eir creaon differ immenely. I nk e peron wo com-

pied or drafed e li mu ae reazed e dfference noled and gen em

er name a peron did no wan o dffereniae obec according o weer

ey were orignal or copie or weer ey were made in na or Japan. He

waned o differeniae beween e ecnique in wic god and ler fol degn

are cu ou and placed on urui urui i once again appled and laer peeled off

and e econd ecnque in wc e degn reealed by burnng e urui

nead of peeing off.

Kmra 43


55/268

Acknowledgent

As aleady menoned nthe ast stages of kyushitsu (coaing) it is necessary

o bunsh the surface wh epeated appcatons of dozuri or suri-urushi because there

ae mnute lumps o a fosed suface esuting from he sumitogi. his is caed

rirshiage and should be consdeed compeey diffeen from nurihanashi. n other

wods ri takes moe me and effot t can be ceary seen fom other records that

he at of roir-shiage already floushed n the Nara period.

n this pape I have studed the heidatu and hyomon reported in theKemmoucho and have seen that among he suviving objects mos are caed heiau

and only one s described as hyomon a hap hat was ecoded sxty yeas after he

res. To say hat ths harp s eveything there is o know about hyomon n the Nara

peod isextremely dangerous and we mus be vey caeful when speakng about .

Howeve, snce there s a clea difference beween heidau and hyomon, my nepea-

ton given above shoud be consdered

I shoud lke to thank he Geneal Direcor of he Shoson M. Yoshhko

Hashmoo for hs sympathetic undersandng; Mr Hiromu Abe, Chef of Conseva

ton Secton in he Shoson; Mr Daisu Kamura Pofessor sao Fuyuki, M. Kench

Kitamua and othes fo he adVice on uush at technques; and Professo Masak

Nakano and Ms. oyoko Takahashi for helpng wth the colecton of data.

Biblioaphy Hirose, Tosen

199 Studies of the Shosoin.

Kurokawa Mayor

1901 Nihon Shikki Shui.

Okada, Yuzuru, Gonroku Matsuda et al

959 Shosoin Kyushitsuhin Chosa Hokoku.

Okada, Yuzur Gonroku Matsuda Hrokazu Arakawa et al.

195 Shosoin-no Shikko.

Ono, Zentaro

190 Guide to the Shosoin

Rokkaku, Shsui

198 Shikko-shi, Kokogaku Koza. Vol. 3

19 okyo Shikko-shi.

Shinryu, Seharpe

199 Annual Report of Oce of the Shosoin Treasure House. Vol l .

sujmura, Shoka

19 okyo Bijutsu Gakko Koyukai Geppo. Vol 27, No

Yoshino Tomio

99 Studies of the Shosoin.

94 Nihon Shikko-shi.

44 Kimura


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Origins of the Use of Urushi in Japan

and Its Development

Yoshiyuki KukuArchaologs

e use of urhi in

the prehistoric period

Fgur . Po dcoradwh urush, arly omonOndash s, Yamagaaprcur

It ws no unt h 930s, whn uush objcs w unthd f

om hstoc ss,

h bcm c ht uush ws usd n Jpn fom th phstoc Ths

lzton fs cm wh h dscov of uush bows, gobs, combs, nd

swodshpd woodn ms of h fnl Jomon pod (c 00000 B.C.), dung h

xcvon of okw, Hchnoh, Aomo pfcu

Snc thn, vous uush obcts hv bn found on mn sts, mnl n

stn pn. Rcn nonl lnd dvopmn, vn on owlng msh gound,

hs dd numous uush obcts fom ov fv hundd sts n st nd wst

Jpn h dt to h phstoc (h Jomon, Yo, nd ofun pods)

Alhough th cuw obcs w bud fo long tm, th s mnnth ogn shps nd coos. Th nn wood m hv ottd w, bu h

uush slf s xml song nd f fom oson

Th odst uush found n pn o d s fom h Tohm shll mound

n Obmsh, Fuku pfcu. I ncuds ows wh d uush cotng, pts of

shllow woodn bows wh d nd blck uush cotng, nd comb wth d

uush. Bcus ths objcs w found wth pott of th l Jomon pod

(c 0003000 BC), h lso dtd to ths pod. Futhmo, n th sm sh

mound, oh objcs fom th mddl of h l Jomon pod w lso found

such s hnw wh d uush pt ppld on th sufc, wth bck

uush cs dwn on d uush gound, nd wh pctol dsgns fomd b nowns of d uush on blck uush gound. Ths objcts pov tht dung hs

pod h xsd ut dvncd chnus of mxng pgmnts nd of pplng

dffn uush colos Such xmpls fom th l omon pod w lso xc

vtd fom th st of Ondsh, Ymg pfctu, n th summ of 985, povng

th uush ws poducd n vous gns (Fg. 1 Moov, th fc h th

uush chnu n hs pod ws hghl volvd mns tht th fs us of uush

mus hv bn much l.

So f, uush obj cts fom th mdd omon pod (c 30002000 BC) hv

bn found onl n sn Jpn. Bsds hnw wh uush cong, th

bows nd contns such s pots, bows, spoons, nd ts md of wood wth dnd bck uush Though not mn uush mns hv bn dscovd, mo

xpctd to b found n th futu.

Kraku 4


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58/268

e orin a

technique ofurhi

Conclusion

The ue of uruh pread amo hroughout Japan n he Kofun perod

c. D 00-D 00 he advanced ae of the echnue can e een n the varou

acceoreweapon and armortha were nerred along wth ode n ancent

ura mound. New utrate, uch a amoo, leather, and mea, were nroduced

and, epecally n he late evenh century, he echnue of pang layer of cloth

wh uruh egan to e employed n mang cae

he orgn of he ue of uruh n Japan wa hought formery o have een

nfluenced y Chna However, he excavaon of he Torhama he mound n 1975

reveaed hat wa ued n Japan from the egnnng of the eary Jomon perod On

the oher hand, the dcovery of a red uruh ow heght 5 . 7 cm, dameter 0 cm,

dameter of ae 7 cm elongng to he egnnng of he Neolhc age, durng he

econd excavaon 1 97 71978 of he Hemudu e n hejang provnce, hed

further lght on he reatonhp etween Japan and he manland. An Zhmn, the

atant drector of the nute of Archaeoogy CASS, Peope' Repulc of Chna,

ha receny and emphacaly tated ha he orgn of uruh echnue n Japan

wa rongly nfluenced y he Neohc culure of he ower Yangz River regon;hey were nroduced o Japan and pu o ue aong wh uch technue a plt

one earrng and eevaed foor conructon Ye only one pece of uruh ha een

excavaed from he Hemudu e and two acuerware vee from the reman of

Yun eongng to he Maapn cuure, whch foowed he Hemudu cuure

However, no pole o mae a defne tatemen from th evidence that the

uruh echnue of the Neohc age n Chna drectly related to he oject exca

vaed from he Torhama e I n fact, may e ad that there a very ute dffer

ence n he archaeoogcal concept of me etween Japanee and Chnee pecal

To dcu h matter we mut wa for further cenfc examnaton and analye

For example, caron1 analy of he tratum of he Hemudu te from whch the

uruh wa excavaed date o around the aer half of 000 BC, whch alo the

date gven o he reman of the Torhama hell mound.

The uruh echnue of the Jomon perod wa vey advanced from the out

e, for exampe, n the ue of oh red and lac uruh for panng. In general, red

uruh wa red ocher Fe and cnnaar red mercurc ufde, HgS It con

dered, o far, tha cnnaar wa frt ued n the mdde of he late Jomon perod

After that cnnaar and red ocher were oth ued, on dfferent oect or on he

ame oec, to produce dfferen tone and gan effecvene, a very complcated

technue Fg 5. Sometme the hcne wa compoed of fve or x layer, aout

000 m n oa. Snce each layer almot competey mooh, can e uppoedtha each layer wa wepolhed efore the next wa apped. Th advanced ech

nue ndeed facnang Occaonally even aernae applcaon of red and ac

were carred out Aready n th perod, plater maeral uch a clay, kokuso-uush

or granteand uushshtaj were empoyed for mang oect wth rreguar urface

for exampe, antashkk or com. Therefore pole to ay that he fundaen

a uruh echnue had een ealhed y he fna Jomon perod. Through the

Yayo and Kofun perod, uuh appled art technue deveoped from the tradton

of the early Jomon perod Th ecame the a for he grea advance n uruh tech-

nue after he evenh centuy, under the nfuence of he Tang culture n Chna.

Krak 4


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Fgur 5. Phoomcrographs o

cross scons o urush layrs(a Woodn bowl, la omn,un s, Saama prcur.) Lacqurd wvn bamboobowl, nal omn, Morgach s, Ishkawa prcur(c Woodn rng (s also Fg4, nal omn, Funagaan

s, Ehm prcur

48

+ impre red cer -Fez03)

+ ciabar gS

i ciabar

+ impre red cer

+ciabar

+ cabar (gS)

+ cabar

+ impure re cer ez03)

ciabar

+ gru

+ cear acquer

ciabar gS

+ carb black

+ blacis cr

ciabar

+ blac

ciabar

+ gru

Kurau


60/268

Biblioaphy Hemudu Archaeoogica Team

"Ecavation o nd season a Hemd site n ejang province Wnwu [Clra Relcs]

Hopei Museum and CPAM Hopei Province

4 "Te Sang dynasy site at Taiss'n Kaoceng conty Hopei province Wnwu [CltralRelics]

Kaneko Hiroyuki

"Wooden lacqerware o special sapes in Fnagatani si tes kkan Bunkaza 1 Kenjo Toshiko

4 "Anayss on ingredient o rsi-like m n shkk n Rpor on h Excaaon o Juno Bog S

/

Saitama reecre Board o Edcaion and reectra Msem

Kida S and S Sugiyama

Pas Showng h Vga Rcs o h Japans Son Ag

Kobayashi Yukio

16 "Kysits n chnqus o Ancn ms Hanawa Sbo

Kobayashi Y. and N Mino

n "On te strcre o omn combs in lacqer ecavaed at Misawagawa site, Hokkado In

Ann ua Rpor o h sorca Musum o okkado No Historical Msem o Hokkado

Kuraku Yoshiyuki e al.

4 A Ls o h Ss whr Lacqur (Urush Impmns wr Rcord Eas Japan Nara National Cltral roperties Researc Institte

A Ls o h Ss whr Lacqur (Urush Impmns wr Rcord Ws Japan Nara Nationa Ctral roperties Researc Institte

6 "Lacqerware tecniqes o te Yoyo perod A Sudy oYayo Cuur 6 Yzankak

Morkawa Masakazu e al

orhama KazukaAn Examnaon o Bog Ss o h Eary Jomon Prod Vol 1 ki reecreBoard o Edcaon

Torhama KazukaAn Examnaon o Bog Ss o h Eary Jomon Prod Vol Fk reectre

Board o Edcation

orhama KazukaAn Examnaon o Bog Ss o h Eary Jomon Prod Vol 3 ki reecreBoard o Edcation

Nagashima Masaharu

4 "Ursi tecnqes o te omn perod seen in ornamena bow ecavaed rom no Bog sit eIn Rpor on h Excaaon o Juno Bog S Saitama reectre Board o Edcation and reectralMsem

"Lacqerware tecnqes o te omon perioda stdy o te rana lacqeare o ook preecre Bun o h Naona Musum o Japans sory Vo6

Nakajima Naoyuki e al.

Nabaak Karatssi Cy Board o Edcaton

Nakasao T Y Emoo and R Ishikawa

"Note on te strcre and tecnqe o a Neoli tic comb o lacqer work neaed a Sann

site, Miyagi preectre and preservative treatment on it Scnc or Consraon 7(3)

Naora Nobou and Esaka Teruya

14 On Objcs Excaad om Kamgaoka Bog S Koda-Bnka Vo 13

Naruse Masakazu

14 "Red-pigmened pottery rsi -paned pottery and rsi wares cemical analysis o er redpigments In Rpor on h Excaaon o Juno Bog S Saiama reecre Board o Edcaonand reecral Msem

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