U.S. General MacArthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito, 1945.

U.S. Occupation of U.S. Occupation of JapanJapan

► Japan devastated by WWII.► Focus on economic recovery.► Lost all conquered land.► MacArthur supervised reconstruction

of Japan’s infrastructure and creation of new gov’t based on democratic ideals.

► New constitution for Japan:1. Only a self-defense force;2. Limited size of defense force;3. Forbidden to declare war;4. Universal suffrage & rights.

Ch. 12 The Cold War & Post-War Issues

Mao ZedongMao Zedong (1893-1976) (also (1893-1976) (also Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung) was a Chinese Marxist ) was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader, who led military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and the in the Chinese Civil War, and the People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China (PRC) from (PRC) from its establishment in its establishment in 19491949 until his until his death in 1976. death in 1976.

Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong met to toast to the Chinese victory over Japan, but their shaky alliance was short-lived.

CHINA

One of the most important figures in modern world history; still controversial. Some regard Mao as a great revolutionary leader; highest expression of Marxism. Supporters believe that the rise of China can be attributed to Mao's leadership.

The The Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward (1958-60) – (1958-60) – Economic and social plan aimed to transform Economic and social plan aimed to transform from the agrarian economy into a modern, from the agrarian economy into a modern, industrialized communist society. industrialized communist society.

TheThe Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution (1966-76) – (1966-76) – Period of chaos which affected every part of Period of chaos which affected every part of China and the livelihood of the people.China and the livelihood of the people.

Mao greets U.S. President

Richard Nixon (right) on a China visit in

1972. Mao's policies are blamed for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China, and the deaths of millions of Chinese. Cultural Revolution altered the country's moral, historical, and social perceptions.altered the country's moral, historical, and social perceptions.

Propaganda poster of the steel production objective. "Take steel as the key link, leap forward in all fields".

This propaganda poster shows Mao Zedong as continuing This propaganda poster shows Mao Zedong as continuing the legacy set by former Communist leaders. the legacy set by former Communist leaders.

International International peacekeeping peacekeeping organization.organization.

FDR was the “principal FDR was the “principal architect” of the UN.architect” of the UN.

Goals.Goals. Successes and failures.Successes and failures.

The United The United NationsNations

I. The United Nations (UN). I. The United Nations (UN).

A.A. Int’l Peacekeeping Org.Int’l Peacekeeping Org.

1. Replaced League of Nations.1. Replaced League of Nations.

2. General Assembly – 192 nations.2. General Assembly – 192 nations.

3. Security Council – 5 nations.3. Security Council – 5 nations.

4. Geneva Convention – POW’s.4. Geneva Convention – POW’s.

5. Universal Declaration of Human 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Rights. Eleanor Roosevelt holding the

“Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948).

The UN’s Charter is based on the traditions of

democracy and reaffirms basic human rights, the need for justice, the rule

of law, and desire for social progress.

The Postwar World The Postwar World OrderOrder

The Cold War

II.II. The Cold War (no actual The Cold War (no actual fighting).fighting).

A.A. Who: U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R.Who: U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R.

B.B. When: From end of WWII When: From end of WWII (1945) (1945) to the fall of Berlin Wall to the fall of Berlin Wall (1989).(1989).

C.C. Why: Different ideologies Why: Different ideologies and and mutual distrust.mutual distrust.

The Cold War was the period of tension and competition between the USA and the USSR and their respective allies. Throughout the

period, the rivalry between the two superpowerswas played out in multiple arenas: military

coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological

developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and

nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.

Cold War --- Why? Cold War --- Why? USA & USSR emerged from WWII as world’s two USA & USSR emerged from WWII as world’s two

superpowerssuperpowers.. They became rivals through: They became rivals through:

(1) Different ideologies: (1) Different ideologies:

communism vs. capitalism.communism vs. capitalism.

(2) Mutual distrust:(2) Mutual distrust:

Russia wanted 2Russia wanted 2ndnd front in WWII in 1941 front in WWII in 1941

(did not get until 1944 w/ D-Day).(did not get until 1944 w/ D-Day).

Atom Bomb kept a secret.Atom Bomb kept a secret.

League of Nations.League of Nations.

Cold War --- Why? Cold War --- Why?

CommunismCommunism Gov’t ownershipGov’t ownership State plans & State plans &

controls economycontrols economy Based on “worth”Based on “worth”

CapitalismCapitalism Private ownershipPrivate ownership Private profitPrivate profit Free competitionFree competition

Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production.

Understanding World Understanding World Ideologies Through Two CowsIdeologies Through Two Cows

Pure DemocracyPure Democracy    You have two cows. All your neighbors decide who gets the You have two cows. All your neighbors decide who gets the

milk.milk.FascismFascism    You have two cows. The government takes both, hires you to You have two cows. The government takes both, hires you to

take care of them, and sells you the milk. take care of them, and sells you the milk. CommunismCommunism    You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them,You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them, and you all share the milk. and you all share the milk. Real World CommunismReal World Communism    You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your

neighbors bicker about who has the most "ability" and who has neighbors bicker about who has the most "ability" and who has the most "need". Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any the most "need". Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any

milk,milk, and the cows drop dead of starvation. and the cows drop dead of starvation. TotalitarianismTotalitarianism    You have two cows. The government takes them and denies You have two cows. The government takes them and denies

theythey ever existed. Milk is banned. ever existed. Milk is banned.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

USSR: E.E. is USSR: E.E. is bufferbuffer against attacks. against attacks. USA: E.E. is 1USA: E.E. is 1stst attempt to expand attempt to expand

empire.empire.

Why would the U.S. be afraid of Communism expanding?

Divisions within Divisions within postwar Germany.postwar Germany.

Occupation zones after Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the 1945. Berlin is the multinational area multinational area within the Soviet zone within the Soviet zone

The The Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold first major crises of the new Cold War. War.

The Soviet Union blocked access to The Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of the three Western-held sectors of Berlin, which was deep within the Berlin, which was deep within the Soviet zone of Germany.Soviet zone of Germany.

The The Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift - A massive airlift - A massive airlift using both civil and military aircraft using both civil and military aircraft (ultimately lasting 462 days) that (ultimately lasting 462 days) that flew supplies into the Western-held flew supplies into the Western-held sectors of Berlin over the blockade sectors of Berlin over the blockade during 1948–1949.during 1948–1949.

Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound plane.

Checkpoint Charlie, Dividing East and

West Berlin.

1960’s

2006

The H-BombThe H-Bomb

• The United Sates and the Soviet Union were racing to develop the most powerful nuclear weapon.

• In 1950, American scientists started working on the H-Bomb, or Hydrogen Bomb which was supposed to be 1,000 times more powerful than than A-Bomb.

““Arms RaceArms Race” & “” & “Space RaceSpace Race”: ”: Two VERY Important Cold War Two VERY Important Cold War

Issues !Issues !1945: U.S. tests & drops 11945: U.S. tests & drops 1stst atomic atomic

(A) bomb.(A) bomb.1949: USSR tests A-Bomb (U.S. loses 1949: USSR tests A-Bomb (U.S. loses

monopoly).monopoly).1952: US tests 11952: US tests 1stst Hydrogen (H) Hydrogen (H)

Bomb.Bomb.1953: USSR tests H-Bomb.1953: USSR tests H-Bomb.

H-Bomb: Up to H-Bomb: Up to 1,000X (times)1,000X (times) the power the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

““Arms RaceArms Race” & “” & “Space RaceSpace Race”: ”: Two VERY Important Cold War Two VERY Important Cold War

Issues !Issues !1957: USSR 1957: USSR

Tests missile capable of carrying an H-bomb Tests missile capable of carrying an H-bomb from USSR to USA.from USSR to USA.

Puts space satellite “Puts space satellite “SputnikSputnik” into space: 1” into space: 1stst man-made object to orbit the earth.man-made object to orbit the earth.

1958: USA counters both moves.1958: USA counters both moves.1961: USSR has 11961: USSR has 1stst person to orbit earth. person to orbit earth.1969: USA has 11969: USA has 1stst person to walk on person to walk on

moon.moon.

The The SputnikSputnik crisis crisis

was a turning point was a turning point

of the Cold War that of the Cold War that

began on October 4, began on October 4,

1957 when the Soviet 1957 when the Soviet

Union launched the Union launched the

Sputnik 1 satellite. Sputnik 1 satellite.

Oct 3, 1957 (day before Sputnik launch, USSR world’s 1st ICBM (5,280 mile range). The Space Race led up to Project Apollo and the moon landings in 1969.

On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower formally brought the U.S. into the Space Race by signing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA and later Project Mercury (the first manned spaceflight program).

Mercury space flightin 1961.

““That’s one small step for That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for man, one giant leap for

mankind.” mankind.” -- Neil Armstrong-- Neil Armstrong

July 20, 1969

D.D. Arms race - competition Arms race - competition

for military supremacy.for military supremacy.

Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. During the USSR’s economic recovery, the growth rate for heavy industry was 3 X that of consumer goods.

ICBMmissile

Modern-Day ‘Nukes’Modern-Day ‘Nukes’

An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball, the

first U.S. nuclear explosion.

CountryCountry Warheads Warheads active/total*active/total*

Year of first Year of first testtest

Five "nuclear weapons states" from NPT.Five "nuclear weapons states" from NPT.

United StatesUnited States 5,735/9,9605,735/9,960 1945 ("1945 ("TrinityTrinity“)“)

Russia (formerly Russia (formerly the Soviet the Soviet

Union)Union)

5,830/16,0005,830/16,000 1949 ("1949 ("RDS-1RDS-1")")

United KingdomUnited Kingdom <200<200 1952 1952 ("("HurricaneHurricane")")

FranceFrance 350350 1960 ("1960 ("Gerboise Gerboise BleueBleue")")

ChinaChina 130130 1964 ("1964 ("596596")")

Other known nuclear powersOther known nuclear powers..

IndiaIndia 40-5040-50 1974 ("1974 ("Smiling Smiling BuddhaBuddha")")

PakistanPakistan 30-5230-52 1998 ("1998 ("Chagai-Chagai-II")")

North KoreaNorth Korea 1-101-10 20062006

Undeclared nuclear weapons statesUndeclared nuclear weapons states

IsraelIsrael 75-20075-200 none or none or unknownunknown

NPT: ‘Non-ProliferationTreaty’ of 1968 to achieve disarmament ofnuclear weapons. 187 nations have signed the Treaty.

Radiation fallout from a Nuclear attack

Five "nuclear weapons states" from the NPT.Five "nuclear weapons states" from the NPT.

Other known nuclear powers States formerly possessing nuclear weapons.Other known nuclear powers States formerly possessing nuclear weapons.

States suspected of being in the process of developing nuclear weapons.States suspected of being in the process of developing nuclear weapons.        

States that at one point had nuclear weapons and/or nuclear weapons States that at one point had nuclear weapons and/or nuclear weapons programs.programs.          

States that possess nuclear weapons, but have not widely adopted them.States that possess nuclear weapons, but have not widely adopted them.

World map with nuclear weapons development status. World map with nuclear weapons development status. 

E.E. North Atlantic Treaty Org (N.A.T.O.) N.A.T.O.) (1949) – Military (1949) – Military alliance alliance

formed; members help formed; members help each other if attacked.each other if attacked.

F.F. Warsaw Pact (1955) – Central & Warsaw Pact (1955) – Central & Eastern European Eastern European

communist communist states to counter states to counter the the threat from NATO. threat from NATO.

NATO members: U.S., Canada, England, France, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, etc. Warsaw Pact members: U.S.S.R., Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, etc. Does NATO & Warsaw Pact remind you of the “Alliance System” before WWI ???

West Germany – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).East Germany – German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Communist countries Communist countries dominated bydominated by but NOT but NOT inin

the USSR (i.e. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) became the USSR (i.e. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) became

known as known as “satellite states.“satellite states.””

G.G. The Truman Doctrine (1947) The Truman Doctrine (1947) – – U.S. foreign policy to U.S. foreign policy to contain contain Communism by Communism by giving Greece and giving Greece and Turkey Turkey economic aid. economic aid.

1.1. Containment – Stop Containment – Stop spread spread of Communism.of Communism.

It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. The Doctrine shifted American foreign policy towards a policy of ‘containment’ of Soviet expansion (Kennan). Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War.

President Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947.

Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine (1947):(1947):

1.1. Supported any Supported any nation threatened by nation threatened by

Communism.Communism.

2.2. Application of Application of Containment Containment

policy.policy.

3.3. Early Early Successes: Successes: Greece & Turkey.Greece & Turkey. Korea & Vietnam:

Other successes?

1948 Re-electionof Pres. Truman.

ContainmentContainment

State Dept. planner State Dept. planner George F. George F. KennanKennan proposed proposed containmentcontainment policy: policy:

► ► A “long-term, patient but firm and A “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian vigilant containment of Russian expansivist tendencies.”expansivist tendencies.”

Bottom line: Don’t allow Bottom line: Don’t allow Communism to grow. Communism to grow.

Kennan

Europe’s economy in shambles after WWII.Europe’s economy in shambles after WWII. Marshall proposed aid to “all European Marshall proposed aid to “all European

countries who needed it.”countries who needed it.” Plan also worked to keep communism from Plan also worked to keep communism from

spreading to western Europe.spreading to western Europe.

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

H.H. The Marshall Plan (European The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program of Recovery Program of

1947) – U.S. 1947) – U.S. plan for plan for rebuilding allied countries of rebuilding allied countries of Europe and Europe and

stopping stopping communism communism after WWII. after WWII.

Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that Near East showing countries that

received Marshall Plan aid. The red received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of columns show the relative amount of

total aid per nation. total aid per nation.

The initiative was named for U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall and the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in July 1947. During that period some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance was given to help the recovery of the European countries.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Europe financially weak after WWII.Europe financially weak after WWII.Sec. Of State Sec. Of State George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall

proposed European aid program.proposed European aid program.US assisted W. Europe (1) financially & US assisted W. Europe (1) financially &

in (2) planning for Europe’s future. W. in (2) planning for Europe’s future. W. Europe’s economy quickly regained Europe’s economy quickly regained strength. strength.

USSR & satellites did not participate USSR & satellites did not participate & their economies did not improve. & their economies did not improve.

Why would Stalin want to “block”

The Marshall Plan??

McCarthyismMcCarthyism - describing a - describing a period of intense anti-period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in Communist suspicion in the U.S. (late 1940s to the the U.S. (late 1940s to the late 1950s). Also referred late 1950s). Also referred to as the ‘Red Scare’, with to as the ‘Red Scare’, with increased fears about increased fears about Communist influence in Communist influence in American. American.

The The House Un-American House Un-American Activities CommitteeActivities Committee (HUAC) - prominent and (HUAC) - prominent and active government active government committee involved in anti-committee involved in anti-Communist investigations. Communist investigations.

Republican U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950’s).

A 1947 comic book published as propaganda, warning of the Possible dangers of a

Communist takeover.

The Red Scare (1950’s),Led by Republican Senator

Joseph McCarthy.

Printed in Moscow for East German distribution. "High Vigilance and Battle

Readiness Guard Your German Democratic Republic." General Matthew

Ridgeway, commander of Postwar American Forces in Europe, as an

insect with a bug sprayer atop a flying bomber.

The Berlin Wall:a separation barrier between West Berlinand East Germany (GDR), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for 28 years. Construction on the wall began on August 13, 1961 by Khrushchev, and was dismantled after November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall was an iconic symbol of the Cold War.

The "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at

hundreds of escapees from the East.

Two East Berliners tried to cross “No man’s land” in Aug, 1962. One man made it, the other didn’t. A total of 21 shots were fired by the GDR soldiers.

Daring escapes to the West!

““Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain”

created that split created that split

Europe into Europe into

The free West, The free West,

and the and the

Communist East.Communist East.

“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”-- U.S. President Ronald Reagan

1989

2006

The Berlin Wall (Iron Curtain) fell in 1989.

Lockheed’s U-2 spy plane: max speed – 510 mph;max ceiling – 90,000 feet.

Francis Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on August 19 and sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. He served one and three-quarter years of the sentence before being exchanged for Rudolf Abel on February 10, 1962.

Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union

after the death of Joseph Stalin.

The U–2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shotdown over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but were forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

The trial of pilotFrancis Powers.

Augusto José Ramón Augusto José Ramón PinochetPinochet was a general who was a general who was military dictator and was military dictator and President of President of ChileChile from 1973 to from 1973 to 1990. 1990.

Stating that Chile was under siege Stating that Chile was under siege by communist subversives, by communist subversives, Pinochet implemented a series of Pinochet implemented a series of security operations in which security operations in which around 3,000 suspected or known around 3,000 suspected or known dissidents and leftists were killed, dissidents and leftists were killed, and around 30,000 more were and around 30,000 more were tortured.tortured.

At the time of his death in 2006, At the time of his death in 2006, around 300 criminal charges in around 300 criminal charges in Chile were still pending against Chile were still pending against Pinochet for alleged human rights Pinochet for alleged human rights abuses and embezzlement during abuses and embezzlement during his rule. his rule.

Democratically elected President Allende was overthrown in a coup. Pinochet was the leader of the coup, using his position as Commander-in-chief

of the Army to coordinate the gov’t takeover. It is rumored that United States CIA agents helped Pinochet to install his gov’t

and suppress the communist uprising in Chile. The use of torture between 1973–90 was carried out at secret prison facilities.

Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established militarydictatorship, 1973.

Among the other Among the other countries in the Third countries in the Third World that adopted a World that adopted a pro-communistpro-communist government at some government at some point were point were Cuba, North Cuba, North Korea, North Vietnam, Korea, North Vietnam, Laos, Angola, and Laos, Angola, and MozambiqueMozambique. By the . By the early 1980s almost early 1980s almost one-third of the world's one-third of the world's population lived in population lived in Communist states. Communist states.

Angola

Mozambique

Laos

Uprising Against the Uprising Against the SovietsSoviets

Soviet tanks enter Prague, August 1968.‘Prague Spring’ was coined by Western media after the event became known worldwide. It made reference to the

Springtime of Peoples, a lyrical title givento the Revolutions of 1848.

1968 Czechoslovak cartoon showing Soviets as liberators in 1945 and oppressors in 1968.

Hungarians flee as the revolution is crushed in Budapest, 1956.

Soviet Union (1922-1991)Soviet Union (1922-1991)

USSRUSSR = Union of Soviet Socialist = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (aka Soviet Union).Republics (aka Soviet Union).

Although 15 countries were Although 15 countries were republics, the only country with real republics, the only country with real power was power was RussiaRussia..

A quarter of the world's population still lives in Communist states, mostly in China. There are still Communist movements in Latin America and South Asia.