US History: Unit 10 Vocabulary and Terms Name: Instructions: Define, describe or explain the significance of each term.

1. Totalitarianism

2. Fascism

3. Appeasement

4. Munich Conference

5. Quarantine speech

6. Blitzkrieg

7. Battle of Britain

8. Neutrality Acts

9. Cash & Carry

10. Four Freedoms

11. Lend-Lease Act

12. Pearl Harbor

13. WAC’s

14. Bataan Death March

15. Stalingrad

16. Battle of Midway

17. Rosie the Riveter

18. Bracero Program

19. Korematsu v. U.S. & Japanese Internment

20. Office of War Information

21. Tehran Conference

#1 * 21 points

22. D-Day

23. Battle of the Bulge

24. V-E Day

25. Island hopping/Leapfrogging

26. Kamikazes

27. Iwo Jima & Okinawa

28. Manhattan Project & Robert J. Oppenheimer

29. Hiroshima & Nagasaki

30. Holocaust / Final Solution

31. Kristallnacht

32. Concentrations Camps v. Death Camps

33. United Nations

34. Iron Curtain

35. Containment

36. Truman Doctrine

37. Marshal Plan

38. Berlin Airlift

39. NATO v. Warsaw Pact

40. Korean War & 38th parallel

41. Brinkmanship

42. Eisenhower Doctrine

Axis Expansion Map 1936-41

Instructions: This is a timeline of the territories & countries that fell to Nazi Germany and their allies during World War II. Your task is to color in the map on the back to show the expansion. (1 point for each step)

1. You need FIVE COLORS: Brown or Tan, Red or Pink, Orange or Yellow, Green or Blue, Purple or Gray 2. If the territory was directly controlled by Germany, color it in solidly. In the directions these countries are bold 3. If the territory was an ally (Axis Power) or indirectly controlled by Germany, draw stripes or lines. In directions these are

underlined. 4. MOST of the map does not require the book. But to draw new areas like Croatia and Vichy France you will use p. 649,

690 &1009

In 1933, when the Nazis come to power in Germany, the borders of the country are still those established after WWI in the Treaty of Versailles. In 1936, German armed forces occupy the demilitarized Rhineland (Part of western Germany).

1. Start by coloring in Germany solidly with brown or tan.

1938 (use red or pink) 2. March 13, 1938, Hitler’s army occupies Austria (this annexation was called Anschluss). 3. October 1938, Germany annexes the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia (the edges of the country that bordered

Germany)

1939 (use orange or yellow) 4. March 15, 1939, Czechoslovakia: western Czech provinces of Bohemia & Moravia are proclaimed a German

protectorate. Slovakia (the eastern half) is an independent state, allied with Germany. 5. March 23, 1939, German troops occupy Memel, a little slice of southwest Lithuania that they used to rule. 6. April 7, 1939 Italian troops invade & occupy Albania 7. May 22, 1939 Germany & Italy make the “Pact of Steel” to be allies.

Spring 1939, Hitler makes demands on Poland: the annexation of the city of Danzig & access to East Prussia through Poland. Both Britain & France agree to ensure Polish territory against Germany.

8. September 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland. The western part is controlled by Germany, with part of the east controlled by Soviet Union. They had made deal to spilt it: the Nazi-Soviet pact (Just color the western part)

1940 (use green or blue)

9. April & June 1940, Germany conquers Denmark and Norway.

In May, 1940 German forces invade Western Europe.

10. May 10, 1940, Luxembourg surrenders. 11. May 15, 1940, Netherlands (the Dutch) surrender and are ruled by Germany officials. 12. May 28, 1940, Belgians are under German military occupation. 13. June 22, 1940, France signs an armistice with Germany. Northern France is under German military occupation, while

southern France becomes Vichy France, a “neutral” government who was dependent on Germany. 14. November, 1940 Hungary & Romania join the Axis Powers

1941 (use purple or gray)

15. March 1941, Bulgaria joins the Axis Powers. 16. April 1941, the Balkans (with Italian participation): Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece. Germany creates

Croatia, a dependent state, from bits & pieces of other area. 17. June 1941, Germany invades the Soviet Union and takes eastern Poland. 18. July to December 1941, Germany conquers the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Belarus, the Ukraine,

and large areas of Russia.

#2 * 18 points

Legend: color the box beside the year to show your color scheme

□ 1938

□ 1939

□ 1940

□ 1941

HELPFUL HINTS

Germany and the territories it directly controlled are SOLID COLORS; other Axis Powers or puppet states that were not directly controlled by Germany are filled in with STRIPES OR LINES.

Step 3: The dotted strip of land is the Sudetenland.

Step 8: The dotted lines show where Poland was before German & the Soviet Union split it in half. Stop coloring in red or pint at the solid line in the middle of Poland.

You will have to LOOK up and DRAW the outlines for: Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Memel, Northern France & Vichy France, Croatia, Belarus & Ukraine

Four Freedoms Speech

Go to p. 655. Read “Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The “Four Freedoms” Speech.

Answer the Thinking Critically questions. (2 pts each)

1.

2.

3. Choose one of the freedoms in FDR’s speech to make a poster for (4 pts) Which Freedom will you pick?

Design a propaganda poster that shows how important this freedom is to Americans (it can be modern, you don’t have to pretend you’re drawing it for the 1940s)

Use ink, marker or colored pencil

Use at least four colors in the poster

#3 * 8 points

Turning Points in WWII Use your notes, Ch. 20 section 1& 3 or find the specific page number in the Index. (1 point for each event)

Date Name Theatre List three facts about it (Such as: leaders, techniques, who won) Why was it an important event?

June 1942 Midway Pacific

August 1942 Guadalcanal Pacific

January 1943 Stalingrad Europe

February 1943

North Africa Europe/North

Africa

September 1943

Italy surrender (first time)

Europe

June 1945 D-Day Europe

December 1944

Battle of the Bulge

Europe

April 1945 Execution of

Mussolini Europe

May 1945 V-E Day Europe

February-March 1945

Iwo Jima Pacific

April 1945 Okinawa Pacific

#4 * 11 points

Japanese Internment Analyze the cartoons below (1 pt each). 1. What do you see in the cartoon? Make a

list. Include objects, people, and any characteristics that seem to be exaggerated.

2. Which of the items on the list from Question 1 are symbols? What does each symbol stand for?

3. What is happening in the cartoon?

4. What is the cartoonist's message?

5. Do you agree or disagree with the message? Explain your answer.

6. What do you see in the cartoon? Make a list. Include objects, people, and any characteristics that seem to be exaggerated.

7. Which of the items on the list from Question 1 are symbols? What does each symbol stand for?

8. What is happening in the cartoon?

9. What is the cartoonist's message?

10. Do you agree or disagree with the message? Explain your answer.

#5 * 20 points

After Pearl Harbor was bombed in December 1941, the American military became concerned about an attack from the Japanese on the mainland of the United States. There were many people of Japanese descent living on the West Coast at the time and the American government was worried that they might help the enemy, Japan.

At the time there was no proven case of espionage or sabotage on the part of Japanese or Japanese Americans in the United States. Still, in February 1942, General DeWitt, the commanding officer of the Western Defense Command, recommended that “Japanese and other subversive persons” be removed from the West Coast. President Franklin D. Roosevelt soon signed Executive order 9066, which allowed military authorities to enact curfews, forbid people from certain areas, and to move them to new areas. Congress then passed a law imposing penalties for people who ignored these orders. Many Japanese and Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved to camps farther inland. This was called internment. Japanese Americans were forced to sell their homes and personal belongings and to move to the camps. They were required to live in very basic camps or barracks, many of which did not having running water or cooking facilities.

Fred Korematsu was a U.S. citizen. He was born in America of Japanese parents. He tried to serve in the United States military, but was rejected for health reasons. Later, he worked in a shipyard. When the Japanese internment began in California, Korematsu moved to another town. He also had some facial surgery and claimed to be Mexican-American. He was later arrested and convicted of violating an order that banned people of Japanese descent from the area of San Leandro, California, which had a large military facility.

Korematsu challenged his conviction in the courts. He said that Congress, the President, and the military authorities did not have the power to issue the relocation orders. He also said that because the order only applied to people of Japanese descent, the government was discriminating against him on the basis of race.

The government argued that the evacuation of all Japanese Americans was necessary to protect the country because there was evidence that some were working for the Japanese government. The government said that because there was no way to tell who was loyal and who was not, it had to treat all people with Japanese ancestors as though they were disloyal. The federal appeals court agreed with the government. Korematsu appealed this decision and the case came before the U.S. Supreme Court.

11. What was the U.S. government worried about?

12. What did Executive order 9066 do?

13. Describe internment camps:

14. Describe what happened to Fred Korematsu:

15. Explain Korematsu’s argument:

16. Explain the U.S. government’s argument:

In a 6-3 opinion, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the United States. [They] concluded that the President and Congress did not act outside of their constitutional authority, and that the exclusion order did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment…

…Because the exclusion order was issued during wartime, the Court gave great deference to the judgment of military authorities, Congress, and the President, all of whom deemed the measure necessary. The justices concluded that the Court “[could] not say that the war-making branches of the Government did not have ground for believing that in a critical hour such persons … constituted a menace to the national defense and safety.” According to this reasoning, the power of Congress and the President are greatly expanded during wartime, in which “the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.”

The Court decided that the exclusion order did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. While the justices acknowledged that “all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect,” they determined that all such restrictions were not necessarily unconstitutional. The Court ruled that even though the exclusion order only targeted a specific racial group, it was not based on hostility towards those of Japanese ancestry. Rather, it was because military authorities did not have the time or resources to efficiently separate those who were disloyal from those who were loyal that all people of Japanese ancestry as a group were subject to the exclusion order. If the exclusion order had been based solely on racial prejudice, however, it would be unquestionably unconstitutional…

17. Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?

18. Who did the court give greater authority and power to?

19. Explain what the court said about wartime power?

20. What did the court say about the exclusion order and the 14th amendment?

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.”

THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

Even before the outbreak of war in 1939, a group of American scientists–many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe–became concerned with nuclear weapons research being conducted in Nazi Germany. In 1940, the U.S. government began funding its own atomic weapons development program, which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S. entry into World War II. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed “The Manhattan Project ” (for the engineering corps’ Manhattan district).

Over the next several years, the program’s scientists worked on producing the key materials for nuclear fission–uranium-235 and plutonium (Pu-239). They sent them to Los Alamos, New Mexico, where a team led by J. Robert Oppenheimer worked to turn these materials into a workable atomic bomb. Early on the morning of July 16, 1945, the Manhattan Project held its first successful test of an atomic device–a plutonium bomb–at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

NO SURRENDER FOR THE JAPANESE

By the time of the Trinity test, the Allied powers had already defeated Germany in Europe. Japan, however, vowed to fight to the bitter end in the Pacific, despite clear indications (as early as 1944) that they had little chance of winning. In fact, between mid-April 1945 (when President Harry Truman took office) and mid-July, Japanese forces inflicted Allied casualties totaling nearly half those suffered in three full years of war in the Pacific, proving that Japan had become even more deadly when faced with defeat. In late July, Japan’s militarist government rejected the Allied demand for surrender put forth in the Potsdam Declaration, which threatened the Japanese with “prompt and utter destruction” if they refused.

General Douglas MacArthur and other top military commanders favored continuing the conventional bombing of Japan already in effect and following up with a massive invasion, codenamed “Operation Downfall.” They advised Truman that such an invasion would result in U.S. casualties of up to 1 million. In order to avoid such a high casualty rate, Truman decided–over the moral reservations of Secretary of War Henry Stimson, General Dwight Eisenhower and a number of the Manhattan Project scientists–to use the atomic bomb in the hopes of bringing the war to a quick end. Proponents of the A-bomb–such as James Byrnes, Truman’s secretary of state–believed that its devastating power would not only end the war, but also put the U.S. in a dominant position to determine the course of the postwar world.

“LITTLE BOY” AND “FAT MAN”

Hiroshima, a manufacturing center of some 350,000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo, was selected as the first target. After arriving at the U.S. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was loaded aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay (after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets). The plane dropped the bomb–known as “Little Boy”–by parachute at 8:15 in the morning, and it exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city.

Hiroshima’s devastation failed to elicit immediate Japanese surrender, however, and on August 9 Major Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man” was dropped at 11:02 that morning. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 square miles.

At noon on August 15, 1945 (Japanese time), Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s surrender in a radio broadcast. The news spread quickly, and “Victory in Japan” or “V-J Day” celebrations broke out across the United States and other Allied nations. The formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2, aboard the U.S. aircraft carrier Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay.

1. How many were killed by the bombs?

2. Why did we start making nuclear weapons?

3. When and where was the first nuclear bomb tested?

4. What did military commanders want to do about fighting Japan?

5. Why did the President decide to use the bombs?

6. How much of Hiroshima was destroyed?

7. Why did they also bomb Nagasaki?

8. What was the day Japan surrendered called?

#6 * 8 points

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki

Butter Battle Book • Go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z71Czfh8w3o to watch it on your own if you are absent.

1. What are names of the 2 sides in the battle?

a. b.

2. What is the only difference (their disagreement) between these two groups?

3. What contest goes on between them because of the disagreement?

4. Who wins the contest? 5. How does the book end (describe the final scene)?

6. This children’s book was controversial when it was written, what could have been controversial about it? 7. Relate the story in this book to the real-life events of the Cold War:

a. How are they similar?

b. Find some terms from your notes that are depicted in this book:

Cold War Reading

The Crumbling Alliance. Amid the rubble of war, a new power structure emerged that would shape events in the postwar world. In Europe, Germany was defeated. France and Britain were drained and exhausted. Two other powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had brought about the final victory. Before long, these two nations would become superpowers with the economic resources and military might to dominate the globe. They would also become tense rivals in an increasingly divided world.

Growing differences. During the war, the Soviet Union and the nations of the West had cooperated to defeat Nazi Germany. By 1945, however, the wartime alliance was crumbling. Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust divided the former Allies and soon led to the conflict known as the Cold War. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict between the major rivals. At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern Europe, where Stalin and the western powers had very different goals. * Stalin was deeply suspicious

of other powers Russia had been invaded by Napoleon's armies and by Germans in World Wars I and II. Also, the United States and Britain had both sent troops into Russia during World War I.

Origins of the Cold War. Stalin had two goals in Eastern Europe. First, he wanted to spread communism into the area. And second, he wanted to create a buffer zone of friendly governments as a defense against Germany, which had invaded Russia during World War I and again in 1941.

As the Red Army had pushed German forces out of Eastern Europe, it left behind occupying forces. At wartime conferences, Stalin tried to get the West to accept Soviet influence in the region.

The Soviet dictator pointed out that the United States was not consulting the Soviet Union about peace terms for Italy or Japan, defeated and occupied by

Why were the Soviet Union and United States considered superpowers?

What was the Cold War?

What were Stalin’s goals for

Eastern Europe?

#8 * 8 points

#7 * 7 points

American and British troops. In the same way, Russia would determine the fate of the Eastern European lands overrun by the Red Army on its way to Berlin.

Roosevelt and Churchill rejected Stalin's view, making him promise "free elections" in Eastern Europe. Stalin ignored that pledge. Backed by the Red Army, local communists in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and elsewhere destroyed rival political parties and even assassinated democratic leaders. By 1948, Stalin had installed pro-Soviet communist governments throughout Eastern Europe.

"An iron curtain." Churchill had long distrusted Stalin. As early as 1946, on a visit to the United States, he warned of the new danger facing the war-weary world.

In the West, Churchill's "iron curtain" became a symbol of the Cold War. It expressed the growing fear of communism. More important, it described the division of Europe into an "eastern" and "western" bloc. In the East were the Soviet-dominated, communist countries of Eastern Europe. In the West were the western democracies, led by the United States.

Containing Communism Like Churchill, President Truman saw communism as an evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world, including China. To deal with that threat, the United States abandoned its traditional isolationism. Unlike after World War I, when it withdrew from global affairs, it took a leading role on the world stage after World War II.

When Stalin began to put pressure on Greece and Turkey, Truman took action. In Greece, Stalin backed communist rebels who were fighting to topple a right-wing monarchy supported by Britain. By 1947, however, Britain could no longer afford to defend Greece. Stalin was also menacing Turkey in the Dardanelles, the straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

Truman Doctrine. On March 12, 1947, Truman outlined a new policy to Congress: “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures .... The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.”

This policy, known as the Truman Doctrine, would guide the United States for decades. It made clear that Americans would resist Soviet expansion in Europe or elsewhere in the world. Truman soon sent military and economic aid and advisers to Greece and Turkey so that they could withstand the communist threat.

The Truman Doctrine was rooted in the idea of containment, limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control. George Kennan, the American statesman who first proposed this approach, believed that communism would eventually destroy itself. With "patient but firm and vigilant containment," he said, the United States could stop Soviet expansion. Stalin, however, saw containment as "encirclement" by the capitalist world that wanted to isolate the Soviet Union.

The Marshall Plan. Postwar hunger and poverty made Western European lands fertile ground for communist ideas.To strengthen democratic governments, the United States offered a massive aid package, called the Marshall Plan. Under it, the United States funneled food and economic assistance to Europe to help countries rebuild. Billions in American aid helped war-shattered Europe recover rapidly and reduced communist influence there.

President Truman also offered aid to the Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe. Stalin, however, saw the plan as a trick to knock Eastern Europe out of

How was Stalin able to get pro-Soviet governments installed in Eastern Europe after WWII?

What is the symbolic meaning of

Churchill’s “iron curtain’?

What was Truman’s view of communism?

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Define the term containment.

What was the Marshall Plan?

Explain the two views of containment.

- United States view

- Soviet Union view

the Soviet orbit. He forbade Eastern European countries to accept American aid, promising that the Soviet Union would help them instead.

Divisions in Germany. Defeated Germany became another focus of the Cold War. The Soviet Union dismantled factories and other resources in its occupation zone, using them to help rebuild Russia. Above all, the Soviets feared the danger of a restored Germany. The western Allies, however, decided to unite their zones of occupation and encouraged Germans to rebuild industries. Germany thus became a divided nation. In West Germany, the democratic nations let the people write a constitution and regain self-government. In East Germany, the Soviet Union installed a communist government tied to Moscow.

Berlin airlift. Stalin's resentment at western moves to rebuild Germany triggered a crisis over Berlin. The former German capital was occupied by all four victorious Allies even though it lay in the Soviet zone. In 1948, Stalin tried to force the western Allies out of Berlin by sealing off all railroads and highways into the western sectors of the city. The western powers responded to the blockade by mounting a round-the-clock airlift. For almost a year, cargo planes supplied West Berliners with food and fuel. Their success forced the Soviets to end the blockade.The West had won a victory in the Cold War, but the crisis deepened the hostility between the two camps.

Military alliances. In 1949, as tensions grew, the United States, Canada, and nine Western European countries formed a military alliance. It was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Members of NATO pledged to help one another if anyone of them was attacked. In 1955, the Soviet Union responded by forming its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact. It included the USSR and seven satellite states in Eastern Europe. Unlike NATO, however, the Warsaw Pact was a weapon used by the Soviets to keep its satellites in order.

The arms race. Each side in the Cold War armed itself to withstand an attack by the other. At first, the United States, which had the atomic bomb, held an advantage. But Stalin's top scientists were under orders to develop an atomic bomb. When they succeeded in 1949, the arms race was on. For four decades, the superpowers spent fantastic sums to develop new, more deadly nuclear and conventional weapons. They invested still more to improve “delivery systems” - the bombers, missiles, and submarines to launch these terrifying weapons of mass destruction. Soon, the global balance of power became, in Churchill's phrase, a “balance of terror.”

The propaganda war. Both sides campaigned in a propaganda war. The United States spoke of defending capitalism and democracy against communism and totalitarianism. The Soviet Union claimed the moral high ground in the struggle against western imperialism. Yet linked to those stands, both sides sought world power.

Looking ahead. In 1945, the world hoped for an end to decades of economic crisis, bloody dictators, and savage war. Instead, it faced new tensions. The Cold War would last for more than 40 years. Rivalry between the hostile camps would not only divide Europe but would also fuel crises around the world. It would drain the resources of the United States and exhaust those of the Soviet Union. Though it would not erupt into large-scale fighting between the two superpowers, many small wars broke out, with the superpowers championing opposite sides. Meanwhile, the spread of ominous new weapons would more than once raise the specter of global destruction.

How was Germany divided?

Describe the Berlin Airlift.

Describe the two military alliances that form after 1949.

Define arms race.

What do you think Churchill meant by the phrase “balance of terror”?

What was the position of each superpower in the propaganda war?