US Imperialism1898 - 1920

List 3 things you see in this cartoon.

Objective

• Define imperialism, isolationism, and expansionism.

• Evaluate the arguments for and against US imperialism at the end of the 19th century.

• Analyze the causes and effects (short-term & long-term) of US imperialism inside and outside the US.

Questions to think about…

• How does imperialism affect the countries that come under an imperial power? (pros and cons)

• Is imperialism always a good or bad thing?• How have US actions in the past affect our

relationships with other countries today?

US Imperialism

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United

States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its

political and economic influence around the globe.

Create a Concept Map

• Use Inspiration on your computer.• For each of the terms, create at least two

bubbles (one for the word, one with a definition/explanation in your own words).

• Include at least 3 pictures (clipart, draw, or internet)

• Be creative as you organize your concept map. For Example

Imperialism TermsWhy did the US want to expand?

• Imperialism – p.352• Expanding US Interests – p. 353-354

• George Washington’s Farewell Address• Monroe Doctrine• Seward’s Folly

• Arguments for Expansion – p. 355• Protecting Economic Growth

• Markets • Protecting American Security

• Alfred T. Mahan (Influence of Sea Power Upon History)• Great White Fleet – p.375

• Preserving American Spirit – p. 356• Manifest destiny• Henry Cabot Lodge• Social Darwinism

• Arguments Against Expansion - Anti-Imperialists – p.372-373• Moral & Political Arguments• Racial Arguments• Economic Arguments

Why did the US want to

expand?

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business Interests (Markets & Raw Interests (Markets & Raw

Materials)Materials)

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business Interests (Markets & Raw Interests (Markets & Raw

Materials)Materials)

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden

“TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE TO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES’ NEED; TO WAIT, IN HEAVY HARNESS, ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD YOUR NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES, HALF DEVIL AND HALF CHILD….”

Rudyard Kipling, 1899

“TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE TO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES’ NEED; TO WAIT, IN HEAVY HARNESS, ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD YOUR NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES, HALF DEVIL AND HALF CHILD….”

Rudyard Kipling, 1899

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5.5. Closing the American Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5.5. Closing the American Closing the American FrontierFrontier

How did the US expand in the late 19th & early 20th centuries?

How did the US expand in the late 19th & early 20th centuries?

Presidential Diplomacy• McKinley

– Open Door Policy

• Roosevelt – Big Stick Diplomacy– Roosevelt Corollary

• Taft– Dollar Diplomacy

• Wilson– Moral or Missionary Diplomacy– Mexican Revolution (Pancho Villa)

OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Who?Secretary of State John Hay for McKinley

• Target? China & Spanish American War• Goals:

– Access to ports– New Markets – No country gets special privileges– US maintains a “sphere of influence”

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Spanish American War

Complete your notes sheet as you view the powerpoint.

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and aweak and abidder for the admirationbidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whileopen behind himself whilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley the Navy in the McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and American Imperialist and American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a chocolate backbone of a chocolate éclair!éclair!

Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.Great administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated territory.”PR became an “unincorporated territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended Constitutional rights were not automatically extended

to territorial possessions.to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.vote for PR in the House.

Write down three things you see in the cartoon below.

Cartoon 21.Who is in the ship?2.What is he

holding?3.Where is he?4.What do you think

it means?

“BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY

• Who?Theodore Roosevelt (Pres. 1901-1909)

• Target? Latin America, Caribbean nations• Rationale:

– Any disorder in regions would force US to send in troops to protect its interests, investments $$$

– Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on loans

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..

1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

“BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY• Rationale cont.:

– Any disorder in regions would force US to send in troops to protect its interests, investments $$$

– Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on loans

– US takes over Panama Canal construction (complete in 1911) yellow fever

• US offered to pay Columbia, but it was slow to respond • US urges Panama to revolt, sends US ships to back rebels• Panama declares independence & US buys canal rights

from new country

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for American opportunities for American businesses.businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and should create stability and order abroad that would order abroad that would best promote America’s best promote America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY• Who? President William H. Taft• Target: Latin America, Caribbean &

Asia• Rationale:

–US relies on loans & investments to settle regions

–Favors $$ but would use military to “stabilize” nations

MORAL OR MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY• Who: President Woodrow Wilson• Target:

Latin America, Caribbean & Mexico• How it worked:

– US told nations what was wrong with their govts & how to fix them. US favors democracies

– US send military to fix problems as a last resort. (That usually happened)

– Mexico & Pancho Villa were thorns in Wilson’s side– Mexicans revolt against US-friendly leader. US investors back

dictator, but Wilson won’t recognize. Wilson briefly supported Pancho Villa, but turned on him. Villa started raiding US border towns. US sends Army, but can’t catch him.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Imperialism Terms(Ch. 10 & 12)

• Imperialism• Causes of Imperialism• Effects of Imperialism

– Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

– Hawaii– Panama

• George Washington’s Farewell Address

• Manifest Destiny• Social Darwinism• White Man’s Burden• Alfred T. Mahan

• Monroe Doctrine• Roosevelt Corollary• Big Stick Diplomacy• Dollar Diplomacy• Missionary/Moral

Diplomacy• Open Door Policy

Ways to Organize Concept Map• Definition• Policies

– Washington, Monroe, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson• Causes (what does the US need?)

– Bases, resources, markets• Effects (what did the US gain? Lose?)

– Spanish-American War, Hawaii, Panama Canal, Alaska• Arguments for Imperialism

– White Man’s Burden, Missionaries, Manifest Destiny• Arguments against Imperialism

– Anti-Imperialist League