use of gis and remote sensing in cultural resource...
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Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Cultural Resource in Cultural Resource
ManagementManagementDouglas C. Comer, Ph.D.
Principal, CSRM, Inc.
Cape Coast, Ghana WHS
US/ICOMOS Historic Preservation Project, Central RegionA joint project with Conservation International, funded by USAID/GhanaDemonstration project of the US/ICOMOS Cultural Site Analysis InitiativeUtilizing GIS technology with support of ESRI Corporation through World Heritage Site User Group program
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IssueIssueThe restored The restored Cape Coast Cape Coast Castle now Castle now attracts visitors, attracts visitors, but visitors do but visitors do not contribute not contribute substantially to substantially to the local the local economyeconomy
ObjectivesObjectives
Increase length of stay by Increase length of stay by providing services and attractions providing services and attractions that will draw visitors into the that will draw visitors into the historic townhistoric townProtect cultural resources for the Protect cultural resources for the benefit of visitors and the local benefit of visitors and the local communitycommunityBring the economic benefits of Bring the economic benefits of tourism to the local populationtourism to the local population
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Overarching IssueOverarching IssueThis can be accomplished sustainably This can be accomplished sustainably only by providing only by providing appropriate accessappropriate accessto the cultural attractions of Cape to the cultural attractions of Cape CoastCoastAttractions are better thought of as Attractions are better thought of as visitor experience opportunities, visitor experience opportunities, which are opportunities for cultural which are opportunities for cultural interactioninteractionThese include historic sites and These include historic sites and traditional use areastraditional use areas
Site Analysis ExaminesSite Analysis Examines
Environmental Environmental ParametersParametersInfrastructureInfrastructureHistoric and Historic and archaeological sites archaeological sites and districtsand districtsTraditional use areasTraditional use areas
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The Site Analysis Must be The Site Analysis Must be Conducted in Collaboration with Conducted in Collaboration with
Local GroupsLocal Groups
Local knowledge is essential, e.g., Local knowledge is essential, e.g., in the recognition of traditional use in the recognition of traditional use areasareasIndigenous capability to maintain Indigenous capability to maintain and utilize the GIS in a and utilize the GIS in a sophisticated way must be sophisticated way must be developeddeveloped
Available DataAvailable Data
Aerial photos obtained by Aerial photos obtained by Conservation International and the Conservation International and the Corona program, as well as black Corona program, as well as black and white stereo pairsand white stereo pairsPhotogrammetric maps generated Photogrammetric maps generated from aerial stereo pair photographyfrom aerial stereo pair photography1993 World Bank report1993 World Bank report1994 United Nations Development 1994 United Nations Development Program reportProgram reportLocal knowledgeLocal knowledge
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The Analysis Proceeds byThe Analysis Proceeds by
Reiteration of existing data in more Reiteration of existing data in more useful, graphical formsuseful, graphical formsExamination of spatial relationships Examination of spatial relationships among classes of dataamong classes of dataConsidering the opportunities for and Considering the opportunities for and implications of accessimplications of access
Infrastructure: Infrastructure: RoadsRoads
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Interactive Querying: ConditionInteractive Querying: Condition
Cultural Dimensions: Traditional Cultural Dimensions: Traditional Use AreasUse Areas
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Traditional Use AreasTraditional Use Areas
Note Note location location of fish of fish landing landing area in area in this this historic historic engravinengravingg
Traditional Use AreasTraditional Use Areas
Fish Fish landing landing area area remains remains in the in the same same locationlocation
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Spatial Spatial AnalysesAnalyses
Distance to Distance to historic and historic and traditional use traditional use areas from key areas from key roadsroads
Spatial Spatial AnalysesAnalyses
Viewpoints offerViewpoints offer limited access tolimited access totraditional use traditional use areas. Areas areas. Areas visible from Ft. visible from Ft. William are in William are in blue.blue.
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Potential Potential Parking Parking AreasAreas
Slope less Slope less than 3% than 3% and less and less than 68 than 68 meters meters from key from key roadsroads
Other Other Factors Factors Affecting Affecting Choice of Choice of Parking Parking AreasAreas
Existing Existing structures structures and minor and minor roadsroads
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Ground Truthing of Potential Ground Truthing of Potential Parking AreasParking Areas
InterprInterpretive etive ApplicApplicatinsatins
Interpretive ApplicationsInterpretive ApplicationsKey: purpleKey: purple--historic structures, redhistoric structures, red--traditional use traditional use areas, yellowareas, yellow--hotels and restaurants, light bluehotels and restaurants, light blue--openopen
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Graphical components of spatial Graphical components of spatial analyses can be constructed analyses can be constructed from data that is frequently from data that is frequently
availableavailableTopographic data from aerial Topographic data from aerial stereo pairsstereo pairsAerial and satellite imagery Aerial and satellite imagery provides information about provides information about environment, infrastructure, environment, infrastructure, historic and archaeological sites, historic and archaeological sites, traditional use areas.traditional use areas.
Traditional Traditional Fishing Fishing Activity Activity AreasAreas
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Plotting the Plotting the Social Social
LandscapeLandscape
Attractions and AmenitiesAttractions and Amenities
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Environmental Environmental ParametersParameters
Elevation Elevation Model Model produced from produced from data obtained data obtained through aerial through aerial photographyphotography
HydrologyHydrology
Area at lower Area at lower left suffers left suffers from erosionfrom erosion
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Analysis Analysis Results:Results:ParkingParking
A Short A Short Route to Route to
Bring Bring Visitors Into Visitors Into
the the CommunityCommunity
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Castle to Ft. Castle to Ft. William William
Overlook Overlook WalkWalk
Specialized Specialized Attractions: Attractions: Architectural Architectural
TourTour
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Spatial analyses can provide a Spatial analyses can provide a basis for:basis for:
Planning and prioritizing Planning and prioritizing infrastructure improvementinfrastructure improvementIdentifying needs for public Identifying needs for public involvementinvolvementRecognizing opportunities for Recognizing opportunities for marketing of handicrafts and marketing of handicrafts and servicesservicesPlanning interpretive programsPlanning interpretive programsEstablishing management zones and Establishing management zones and management infrastructuresmanagement infrastructures
Petra World Heritage SitePetra World Heritage Site
Satellite Remote Sensing and
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Location:Location:SW tip of SW tip of Fertile Fertile Crescent, Crescent, CrossCross--roads of roads of ContinentsContinents
Mastery of Water: Mastery of Water: Key to Nabataean Key to Nabataean
SuccessSuccess
Control of an Control of an essential resourceessential resourcePursuit by rival Pursuit by rival groups made groups made difficultdifficult•• Caravans must Caravans must
replenish at areas replenish at areas controlled by controlled by NabataeanNabataean
Control turned to Control turned to managementmanagement at Petra, at Petra, a city of 30,000a city of 30,000
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The Ancient Water Management The Ancient Water Management SystemSystem
The system directed water The system directed water toto
A field systemA field system
Through settling basins Through settling basins to cisternsto cisterns
Into reservoirs created Into reservoirs created by damsby dams
And And awayaway from from
Water Now Threatens PetraWater Now Threatens Petra
Damage to Petra’s ancient water management system is accelerating deterioration of sandstone tombs and
monuments
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System AnalysisSystem Analysis
Imagery Imagery and digital and digital elevation elevation models models (DEMS)(DEMS)•• LANDSATLANDSAT•• SIRSIR--C/XC/X--
SARSAR•• IKONOSIKONOS•• ASTERASTER•• B& W B& W
AerialsAerials
IKONOS Satellite
ASTER Satellite
Digital Digital elevation elevation
model model surface surface (Petra (Petra core core
outlined outlined in red)in red)
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ASTER ASTER ASTER ASTER image image draped draped over over ASTER ASTER digital digital elevation elevation model of model of Petra Petra landscapelandscape•• Note Note
vegetation vegetation in redin redCourtesy JPL/NASA
and Mike Abrams
Fields in IKONOS DrapeFields in IKONOS DrapeIKONOS satellite image courtesy Space Imaging
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Nabataean FieldsNabataean Fields
Terraced to slow and distribute water
Terracing and channeling
Theater: Channels and CisternsTheater: Channels and Cisterns
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Channels and Cisterns, CloseChannels and Cisterns, Close--UpUp
Precipitation Precipitation comes in comes in cloudbursts, cloudbursts, producing erosion producing erosion and monument and monument deteriorationdeterioration
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Flood Buffering Disturbed by Town Flood Buffering Disturbed by Town DevelopmentDevelopment
Flood Damage in Wadi MusaFlood Damage in Wadi MusaNovember, 1999November, 1999
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Unmanaged Water Threatens Unmanaged Water Threatens Nabataean Tombs and MonumentsNabataean Tombs and Monuments
Dissolves Dissolves ““cementcement”” that that binds sandstonebinds sandstone““SaltSalt--wedgingwedging”” greatly greatly exacerbates this exacerbates this destructive processdestructive processUndermines shells that Undermines shells that forms on sandstone forms on sandstone because of limestone dust; because of limestone dust; results in exterior spallingresults in exterior spalling
Management ApplicationsManagement Applications
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Data Collection Data Collection and Analysis and Analysis
Preliminary Analysis
Petra Visitor Circulation
Data Collection Data Collection and Analysis and Analysis
Establishing locations for all visitor services facilities:
Rest areas, Shade structures, Trash Disposal, Restrooms, Vending locations for hot and cold drinks, souvenirs, wayside exhibits, and food.
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LandscapeLandscapePlanning Planning
Establishing locations for all new visitor services.
Compatible with Desired ConditionsCompatible with Desired Conditions
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Immediate Solutions: Arrival ZoneImmediate Solutions: Arrival Zone
At existing/temporary visitor center:•Signage
Map of siteDescription of transportation alternatives/guides, servicesFee schedule (includes fee for carriage back)“Plan your visit” exhibit (time frames, water, sunscreen,
sun protection)•Self guiding map handout•Fee schedule handout•Receipt is given to be shown for entry and to horse/carriage operators
•Notice to stay off walls, out of tombs
Immediate Solutions: Arrival ZoneImmediate Solutions: Arrival Zone
At existing/temporary visitor center:•Directional signage (large overhead signs at major points, directional signage to main gate and comfort station facilities)•Keep existing vendor sales area for visitor convenience items: water, hats, sunscreen, snacks, but do not allow souvenir sales•Large comfort station capable of handling groups
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Immediate Solutions: Arrival ZoneImmediate Solutions: Arrival Zone
Main Gate:•Directional signage to horse, carriages
•Reminder to stay off walls, out of tombs•Uniformed staff•Consider larger enclosed area for horses
Immediate Solutions: Arrival ZoneImmediate Solutions: Arrival Zone
Bab Al-Siq:•Replace trash cans, schedule more frequent pick up•Roving police presence
•trained in Park rules and regulations•trained to provide visitor information and services
•Replace warning signs with less obtrusive signs•Ensure signage is consistent between languages
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Modeling of Cultural Resources: Modeling of Cultural Resources: Seeing Them in New WaysSeeing Them in New Ways
Data and PlatformsData and PlatformsAIRSAR
NASADC-8
GeoSAREarth Data
Gulfstream IISTAR-3IIntermap
Lear Jet 36
ASTERNASA
Satellite
IKONOS Space
Imaging Satellite
AVIRIS NASA ER-2MASTER NASA ER-2
RADAR
MULTISPECTRAL
HYPERSPECTRAL
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Previous Investigations: Previous Investigations: AnkorAnkor WatWat, Cambodia, Cambodia
Previous Previous InventigationsInventigations: : AnkorAnkor perspective viewperspective view
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Previous Investigations: Previous Investigations: SmanSman TengTeng Temple, Cambodia Temple, Cambodia
Remote sensing, GIS, and Remote sensing, GIS, and GPS technologies for GPS technologies for resource inventories, resource inventories,
analysis, and management analysis, and management planningplanning
Analysis of archaeological site distribution at Fort Benning Army Installation, GA
Visual encroachment model for the Petra World Heritage Site, Jordan
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Museum Museum exhibition exhibition planning planning
and designand design
Solid terrain model of Petra produced by CSRM
Above and below: Artifacts on display at Petra: Lost City of Stone Exhibition
Artifacts on display at Petra: Lost City of StoneExhibition
Petra flood interpretive video by CSRM
Analysis of satellite and Analysis of satellite and aerial data and imageryaerial data and imagery
Archaeological site inventory, San Clemente Island, CA using satellite imagery
Alterations to the Fells Point shoreline, and the profiles of docks, wharfs, and jetties in response to changes in ships and the cargos
that they conveyed. Established by georeferencing eighteenth through twenty-first century maps.
Analysis of historic mapsAnalysis of historic maps
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Mapping of Pre-Islamic Agricultural Soils, Marib YemenEnhanced Landsat satellite image
Small basaltic volcanoes
Sand dunes
Ancient agricultural soils,”anthrosols”
Location of Marib Dam
Ancient City of Marib
Ronald Blom-Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Puu Honua Puu Honua o o
Honaunau:Honaunau:Aerial Aerial
infrared infrared stereo pairsstereo pairs
Infrared Imagery Suggesting that Infrared Imagery Suggesting that MultispectralMultispectralImagery Could be Used in Archaeological InventoryImagery Could be Used in Archaeological Inventory
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Ground Truthing FeaturesGround Truthing Features
TerraSarTerraSarExtentExtentRes.Res.ModeModeSpectral Spectral
RangeRange
100km/1100km/150km50km
16 M16 MScanSarScanSar
30km/5030km/50kmkm
3 M3 MStripMapStripMap
10km/5k10km/5kmm
1 M1 MSpotlightSpotlightXX--bandband
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ASTER Carried by TERRAASTER Carried by TERRA
60km x 60k60km x 60k
ExtentExtentRes.Res.Spectral Spectral RangeRange
15m bands 115m bands 1--33
30m band 430m band 4--99
90m bands 1090m bands 10--1414
1.0.521.0.52--0.602. 0.630.602. 0.63--0.693N. 0.760.693N. 0.76--0.863B. 0.863B. 1.601.60--1.704. 1.704. 1.601.60--1.705. 2.1451.705. 2.145--2.1856. 2.1852.1856. 2.185--2.2257. 2.2352.2257. 2.235--2.2858. 2.2952.2858. 2.295--2.3659. 2.362.3659. 2.36--2.4310. 2.4310. 8.1258.125--8.47511. 8.47511. 8.4758.475--8.82512. 8.82512. 8.9258.925--9.27513. 9.27513. 10.2510.25--10.9514. 10.9514. 10.9510.95--11.6511.65
Bands are Portions of the Bands are Portions of the Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
PASSIVE
ACTIVE (RADAR)
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Determinants of leaf ReflectanceDeterminants of leaf Reflectance
Characterizing Characterizing LandcoverLandcover by by ReflectanceReflectance
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Bands are Different on Bands are Different on Different SatellitesDifferent Satellites
Combining Bands to Make Other Combining Bands to Make Other Informative Single Band ImagesInformative Single Band Images
(NIR - red) / (NIR + red)
NDVI, or normalized difference vegetative index
NDVI is a transformation
created by transforming raw image data into an entirely new image using mathematical formulas (or algorithms) to calculate the value of each pixel
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Statistical Difference Protocols Will Will Produce Many Single Band Images Produce Many Single Band Images Through Transformations Through Transformations
Greeness
Wetness
Brightness
Soil Chemistry
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
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Foundationdetected withSIR-C/X-SAR,Petra, Jordan
RadarRadar
The ability of radar to detect archaeological sites has been established
TOPSAR mode produces DEMS for both orthorectification and direct detection.
RadarRadar
Reflectors and scatterers:Reflectors and scatterers:
TopographyTopography
Structure (e.g., of vegetation, Structure (e.g., of vegetation, buildings, walls); especially buildings, walls); especially angular, regular geometric angular, regular geometric patternpattern
Surficial Roughness (e.g., ice, Surficial Roughness (e.g., ice, water, rock, rock scatters)water, rock, rock scatters)
Dielectric PropertyDielectric Property
(1)(3)
(2)
(1) surface scattering, (2) volume scattering, (3) double-bounce scattering
Differential Scattering Phenomenology
The perfect target: metal corner reflectors
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Radar at San Clemente IslandRadar at San Clemente Island
San Clemente IslandSan Clemente Island
Pixel AveragedAIRSAR Image
Image Enhancement and “Trained Eye”
Most Efficient Protocol:
Gamma-MAP with 3 by 3 pixel window
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Multispectral Imagery
ASTER Image(April, 2002)
Line from Ledge Site to Lemon Tank Site (seen below, photo taken looking north) extends to Two Harbors area of Santa Catalina Island, site of largest settlement there.
IR and NIR at San ClementeIR and NIR at San Clemente
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Drawing of LT-53 from site records
Standard Image Processing Software Functionality
Multispectral Multispectral ““Trained EyeTrained Eye””
Correct Location
Used to re-locate some sites
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Standard Image Processing AlgorithmsStandard Image Processing Algorithms
IKONOS Multi-spectral Imagery:
Tassel Cap Transformation used to highlight archaeological sites
Why are Sites Visible? Why are Sites Visible?
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Example Example from CVV from CVV Returns: Returns:
Note Note Difference Difference
in in DistributionDistributionSites Should be Sites Should be
Less EvidentLess Evident
Red Red Polygons Polygons
are are ““Bright Bright SitesSites””
They are Simply
Brighter than Immediate
Surroundings
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Two Step Statistical Test of Two Step Statistical Test of DifferenceDifference
Step 1: Test Difference of Means between:Step 1: Test Difference of Means between:
1. Mean of all pixel values within archaeological site 1. Mean of all pixel values within archaeological site polygons, andpolygons, and
2. Mean of all pixel values within an equal number of 2. Mean of all pixel values within an equal number of randomly selected polygons of equal sizerandomly selected polygons of equal size
These should be the same if the populations from These should be the same if the populations from which values were drawn are the same.which values were drawn are the same.
Known Known Sites and Sites and
Selection of Selection of Random Random SamplesSamples
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Testing the Null Hypothesis:Testing the Null Hypothesis:21: xxHo =
The null hypothesis is that the two sets of samples are drawn from the same universe of values. If so, the difference between the means of the two samples will be less than 1.96 standard deviations of the difference of the means. Or:
( nxn
/11
∑ )-( nxn
/21
∑ )<1.96 nn /2/1 σσ +
LHH Step 1 Difference of Means TestLHH Step 1 Difference of Means Test
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The Null The Null Hypothesis is Hypothesis is
FalseFalsefor All Key for All Key
VectorsVectors
Test of Two Test of Two Random Random Samples:Samples:
Results Indicate Results Indicate That the Island That the Island Constitutes a Constitutes a
Single Universe Single Universe
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Two Step Statistical Test of Two Step Statistical Test of Difference of MeansDifference of Means
Step 2: Test Difference of Means between:Step 2: Test Difference of Means between:
1. Means of all 1. Means of all individual individual pixel values within pixel values within archaeological site polygons, andarchaeological site polygons, and
2. Means of all 2. Means of all individual individual pixel values within an equal pixel values within an equal number of randomly selected polygons of equal sizenumber of randomly selected polygons of equal size
These will be the same if the populations from which These will be the same if the populations from which values were drawn (i.e., site and random) affect values were drawn (i.e., site and random) affect returns in the same way and to the same degree.returns in the same way and to the same degree.
Difference of Means Results for the Difference of Means Results for the Occurrence of One Pixel ValueOccurrence of One Pixel Value
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LVV Step 2 LVV Step 2 Difference of Means TestDifference of Means Test
Boolean Boolean Combination Combination
of Two of Two VectorsVectors
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Most Informative Available Images Most Informative Available Images for Santa Catalina Islandfor Santa Catalina Island
Two SingleTwo Single--Band Image AnalysisBand Image Analysis
Two-image layer signaturesGreen areas are signatures for habitation sites as developed from both NDVI AND slope data, yellow areas are signatures developed from either NDVI OR slope data, blue dots are known habitation sites from which signatures were developed.
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Three SingleThree Single--Band Image AnalysisBand Image Analysis
Entire Island showing habitation site signatures developed with software prototype
Three SingleThree Single--Band Image AnalysisBand Image Analysis
Close up of habitation site signatures developed with software prototype
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Contact InformationContact Information
Douglas C. ComerDouglas C. Comer•• [email protected]@culturalsite.com•• 202 345202 345--60306030•• www.culturalsite.comwww.culturalsite.com