Strategies forWasteManagement

Editors

V. MurugesanR. JayabalouS. NanjundanM. Palanichamy

-

(j)r/I~.//71 j.-\/

~ MoD,~&~.IJ... {J.A~/?y0e:r.~~, ~~

Proceedin gs of thtfSth :~>'" ., \ ., ( . - \\ -.,;l'~\ (.0( "Asian Academic Network for

Environmental Safety and Waste ManagementDecember 10 - 13, 2006

Editors

V. MurugesanR. JayabalouS. NanjundanM. Palanichamy

Organised by

Department of Chemistryand

!:'Centre with Potential for Excellence in Environmental Science

Anna University, Chennai 600 025( ,I r".,,;;.,)'- / _ , .: .-' ,-, -A . . .",?\ OJ 1 '

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II E-Wastc

14. Cannibalizing used PCs in government sector: Malaysia E-waste project 75

3 Mus/ala Man, Md Yazid Mohd Saman and Wan Aezwani Wan Abu Bakar15. Conceptual model for E-waste recycle and reuse 87

15 Arunoday Chakraborty, Rajat Chakraborty and Anjali Srivastava16. Electronics waste materials physicochemical analyses and remedial

23 measures 89

r Ramachandramoorthy25 17. E-waste: A serious problem for our planet 91

R. AIolorvi::hi

27 III Solid Waste Treatment & Recycling (SWT & R)

IX. Solid waste management in Bangladesh: The present and future 9929 Iv/.Habibur Rahman

II). Leaching characteristics of dioxins from MSW landfills containing33 incineration residues 103

}illlg-.Iill Kim, ......ollg-}i.'('110m ami f)ol1g-llool1 1,('('20. Use of GIS for logistics management and spatial planning for solid waste

35 I '\management: A case study for Dhaka city corporation III

JId Mafi::ur Rahman, Mohammad Ali and A.l.A. Chowdhury43 I. Asian regional research networking tor sustainable solid waste landfill

management 121

49Kurian Joseph, C. Visvanathan, Chart Chiemchaisri, Gongming Zhou andS.FA. Basnayake

"'\"'\Refuse derived fuel - renewable energy from municipal solid waste

55 current practice and perspectives in Malaysia 127

Puvaneswari Ramasamy3. Integrating local and foreign technology and resources to solve the MSW

63 management problem in Malaysia 129i

Sivapalan Kathiravale, Muhd Noor Muhd Yunusand Mohamad Puad Abu4. Isotope hydrology for groundwater contamination studies in sanitary

65 I landfill at Pulau Burung, Penang, Malaysia 131

Mohd Tadza Ahdul Rahman, Ismail Abustan, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid and

Komarudin Samuding

Proceedings of/he 8'" AANESWM, December IO-l3. 2006

Anna Universi/y. Chennai. pp. III - 120

USE OF GIS FOR LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AND SPATIAL

fapanl PLANNING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDYFOR DHAKA CITY CORPORATION

Md. Mathur Rahmanl*, Mohammad Ali2 and A.LA. ChowdhuryJ'Department of Civil Engineering; 2Environmental Engineering, Bangladesh University

of Engineering and Technology; 3Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh*Corresponding author: mafiz@agni.com

. Waste management is a global environmcntal issue which concerns about both

d.economicaland environmental problems. Bangladesh, being a densely populated country:.,,::with rapid growth of urbanization, faces these problems immensely. There has to be

\~, 3ppropriateplanning for proper waste management by means of analysis of the waste::fsituationof the area. This paper would deal with, how Geographical Information System

.icanbe uscd as a decision support tool for planning waste management. A model is designedp.'forthe case study area in Dhaka city for the purpose of planning waste management. The

~suggestions for amendments in the system through GIS based model would reduce the

;;'waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the SWM

~+,problemsin the case study area. The waste management issues are considered to solve

~;tOI11eof the present situation problems like proper allocation and relocation of waste bins,ncbeckfor unsuitability and proximity convenience due to waste bin to the users, for the} Rquiredareas and future suggestions. The model on DCC study area data for the analysis

~. f'andtheresults will suggest some modification in the existing system which is expected tok'I ',.

. reducethe waste management workload to a certain extent.

Introduction

. Dhaka, which is emerging as a mega city with a population of over 10 million,is beset with problems of urban influx, inadequate infrastructure, and overburden

managcmcnt capacity. Growing waste volume in this city has become one of the criticalsocia-economic and technical concerns like any other developing cities of the world. At

present,the waste generation rate in Dhaka is around 0.5 kg/day per capita. The rate isDotconsiderably high compared with the rate of other developing countries; however,

, thetotal amount of the waste generation is around 5,000 tonn. per day due to its large

III

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Solid Waste Treatment & Recycling

population. The generated waste, which shall be disposed appropriately in the future, will

increase rapidly due to the economic and population growth. lL is, therdore, pen;eivcd

that appropriate waste management measures are urgently needed to keep the city clean.

"The Geographic Infonnation System (GIS) helps to manipulate data in the computerto simulate alternatives and to take the most effective decisions". A comprehensive

GIS project for solid waste management, for the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) can

restructure the entire system of garbage collection, disposal and monitoring using GIS-MIS-GPS. Therefore. GIS-MIS-GPS for Solid Waste Management (SWM) envisions afuture where GIS is recognized as an integral and indispensable information tool for civic

management, serving the integrated infonnation needs of the citizens.

The objectives of the project

The specific objectives of this study include:

To mah: (iiS as a tool 14)("making decisions on investment in infrastructure1;I\;ilitics.

To make it as an effective & ellicient mechanism for managing the garbage.

Route optimization-shortest path from the collection point to the

dumping yard.· To maximize all the infrastructure facilities used.

· To help in making decisions about the sorting area, disposal area, truck routes

and transfer station justification.

· To optimize the number of collection points and transport of garbage.

· To maximize the collection coverage, optimize fuel efficiency.

· To optimize the transportation of garbage from collection points todump-yards.

Use of GIS

One of the objectives of GIS in the study was to prepare tabular data for the presentevaluation and the future prediction about solid waste and to prepare map production(Figure 1).

In order to apply GIS to the study, it is necessary to understand the use of GISclearly and also make it clear the design of database in the process. It should be understood

112

that (

as a ~

From

updat

.

.

--

thatGIScan not solve problemsand issues,but GIS can supportthe practicalplanningasa supporting tool. Contribution of GIS activity in the study is mentioned in Figure 2.Frompoint of view about facility management in GIS, if once established those databases,updatingand maintenance would be easier for DCe.

Diagram of the use of GIS to SWM

Dala Analysis and labulalion

IPotential of Land Use I

~uiltup.re.

~Ie.re.

~.rt". (ordCC'\'clopmcnt

- Type o(waste on land ule-Identification of SW generationsources-CalculatOR of was Ie quantitiesin each waste

Overlay analysis and Cross matrixanalysis among thematic maps

Tabuladon of data on ward or Zone

Repartation for waste typeDefinition of urban areaII

r ~

I Evalution or SW II ~eneration and 1I quantities IJ

r ,I EvaltltionofSW I

generationand I: Prediction of future IL ~\Y ~n_!.r!!I!...n!..._ JIT

Tabular data on the wards-wizeand the zone-wise in the study

~e~

GIS data orSWM racility:

QJSWM racillty:-waste container,-dustbin.- illegal dumping sites,-open dumping Ipo4-hospital" Clinic"

Dilgon.slle centers

GIS maps suporting to master planor SWM

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram for the use of GIS

GIS data resources used in the study were as follows:

· Ward-wise tabular and analysis data such as population, statistic data etc.

· SWM facility data concerning to the primary collection such as wastecontainer, dustbin, illegal dumping site and open dumping spot, medicalfacilities about hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers.

· Thematic maps of Geographic Information produce by the JICA studyin SOB: The Study on Urban Information Management for GreaterDhaka City.· Land use, land condition, social economic condition and building and housingtype relating to solid waste generation sources, road condition concerning toaccessibility to collection vehicle and administrative boundaries concerning

113

Solid WasIl' T,.ealllll'lIl (~ Rl'qdillg

to population census and grand elevation relating to flooding to make aninfluence for SWM operation in flood season.

In the study area it was extremely difficult to acquire the latest and the most reli-able basic data, so it became important data resources for topographic map and thematicmaps compiled on those base maps.

Process of study

Survey activities relating topreparation for master plan

!

The use of GIS

Production of geographic information data in thestudyProduction of geographic information data usingexisting data

Figure 2 Relation between the process of study and the use of GIS

Appropriate setup of waste containers

transto coofthshall

FigU!dust!colle

6,87:the vwast6 m3

The waste bins are needed to be located at suitable locations so that households

can find the bins at walking distance. Moreover, Huda identified that very low profiletechnology which is used by Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is one of the reasons behindthe inadequate management of solid waste in Dhaka city. Under these circumstances,1 Figthere is a possibility to use modern technology to deal with this specific problem andtoimprove the overall solid waste management (SWM) situation as well. The collectionand

114

Practical condition for

preparation of master plan:-Prehension,-Analysis,- Evaluation,- Prediction

I

Monitoring and maintenance ofmaster plan

GIS functions:

- Display of information - Data query anddisplay- Survey and analysis - Link of relevantdata

- Overlay and tabulation by query-Production of thematic map and evaluation map-Map printing

I

Application development for solid wastemanagement: Monitoring and supporting ofplan, updating of data base, facility managementand other application developments

ke an

t reii-matic

1the

smg~...._-

and

:vant

map

transportplan proposes the shifting of existing main collection vehicles from open truckstocontainercarriers gradually considering the higher collection and transport efficiencyofthe container carrier by 4 times of the open trucks. Dustbins collected by open truck

shallbereplacedby 6 m3containersaccordingly.

Dusthins and waste containers concentrate the south area of DCC as shown in

Figure3 originally prepared for SWM GIS maps. The GIS data also shows 688 places ofdustbinswith 3,837 m3and 383 units of6 m3and 12 m3waste containers of3,036 m3in the

collection service area of DCC. The present storage volume of dustbins and containers,

6.873m3, arc equivalent to store waste approximately 1,700 ton, which is about half of

the waste generation amount of 3,200 t/d estimated for 2004. As the collection ratio of

wasteincreases, the storage capacity of receptacles of waste shall be increased by placing

6 mJwaste containers accordingly.

Location of Dustbins and\Vastc Containscrs in DCC

legMd Locotloo of DtJslblnsend wast..,. Contl!llne~ in Wards

DDCClcalle'

~~;~,:c;~~.:;~'O"'_'. ,,,...,,...... ""._1..,""",_..." " ,.

1'\.1 :::: :.~: ::~~~~ :"'~:::~'~d,n ",."'".~o.ct '_I " "'...

Figure3 Location of dustbins and waste containers in DCe (As of September 2004)

115

-- --

Solid Wasle Trealmelll & Re(~,'CIillg

Responding to the procurement/operation of new container carriers, new containersshall be placed to the locations of dustbins to be abandoned or at the appropriate placewhere there is no obstacle to the traffic and is convenient for access by the containercarriers. In addition, placement of waste containers at new locations will also be requireddue to the present shortage of the volume of receptacles and for the additional volumederived from the yearly increase of waste generation amount and the plan to increase the

\waste collection ratio from 44% at present to 61% in 2015. Taking up Ward-6 for thecase study, the setup of new waste containers is designed as presented in Table 1. Asshown in the Table 1, thirteen (13) units of 6 m3containers shall be placed immediatelyto achieve the collection ratio of 44 % at 2004. For reference, the new containers were

setup in relation with the location of existing containers as shown in Figure 4. These newlocations and the numbers of waste containers per site shall be verified at each site inconsideration of the site conditions and the served population.

Reducing the loading time of open truck and route optimization

Time and Motion Survey conducted by the Study Team revealed that the presentloading time of open truck takes 45% to 56% of total collection and transport time.Reducing 50% of the loading time or 2 hours assuming the working hours for 8 hourswill increase the transport capacity by the rate of 0.5 tonn.lhour to 0.6 tonn./hour. In orderto shorten the unloading time, manpower of street cleaners will be helpful. Some of theman street cleaners working nearby the dustbins shall assist the truck cleaners after twohours morning sweeping work. This operation requires the open truck to have a regular; APItime collection work everyday to tie up with the manpower of street cleaners.

Table 1 Required numbers of 6 m3waste containers in ward 6

116

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roadssoil~

.

YearItem

2004 2010 2015

Waste Generation Amount - ton/day (m3/day) 85 (340) 106 (424)127(508)

Planned Waste Collection Amount -m3/day 150-44% 223-52.5%335-66%

Existing Volume of Waste Containers -m3 71 71 71

Required Volume of New Waste Containers - m3 74 152 264

Required Numbers of 6 m3Containers -unit 13 26 44

Route optimization-shortest path from the collection point to the dumping yard,maximizeall the infrastructure facilities used, optimize the number of collection points

andtransportof garbage and optimize the transportation of garbage from collection pointstodump-yardsis solved by using GIS-MIS-GPS as a tool for making decisions.

Lagond

,.

PrOf'o,~d COV<Nnge.ril!'8 from ne-w ". oonlalnerL-:J tOOmCovar.g. arM 1r::::J 200m COVWIf.ge__2C ~onm C-.IIO'" Au",..3..,.., 01w..,,, (I,..I..h,...

t'-] \,...,"' r:."""...",..1l.ll.lBtHlK L)u1l\bln,/WfUI\e Container.[=:J 1M m Cm '.".. ..,...,l. J ,'111,n C",--OIU" ..-:I('::'J ~1tH),,' (:0 '''. ~,U\'"Ablnlwll_.. Cort'.I.......

tP Du!'llhln!t. WflfiI...Conl.in....

Figure 4 Urgent setup of new containers in ward 6 (case study)

Appropriate location of landfill sites

The factor to be considered in the case of locating landfill site were related to

roads,openwater,protectedareas, urban, rural residentialareas, soil pemleabilityandsoiltype, land use/land cover and distance to transportation routes.

· Proximity to surface water· Distance from transportation routes

· Distance from environmentally sensitive or protected areas

· Distance from urban areas

· Distance from rural settlements areas

· Landfoml and Soil TypeLand lIsdland cover

Haul distance

117

Solid Was/e Trea/men/ & Re<:I'<:IiIl~

At present, approximately two-thirds of waste discharged in Dhaka is transported .to Matuail Disposal Site and one-third is transported to Bali Band. After closure of BaliBand and open of Amin Bazar Disposal Site, the spatial condition of Wards for accessingto the disposal sites will change. The Figure 5 shows the spatial relation of zones tothe disposal sites in future. All the Zones are covered within 15 km radius from eitherMatuail for Zone-I to Zonc-5 or "min Bazar for Zonc-6 to Zone-I O. The future waste

generation amount of each ofthe 5 zones is estimated almost half and halt: With regardtothe mentioned spatial relation, the whole DCe's Zones shall be divided into the coverageareas of either Matuail or Amin Bazar for the benefits of transport distance, time and thefuel cost.

Figure 5 Divisions of zones with relation to the future disposal sites

RecommendationsEstablishment of management frame for the use of GIS

A goal for the GIS installation in each organization of Dee is reconfirmed, andaim of database development makes it clear. The frame of the GIS application and the

development of a database are established to make it promote the integration of theinformation. The following item is made the target of the GIS installation for the businessmodel of DeC

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· SWM: Facility management for SWM facilities, primary collection andsecondary collection service, collections and transport service, monitoring ofdumping and environmental management and others.

· Urban planning: Land use planning, urban development planning, buildingcontrol, public facility management and public services, urban facilitiesmanagement, education and medical, transportation, disaster management,environmental management and others.

· DCC business control management: residence registration, building andhousing registration and taxation and others.

'Completionof GIS ward map and data cleaning

The present data may be satisfied for cartography purpose, but data is not available

I.~... GISoperations because data specifications are not good for every data in all wards.Thereare no rules and no unifications about data as follows: different naming offile name

jaeach ward, different data structure among files in each ward, demarcation problems off.:'definiteboundaries and etc.

FCapacity building of human resource

,. Human resources in charge orGIS must be developed to implement GIS operation

Jio the practical management. Operational abilities of GIS stuffs should be increased~dIroughonjob training.It is necessaryto growGIS stuffsand to educatethe operation

. skill..,

; Establishmentof information infrastructure

Information Infrastructure should be established by data exchange among relevant~. agencies.There are several tasks to support GIS data to relevant agencies and to uses:GISdatafromrelevantagenciesin Bangladeshgovernment.Thereare not muchreliable

it,ographic maps to cover with Dhaka Metropolitan Area. At the present, large scales of~tIipographicmaps are being prepared by SOB though the JICA study.1;References

A. Ogra, Logistics management and spatial planning for solid waste managementsystemusing geographic information system.

GJ. Lunkapis, GIS as decision support tool for landfills silting.

119

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. -

i

Salid Waste Treatment& Recycling f4. M. Tolba, SolId Waste Management: A geo-envlronmemal apprual.:11uSlIlg 1t:IIIUlC;

sensing data and GIS. t5. O. Apaydin and M.T. Gonullu, Route optimization for solid waste collection

I

.

Trabzon (Turkey) Case study.

6. O. Aurobindo, Municipal applications of GIS for effective solid wastemanagement, workshop on solid waste management systems, Dehradun (2002). .

7. R. Vijay, A. Gupta, A.S. Kalamdhad and S. Dcvotta, Estimation and allocation ofsolid waste to bin through geographical information systems.

8. R.U. Koelpin and LA. Goldblatt, GIS development in the hazardous waste geologysection, Office of solid and hazardous waste management, Indiana Department ofEnvironmental Management.

9. S.M. Ahmed, Using GIS in solid waste management planning: A case study for

Aurangabad, India, Final Master's Thesis (2006).

10. S.M. Anwar, Solid waste management and GIS, M.Phil Thesis (2004).

120

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