USES OF USES OF PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLESLatin II Grammar Review: Lesson Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 5c5c

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

Translation of participles is Translation of participles is determined by their usedetermined by their use1.1. AdjectivesAdjectives2.2. Nouns (Substantive Adjectives)Nouns (Substantive Adjectives)3.3. Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses4.4. Active and Passive PeriphrasticActive and Passive Periphrastic5.5. Ablative AbsoluteAblative Absolute

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

1. Participles as Adjectives:1. Participles as Adjectives: Remember, participles are part Remember, participles are part

adjectivesadjectives They can describe nouns and pronounsThey can describe nouns and pronouns Must agree in case, number, and Must agree in case, number, and

gendergender Miles vulneratus mortuus est.Miles vulneratus mortuus est. … … puerpuerō ō in viin viāā ambulanti ambulanti

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

2. Participles as Nouns2. Participles as Nouns Just like regular adjectives, Just like regular adjectives,

participles may be used participles may be used substantively – like nounssubstantively – like nouns

Bonus – a good manBonus – a good man Vulneratus – a wounded manVulneratus – a wounded man

The ending is masculine and singular – The ending is masculine and singular – a man…a man…

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

3. Dependent Clauses3. Dependent Clauses Participles can be used as part of a Participles can be used as part of a

dependent clause introduced by the dependent clause introduced by the words words who, which, while, when, after, who, which, while, when, after, since, because, although, ifsince, because, although, if, etc., etc. Agricola servum Agricola servum in agrin agrīīs laborantem s laborantem

vocavit.vocavit. The farmer called the slave The farmer called the slave who was who was

working in the fieldsworking in the fields..

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

Translations for dependent clauses Translations for dependent clauses vary depending on contextvary depending on context

The tense of the participle is relative The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb:to the main verb: Present participle occurs at the Present participle occurs at the same same

time time as main verbas main verb Perfect participle occurs Perfect participle occurs beforebefore the main the main

verbverb Future participle occurs Future participle occurs after after the main the main

verbverb

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

4. Active Periphrastic4. Active Periphrastic Indicates an intentionIndicates an intention Form = Future Active Participle + Form = Future Active Participle +

form of sumform of sum Puer librum Puer librum lecturus estlecturus est..

The boy The boy is going to read is going to read the book.the book.The boy The boy plans to read plans to read the book.the book.

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

5. Passive Periphrastic5. Passive Periphrastic Indicates a necessityIndicates a necessity Form = Future Passive Participle + Form = Future Passive Participle +

form of sumform of sum Accompanied by a Dative of AgentAccompanied by a Dative of Agent Liber puerLiber puerōō legendus estlegendus est..

It is necessary It is necessary for the boy for the boy to read to read the book.the book.

The book The book must be read must be read by the boy.by the boy.

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

6. Ablative Absolute6. Ablative Absolute Explains the circumstances under Explains the circumstances under

which an action occurswhich an action occurs Form: Substantive, in the ablative, Form: Substantive, in the ablative,

modified by a participle.modified by a participle. Translation: Translation: “with “with being being ””

““with with having having been been ””

““with with about about to be to be ””

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

Examples:Examples:   CenCenāā parat paratāā cibum edimus.cibum edimus.

With the dinner having been preparedWith the dinner having been prepared, , we ate the food.we ate the food.

  Hostibus victHostibus victīīs s Romani urbem Romani urbem occupaverunt.occupaverunt. With the enemies having been With the enemies having been

conqueredconquered, the Romans seized the city., the Romans seized the city.

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

If an active participle is used, it may have a If an active participle is used, it may have a direct object (using case required by verbal).direct object (using case required by verbal).

Caesare Galliam vincente Caesare Galliam vincente res publica magna erit.res publica magna erit. With Caesar conquering GaulWith Caesar conquering Gaul, the Republic will be , the Republic will be

great.great. DiscipulDiscipulīīs magistrs magistrōō credentibus credentibus laborem laborem

confecerunt.confecerunt. Credo, credere, credidi, creditus – a, um to believe Credo, credere, credidi, creditus – a, um to believe

(w/ dat.)(w/ dat.) With the students believing their teacherWith the students believing their teacher, they , they

completed their work.completed their work.

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

sum, esse, fui, futurus sum, esse, fui, futurus has no present has no present active participle. active participle. sum’ssum’s participle may be omitted. participle may be omitted.

May consist of two nouns or a noun and May consist of two nouns or a noun and an adjective (participle is a verbal adj).an adjective (participle is a verbal adj).

Caesare duceCaesare duce, hostem vincemus., hostem vincemus. With Caesar as our leaderWith Caesar as our leader, we will conquer the , we will conquer the

enemy.enemy.

Use of ParticiplesUse of Participles

Ablative Absolute is Ablative Absolute is not used not used if the if the participle is playing participle is playing another grammatical another grammatical role role in the sentence (i.e. modifying the in the sentence (i.e. modifying the subject or direct object).subject or direct object).

Hostes Hostes nos persequentes nos persequentes fugere non fugere non possum.possum. I am not able to flee from the enemy pursuing I am not able to flee from the enemy pursuing

us.us.

Auxilium Auxilium nobis allatum nobis allatum nos servabit.nos servabit. The aid The aid brought to us brought to us will save us.will save us.