2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2

The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce (USHCC) was founded on the notion that the

success of the American economy is inextricably linked to the success of the Hispanic business

community. We firmly believe that, when we work together to create prosperity for Hispanic

entrepreneurs and the Hispanic workforce, the entire country benefits. That is why we are deeply

proud to represent this ambitious and entrepreneurial community as the USHCC President & CEO.

The purpose of the 2019 Policy Platform is to outline the policy positions of the USHCC and highlight

the economic impact of the Hispanic community. In America, there are 4.37 million Hispanic-owned

businesses that, together, contributed over $700 billion dollars to the U.S. economy last year.1 Hispanic

people are starting businesses at three times the rate of the general population, and half of all new

Hispanic entrepreneurs are women.2 Overall, Hispanics in the U.S. have a purchasing power of $1.5

trillion dollars and comprise 17 percent of the American workforce.3 4

Despite the economic contributions of the Hispanic community, Hispanic Business Enterprises face

(HBEs) undue barriers that create challenges to starting, running, and scaling a business. Researchers

at the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative estimate that, if Hispanic-owned businesses scaled as

quickly as non-minority-owned businesses, there would be an additional $1.47 trillion in the American

economy.

The USHCC is committed to closing the $1.47 trillion opportunity gap for the betterment of the

American economy. When our legislators craft policies that support the Hispanic population, jobs are

created. We have better goods and services. We are more competitive as a nation. On behalf of the

Hispanic business community, we look forward to working with our leaders in government to build a

stronger economy and stronger country.

Respectfully,

Ramiro Cavazos Carmen Castillo

President & CEO Chairwoman of the Board of Director

United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce

ACCESS, MANAGEMENT, AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL ……………........................…… 3

EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT………….........................................… 6

HEALTH ………………………………………………………......................................................… 8

IMMIGRATION ……………………………………………………….......................................…… 10

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCE …………………....................................…… 13

TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ………………….............................................… 15

REFERENCES ….…………………………………………………………………..............................… 17

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2

The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce (USHCC) was founded on the notion that the

success of the American economy is inextricably linked to the success of the Hispanic business

community. We firmly believe that, when we work together to create prosperity for Hispanic

entrepreneurs and the Hispanic workforce, the entire country benefits. That is why we are deeply

proud to represent this ambitious and entrepreneurial community as the USHCC President & CEO.

The purpose of the 2019 Policy Platform is to outline the policy positions of the USHCC and highlight

the economic impact of the Hispanic community. In America, there are 4.37 million Hispanic-owned

businesses that, together, contributed over $700 billion dollars to the U.S. economy last year.1 Hispanic

people are starting businesses at three times the rate of the general population, and half of all new

Hispanic entrepreneurs are women.2 Overall, Hispanics in the U.S. have a purchasing power of $1.5

trillion dollars and comprise 17 percent of the American workforce.3 4

Despite the economic contributions of the Hispanic community, Hispanic Business Enterprises face

(HBEs) undue barriers that create challenges to starting, running, and scaling a business. Researchers

at the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative estimate that, if Hispanic-owned businesses scaled as

quickly as non-minority-owned businesses, there would be an additional $1.47 trillion in the American

economy.

The USHCC is committed to closing the $1.47 trillion opportunity gap for the betterment of the

American economy. When our legislators craft policies that support the Hispanic population, jobs are

created. We have better goods and services. We are more competitive as a nation. On behalf of the

Hispanic business community, we look forward to working with our leaders in government to build a

stronger economy and stronger country.

Respectfully,

Ramiro Cavazos Carmen Castillo

President & CEO Chairwoman of the Board of Director

United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce

ACCESS, MANAGEMENT, AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL ……………........................…… 3

EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT………….........................................… 6

HEALTH ………………………………………………………......................................................… 8

IMMIGRATION ……………………………………………………….......................................…… 10

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCE …………………....................................…… 13

TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ………………….............................................… 15

REFERENCES ….…………………………………………………………………..............................… 17

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Ensure Equitable Access to Capital

Accessing capital is one of the greatest challenges faced by business owners,

especially owners of small and mid-sized firms. Ninety percent of small

business owners in the United States believe that the inability to access 5capital hinders their success. Big banks approve only 2 out of 10 loan

requests from small business owners, and unregulated alternative 6lenders sometimes engage in predatory practices.

Challenges to capital access are exacerbated for minority business

owners. According to the Minority Business Development Agency

(MBDA), minority-owned businesses are less likely to receive loans 7than non-minority-owned businesses with the same credentials.

Minority-owned firms that do acquire loans receive 57 percent less than 8non-minority businesses.

It is imperative that every capital provider commit to equitable debt and

equity investment for all businesses and entrepreneurs, regardless of race,

gender, sexual orientation, or disability. The USHCC seeks to promote both

debt and equity capital solutions for Hispanic business enterprises (HBEs).

Increase Access to a Range of Diverse Lenders

All capital providers have a role to play in expanding responsible access to

capital. This includes large and small banks, corporations, pension funds, insurance companies,

community-owned credit providers, credit unions, venture capital funds, private equity funds, angel

investors, family offices, and more. We encourage all capital providers to boldly support the growth of

HBEs that are part of their supply chains, communities, and business networks. The USHCC stands

ready to work with all institutions to ensure that capital and opportunities are flowing to Hispanic

business owners. Additionally, we support the development of more minority-owned

and minority-focused financial institutions.

90%

Access, Management, and Control of Capital

of small business

owners in the

United States

believe that the

inability to access

capital hinders

their success.

57%

Utilize the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

The USHCC supported the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of

2017 because it included a 20 percent pass-through 9deduction for small businesses. This provision of

the new tax code increases cash flow for small

business owners, helping businesses to scale. The

USHCC aims to work with the federal government

to help Hispanic business owners comply with the

new tax code and take advantage of the small

business deduction.

In addition, the USHCC is strongly supportive of the

opportunity zones created by the Tax Cuts and Jobs

Act. The zones create tax incentives to encourage

investment in businesses and real estate located in

distressed communities. According to researchers,

there are more than $6 trillion dollars in unrealized

capital gains between individual and corporate 10investors. We encourage investors to take

advantage of designated opportunity zones and

invest in distressed areas, all while remaining

committed to the needs of local communities.

We also encourage policymakers to consider the detriments of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts and take

appropriate action to reign in the rising deficit and ensure that tax burdens are lifted for families of all

income levels.

Help Hispanic Business Owners Leverage Federal Resources

We encourage Hispanic business owners to participate in government and public-private initiatives

that facilitate both capital access and effective management of capital. For example, the Small

Business Administration (SBA), U.S. Department of the Treasury, and the Minority Business

Development Agency (MBDA) have a variety of programs that can be leveraged by business owners.

Through the SBA, small businesses can connect with reliable lenders, receive an “SBA credit score” that

can help them qualify for loans, and take advantage of streamlined processing for loans under 11$350,000. The SBA also has regional Small Business Development Centers, some of which are

housed in Hispanic chambers of commerce across the country. For example, through the small

business development center in the Orange County Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, business owners

can access technical assistance and find funding for their businesses.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides access to microloans and flexible financing for small

businesses. Through the Community Development and Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI Fund), the

Treasury provides loans, financial services, and technical assistance to underserved populations. The

USHCC seeks to address the underutilization of these programs by Hispanic business owners. We

encourage federal agencies to develop initiatives to increase Hispanic business participation, such as

Spanish-language resources and outreach to our nationwide network of local Hispanic chambers.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Minority-ownedfirms that do acquire loans receive 57 percent less than non-minority businesses.

4 5

Ensure Equitable Access to Capital

Accessing capital is one of the greatest challenges faced by business owners,

especially owners of small and mid-sized firms. Ninety percent of small

business owners in the United States believe that the inability to access 5capital hinders their success. Big banks approve only 2 out of 10 loan

requests from small business owners, and unregulated alternative 6lenders sometimes engage in predatory practices.

Challenges to capital access are exacerbated for minority business

owners. According to the Minority Business Development Agency

(MBDA), minority-owned businesses are less likely to receive loans 7than non-minority-owned businesses with the same credentials.

Minority-owned firms that do acquire loans receive 57 percent less than 8non-minority businesses.

It is imperative that every capital provider commit to equitable debt and

equity investment for all businesses and entrepreneurs, regardless of race,

gender, sexual orientation, or disability. The USHCC seeks to promote both

debt and equity capital solutions for Hispanic business enterprises (HBEs).

Increase Access to a Range of Diverse Lenders

All capital providers have a role to play in expanding responsible access to

capital. This includes large and small banks, corporations, pension funds, insurance companies,

community-owned credit providers, credit unions, venture capital funds, private equity funds, angel

investors, family offices, and more. We encourage all capital providers to boldly support the growth of

HBEs that are part of their supply chains, communities, and business networks. The USHCC stands

ready to work with all institutions to ensure that capital and opportunities are flowing to Hispanic

business owners. Additionally, we support the development of more minority-owned

and minority-focused financial institutions.

90%

Access, Management, and Control of Capital

of small business

owners in the

United States

believe that the

inability to access

capital hinders

their success.

57%

Utilize the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

The USHCC supported the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of

2017 because it included a 20 percent pass-through 9deduction for small businesses. This provision of

the new tax code increases cash flow for small

business owners, helping businesses to scale. The

USHCC aims to work with the federal government

to help Hispanic business owners comply with the

new tax code and take advantage of the small

business deduction.

In addition, the USHCC is strongly supportive of the

opportunity zones created by the Tax Cuts and Jobs

Act. The zones create tax incentives to encourage

investment in businesses and real estate located in

distressed communities. According to researchers,

there are more than $6 trillion dollars in unrealized

capital gains between individual and corporate 10investors. We encourage investors to take

advantage of designated opportunity zones and

invest in distressed areas, all while remaining

committed to the needs of local communities.

We also encourage policymakers to consider the detriments of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts and take

appropriate action to reign in the rising deficit and ensure that tax burdens are lifted for families of all

income levels.

Help Hispanic Business Owners Leverage Federal Resources

We encourage Hispanic business owners to participate in government and public-private initiatives

that facilitate both capital access and effective management of capital. For example, the Small

Business Administration (SBA), U.S. Department of the Treasury, and the Minority Business

Development Agency (MBDA) have a variety of programs that can be leveraged by business owners.

Through the SBA, small businesses can connect with reliable lenders, receive an “SBA credit score” that

can help them qualify for loans, and take advantage of streamlined processing for loans under 11$350,000. The SBA also has regional Small Business Development Centers, some of which are

housed in Hispanic chambers of commerce across the country. For example, through the small

business development center in the Orange County Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, business owners

can access technical assistance and find funding for their businesses.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides access to microloans and flexible financing for small

businesses. Through the Community Development and Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI Fund), the

Treasury provides loans, financial services, and technical assistance to underserved populations. The

USHCC seeks to address the underutilization of these programs by Hispanic business owners. We

encourage federal agencies to develop initiatives to increase Hispanic business participation, such as

Spanish-language resources and outreach to our nationwide network of local Hispanic chambers.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Minority-ownedfirms that do acquire loans receive 57 percent less than non-minority businesses.

4 5

Build a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce

ONE IN FOUR CHILDREN BORN IN THE UNITED STATESIS HISPANIC

Education andWorkforce Development

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

LATINAS

ARE TYPICALLY

PAID BETWEEN

42 61 AND CENTS FOR EVERY

DOLLAR PAID

TO WHITE,

NON-HISPANIC

MEN.

Diverse work environments facilitate innovative problem

solving and contribute to economic growth. Promoting

diversity is more than a moral imperative; it is an economic

necessity. The “American Melting Pot” offers U.S. companies

a distinct economic advantage by bringing together people

with unique perspectives and different backgrounds. The

USHCC supports legislation aimed at fostering a workforce

where women and minorities have equal opportunity to

succeed and excel.

The first step in building a diverse and inclusive workforce is

addressing wage gaps. Women in the workforce are paid, on

average, 80 percent of what their male colleagues in similar 13positions are paid. The gap is wider for Latina women.

Latinas are typically paid between 42 and 61 cents for every 14dollar paid to white, non-Hispanic men. If we are to build a

robust workforce, wage gaps must be completely eliminated.

It is equally important that workplace harassment is

eliminated. The USHCC supports policies that foster healthy

and productive work environments.

Studies by Scientific American demonstrate that diversity is

correlated with better corporate performance. Companies

with one or more women on the board deliver higher 15average returns on equity and better average growth.

Similarly, the relationship between racial/ethnic diversity and

financial performance is linear. When the leadership of an

organization is diverse and inclusive, the company is better

equipped to ensure diversity and inclusion at all levels.

6 7

Ensure Access to Excellent Education at Every Level

One in four children born in the United States is Hispanic; to invest in the education of Hispanic youth 12is to invest in the future of the American economy. The USHCC advocates for education policy that

prepares students for a competitive global workforce. Our leaders in government must increase

funding for schools in historically underserved areas and improve standards in educational curricula.

In addition, it is essential that

Hispanic students have access to

affordable higher education through

federally mandated initiatives such as

Pell Grants and student loan

subsidies. It is imperative that the

cost of higher education is reduced

to increase accessibility. The USHCC

supports minority-serving

scholarship programs such as TRIO

and Gear Up and encourages the

expansion of loan forgiveness

programs.

Emphasize STEM Education and Career & Technical Education

The UHSCC believes that preparing Hispanic students for careers in science, technology, engineering, and

math (STEM) will help increase participation in a growing workforce where Hispanics are severely

underrepresented. According to the Smithsonian Science Education Center, 2.4 million STEM jobs went

unfilled in 2018. At the same time, only 2.2 percent of Hispanic college graduates have earned a university

degree in a STEM field, and only 67 percent of Hispanic students have access to a full range of STEM

courses. To increase Hispanic representation in STEM, we must increase access to higher education and

create programs that both encourage Hispanic students to pursue STEM education and help them

graduate with a degree in the field.

The USHCC also advocates for

increased access to career and

technical education for Hispanics

seeking to further their careers with a

new skillset. Career and technical

training provides students with tangible

skills that translate directly into

employment in industries facing a

shortage of skilled workers.

2.4 million jobs STEMwent in 2018.unfilled

Build a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce

ONE IN FOUR CHILDREN BORN IN THE UNITED STATESIS HISPANIC

Education andWorkforce Development

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

LATINAS

ARE TYPICALLY

PAID BETWEEN

42 61 AND CENTS FOR EVERY

DOLLAR PAID

TO WHITE,

NON-HISPANIC

MEN.

Diverse work environments facilitate innovative problem

solving and contribute to economic growth. Promoting

diversity is more than a moral imperative; it is an economic

necessity. The “American Melting Pot” offers U.S. companies

a distinct economic advantage by bringing together people

with unique perspectives and different backgrounds. The

USHCC supports legislation aimed at fostering a workforce

where women and minorities have equal opportunity to

succeed and excel.

The first step in building a diverse and inclusive workforce is

addressing wage gaps. Women in the workforce are paid, on

average, 80 percent of what their male colleagues in similar 13positions are paid. The gap is wider for Latina women.

Latinas are typically paid between 42 and 61 cents for every 14dollar paid to white, non-Hispanic men. If we are to build a

robust workforce, wage gaps must be completely eliminated.

It is equally important that workplace harassment is

eliminated. The USHCC supports policies that foster healthy

and productive work environments.

Studies by Scientific American demonstrate that diversity is

correlated with better corporate performance. Companies

with one or more women on the board deliver higher 15average returns on equity and better average growth.

Similarly, the relationship between racial/ethnic diversity and

financial performance is linear. When the leadership of an

organization is diverse and inclusive, the company is better

equipped to ensure diversity and inclusion at all levels.

6 7

Ensure Access to Excellent Education at Every Level

One in four children born in the United States is Hispanic; to invest in the education of Hispanic youth 12is to invest in the future of the American economy. The USHCC advocates for education policy that

prepares students for a competitive global workforce. Our leaders in government must increase

funding for schools in historically underserved areas and improve standards in educational curricula.

In addition, it is essential that

Hispanic students have access to

affordable higher education through

federally mandated initiatives such as

Pell Grants and student loan

subsidies. It is imperative that the

cost of higher education is reduced

to increase accessibility. The USHCC

supports minority-serving

scholarship programs such as TRIO

and Gear Up and encourages the

expansion of loan forgiveness

programs.

Emphasize STEM Education and Career & Technical Education

The UHSCC believes that preparing Hispanic students for careers in science, technology, engineering, and

math (STEM) will help increase participation in a growing workforce where Hispanics are severely

underrepresented. According to the Smithsonian Science Education Center, 2.4 million STEM jobs went

unfilled in 2018. At the same time, only 2.2 percent of Hispanic college graduates have earned a university

degree in a STEM field, and only 67 percent of Hispanic students have access to a full range of STEM

courses. To increase Hispanic representation in STEM, we must increase access to higher education and

create programs that both encourage Hispanic students to pursue STEM education and help them

graduate with a degree in the field.

The USHCC also advocates for

increased access to career and

technical education for Hispanics

seeking to further their careers with a

new skillset. Career and technical

training provides students with tangible

skills that translate directly into

employment in industries facing a

shortage of skilled workers.

2.4 million jobs STEMwent in 2018.unfilled

Improve the Affordability of Healthcare for

Small Business Owners

In a recent survey conducted by the National Small Business

Association, 40 percent of small business owners stated that 16their greatest challenge was paying for healthcare. The

cost of healthcare is often excessively burdensome for small

business owners, and many small employer firms are

unable to provide healthcare for employees, forcing them to

hire part-time instead of full-time workers. The cost burden

of healthcare is even greater for minority business owners,

who are less likely to own scaled businesses. Rising medical

costs coupled with poor social determinants of health are

often devastating to Hispanic business enterprises.

It is essential that Hispanic business owners have access to

affordable and quality healthcare. According to the Small

Business Majority, more than 5.7 million small business

employees or self-employed entrepreneurs are enrolled in 17federal healthcare under the ACA. Two million of the

entrepreneurs that gained coverage were insured due to 18the Medicaid expansion. The ACA also helped small

business owners provide insurance to employees through

both the small business healthcare tax credit (for firms

with under 25 employees) and SHOP, the Small Business

Health Options Program (for firms with 25-50 employees).

It is imperative that these programs are continued and

adequately funded. Without insurance, unexpected

medical costs can shut down a small business.

Advance the Health of the Hispanic Workforce

Compared to the non-minority population, Hispanics in

the U.S. have limited access to quality care and unique

barriers to healthy livelihoods. Hispanic Americans are

less likely to have healthcare and more likely to suffer 19from conditions such as diabetes and obesity.

Such health discrepancies are caused, in part, by inadequate social determinants of health. These are

both quantitative and qualitative factors that determine a family's living conditions and, consequently, health. For example, zip code, income, education, occupation, and social norms are all important social

20determinants of health. The USHCC advocates for a holistic approach to improving health in the

Hispanic community. We encourage our leaders in government to increase access to affordable

healthcare and craft policies that improve social determinates of health for Hispanic families.

Health

40% of small

business owners

stated that their

greatest challenge

was paying for

healthcare.

Increase Access to Affordable andQuality Healthcare

The USHCC believes that a wide range of affordable

healthcare options—both public and

private—should be available to Hispanic families.

We support policies that reduce rising premiums,

lower inflated drug prices, increase market

competition between private healthcare providers,

and expand funding for federal healthcare

programs.

According to the United States Census Bureau, 16

percent of Hispanics in the United States are 21uninsured. In comparison, only 6 percent of the

non-minority population is without health

insurance. Eight percent of Hispanic children do not

have healthcare, compared to 4 percent non-22minority children. One hundred percent of

uninsured Hispanics said they went without health

coverage due to cost. Additionally, 24 percent of

Hispanics say they have no usual source of care,

and 26 percent say they have had no healthcare 23visits in the last 12 months.

Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA),

the Hispanic uninsured rate decreased more than

any other demographic. In 2010, 43.2 percent of

working-age Hispanic adults were uninsured. By 24 2016, this number fell to 24.8 percent. The ACA's

Medicaid expansion also improved coverage rates 25 for non-citizen Hispanic immigrants. As of 2018,

there were 4 million Hispanic individuals insured 26under the ACA. The USHCC calls for a bipartisan

effort to strengthen and improve the federal

healthcare system, ensure affordability, and expand

coverage for all Americans that lack the purchasing

power to enroll in private plans.

of Hispanics in the

United States are uninsured.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

16%

8 9

Improve the Affordability of Healthcare for

Small Business Owners

In a recent survey conducted by the National Small Business

Association, 40 percent of small business owners stated that 16their greatest challenge was paying for healthcare. The

cost of healthcare is often excessively burdensome for small

business owners, and many small employer firms are

unable to provide healthcare for employees, forcing them to

hire part-time instead of full-time workers. The cost burden

of healthcare is even greater for minority business owners,

who are less likely to own scaled businesses. Rising medical

costs coupled with poor social determinants of health are

often devastating to Hispanic business enterprises.

It is essential that Hispanic business owners have access to

affordable and quality healthcare. According to the Small

Business Majority, more than 5.7 million small business

employees or self-employed entrepreneurs are enrolled in 17federal healthcare under the ACA. Two million of the

entrepreneurs that gained coverage were insured due to 18the Medicaid expansion. The ACA also helped small

business owners provide insurance to employees through

both the small business healthcare tax credit (for firms

with under 25 employees) and SHOP, the Small Business

Health Options Program (for firms with 25-50 employees).

It is imperative that these programs are continued and

adequately funded. Without insurance, unexpected

medical costs can shut down a small business.

Advance the Health of the Hispanic Workforce

Compared to the non-minority population, Hispanics in

the U.S. have limited access to quality care and unique

barriers to healthy livelihoods. Hispanic Americans are

less likely to have healthcare and more likely to suffer 19from conditions such as diabetes and obesity.

Such health discrepancies are caused, in part, by inadequate social determinants of health. These are

both quantitative and qualitative factors that determine a family's living conditions and, consequently, health. For example, zip code, income, education, occupation, and social norms are all important social

20determinants of health. The USHCC advocates for a holistic approach to improving health in the

Hispanic community. We encourage our leaders in government to increase access to affordable

healthcare and craft policies that improve social determinates of health for Hispanic families.

Health

40% of small

business owners

stated that their

greatest challenge

was paying for

healthcare.

Increase Access to Affordable andQuality Healthcare

The USHCC believes that a wide range of affordable

healthcare options—both public and

private—should be available to Hispanic families.

We support policies that reduce rising premiums,

lower inflated drug prices, increase market

competition between private healthcare providers,

and expand funding for federal healthcare

programs.

According to the United States Census Bureau, 16

percent of Hispanics in the United States are 21uninsured. In comparison, only 6 percent of the

non-minority population is without health

insurance. Eight percent of Hispanic children do not

have healthcare, compared to 4 percent non-22minority children. One hundred percent of

uninsured Hispanics said they went without health

coverage due to cost. Additionally, 24 percent of

Hispanics say they have no usual source of care,

and 26 percent say they have had no healthcare 23visits in the last 12 months.

Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA),

the Hispanic uninsured rate decreased more than

any other demographic. In 2010, 43.2 percent of

working-age Hispanic adults were uninsured. By 24 2016, this number fell to 24.8 percent. The ACA's

Medicaid expansion also improved coverage rates 25 for non-citizen Hispanic immigrants. As of 2018,

there were 4 million Hispanic individuals insured 26under the ACA. The USHCC calls for a bipartisan

effort to strengthen and improve the federal

healthcare system, ensure affordability, and expand

coverage for all Americans that lack the purchasing

power to enroll in private plans.

of Hispanics in the

United States are uninsured.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

16%

8 9

Recognize Immigration as an Economic ImperativeThe UHSCC recognizes that immigrants make vital

contributions to the American economy:

Immigrants are twice as likely as the native-born 27population to start a business. Over 40 percent

28of fortune 500 companies were started by immigrants or their children. Immigrants contributed 29approximately $2 trillion in U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2017. Our government must craft

policies that help immigrants enter the workforce and join the fabric of society.

In our current workforce, key industries are experiencing a labor deficit, meaning that they have more

job openings than candidates to fill them. Immigrants comprise 17.1 percent of the American

workforce overall, and they are much more likely than native-born employees to work in industries 30experiencing a labor shortage such as construction, manufacturing, or agriculture. If the United States

is to develop a robust workforce, both “skilled” and “unskilled” immigrants are essential. Immigrants

provide necessary services in every field, ranging from neurosurgeons to strawberry pickers.

The USHCC supports immigration policies that facilitate the legal immigration of workers of all skill

levels. Limiting immigration to “high-skilled” would undermine the demands of our complex workforce

and harm key American industries. Instead, we encourage policymakers to facilitate legal immigration

to meet the needs of our workforce: streamlining the visa process, improving the guest-worker

program, and ensuring that visa caps meet the needs of employers.

Continue Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and Temporary Protected StatusThe USHCC strongly opposes recent efforts to eliminate Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

and terminate Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti. The immigrants

that have been granted legal status under these two programs make significant contributions to the

American economy.

DACA recipients and DACA-eligible

individuals—known as DREAMers—are

immigrants who were brought to the

United States without documentation at a

young age. They did not intentionally

violate immigration law, nor should they

be punished for the actions of their

parents. Thanks to DACA, established by

executive order in 2012, 800,000

DREAMers have been able to live and 31work in the U.S. legally. It is estimated

that an additional 1 million individuals are 32eligible for the program.

In September 2017, the Administration

announced the end of the program,

creating uncertainty in the lives of DACA recipients. Deporting DREAMers would negatively impact the

U.S. economy and would be costly for American taxpayers. Ninety-seven percent of DREAMers are 33employed, in school, or in the United States military. Each year, DREAMers pay roughly $2 billion in

34state and local taxes. If DREAMers are forced to leave the country, America will face a $433 billion 35reduction in economic growth over the next decade.

Immigration

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

DREAMers pay roughly

$2 billion in state and local taxes.

Immigrants are twice as likely as the native-bornpopulation to start a business.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2XWithout DREAMers, America

will face a $433 billion reduction

in economic growth over the

next decade.

40%OVER

of Fortune 500 companieswere started by immigrants

or their children.10 11

Recognize Immigration as an Economic ImperativeThe UHSCC recognizes that immigrants make vital

contributions to the American economy:

Immigrants are twice as likely as the native-born 27population to start a business. Over 40 percent

28of fortune 500 companies were started by immigrants or their children. Immigrants contributed 29approximately $2 trillion in U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2017. Our government must craft

policies that help immigrants enter the workforce and join the fabric of society.

In our current workforce, key industries are experiencing a labor deficit, meaning that they have more

job openings than candidates to fill them. Immigrants comprise 17.1 percent of the American

workforce overall, and they are much more likely than native-born employees to work in industries 30experiencing a labor shortage such as construction, manufacturing, or agriculture. If the United States

is to develop a robust workforce, both “skilled” and “unskilled” immigrants are essential. Immigrants

provide necessary services in every field, ranging from neurosurgeons to strawberry pickers.

The USHCC supports immigration policies that facilitate the legal immigration of workers of all skill

levels. Limiting immigration to “high-skilled” would undermine the demands of our complex workforce

and harm key American industries. Instead, we encourage policymakers to facilitate legal immigration

to meet the needs of our workforce: streamlining the visa process, improving the guest-worker

program, and ensuring that visa caps meet the needs of employers.

Continue Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and Temporary Protected StatusThe USHCC strongly opposes recent efforts to eliminate Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

and terminate Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti. The immigrants

that have been granted legal status under these two programs make significant contributions to the

American economy.

DACA recipients and DACA-eligible

individuals—known as DREAMers—are

immigrants who were brought to the

United States without documentation at a

young age. They did not intentionally

violate immigration law, nor should they

be punished for the actions of their

parents. Thanks to DACA, established by

executive order in 2012, 800,000

DREAMers have been able to live and 31work in the U.S. legally. It is estimated

that an additional 1 million individuals are 32eligible for the program.

In September 2017, the Administration

announced the end of the program,

creating uncertainty in the lives of DACA recipients. Deporting DREAMers would negatively impact the

U.S. economy and would be costly for American taxpayers. Ninety-seven percent of DREAMers are 33employed, in school, or in the United States military. Each year, DREAMers pay roughly $2 billion in

34state and local taxes. If DREAMers are forced to leave the country, America will face a $433 billion 35reduction in economic growth over the next decade.

Immigration

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

DREAMers pay roughly

$2 billion in state and local taxes.

Immigrants are twice as likely as the native-bornpopulation to start a business.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2XWithout DREAMers, America

will face a $433 billion reduction

in economic growth over the

next decade.

40%OVER

of Fortune 500 companieswere started by immigrants

or their children.10 11

Track the Impact of the USMCA and Propose

Improvements

The combined GDP of the United States, Mexico, and Canada is over $21 trillion, making the North 40American economy the largest in the world. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

promises to strengthen economic ties in North America and boost the economy of the region. In

particular, key provisions are likely to help minority-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

access international markets.

Under the USMCA, de minimis value levels are raised, allowing SMEs to export more goods without 41facing burdensome fees. In addition, Chapter 25 of the agreement establishes a 'Committee on SME

Issues,' designed to help SMEs take advantage of commercial opportunities resulting from the 42USMCA. This chapter contains a provision specifically for minority business owners. The USHCC

recognizes this initiative as a trilateral commitment to support small and mid-sized Hispanic Business

Enterprises.

Help Hispanic Businesses Access International Markets

Tapping into international markets creates growth opportunities that are not available in the United

States alone. and Nearly 95 percent of the world's consumers live outside of the United States,43two thirds of the world's purchasing power is in foreign countries. However, it is challenging for small

businesses to access international markets. The USHCC supports federal programs that help small

businesses export.

The U.S. Department of Commerce and the Small Business Administration (SBA) both offer online 44resources and guidance to small business owners looking to export their products. Additionally, the

Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) is a resource for small businesses. This independent

federal agency provides financing solutions to empower exporters of U.S. goods. EXIM Bank resources

include export credit insurance, working capital guarantees, and guarantees of commercial loans to 45foreign buyers, all of which are important tools that facilitate access to foreign markets. The USHCC

encourages these federal agencies to make a concerted effort to engage Hispanic business owners

that may be unaware of such resources.

The combined GDP

of the United States,

Mexico, and Canada

is over $21 trillion

International Tradeand Commerce

$Similar to DACA, there are significant economic detriments to rescinding Temporary Protected Status

(TPS). TPS is a legal immigration status “granted to individuals from designated countries facing ongoing 36 conflict, disaster, or other exigent circumstance.” There are more than 320,000 people living in the U.S.

37with TPS status and approximately 275,000 U.S.-born children of TPS recipients. If TPS recipients were

forced to leave the American workforce, the U.S. would lose $164 billion in gross domestic product (GDP) 38over the next decade and employers would experience $967 million in turnover costs.

The USHCC calls for legislation that allows DREAMers and TPS recipients to maintain their legal status to

live, work and learn in the United States, as well as a pathway to citizenship. The elimination of both

programs has been delayed by federal courts, but both could be subject to an appeal, creating instability

in the lives of DREAMers, TPS recipients, their families, and their employers. In order to permanently

secure the legal status of DACA and TPS recipients, their livelihoods must be protected by law.

Build a Compassionate and Economical Approach to Border Security

The USHCC opposes the recent adoption of policies by the Department of Justice that facilitate the

separation of immigrant families. The actions of immigration enforcement officials under the “zero-

tolerance policy” violate both basic human rights and American values. We implore the Administration to

adopt a border security strategy that is both compassionate and economical, distinguishing between

immigrant families and actual bad actors. Improving our immigration system and enhancing border

security has been a top priority of the current administration beginning with the 2016 campaign.

Though we agree that the immigration system is in serious need of reform, the USHCC believes that the

proposed border wall between the United States and Mexico is an ineffective and expensive approach to

border security. The Massachusetts Institute for Technology estimates that a border wall could cost the 39U.S. $40 billion. Instead of constructing a 30-foot wall along the border, the United States should only

develop physical barriers where absolutely necessary. Alternatively, policymakers should invest in better

technology along our southern border that will modernize points of entry, expedite the processing of

asylum seekers, and help federal agents identify actual threats to national security.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Immigration

12 13

Track the Impact of the USMCA and Propose

Improvements

The combined GDP of the United States, Mexico, and Canada is over $21 trillion, making the North 40American economy the largest in the world. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

promises to strengthen economic ties in North America and boost the economy of the region. In

particular, key provisions are likely to help minority-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

access international markets.

Under the USMCA, de minimis value levels are raised, allowing SMEs to export more goods without 41facing burdensome fees. In addition, Chapter 25 of the agreement establishes a 'Committee on SME

Issues,' designed to help SMEs take advantage of commercial opportunities resulting from the 42USMCA. This chapter contains a provision specifically for minority business owners. The USHCC

recognizes this initiative as a trilateral commitment to support small and mid-sized Hispanic Business

Enterprises.

Help Hispanic Businesses Access International Markets

Tapping into international markets creates growth opportunities that are not available in the United

States alone. and Nearly 95 percent of the world's consumers live outside of the United States,43two thirds of the world's purchasing power is in foreign countries. However, it is challenging for small

businesses to access international markets. The USHCC supports federal programs that help small

businesses export.

The U.S. Department of Commerce and the Small Business Administration (SBA) both offer online 44resources and guidance to small business owners looking to export their products. Additionally, the

Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) is a resource for small businesses. This independent

federal agency provides financing solutions to empower exporters of U.S. goods. EXIM Bank resources

include export credit insurance, working capital guarantees, and guarantees of commercial loans to 45foreign buyers, all of which are important tools that facilitate access to foreign markets. The USHCC

encourages these federal agencies to make a concerted effort to engage Hispanic business owners

that may be unaware of such resources.

The combined GDP

of the United States,

Mexico, and Canada

is over $21 trillion

International Tradeand Commerce

$Similar to DACA, there are significant economic detriments to rescinding Temporary Protected Status

(TPS). TPS is a legal immigration status “granted to individuals from designated countries facing ongoing 36 conflict, disaster, or other exigent circumstance.” There are more than 320,000 people living in the U.S.

37with TPS status and approximately 275,000 U.S.-born children of TPS recipients. If TPS recipients were

forced to leave the American workforce, the U.S. would lose $164 billion in gross domestic product (GDP) 38over the next decade and employers would experience $967 million in turnover costs.

The USHCC calls for legislation that allows DREAMers and TPS recipients to maintain their legal status to

live, work and learn in the United States, as well as a pathway to citizenship. The elimination of both

programs has been delayed by federal courts, but both could be subject to an appeal, creating instability

in the lives of DREAMers, TPS recipients, their families, and their employers. In order to permanently

secure the legal status of DACA and TPS recipients, their livelihoods must be protected by law.

Build a Compassionate and Economical Approach to Border Security

The USHCC opposes the recent adoption of policies by the Department of Justice that facilitate the

separation of immigrant families. The actions of immigration enforcement officials under the “zero-

tolerance policy” violate both basic human rights and American values. We implore the Administration to

adopt a border security strategy that is both compassionate and economical, distinguishing between

immigrant families and actual bad actors. Improving our immigration system and enhancing border

security has been a top priority of the current administration beginning with the 2016 campaign.

Though we agree that the immigration system is in serious need of reform, the USHCC believes that the

proposed border wall between the United States and Mexico is an ineffective and expensive approach to

border security. The Massachusetts Institute for Technology estimates that a border wall could cost the 39U.S. $40 billion. Instead of constructing a 30-foot wall along the border, the United States should only

develop physical barriers where absolutely necessary. Alternatively, policymakers should invest in better

technology along our southern border that will modernize points of entry, expedite the processing of

asylum seekers, and help federal agents identify actual threats to national security.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Immigration

12 13

The USHCC recognizes that international interconnectedness is an opportunity for the American

economy. Now more than ever, the sharing of ideas, culture, and commerce is occurring on a global

scale. The United States must build international trade relationships and help Hispanic owned

businesses—big and small—access international markets.

The USHCC previously supported the U.S.'s participation in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). The TPP

is a multilateral trade agreement between 12 countries that border the Pacific Ocean, spanning from

North and South America to Asia and Australia. By exiting this trade agreement, the United States

missed an opportunity to build relationships with nations that, combined, represent 40 percent of the 46 world's economic output. Moving forward, we encourage the Administration to reverse course.

Instead of eliminating trade deals, the U.S. must seek new multilateral trade opportunities.

Renovate Physical Infrastructure

The USHCC supports

infrastructure development and

renovation across the nation.

Today, the meaning of the word

“infrastructure” has expanded far

beyond bridges and roads.

American infrastructure ranges

from public transit systems to

broadband internet connectivity

to wind turbines. Across the

United States, roads, bridges,

transit systems, and electrical

grids are in a state of disrepair,

negatively impacting business

owners. When power and power

transit systems run inefficiently,

businesses suffer.

The USHCC encourages infrastructure development through both federal initiatives and public-private

partnerships. For example, the North American Development Bank (NADB), created by NAFTA and

continued under the USMCA, finances sustainable infrastructure that enhances the quality of life for

people living on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. We support increased capital for the NADB and

similar institutions.

Develop Secure Technological Infrastructure

American businesses are growing increasingly

dependent on technological infrastructure.

In a recent survey, 80 percent of

consumers said that they are more likely

to shop at a business if the business has 47an easy-to-use website. An additional

60 percent said that they preferred to

be contacted by a business through a

digital channel, such as e-mail or website 48banners. Finally, 78 percent of consumers

ranked a digital payment method, such as a

card or phone, as their topmost preferred 49payment option.

Technology and Infrastructure

80%

of consumers said that they are more likely to shop at a business if the business has an easy-to-use website.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Develop International Trade Relations

14 15

The USHCC recognizes that international interconnectedness is an opportunity for the American

economy. Now more than ever, the sharing of ideas, culture, and commerce is occurring on a global

scale. The United States must build international trade relationships and help Hispanic owned

businesses—big and small—access international markets.

The USHCC previously supported the U.S.'s participation in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). The TPP

is a multilateral trade agreement between 12 countries that border the Pacific Ocean, spanning from

North and South America to Asia and Australia. By exiting this trade agreement, the United States

missed an opportunity to build relationships with nations that, combined, represent 40 percent of the 46 world's economic output. Moving forward, we encourage the Administration to reverse course.

Instead of eliminating trade deals, the U.S. must seek new multilateral trade opportunities.

Renovate Physical Infrastructure

The USHCC supports

infrastructure development and

renovation across the nation.

Today, the meaning of the word

“infrastructure” has expanded far

beyond bridges and roads.

American infrastructure ranges

from public transit systems to

broadband internet connectivity

to wind turbines. Across the

United States, roads, bridges,

transit systems, and electrical

grids are in a state of disrepair,

negatively impacting business

owners. When power and power

transit systems run inefficiently,

businesses suffer.

The USHCC encourages infrastructure development through both federal initiatives and public-private

partnerships. For example, the North American Development Bank (NADB), created by NAFTA and

continued under the USMCA, finances sustainable infrastructure that enhances the quality of life for

people living on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. We support increased capital for the NADB and

similar institutions.

Develop Secure Technological Infrastructure

American businesses are growing increasingly

dependent on technological infrastructure.

In a recent survey, 80 percent of

consumers said that they are more likely

to shop at a business if the business has 47an easy-to-use website. An additional

60 percent said that they preferred to

be contacted by a business through a

digital channel, such as e-mail or website 48banners. Finally, 78 percent of consumers

ranked a digital payment method, such as a

card or phone, as their topmost preferred 49payment option.

Technology and Infrastructure

80%

of consumers said that they are more likely to shop at a business if the business has an easy-to-use website.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Develop International Trade Relations

14 15

The digital transformation of Hispanic Business Enterprises is necessary to ensure their success, but

there is a discrepancy in both quality and accessibility of tech infrastructure between urban and rural 50areas and within historically underserved communities, creating a “digital divide.” The USHCC

supports federal initiatives and public-private partnerships aimed at eliminating the “digital divide.” In

addition, we call for the streamlining of the regulatory approval process to foster the development of

new wireless (5G) and wired (fiber based) networks. These technologies are needed to power smart

cities, factories, transportation, and more.

New technology can create opportunities for business-owners, but it can also make the businesses and

customers vulnerable to cyberattacks such as viruses, piracy, and information breaches. It is critical that

businesses are aware of the steps they can take to prevent cyber-vulnerability, including firewall security

protection and password authentication. The USHCC encourages the Federal Communications

Commission (FCC) and leaders in the technology industry to take appropriate action to inhibit hackers

and prevent future cyberattacks.

Improve Energy Infrastructure

The USHCC supports federal regulation that allows small business owners to access energy supplies at

globally competitive prices. Each year, small businesses in the United States spend more than $60 51billion on energy. In fact, 35 percent of small businesses say that basic energy costs are one of their

52top 3 expenses. Everyday energy costs are burdensome, and the rapidly changing energy market

creates instability. Even basic expenses such as vehicle operation and heating/cooling can devastate a

small business when prices go up.

The USHCC supports policies that improve energy affordability and efficiency, easing burdens for

American business owners. Efficient energy use, by definition, allows business owners to reduce the

amount of energy required to operate, thereby keeping costs low. Federal resources such as the SBA 53Energy Efficiency Loan Program can help fund improvements that lead to a reduction in energy usage.

1 “Hispanic Business Report 2017.”

Geoscape. 2017.

2 “The U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship Gap.”

Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative.

Stanford University Graduate School of

Business. 2018.

3 “Buying power of Hispanic consumers in

the United States from 1990 to 2020 (in

trillion U.S. dollars).” Statista. December

2016.

4 “Labor force characteristics by race and

ethnicity, 2016.” Bureau of Labor Statistics.

U.S. Department of Labor. October 2017.

5 “Small Business Owners Support Policies

Promoting Access to Responsible Lending.”

Small Business Majority. May 2018.

6 Ibid.

7 “Executive Summary: Disparities in Capital

Access Between Minority and Non-Minority

Businesses.” Minority Business

Development Agency. 2017.

8 Ibid.

9 “How Pass-Through Income Will Be Taxed in

2018 For Small Business Owners.”

Greenbush Financial Group, LLC. 2018.

10 Banister, Jon. “With $6 Trillion In Potential

Investment On The Line, Opportunity

Zones Begin To Take Shape.” Biznow. April

2018.

11 “Small Business Loan Credit Scoring.” The

Small Business Administration. 2019.

12 “26.8 million Hispanics or Latinos in the U.S.

labor force in 2016.” Bureau of Labor

Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor.

September 2017.

13 Miller, Kevin. “The Simple Truth about the

Gender Pay Gap.” American Association of

University Women. 2019.

14 “Beyond Wages: Effects of the Latina Wage

Gap.” UnidosUS. National Partnership for

Women & Families. November 2018.

15 Phillips, Katherine W. “How Diversity Makes

Us Smarter.” Scientific American. October

2014.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

References

16 17

The digital transformation of Hispanic Business Enterprises is necessary to ensure their success, but

there is a discrepancy in both quality and accessibility of tech infrastructure between urban and rural 50areas and within historically underserved communities, creating a “digital divide.” The USHCC

supports federal initiatives and public-private partnerships aimed at eliminating the “digital divide.” In

addition, we call for the streamlining of the regulatory approval process to foster the development of

new wireless (5G) and wired (fiber based) networks. These technologies are needed to power smart

cities, factories, transportation, and more.

New technology can create opportunities for business-owners, but it can also make the businesses and

customers vulnerable to cyberattacks such as viruses, piracy, and information breaches. It is critical that

businesses are aware of the steps they can take to prevent cyber-vulnerability, including firewall security

protection and password authentication. The USHCC encourages the Federal Communications

Commission (FCC) and leaders in the technology industry to take appropriate action to inhibit hackers

and prevent future cyberattacks.

Improve Energy Infrastructure

The USHCC supports federal regulation that allows small business owners to access energy supplies at

globally competitive prices. Each year, small businesses in the United States spend more than $60 51billion on energy. In fact, 35 percent of small businesses say that basic energy costs are one of their

52top 3 expenses. Everyday energy costs are burdensome, and the rapidly changing energy market

creates instability. Even basic expenses such as vehicle operation and heating/cooling can devastate a

small business when prices go up.

The USHCC supports policies that improve energy affordability and efficiency, easing burdens for

American business owners. Efficient energy use, by definition, allows business owners to reduce the

amount of energy required to operate, thereby keeping costs low. Federal resources such as the SBA 53Energy Efficiency Loan Program can help fund improvements that lead to a reduction in energy usage.

1 “Hispanic Business Report 2017.”

Geoscape. 2017.

2 “The U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship Gap.”

Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative.

Stanford University Graduate School of

Business. 2018.

3 “Buying power of Hispanic consumers in

the United States from 1990 to 2020 (in

trillion U.S. dollars).” Statista. December

2016.

4 “Labor force characteristics by race and

ethnicity, 2016.” Bureau of Labor Statistics.

U.S. Department of Labor. October 2017.

5 “Small Business Owners Support Policies

Promoting Access to Responsible Lending.”

Small Business Majority. May 2018.

6 Ibid.

7 “Executive Summary: Disparities in Capital

Access Between Minority and Non-Minority

Businesses.” Minority Business

Development Agency. 2017.

8 Ibid.

9 “How Pass-Through Income Will Be Taxed in

2018 For Small Business Owners.”

Greenbush Financial Group, LLC. 2018.

10 Banister, Jon. “With $6 Trillion In Potential

Investment On The Line, Opportunity

Zones Begin To Take Shape.” Biznow. April

2018.

11 “Small Business Loan Credit Scoring.” The

Small Business Administration. 2019.

12 “26.8 million Hispanics or Latinos in the U.S.

labor force in 2016.” Bureau of Labor

Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor.

September 2017.

13 Miller, Kevin. “The Simple Truth about the

Gender Pay Gap.” American Association of

University Women. 2019.

14 “Beyond Wages: Effects of the Latina Wage

Gap.” UnidosUS. National Partnership for

Women & Families. November 2018.

15 Phillips, Katherine W. “How Diversity Makes

Us Smarter.” Scientific American. October

2014.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

References

16 17

16 “NSBA 2018 Politics of Small Business

Survey.” National Small Business

Association. 2018.

17 “Small businesses see significant gains from

the ACA.” Healthcare. Small Business

Majority. October 2018.

18 Ibid.

19 “Obesity and Hispanic Americans.” U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services

Offices of Minority Health. 2016.

20 Velasco-Mondragon, Eduardo, Angela

Jimenez, Anna G. Palladino-Davis, Dawn

Davis, and Jose A. Escmilla-Cejudo.

“Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping

review of the literature.” Public Health

Reviews 2016.

21 “Health Insurance Coverage in the United

States: 2017.” United States Census Bureau.

September 2017.

22 “Health and Health Care for Hispanics in the

United States.” Henry J Kaiser Family

Foundation. January 2018.

23 Ibid.

24 Doty, Michelle M. and Sara R Collins.

“Millions More Latino Adults Are Insured

Under the Affordable Care Act.” The

Commonwealth Fund. January 2017.

25 Stimpson, Jim P. and Fernando A. Wilson.

“Medicaid Expansion Improved Health

Insurance Coverage For Immigrants, But

Disparities Persist.” Social Determinants,

Drug, and Device Prices. Health Affairs.

October 2018.

26 Artiga, Samantha, Julia Foutz, and Anthony

Damico. “Health Coverage by Race and

Ethnicity: Changes Under ACA.” Henry J. Kaiser

Family Foundation. January 2018.

27 Stengler, Dane and Jason Weins. “The

Economic Case for Welcoming Immigrant

Entrepreneurs.” Ewig Marion Kauffman

Foundation. September 2015.

28 Ibid.

29 Nicholson, Michael. “The Facts on

Immigration Today: 2017 Edition.” The Center

for American Progress. April 2017.

30 “Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force

Characteristics.” Bureau of Labor Statistics:

The United States Department of Labor.

May 18, 2017.

31 Lopez, Gustavo and Jens Manuel Krogstad.

“Key Facts About Unauthorized Immigrants

Enrolled in DACA.” Pew Research Center.

September 2017.

32 Ibid.

33 Wong, Kim, Grecia Martinez Rosas, Adam

Luna, Henry Manning, Adrian Reyna, Patrick

O'Shea, Tom Jawetz, and Phillip E. Wolgin.

“DACA Recipients' Economic and Educational

Gains Continue to Grow.” Center for

American Progress. August 28, 2017.

34 “New Report: DACA-Eligible Immigrants

Annually Pay $2 Billion in State and Local

Taxes.” Institute on Taxation and Economic

Policy. April 24, 2017.

35 Hudak, John and Elaine Karmack. “The Mind-

Boggling Cost of DACA Repeal.” The Brookings

Institute. September 7, 2017.

36 “Temporary Protected Status.” U.S. Citizenship

and Immigration Services. U.S. Department

of Homeland Security. 2019.

37 Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal, Angie Bautista

Chavez, and Laura Munoz Lopez. “TPS

Holders Are Integral Members of the U.S.

Economy and Society.” Center for American

Progress. October 2017.

38 Ibid.

39 Kakaes, Konstantin. “Bad Math Props Up

Trump's Border Wall.” MIT Technology

Review. Massachusetts Institute of

Technology. October 2016.

40 “North America: GDP Current US$.” The World

Bank. 2019.

41 “United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Fact stSheet: Modernizing NAFTA into a 21 Century

Trade Agreement.” Office of the United States

Trade Representative. Executive Office of

the President. October 2018.

42 Ibid.

43 Kochhar, Rakesh. “A Global Middle Class is

More Promise Than Reality.” Pew Research

Center. July 2015.

44 “Going Global: Resources for Entrepreneurs

and Small Businesses.” Small Business &

Entrepreneurship Council.

45 “Export Solutions Needed.” Export-Import

Bank of the United States. 2019.

46 Meltzer, Joshua P. “The Trans-Pacific

Partnership Agreement, the Environment, and

Climate Change.” Brookings. September

2013.

47 “The Digital Transformation of SMBs: The

Future of Commerce.” Visa. 2018.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 “Digital Divide Narrows for Latinos as More

Spanish Speakers and Immigrants Go Online.”

Hispanic Trends. Pew Research Center. July

2016.

51 “Small Businesses: An Overview of Energy Use

and Energy Efficiency Opportunities.”

EnergyStar. U.S. Department of Energy.

2019.

52 “Energy.” National Federation of

Independent Businesses. 2019.

53 Langer, Rois. “Leveraging SBA Loan Programs

to Finance Building Energy Efficiency Projects.”

Electricity, Resources, and Building Systems.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. U.S.

Department of Energy. 2018.

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

2 0 1 9 P O L I C Y P L A T F O R MUNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

18 19

16 “NSBA 2018 Politics of Small Business

Survey.” National Small Business

Association. 2018.

17 “Small businesses see significant gains from

the ACA.” Healthcare. Small Business

Majority. October 2018.

18 Ibid.

19 “Obesity and Hispanic Americans.” U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services

Offices of Minority Health. 2016.

20 Velasco-Mondragon, Eduardo, Angela

Jimenez, Anna G. Palladino-Davis, Dawn

Davis, and Jose A. Escmilla-Cejudo.

“Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping

review of the literature.” Public Health

Reviews 2016.

21 “Health Insurance Coverage in the United

States: 2017.” United States Census Bureau.

September 2017.

22 “Health and Health Care for Hispanics in the

United States.” Henry J Kaiser Family

Foundation. January 2018.

23 Ibid.

24 Doty, Michelle M. and Sara R Collins.

“Millions More Latino Adults Are Insured

Under the Affordable Care Act.” The

Commonwealth Fund. January 2017.

25 Stimpson, Jim P. and Fernando A. Wilson.

“Medicaid Expansion Improved Health

Insurance Coverage For Immigrants, But

Disparities Persist.” Social Determinants,

Drug, and Device Prices. Health Affairs.

October 2018.

26 Artiga, Samantha, Julia Foutz, and Anthony

Damico. “Health Coverage by Race and

Ethnicity: Changes Under ACA.” Henry J. Kaiser

Family Foundation. January 2018.

27 Stengler, Dane and Jason Weins. “The

Economic Case for Welcoming Immigrant

Entrepreneurs.” Ewig Marion Kauffman

Foundation. September 2015.

28 Ibid.

29 Nicholson, Michael. “The Facts on

Immigration Today: 2017 Edition.” The Center

for American Progress. April 2017.

30 “Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force

Characteristics.” Bureau of Labor Statistics:

The United States Department of Labor.

May 18, 2017.

31 Lopez, Gustavo and Jens Manuel Krogstad.

“Key Facts About Unauthorized Immigrants

Enrolled in DACA.” Pew Research Center.

September 2017.

32 Ibid.

33 Wong, Kim, Grecia Martinez Rosas, Adam

Luna, Henry Manning, Adrian Reyna, Patrick

O'Shea, Tom Jawetz, and Phillip E. Wolgin.

“DACA Recipients' Economic and Educational

Gains Continue to Grow.” Center for

American Progress. August 28, 2017.

34 “New Report: DACA-Eligible Immigrants

Annually Pay $2 Billion in State and Local

Taxes.” Institute on Taxation and Economic

Policy. April 24, 2017.

35 Hudak, John and Elaine Karmack. “The Mind-

Boggling Cost of DACA Repeal.” The Brookings

Institute. September 7, 2017.

36 “Temporary Protected Status.” U.S. Citizenship

and Immigration Services. U.S. Department

of Homeland Security. 2019.

37 Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal, Angie Bautista

Chavez, and Laura Munoz Lopez. “TPS

Holders Are Integral Members of the U.S.

Economy and Society.” Center for American

Progress. October 2017.

38 Ibid.

39 Kakaes, Konstantin. “Bad Math Props Up

Trump's Border Wall.” MIT Technology

Review. Massachusetts Institute of

Technology. October 2016.

40 “North America: GDP Current US$.” The World

Bank. 2019.

41 “United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Fact stSheet: Modernizing NAFTA into a 21 Century

Trade Agreement.” Office of the United States

Trade Representative. Executive Office of

the President. October 2018.

42 Ibid.

43 Kochhar, Rakesh. “A Global Middle Class is

More Promise Than Reality.” Pew Research

Center. July 2015.

44 “Going Global: Resources for Entrepreneurs

and Small Businesses.” Small Business &

Entrepreneurship Council.

45 “Export Solutions Needed.” Export-Import

Bank of the United States. 2019.

46 Meltzer, Joshua P. “The Trans-Pacific

Partnership Agreement, the Environment, and

Climate Change.” Brookings. September

2013.

47 “The Digital Transformation of SMBs: The

Future of Commerce.” Visa. 2018.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 “Digital Divide Narrows for Latinos as More

Spanish Speakers and Immigrants Go Online.”

Hispanic Trends. Pew Research Center. July

2016.

51 “Small Businesses: An Overview of Energy Use

and Energy Efficiency Opportunities.”

EnergyStar. U.S. Department of Energy.

2019.

52 “Energy.” National Federation of

Independent Businesses. 2019.

53 Langer, Rois. “Leveraging SBA Loan Programs

to Finance Building Energy Efficiency Projects.”

Electricity, Resources, and Building Systems.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. U.S.

Department of Energy. 2018.

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