using gis with gps

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GIS Best Practices

Using GIS with GPS

March 2009


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Table of Contents

What Is GIS? 1

GPS-GAP Changes the Way We View the Earth 3

GIS and GPS Integration Eases Public Road Inventory 9

Dominion and Verizon Use Mobile GIS and GPS to ConductJoint-Use Pole Survey 13

A Cost-Effect ive Approach to GPS/GIS Integration forArchaeological Surveying 17

Facilit ies Survey Feasible With GIS and GPS 23


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GPS-GAP Changes the Way We View the E

By Alfred Leick

GPS technology has demonstrated stellar performance ever since its incepand applications have grown at an incredibly rapid rate. From navigation tofrom mapping to precision surveying and GIS, the ubiquitous nature of GPlives in a positive manner. Many of these applications provide precise posi

time. Delivered with this precision is an implied understanding of some funthat are often overlooked. The GPS, Geodesy, and Application Program (Gonline educational initiative by the University of Maine that offers in-depth kthis fantastic system to help GPS and GIS users understand all the paramprecise positioning, including the geodetic foundation.

GPS is changing the way GIS users collect and manage geographic data. that GPS provides has GIS professionals storing and managing their data now supports a double precision database, and GIS users are developing n

for improving the spatial quality of the existing data in their systems. GPS pcomponent for this, but there are many considerations when using GPS tounderstand accurate positions.

Geodesythe science that determines the size and shape of the earth andgravitationalfieldalways looms in the background when positioning, regawhether one applies reductions or transformations that allow plane computone applies three-dimensional models recognizing the fact that the earth is

Geodetic methodology provides products such as the NAD83 datum, the ITframe, earth orientation parameters with respect to inertial space, the geoidthe vertical, station motions on a deformable earth, and spatial variation of products are available and continually refined, but an understanding of thei l l h


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GPS observations and total station survey data integrated with local mapping and manage

allowed us to reference the earth rotation to the direction of stable extragalactwith unbelievable accuracy, GPS has advanced geodetic capability by leaps avariety of ways. New capabilities that come to mind are the accurate monitorinmotions, mapping of spatial variations of the troposphere and ionosphere (whicmajority of errors in GPS measurements) and ultraprecise positioning of near


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sufficient depth as needed for understanding all geospatial positioning accuracfrom 100 meter to millimeter, in either real time or postprocess. Of course, suc

ambiguityfi

xing, conventional and network real-time kinematic (RTK), Virtual R(VRS) networks, geometry-free solutions, and precise point positioning are inc

The current collection of GPS-GAP courses provides in-depth knowledge abogeodetic foundation. A new receiver antenna course and a tailored mathematicourse were recently added, and other courses are under development. An Intall that is necessary to take the courses. Computer-graded exams are availab

The quiz questions play an important and integral part in the iterative learning

The asynchronous delivery of the material, iterative learning strategy, location of student and instructor, and focus on the individual student make GPS-GAP ascalable opportunity for students and professionals in surveying as well as GIS

Dr. Alfred Leick is a senior faculty member at the University of Maine, DepartmInformation Science and Engineering, Orono. He has been teaching satellite gGPS, and adjustments since 1978. In 1996, he investigated procedures to comGLONASS observations. That research is continuing and now also includes Gforthcoming European system). In 1990, he published the first edition ofGPS (publisher: J . Wiley), with the second and third editions following in 1995 and 2in-chief ofGPS Solutions, a peer-reviewed quarterly journal published by Sprihe is a Fellow of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.

(Reprinted from the Spring 2007 issue ofArcNews magazine)

About the Author


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GIS and GPS Integration Eases Publ ic RoaSouth Dakota DOT Sets New Standard for Data Capture, St

and Editing

South Dakota is the geographic center of the United States. Farmers there land their great-great-grandfathers did, but now with the help of geospatial wheel-drive tractors.


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In February 2006, SDDOT's NSTRI program set a new standard of personthe environment for roadway data capture, storage, updating, and editing. TSDDOT GIS roadway inventory program standard, the planning districts, acontractors, chose GIS Workshop, Inc., of Lincoln, Nebraska, an ESRI Buscreate a customized GPS data collection interface for Trimble's GPS Analysoftware uses hot keys, pull downs, and pick lists in GPS Analyst to create modify SDDOT roadway alignments in ESRI personal geodatabases. Thesattribute fields with SDDOT predefined choices.

The SDDOT roads data is being used by several private firms in the area, government agencies, including the South Dakota Department of Game, F

hunting atlas on walk-in areas; South Dakota Department of Natural ResouDakota Department of Revenue's sales tax revenue application; U.S. CenDepartment of the Interior; and several South Dakota county GIS program

After 10 years, SDDOT views this program as highly successful. Now, as aGPS program, SDDOT receives yearly updates of road changes, additionsthe planning districts.

(Reprinted from the Summer 2006 issue ofArcNews magazine)

A New Standard


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Dominion and Verizon Use Mobile GIS andConduct Joint-Use Pole Survey

By Randy Trott, Timmons Group

Dominion Virginia Power and Verizon, two large companies providing pow

to their clients, share thousands of poles in their combined service territoriereduce the number of poles placed in the field. Utility poles are used to attatransformers) and circuit lines. Some poles are shared and have attachmencompanies; in the utility industry, these shared poles are termed "joint use.revenue by leasing space to other companies with the amount of revenue bof leased attachments. Traditionally, it has been difficult to track pole owneand leasing revenues.

The federal and state mandates require periodic rate adjustments associatagreements. Utility companies must maintain accurate records of pole ownuse status for utility poles in combined service areas. Pole inventories and very dynamic. Poles are highly susceptible to man-made and natural occudamaged, they must be replaced. Other changes can affect pole-related daare often rerouted or placed underground, and new commercial and residerequire infrastructure growth, meaning more power and phone service. Maare using joint-use surveys to update pole ownership and joint-use status treporting requirements.

In the past, paper maps were used in the field as a guide for referencing pas for plotting their location for future identification. Information was handwto digital format in the office This was a typical scenario before the introdu


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This image shows the customized ArcView interface and

joint-use collection tool. Inset: The joint-use collection tab.

In 2001, Dominion and Verizon contracted with ESRI Business Partner Timmofull-service GIS consultingfirm headquartered in Virginia, to conduct a joint-uscombined territories located throughout Virginia. Dominion and Verizon chose for its qualifications, including field crews, extensive experience with GPS techa geospatial applications development group needed to undertake this project

i d f ll i di d ib i f i


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The Tablet PC Support for the ArcView extension from ESRI was utilized to acand gesturing functionality. Tablet PC Support interfaces enabled functionality allowing the pen motion to be stored as Microsoft INK in an annotation featureusers utilized this technology to draw, circle, and note assets in the field or ideproblems during surveying. Other functionality was built into the application ustechnologies to, for example, allow on-screen navigation through "gesturing." a right arrow on the screen with a stylus. This gesture triggers the current viewdocument to pan to the right.

The user interface was designed based on a rule-based matrix enabling a "smwhich would disable attribute choices that did not follow the logic inherent in th

This served to reduce the amount of human error associated with collecting iminformation. J oint-use surveys typically require a high accuracy standard. This approach allowed for a higher-quality end product while reducing the amount oassociated with internal quality control efforts. Prior to development of this tooper week were spent on quality assurance/quality control efforts.

With the correct hardware in place and a mobile GIS platform, a new method ojoint-use surveys was established for Dominion and Verizon. The ability to coll

and GPS coordinates in thefi

eld using mobile technology improved on old meenables Dominion and Verizon to update and maintain joint-use data more effeuse of GIS.

(Reprinted from the Winter 2004/2005 issue ofArcNews magazine)


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A Cost-Effective Approach to GPS/GIS Inte

Archaeological SurveyingInvestigation Focus at Mexico's Aztec-Period Calixt lahuacaDe-emphasizes Temples and Tombs

By Brian Tomaszewski, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geography, the PUniversity

Archaeological investigation often begins with systematic field surveys to infeatures and artifacts visible on the ground surface of a particular site or reinventories are then used, in part, to gain insight into the overall spatial anddimensions of a site based on artifact types found and to make decisions awithin a site will receive priority when conducting traditional ground excavawhich areas to excavate is important not only for the underlying research qproject but also for more pragmatic reasons, as most archaeological investbyfinancial and temporal constraints. It is with these constraints in mind th

approach to integrating GPS technology with GIS was developed for an arcfield survey in central Mexico. This approach allowed for the collection of ainformation about archaeological ground conditions, such as surface artifasubsurface prehistoric structures, and natural features that could be integravisualized with GIS for excavation prioritization and planning.

The field survey using this approach was conducted at the Aztec-period Calocated in the Toluca Valley approximately 40 miles (60 kilometers) due weearliest known occupancy of the site dates to approximately 1100 A.D. The

by indigenous peoples until its conquest by the Spanish in the late 15th censeveral pyramid or temple structures that were excavated in the 1930s by


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Surface artifact densities at the Calixtlahuaca site collected

with GPS (map by Juliana Novic, Arizona State University).

The team of investigators that conducted the survey are part of a National Scie(NSF) grant to examine the nonelite residential occupancy of the site, a researthat purposely de-emphasizes the investigation of so-called "monumental" strupyramids, temples, and tombs. A 4.2-square-kilometer systematic survey was find clues as to where houses and other nonelite structures were located, and

ill b d i i i hi h ill b d i h f ll i fi


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Earlier archaeological investigations at Calixtlahuaca focused on temples and t

Today, archaeologists are looking for evidence of where nonelite residents lived o

ArcGIS Desktop (ArcView) was at the core of the geospatial solution develo

survey. In addition, Garmin eTrex Legend GPS devices were used forfieldThese devices are easy to use and rugged; have large storage capacity; wthe spatial needs of the field survey (within 1 to 5 meters at most control poand, at a cost of less than $200 per unit, were within the project budget. In Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Garmin Extension for AeTrex Legend's GIS functionality.

This DNR program provided the key link to integrating GPS-collected dataprogram served as a bridge between the Garmin device and the GIS and abe uploaded and downloaded from the GPS device, exported raw GPS datgeodatabase feature classes, and provided functionality for synchronizing dwith GPS waypoints to create hot link features.


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damaging the spatial component of the data as spatial fields were simply left ointerfaces. In addition, nonspatial data could be quickly and easily visualized i

join operations onto spatial data without any interoperability issues arising fromdata in differentfile formats.

The ArcView functionality proved essential to the project. An important data sofield surveys was digital orthophotos purchased from the state of Mexico. Wheof these photos was found to not correspond with ground-truth data collected devices, georeferencing functions of the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension werthe imagery, which after rectification and warping then matched correctly with Because of budgetary constraints, the crews used hard-copy maps in the field

information. A critical component of these maps was Universal Transverse Mecoordinate grids displayed at multiple intervals. Field crews matched the coordgrids shown on the paper maps with their real-time position coordinates shownallowed the crews to stay oriented in the field and not waste time continually trtheir position from the paper maps alone. A custom ArcObjects script was creagrid lines at user-defined intervals in a grid feature class layer that was used tomaps.

In conclusion, the use of ArcGIS Desktop coupled with a cost-effective GPS/Gease of use, and integration capabilities of geodatabase technology allowed fodevelopment of a comprehensive geospatial solution to meet the needs of an field survey. By using this approach, financial and temporal constraints of the povercome without compromising the scientific integrity of the overall research applied to archaeology, this type of approach could be used by any researcheintegrated GIS/GPS/data solution but lacks the financial resources for an optim

Brian Tomaszewski, a Ph.D. candidate and graduate research associate in theGeography and GeoVISTA center at the Pennsylvania State University, has angeography from the State University of New York, Buffalo. His research interesGIScience, geocollaboration, historical GIS, and crisis management.

About the Author


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Surface artifacts collected and mapped in the field provide insight into whe

subsurface structures and other cultural features may lie.

For more information on this archaeological project, visit www.public.asu.eFor more information on the DNR Garmin Extension for ArcView program,

.mn.us/mis/gis/tools/arcview/extensions/DNRGarmin/DNRGarmin.html.Funding for this project comes from NSF grant #0618462, Urbanization anAztec-Period Site of Calixtlahuaca, Dr. Michael E. Smith, principal investigaf di id d b A i St t U i it Th j t l th k

More Information

Acknowledgments


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Facil it ies Survey Feasible With GIS and GP

By Mohamed El-Gafy and Yassir Abdel Razig, Florida State University

The analysis of existing facilities at the Florida A&M University (FAMU) Flo(FSU) campus in Tallahassee, Florida, is part of an overall campus plannincampus plan addresses broad campus and environmental issues within theuniversity mission and identifies specific facility improvements necessary tand future programs. The existing facilities survey did not help managemesupply sufficiently current information on the condition and use of emergencampus facilities.

This article describes a data collection project that used GPS to furnish thedata necessary to evaluate changes in allocation and configuration of facilplan. This class project involved collecting data for emergency phones, firemanhole covers on campus utilizing the available resources at the universdata was used to update the university database and will be integrated into

serve as the foundation for a GIS system for university facilities.

The only qualitative criteria guiding the project were that the mapping softwto use and would provide a starting point for GIS development and that GPsupply data of submeter accuracy or better. These criteria would allow for tfacility maps sufficiently accurate for planning and management purposes,design drawings.

The solution developed used three Trimble receivers, or rovers, to collect n

addition to a PC-based computer. This data would be associated with lega

Premission planning included accessing satellite positions prior to the fieldthat the satellite geometry and availability would be acceptable and provid


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However, after collecting data for three or four points, the students were comfosystem and needed no further training.

With the help of the university facility managers, the team determined what attwould be collected. See Table 1 (below) for a listing of attributes collected for efeature. Once the fieldwork was completed, files from the receivers were transuniversity computer using Trimble GPS Pathfinder Office software. Because ficollected using a real-time radio link, it was accurate only to approximately 100an explanation of differential correction of GPS data, see "Differential GPS Exp

JanuaryMarch 2003 issue ofArcUser.] All positional corrections were made imode using Pathfinder Office. The software compares the satellite constellatio

roving receiver for computing a position with the raw measurement data in theeach satellite in the constellation. Base file data was collected at known locatiotime thatfield data was collected. Once the positional files were corrected, theto a format suitable for export.

The data, in World Geodetic System 1984 (the default datum for GPS receivea map created in ArcInfo and the files were reprojected into Florida State Planuniversity-legacy database files were converted to dBASE (DBF) file format ancollected GPS data.

Layers containing the university-streets were added to the map. Satellite imagewas used to digitize the university building footprints and provide a backgroundmap. Adding these layers supplied context for the features that were collecteddetermine if they were optimally located. New features were added, bogus feaand most retained features were shifted slightly to more correct locations.

The facilities survey is now a management tool that provides use, condition, a

documentation that will be used for facility planning and addressing deferred m


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Fire hydrants Year of manufacture (cast in the side of the hydrant base), condition, the name of the street the hydrant faced, verifica

reflector was correctly placed in the street, and hydrant locEmergencyphones

The number on the phone (used as a unique identifier), cofunctional status, and general condition

Manholecovers

Serial number, year of manufacture, make, general conditiothe street where the manhole was located

Table 1: Attributes collected for facilities.

Mohamed El-Gafy is a doctoral student in the Department of Civil and EnviEngineering at Florida State University and is pursuing a research project tsensing and GIS technologies in civil infrastructure management and has cwork in GIS.

Dr. Abdel Razig is an assistant professor in the Department of Civil and EnvEngineering at Florida A&M University Florida State University. His researcGIS applications in civil engineering. He has a $100,000 grant to investiga

technologies, such as GIS for infrastructure management, and has presenmany conferences.

Wells, D.E., N. Deck, D. Delikaraoglou, A. Keleusberg, E.J . Karakiwsky, G.Langeley, S.M. Nakiboglou, K.P. Schwarz, J .M. Tranquilla, and P. Vanicek,Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Cana

Mertikeas, S., Study of the NAVSTAR/GPS for Hydrographic Surveys and Part 1, 1989. Trimble, GPS Pathfinder Office: Getting Started, version 2.80

(Reprinted from the J anuaryMarch 2004 issue ofArcUsermagazine)

About the Authors

References


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