Utilization Of Palm Oil Mill Waste On Sustainable Agriculture.

Mohd Azfar Ismail, Mohd Ridzuwan Rosli, Muhamad Ridzuan Md Ramli, Muhammad Syafiee

Mohd Yusoff.

ABSTRACT

Palm oil contributes around 19% of overall vegetable oil creation with Malaysia

representing more than 50% of aggregate generation. Because of the worldwide ascent

in unrefined petroleum costs, researchers have been compelled to search for less

expensive choices and palm oil has given the right stage. This prompted an increment

in the oil estates and creation in nations, for example, Malaysia, Indonesia and

Thailand. in Palm oil contains a number of vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, sterols,

pigments, and some other components enabling its wide application in the chemical,

food and pharmaceutical industries. Palm oil generation is an incorporated procedure

with a few stages beginning from great development hones for products of high oil

substance took after by various coordinated procedures for maximal partition and usage

of every oil portion. The different handling stages produce a few by-items which if not

managed in an investigative way could prompt crumbling in the biological system. In this

paper we should talk about the different on- going research regarding to the utilization of

Palm plant waste and sugestion on employments of this profitable product and its by-

items as a future to farming and a supportable situation in Malaysia.

Keyword: Oil palm mill waste, palm oil mill effluent, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel

cake, palm process fiber.

ABSTRAK

Minyak sawit menyumbang kira-kira 19% daripada pengeluaran minyak sayur-sayuran

di seluruh dunia dengan Malaysia menyumbang lebih 50% daripada jumlah

pengeluaran. Disebabkan oleh kenaikan global harga minyak mentah, ahli-ahli sains

telah dipaksa untuk mencari alternatif yang lebih murah dan minyak sawit telah

menyediakan platform yang betul. Ini seterusnya membawa kepada peningkatan di

ladang-ladang dan pengeluaran minyak di negara-negara seperti Malaysia, Indonesia

dan Thailand. Minyak kelapa mengandungi beberapa vitamin, karotin, asid lemak,

sterol, pigmen, dan beberapa komponen lain yang membolehkan permohonan yang

luas dalam industri kimia, makanan dan farmaseutikal. Pengeluaran minyak sawit

adalah satu proses yang bersepadu dengan beberapa peringkat bermula dari amalan

penanaman buah-buahan baik untuk kandungan minyak yang tinggi diikuti dengan

beberapa proses bersepadu untuk pemisahan maksimum dan penggunaan setiap

pecahan minyak. Pelbagai fasa pemprosesan menghasilkan beberapa produk

sampingan yang jika tidak ditangani dengan cara yang saintifik boleh membawa kepada

kemerosotan dalam ekosistem. Dalam kertas kerja ini kita akan membincangkan

pelbagai kajian akan pada- mengenai penggunaan bahan buangan kilang sawit dan

cadangan mengenai penggunaan tanaman yang bernilai ini dan produk-oleh sebagai

masa depan untuk pertanian dan alam sekitar yang mampan di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: bahan sisa buangan kilang, efluen kilang minyak sawit, tandan buah

kosong, kek isirong sawit, serat sawit proses.

INTRODUCTION

12% of the Malaysian GDP is contributed by Agriculture and has also provided

employment opportunities for 16% of the people. The Colonialists acquired extensive

land areas and introduced commercial crops such as rubber, palm oil and cocoa. Since

then, these crops have been leading agricultural exports in Malaysia. Local farmers

cultivate a variety of fruits and vegetables for the domestic market, such as bananas,

coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice, rambutan and a few others. In 1998, the production

of rice was about 1.94 million metric tons. In 1999, Malaysia produced 10.55 million

metric tons of palm oil out of which 8.8 million metric tons was exported and since then

has remained one of the world's largest producers. They are also one of the world's

leading suppliers of rubber (767,000 metric tons in 1999). Logging in the tropical

rainforest is an important export revenue earner in East Malaysia and in the northern

states of Peninsular Malaysia. In 2000, 21.94 million cubic meters of sawed logs was

produced earning US$450 million from exports. In spite of efforts at regulating felling

and reforestation in the early 1990s, logging companies destroyed the ecosystem.

Condemnation from various nature activists and environmentalist groups led to the ban

on the direct export of timber.

Oil palm

Oil palm was introduced to Malaysia from Nigeria by the British colonialists in 1917 and

has fast become a major contributor to the nations GDP with around $7million per

annum. Latest figures indicate that over 89 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) is

produced per year in Malaysia. Eleais guineesis Jacq is the most commercially efficient

oil producer among the other species in the palmae family. Oil palm plantation has

increased from 2.03 million hectares to 4.49 million hectares from 1990 to 2009, an

increase of 121.2%, in Malaysia (Embrandiri et al., 2011)[3]. It is a very versatile crop

which can produce effectively for over 20 years if maintained properly.

Palm oil has a wide range of uses from deep frying to margarine and shortening for

cakes, snacks, instant noodles etc. It is also being used in cosmetics, soaps and

synthetic detergents. Due to the rises in crude oil globally, palm oil has become a much

sought after fuel alternative. It could be regarded as the “Crop for the future” considering

its numerous uses. With this increase in demand, environmental management in the

palm oil industry is an issue of major concern today. The mills are most often located in

the plantations and the prevailing practice is collecting the waste and dumping in the

most unscientific manner as excess nutrients may be harmful to both the growing plants

and the ecology on the whole. In addition, inefficient equipment, defective machinery,

leakage (by break down or overflow of tanks) may often be the reason for extra oil

losses.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the waste water discharged from the sterilization

process, crude oil clarification process and cracked mixture separation process. POME

produced huge amount of methane gas from its anaerobic process and has 21 times

Global Warming Potential (GWP) compared to the other gasses. A study reported that

about 26.7 million tonnes (Heriansyah) (N Ravi Menon, 2003)of solid biomass and an

average of 30 million tonnes of POME were generated from 381 palm oil mills in

Malaysia in 2004 (Seng, 2013). However, the ranch business particularly palm oil plant

industry still consider POME treatment is a weight as opposed to as a feature of the

creation for clear reason if exorbitant amounts of untreated POME drain a water

collection of its oxygen and choke out aquatic life. 66.8 million tonnes of POME were

generated in 2005. So, its has been estimated that one tonne of crude palm oil

production requires 5-7.5 tonnes of water in which about 50% ends up as POME (Seng,

2013). The chemical composition of POME (Table 1) indicates that it can be used as a

source of fertilizer. Indeed, experiments conducted during the last 20 years have shown

that proper utilization of POME can improve crop yields, reduce production costs, and

can be used without causing environmental pollution (Zaharah)

Fermentation media from POME

POME and its subsidiaries have been abused as aging media to deliver different items

or metabolites, for example, anti-infection agents, bio insecticides, solvents (Acetone-

Butanolethanol; ABE), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), organic acids and in addition

enzymes to changing level of achievement. The hydrogen production from POME

during anaerobic treatment has also been intensively studied and it has been reported

that POME also contains certain powerful watersoluble antioxidants phenolic acids and

flavonoids (Seng, 2013). With high substance of sugar, protein, nitrogenous mixes,

lipids and minerals the potential reusing pome as aging media is high. Palm oil mill

effluent(POME) contains organic matter and plant supplements which are fantastic

substitutes for inorganic manure. In perspective of its demonstrated worth, the greater

part of POME created by palm oil factories is completely cycled as excrement. POME is

a colloidal suspension containing 95-96% water, 0.6-0.7% oil and 4-5% aggregate

solids including 2-4% suspended solids. POME contains high centralization of protein,

nitrogenous compunds, starch, lipids and minerals that could be changed over into

helpful material utilizing microbial procedure. Currently, fertilizers is also derived from

POME and used in the farms and vegetation areas. It is also found that the gas

composition contained hydrogen (66-68%) and carbon dioxide (32-34%) that can be

produced from POME using anaerobic micro flora and this generated gas is free from

methane. (Sulaiman, 2013).

Table 2: Estimated fertilizer values from POME, which is based on 15 million tonnes of

POME in 2002

Use of POME as a live food for animals and aquaculture organisms.

According to (Seng, 2013), POME as a dietary substitute for pigs, poultry and small

ruminants as well as aquaculture organisms is gaining importance. Its been reported

that in Colombia, POME has been fed with good results directly to pigs (10-12

1/head/day) together with palm oil and other ingredient. In Malaysia, The Malaysian

Agricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI) proved that wastes from the palm

oil industry (such as oil palm sludge and palm press fibre) alone or in combination, dried

to moisture contents of 7% could be used as supplementary food for sheep. The

nutritive values of a POME product known as “Prolima” as a protein source in broiler

chicken diets and They observed that the amino acid content of palm kernel cake and

palm oil sludge were somewhat close to cereal by-products and that of “Prolima” was

between soybean meal and peanut meal, in which case the overall percentage of amino

acid availability for palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and “Prolima” were 74.4%, 24.8%

and 71.0% respectively (Seng, 2013). POME could also be reused as a food source by

aquatic organism such as chironomid larvae known as “bloodworms”. They reported

that production of chironomid larvae was significantly higher in POME (580g/20l POME)

than in algal cultures (35g/20l algal culture).

POME as an energy source (Biogas/methane recovery and generation)

Renewable energy is the energy from resources that will not be depleted, such as wind,

mini-hydro, solar and biomass. Traditionally, Malaysian energy policy always revolved

around four fuel that is oil, natural gas, coal and hydropower but fossil fuel source in

Malaysia and elsewhere in limited. In Sarawak biogas with Methane (CH4) as major gas

fraction from the POME could be recovered in the POME treatment facility by changing

the anaerobic lagoons to closed/covered digesting ponds or sealed digesting tanks.

Electric power therefore is generated via the combustion of the CH4 in the gas turbine.

Power generated then is supplied to Sarawak Energy. The overall power generation

potential from effluent treatment can be estimated based on the calculated methane

yield from anaerobic POME treatment. According to Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB),

0.65 m3 POME is generated from every processed ton of fresh fruit bunch.

In the Figure below, the composition of biogas from POME has been determined as

62.5 % methane, 37 % Carbon dioxide and 1,500-3,000 vppm hydrogen sulphide. The

calorific value for the generated biogas is 22,000 kJ/m3. The heating value (average

caloric value) of methane was 36.3 MJ m3 at standard conditions. This corresponds to

10.888 kWh of energy per 1 m3 of methane.

Based on annual production of 9,288,000 tons of FFB process in Sarawak; resulting in

an annual effluent generation of 6,037,200 m3 and therefore 150,930,000 m3 of biogas

could be harnessed. Assuming that the effluent is treated properly under anaerobic

conditions, the total methane production amounted to 94,000,000 m3. The calorific

value of methane is stated as 10kWh/m3. The annual energy content of the generated

methane gas can be calculated to 940 GWh (~108 MW). Based on a conversion

efficiency of 38 % (gas engine), the potential annual electrical power generation would

be 360 GWh. Assuming 100 % availability of the conversion system shall results in an

installed power generation capacity of 41 MW from POME derived methane gas. This is

summarized in Table below.

Parameters Value Unit

FFB 9,288,000 Ton/year

POME yield 6,037,200 m3/ton of FFB

Biogas yield from POME 25 m3 biogas/m3 POME

CH4 gas fraction in biogas 0.625 m3 CH4/m3 biogas

CH4 emitted 0.94E+08 m3

Electricity equivalent (38%

eff)

3.6+0.8 or (41) kWh or (MW)

Table show parameters for estimating CH4 from POME (palm oil mill effluent, 2013)

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Empty fruit bunch means the fruitlet is totally separated with the bunch or empty

spikelets in the bunch. The solid residue of the oil palm bunch after the bunch already

threshed and sterilized, after the milling process. Many researchers indicate that EFB is

a great source for plant nutritional. For 1 tonne FFB processing at the mill, it will

produce around 0.22 tonne of FFB. During the mill operation the fresh fruit bunch will

generate shell (7%), fiber (13%), and empty fruit bunch (23%). Usually the empty fruit

bunch are return back to the oil palm field act as mulching in the palm replanting area

and fertilizer at the palm matured field. But, for another purpose the EFB also as a

resource of fuel for renewable energy (RE) power generation. The benefit of empty fruit

bunch in agricultural sector can be divided into two group :

Energetic purpose

The EFB as a source of fuel for renewable energy (RE) power generation

-Mostly EFB is dry until 40% moisture content and during that time it’s already to use as

fuel for electricity generation for palm oil industry. There are several methods for altering

biomass to energy, such mechanical process, thermo-chemical process and biological

process. The fast reduction of fossil fuel need the contingency approach and most

development country are selecting the development of biomass as another approach of

power generation. For the Malaysia country, it has an advantage because already have

a source of biomass in EFB. The prompt action must be taken during the mill process to

grab that opportunity for convert this energy to the fuel form.

Non Energetic purpose.

Fertilizer

-EFB is applying as fertilizer at the palm field since it content a lot of nutrient (as shown

at table 1). The EFB have two techniques to apply at the field which are directly to field

or using bunch residue. The burn residue are recycle for fertilizer purpose in agricultural

sector (Abdullah and Sulaiman , 2013). To reduce the percentage of pollution in our

country from agricultural sector, mostly EFB are apply directly to the field. Mostly

plantation at the Malaysia create the own method to return back the EFB at the field

because the researcher shown it has potential to increasing the oil palm yield. The EFB

also will support with other fertilizer acts as supplementary such urea or crystal island

rock phosphate to increasing the oil palm yield. Totally the oil palm plantation which

apply this method will reduce the cost compare than apply chemical fertilizer. The

utilization of EFB also will minimized nitrogen losses, improved the soil pH, increased

the nutrient content in the soil, and it also help to control the unwanted plant growth.

The table 1 showed the EFB rich in term of nutrient content:

Source : Sharifuddin et al

Mulching

- The EFB as the mulching at the oil palm field very beneficial to crop yield. Mulching is

the method to put some beneficial material on the surface or circle palm to maintaining

soil temperature and to altering soil moisture for increasing the growth performance and

productivity of crop with supplying many types of nutrient by decompose. Using the EFB

as a mulch has a several benefit in term of nutritional supply because it will release

liberate nutrient slowly using microorganism (Abdullah and Sulaiman,2013). At the

same time, the microorganism also will reprocess the nutrient in the soil and will

maintain the soil structure. Reprocess of the plant nutrient in mulch is the absolutely

beneficial in term of to improve the productivity of soil. There are some advantages of

EFB apply as mulch such improve soil pH, create the better aeration in the soil

structure, improved water holding capacity. Besides that, it also will avoid from rain

splash and soil wash and also to maintain soil temperature, to minimize the amount

nutritional losses. The EFB proved that there was an increment in yield after this

method is applying as shown at table 2.

Table 2 showed the effect of EFB mulch to the oil palm productivity

Source : Heriansyah

Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)

Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is the buildup got after the extraction of palm bit oil from the

seed. Due to the modern uses and fare possibilities of palm bit oil, PKC is effectively

accessible in expansive amounts. Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is a by-result of palm part

oil extraction and gives moderate sustenance roughly 16-18% of rough protein (CP) and

13-20% unrefined fiber (CF). PKC is generally utilized as the fundamental fixing as a

part of proportions for feedlot steers and bison. In Malaysia, feedlot steers are typically

nourished up to 80% PKC with live weight pick up (LWG) of 0.6-0.8 kg day-1 and 1- 1.2

kg day-1 for localPKC at very nearly 100% been encouraged to feedlot cows with

negative impact gave that the supply of Ca and vitamins is adequate to meet their

necessities. Utilization of PKC is basic in ruminant eating methodologies, however

constrained in the non-ruminant weight control plans particularly in poultry slims down

because of the high fiber substance of PKC. Various works have been led to expand the

healthful substance of PKC as one of the measures to decrease and/or kill the

imperatives of using PKC in poultry diets. The technique used to accomplish this

objective is either through physical, concoction, organic or blend of these medicines. On

the other hand, just concoction and natural medicines of PKC appear to enhance the

supplement estimations of PKC.

By and large, PKC is acquired from two phases of oil extraction from the palm organic

product; the first stage is the essential extraction of palm oil from the pericarp part of the

natural product, which likewise delivers the piece and by-results of palm oil slime (POS)

and palm press fiber (PPF), then the extraction of oil from squashed parts that

additionally brings about the creation of PKC and palm portion shell as by-items (Chin,

2008).

Benefit of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)

PKC UTILIZATION IN SWINE

PKC is likewise suitable for swine at 20%–25% incorporation for cultivators what's more,

finishers. In a few territories in Peninsular Malaysia, PKC is utilized at lower levels

(around 5%-10%). An sample plan for swine is PKC: 20%, maize: 65.5%, soyabean

feast: 9.5%, fish dinner: 3%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%, premix: 0.2% and salt: 0.3

PKC UTILIZATION IN POULTRY

Inferable from its high fiber content, theuse of PKC in poultry apportions is exceptionally

restricted. There exist wide varieties in the ideal consideration level of PKC in poultry

proportions. The fundamental reasons are because of the birthplace and varieties in the

oil and shell substance of the PKC utilized. Ovens can endure up to 20% PKC in their

eating methodologies without influencing their development execution and food

efficiency(Yeong, 1980). A food transformation proportion of 1:0.48 was accounted for

ovens nourished palm portion expeller (PKE) at 35 days of age (Onifade and

Babatunde, 1999). PKC can be incorporated up to 25% with no pernicious impacts on

egg generation and quality (Radim et al., 1999). Consideration of PKC at levels >20%

was accounted for to decrease egg creation and egg quality (Yeong et al., 1981)

however in another study, diminished egg generation was watched just at levels >40%

(Onwudike, 1988). Muscovy ducks can be sustained PKE at 30% level with no

pernicious impacts on their execution (Mustafa et al., 2002). Aside from PKC, the

generally accessible crude materials regularly utilized as a part of blending food for

poultry are rice grain, wheat pollard, sago, tapioca and broken rice. Samples of poultry

definitions are as per the following:

(i) for broilers (finisher diet): PKC: 20%, palm oil: 6%, maize: 39.8%, soyabean

meal: 25%, fish meal: 5%, lucerne leaf meal: 2%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%,

salt: 0.25%, vitamin-mineral premix: 0.30 and DL-methionine: 0.15%.

(ii) for layers: PKC: 20%, palm oil: 2%, maize: 45.4%, soyabean meal: 14.5%, fish

meal: 7.0%, lucerne leaf meal: 20%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%, limestone:

3%,oyster shell: 4.0%, vitamin-mineral premix: 0.3% and salt: 0.3% and

(iii) for meat ducks: PKC: 25%, palm oil: 5.3%, maize: 45.1%,soyabean meal:

17.3%, fish meal: 3%, salt: 0.25%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.56%, limestone:0.12,

DL-methionine: 0.06% andlysine: 0.06%.

PKC UTILIZATION IN AQUACULTURE

Research on the utilization of PKC in aquaculture bolster in Malaysia is exceptionally

restricted. Prior studies demonstrated that PKC can be endured up to 30% in catfish

(Clarias gariepinus) and 20% in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) proportions with no

pernicious consequences for development and execution (Sukkasame, 2000; Saad et

al., 1994). A case plan for African catfish is PKC: 30%, fish dinner: 20%, cassava flour:

15%, soyabean feast: 31%, sago: 1%, minerals and vitamins: 2% and vegetable oil: 1%.

RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF PKC IN LIVESTOCK RATIONS

Studies have demonstrated that PKC can be bolstered at levels up to 100% in

ruminants, it is suggested that PKC be given just at levels going from 50%– 80%,

particularly for meat. Its essential to incorporate grass or roughage or different stringy

assets at levels between 10%-15% with a specific end goal to beat the event of

metabolic infections or digestive issue in ruminants.

Palm Pressed Fiber (PPF)

Malaysia is a nation with plenitude of biomass makes from agribusiness and

tropical woodland which hold enormous potential to be used as renewable energy. One

of the essential agricultural industries in Malaysia is palm oil industry which created

Palm- pressed fiber (PPF) as the repercussion that can be used as the biomass in

pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of biomass is a system that creates strong (burn), fluid (bio-oil) and

vaporous items that can be used as option wellspring of energy. Palm pressed fiber

(PPF) is a process from oil extraction of oil palm fruit products. Palm pressed fiber is a

mix of palm mesocarp fiber, kernel shell, crushed kernel and debris. Recovered fiber

from pressed palm fruit products which is normally burned as fuel to give energy to the

palm oil factory. Currently, a percentage of the PPF are utilized for the generation of

board, rooftop tiles, mash and paper, creature nourish, and activated carbon (Chan,

1999; Wan et al., 2007).

The substance arrangement of the untreated palm-press filaments was assessed

to be 39.9% cellulose, 28.9% hemicellulose, 20.3 % lignin and 3.6% ash content (Tong ;

Hamzah 1989).Physical and chemical oil quality checks outlined that PPF oil contains

15-20% of diacylglycerol (DAG) and 47-70% of triacylglycerol (TAG). Simultaneous with

the worldwide vision of 'waste to wealth' reusing of PPF would use green technology

while producing more income for the organization. Residual oil (5–6% on dry basis)

separated from palm press fibers contains critical amounts of carotenoids (4000–6000

ppm), vitamin E (2400–3500 ppm), and sterols (4500–8500 ppm) (Choo et al.1996).

CONCLUSION

In the Palm Oil generation transform there is a general excess of by-items and the use

rate of these by-items is low particularly for POME, EFB and Decanter cake. As the bio-

based economy creates and markets for carbon nonpartisan items develop those by-

items ought to be seen as assets. The expanded supplement reusing will enhance soil

ripeness and manageability of palm oil generation. Frameworks that minimize the

expulsion of supplements and carbon from the framework ought to be favored. Still not

all carbon and supplements must be re-cycled. What the ideal is between biomass use

and reusing differs as per soil and atmosphere. Treating the soil, Co-fertilizing the soil

and Vermi fertilizing the soil strategies in spite of the fact that are by and by have not

been used in full as a lot of palm waste can be deteriorated in shorter time allotments.

The deciding items can be connected to palm manors as well as to different yields too.

This will thusly destroy the utilization of substance manures and forestall substantial

metal filtering issues. However unscientific area utilization of this fertilizer can likewise

be hurtful to plant development and soil properties. Subsequently more finances ought

to be given to Research and Development of the palm and its deposits. Investigative

bodies and Universities ought to devote more to eco- amicable administration of these

assets more than advancement of new items. As in the nearing years, Malaysia could

turn into a self reasonable country

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to the supervisor of the Agriculture Biological and Engineering

Technology under University Tecnology Mara (UiTM) Dr. Alawi bin Sulaiman for his

generous assistance, review and advice.

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