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Homer and rhetoric in Byzantium: Eustathios of Thessalonike on thecomposition of the Iliad
van den Berg, B.
Publication date2016Document VersionFinal published version
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Citation for published version (APA):van den Berg, B. (2016). Homer and rhetoric in Byzantium: Eustathios of Thessalonike on thecomposition of the Iliad.
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Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium:
Eustathios of Thessalonike on the Composition of the Iliad
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus
prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex
ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie,
in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit
op vrijdag 9 december 2016, te 11:00 uur
door Baukje van den Berg
geboren te Het Bildt
-
Promotiecommissie
Promotor: prof. dr. I.J.F. de Jong Universiteit van Amsterdam
Copromotor: dr. E.M. van Opstall Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Overige leden: prof. dr. G.J. Boter Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
prof. dr. I. Nilsson Universiteit Uppsala
prof. dr. I. Sluiter Universiteit Leiden
dr. M.P. de Bakker Universiteit van Amsterdam
dr. R.F. Regtuit Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen
This project was funded by:
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iii
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Note on Editions, Translations, and Abbreviations ix
Introduction 1
Eustathios of Thessalonike and the Parekbolai on the Iliad 2
Homer in Byzantium: Education, Scholarship, and Literature 6
The Intellectual Milieu of Komnenian Byzantium 10
Scope, Goals, and Method: Eustathios on the Composition of the Iliad 13
1. The Proem of the Parekbolai on the Iliad: Eustathios’ Hermeneutic
Programme
21
1.1 The Wise Homer and His Erudite Exegete 21
1.1.1 Homer’s enchantment: Homeric poetry as the song of Sirens and
a World Wonder
22
1.1.2 Homer’s authority and usefulness: the Poet as Ocean and host 28
1.1.3 Eustathios as erudite exegete: the Parekbolai as a lodging and
the exegete as a cook
33
1.2 Homer and Eustathios as Teachers of Rhetoric 39
1.2.1 The intended users of the Parekbolai on the Iliad 40
1.2.2 Rhetoric in Homeric poetry 42
1.2.3 The ‘table of contents’ of the Parekbolai on the Iliad 44
1.3 Eustathios on Myth and Allegory in Homeric Poetry 53
1.3.1 To amaze and teach: myth and history in Homeric poetry 54
1.3.2 Eustathios’ allegorical method 59
Conclusion 63
2. The Skilful Composition of the Iliad 67
2.1 Ancient Literary and Rhetorical Theory on Skilful Composition 68
2.1.1 Aristotle on the poetic plot 69
2.1.2 The scholia vetera on Homeric composition 71
2.1.3 Narrative arrangement in the progymnasmata 73
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iv Contents
2.1.4 Ps.-Hermogenes on the expansion of narrative 75
2.2 Eustathios on Homeric Skilfulness: Selection and Arrangement of
Subject Matter
76
2.2.1 Selecting the subject matter: the Trojan War and Achilles 77
2.2.2 Arranging and elaborating the Iliad: οἰκονομία and διασκευή 84
2.3 Unravelling Homeric Skilfulness: Principles and Techniques of
Composition
91
2.3.1 Homeric variation and parenthetic episodes 93
2.3.2 Avoiding monotony and raising flatness: ἱστορίαι 98
2.3.3 Imparting and displaying knowledge: the simile 101
2.3.4 Soothing the pro-Greek listener: προαναφώνησις and προέκθεσις 106
2.3.5 Expectation, surprise, and novelty: the ‘spice’ of duels 110
2.3.6 Expanding the poem: διασκευαί and ‘causal questions’ 113
2.4 Eustathios on Homeric Composition: The Catalogue of Ships as a Case
Study
12o
2.4.1 Eustathios on Homeric similes 121
2.4.2 The place and function of the Catalogue of Ships 124
2.4.3 The arrangement of the Catalogue: Greeks, Trojans, and
Achilles
128
Conclusion 132
3. The Plausible Composition of the Iliad 133
3.1 Ancient Literary and Rhetorical Theory on Plausibility 135
3.1.1 Aristotle on the probability and necessity of the poetic plot 135
3.1.2 The scholia vetera on ‘authentication’ 137
3.1.3 Plausibility of fable and narrative in the progymnasmata 138
3.1.4 Hermogenes’ commentators on plausibility 140
3.2 Homeric Techniques of Plausibility (1): Plausible Content 142
3.2.1 The truth-loving Homer: plausibility through correspondence
with reality
142
3.2.2 Beyond truth: plausibility through internal consistency 147
3.2.3 Plausibility at risk (1): Homeric daring 151
3.3 Homeric Techniques of Plausibility (2): Presentation and Formulation 157
3.3.1 Plausible presentation: the power of detail 157
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Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium v
3.3.2 Unambiguous formulation: plausibility and safety 161
3.3.3 Excursus: Eustathios on enargeia and the graphic quality of
Homer’s style
166
3.3.4 Plausibility at risk (2): daring ἐπιφωνήματα and metaphors 174
3.4 Eustathios on Plausibility: Priam’s Visit to Achilles as a Case Study 179
Conclusion 188
4. The Gods and the Composition of the Iliad 189
4.1 The Homeric Gods in Ancient and Byzantine Exegesis 191
4.1.1 Homeric allegoresis in antiquity: Cornutus, Heraclitus, Ps.-
Plutarch, Porphyry
192
4.1.2 The scholia vetera on the gods in Homer: poetic freedom and
allegorical interpretation
197
4.1.3 Homeric allegoresis in Byzantium: Psellos, Galenos, Tzetzes 200
4.2 The Gods in Bodily Form 205
4.2.1 The gods of poetry 205
4.2.2 Divine plans and the plausible course of events 212
4.2.3 Deliberately created difficulties and divine interventions 217
4.3 The Gods as Allegories of the Poet’s Mind 223
4.3.1 Zeus as the poet’s mind 224
4.3.2 The Muse as the poet’s knowledge 229
4.3.3 Athena as the poet’s prudence and skilfulness 232
4.3.4 Hermes as the poet’s eloquence 236
4.3.5 Hermes and Athena as the power of writing in Tztezes’
Allegories
237
4.4 The Gods as Anagogical Allegories 239
4.4.1 Eustathios’ allegorical interpretation of the gods and the
plausibility of the Iliad
240
4.4.2 Tzetzes’ allegorical interpretation of the gods and the true
meaning of the Iliad
246
Conclusion 251
General Conclusion: Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium 253
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vi Contents
Appendix I: The Proem of the Parekbolai on the Iliad (in Il. 1.1-5.3 = 1.1.1-1.8.6) 261
Appendix II: Eustathios on Similes (in Il. 176.20-178.1 = 1.270.23-272.35 on Il.
2.87-93)
281
Appendix III: Eustathios on Muse-Invocations (in Il. 9.31-11.20 = 1.15.21-18.23
on Il. 1.1)
285
Glossary of Rhetorical and Literary Terms 291
Bibliography 301
Index locorum 325
Samenvatting 353
Summary 359
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vii
Acknowledgements
I was introduced to Eustathios in 2010 by Irene de Jong when I wrote a course
paper on the Parekbolai on the Iliad and later my MA thesis under supervision of
Remco Regtuit at the University of Groningen. Back then, I was completely
unaware that our relationship would extend for the six years to follow (and
counting), surviving occasional struggles and frustrations, mainly due to
Eustathios’ tendency to communicate in obscure and intricate ways. I would not
have been able to deal with these struggles and write this thesis without the
continuous support of my promotors, Irene de Jong and Emilie van Opstall. Our
stimulating discussions, their meticulous comments on my writing, and their
patience with Eustathios and me were pivotal to the completion of this project. I
also wish to extend much gratitude to Ingela Nilsson for giving me the
opportunity to benefit from the lively academic environment of the Greek
seminar at Uppsala University for almost an entire year and for always being
available for advice. Research for this thesis was funded by the National Research
School in Classical Studies in the Netherlands (OIKOS) with a grant from the
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). My first stay in Uppsala
was financially supported by the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds. I thank
Dumbarton Oaks Research Institute and Library for granting me a Short-term
Pre-doctoral Residency in the autumn of 2015.
During the four years of my PhD project, I have had the privilege of
sharing my ideas with many colleagues in the Netherlands and abroad as well as
benefiting from their expertise. In particular, I wish to thank Eric Cullhed, Adam
Goldwyn, Casper de Jonge, Heleen Keizer, Jacqueline Klooster, Courtney
Tomaselli, Nikolaos Zagklas, and the members of the Amsterdam
‘Hellenistenclub’ for commenting on my work and sharing their knowledge with
me in various capacities. I thank my officemates of ‘PCH 337’, Mònica Colominas
Aparicio, Aniek van den Eersten, Niels Koopman, Paul van Uum, and Rogier
Visser, the researchers at the Department of Linguistics and Philology at Uppsala
University and the Greek seminar in particular, and the fellows at Dumbarton
Oaks in the autumn of 2015 for significantly contributing to the pleasure of
working on the thesis on a daily basis. I thank Alexander Alexakis and Stratis
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viii Acknowledgements
Papaioannou, as well as the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, for
teaching me much about Byzantine Greek and Byzantine literature. I am grateful
to the board and members of OIKOS for providing opportunities to follow courses
and meet colleagues. I also wish to acknowledge my gratitude to various scholars
who generously allowed me to read their work in an early stage of preparation,
and to Adam Goldwyn for correcting my English. Any errors that remain,
however, are entirely mine.
Completing this thesis would not have been possible without the help of
many others. I wish to thank my friends, old and new, for inspiration and
encouragement as well as most welcome distractions. Last but certainly not least,
I wish to extend endless gratitude to my parents and sisters for always being there.
Without their unremitting support and the limitless faith they have in me, I would
not be where I am now.
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ix
Note on Editions, Translations, and Abbreviations
The text of the Parekbolai on the Iliad follows the edition by Van der Valk (1971-
1987). References to the Parekbolai on the Iliad refer to pages and lines of the editio
princeps by Niccolò Maiorano (Rome, 1542-1549), which are provided by Van der
Valk as well as by the editors of the Parekbolai on the Odyssey (Stallbaum 1825-
1826, Cullhed 2014). For the convenience of the reader, references to the
Parekbolai on the Iliad also give the volume, page, and line numbers of Van der
Valk’s edition, which are followed in the TLG. To give an example: the first line of
Eustathios’ Parekbolai on Iliad 1 is referred to as ‘Eust. in Il. 5.32 = 1.9.1’, the first
part (5.32) referring to the editio princeps, the second part (1.9.1) to Van der Valk’s
edition. References to the first two books of the Parekbolai on the Odyssey are to
the edition by Cullhed; references to the remaining books of the Parekbolai on the
Odyssey are to the edition by Stallbaum and give both the page and line numbers
of the editio princeps and the volume, page, and line numbers of Stallbaum’s
edition, which are followed in the TLG. Translations of Eustathios are my own
unless indicated otherwise. The text of the Iliad and Odyssey follows the edition
by Monro & Allen (1902-1912). Translations are taken, with adaptations, from the
revised Loeb editions by Murray (1995 and 1999). The list below includes editions
of texts quoted throughout the present study as well as editions of less common
texts. References to other texts are to standard editions. Translations are my own
unless indicated otherwise.
Abbreviations of ancient authors and texts generally follow LSJ (Liddell & Scott,
rev. Jones 1996); abbreviations of patristic authors and texts follow Lampe’s
lexicon (1995); abbreviations of Byzantine authors and texts are as listed below.
Following other studies in Byzantine literature, I have adopted a mixed system of
transliterating Greek names. Late-antique and Byzantine names (later than 330
AD) are anglicised and/or transliterated, following the Oxford Dictionary of
Byzantium (ed. Kazhdan 1991). Ancient names appear in their common Latinised
or anglicised form, following the Oxford Classical Dictionary (eds. Hornblower &
Spawforth 2012).
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x Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations
Alex. Aphr. in Arist.
Metaph.
= Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentary on Aristotle’s
Metaphysics. Ed. M. Hayduck. 1891. Alexandri Aphrodisiensis
in Aristotelis Metaphysica commentaria. Berlin: Reimer.
Alex. Aphr. in Arist.
Top.
= Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentary on Aristotle’s
Topica. Ed. M. Wallies. 1891. Alexandri Aphrodisiensis in
Aristotelis topicorum libros octo commentaria. Berlin: Reimer.
Ann. Komn. = Anna Komnene, Alexiad. Eds. A. Kambylis & D.R. Reinsch.
2001. Anna Comnenae Alexias. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Anon. in Hermog. Id. = Anonymous, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On Types of
Style. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 7.2: 861-
1087. Osnabrück: Zeller.
Anon. in Ps.-Hermog.
Inv.
= Anonymous, Commentary on Ps.-Hermogenes’ On
Invention. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 7.2:
697-860. Osnabrück: Zeller.
Anon. Seg. = Anonymous Seguerianus, The Art of Rhetoric. Eds. M.R. Dilts
& G.A. Kennedy. 1997. Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the
Roman Empire, 1-73. Leiden: Brill.
Ar. Av. = Aristophanes, Birds. Ed. N. Dunbar. 1995. Aristophanes.
Birds. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ar. Byz. fr. Nauck = Aristophanes of Byzantium, fragments. Ed. A. Nauck. 1963.
Aristophanis Byzantii grammatici alexandrini fragmenta.
Hildesheim: Olms.
Arat. Phaen. = Aratus, Phaenomena. Ed. D. Kidd. 1997. Aratus:
Phaenomena. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arist. Metaph. = Aristotle, Metaphysics. Ed. W. Jaeger. 1957. Aristotelis
Metaphysica. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Arist. Ph. = Aristotle, Physics. Ed. W.D. Ross. 1956. Aristotelis Physica.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Arist. Po. = Aristotle, Poetics. Ed. R. Kassel. 1965. Aristotelis De arte
poetica liber. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Aphth. Prog. = Aphthonios, Progymnasmata. Ed. M. Patillon. 2008. Corpus
Rhetoricum, vol. 1: 49-162. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Bas. Leg. lib. gent. = Basil the Great, Address to Young Men on Reading Greek
Literature. Ed. F. Boulenger. 1935. Saint Basile. Aux jeunes gens
sur la manière de tirer profit des lettres Helléniques. Paris: Les
Belles Lettres.
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Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xi
Chrys. in Ev. Jo. = John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of John. Ed. J.-P.
Migne. 1857-1866. Patrologiae cursus completes (series graeca),
vol. 59: 23-482. Paris: Migne.
Chrys. in Act. Ap. = John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Acts of Apostles. J.-P.
Migne. 1857-1866. Patrologiae cursus completes (series graeca),
vol. 60: 13-384. Paris: Migne.
Clearch. fr. ed.
Wehrli
= Clearchus of Soli, fragments. Ed. F. Wehrli. 1948. Die Schule
des Aristoteles: Texte und Kommentar. Vol. 3: Klearchos. Basel:
Benno Schwabe.
Clem. Al. Paed. = Clement of Alexandria, Pedagogue. Eds. H-I Marrou, M.
Harl, C. Mondésert. 1960-1970. Clément d’Alexandrie: Le
pédagogue, 3 vols. Paris: Cerf.
Clem. Al. Strom. = Clement of Alexandria, Stromata. Eds. O. Stählin, L.
Früchtel, U. Treu. 1960-1970 [1906-1909]. Clemens
Alexandrinus, vol. 2-3. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Corn. ND = Cornutus, Compendium of Greek Theology. Ed. C. Lang. 1881.
Cornuti theologiae Graecae compendium. Leipzig: Teubner.
Cypr. fr. Bernabé = Cypria, fragments. Ed. A. Bernabé. 1996. Poetarum epicorum
graecorum testimonia et fragmenta, vol. 1: 43-64. Leipzig:
Teubner.
D. = Demosthenes, Orations. Ed. M.R. Dilts. 2002-2009.
Demosthenis Orationes, 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
D. Chr. Or. Dio Chrysostom, Orations. Ed. H. von Arnim. 1893-1896. Dionis
Prusaensis quem vocant Chrysostomus quae exstant omnia, 2
vols. Berlin: Weidmann.
Ps.-Demetr. Eloc. = Ps.-Demetrius, On Style. Ed. L. Radermacher. 1966 [1901].
Demetrii Phalerei qui dicitur de elocutione libellus. Leipzig:
Teubner.
D.H. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, various rhetorical works. Eds. L.
Radermacher & H. Usener. 1899-1929. Dionysii Halicarnasei
Opuscula, 2. vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
Ps.-D.H. Rh. = Ps.-Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ars Rhetorica. Eds. L.
Radermacher & H. Usener. 1904-1929. Dionysii Halicarnasei
Opuscula, vol. 2: 253-387. Leipzig: Teubner.
Diogenian. = Diogenianus, Proverbs. Eds. E.L. von Leutsch & F.G.
Schneidewin. 1965 [1839] Corpus Paroemiographorum
Graecorum, vol. 1: 1-175. Hildesheim: Olms; ed. E.L. von
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xii Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations
Leutsch. 1965[1851]. Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum,
vol. 2: 1-52.
Doxapatr. in Aphth.
Prog.
= John Doxapatres, Commentary on Aphthonios’
Progymnasmata. Ed. H. Rabe. 1931. Prolegomenon Sylloge.
Rhetores Graeci, vol. 14: 80-155. Leipzig: Teubner.
E. = Euripides. Ed. J. Diggle. 1981-1994. Euripidis fabulae, 3 vols.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
EM = Etymologicum Magnum. Ed. T. Gaisford. 1967 [1848].
Etymologicum magnum. Amsterdam: Adolf. M. Hakkert.
Eum. Makr. H&H = Eumathios Makrembolites, Hysmine & Hysminias. Ed. F.
Conca. 1994. Il romanzo bizantino del XII secolo, 499-687.
Turin: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese.
Eust. Capt. = Eustathios, The Capture of Thessalonike. Ed. S. Kyriakidis.
1961. Eustazio di Tessalonica. La espugnazione di Tessalonica.
Palermo: Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici.
Eust. Emend. vit.
mon.
= Eustathios, Examination of Monastic Life. Ed. K. Metzler.
2006. Eustathii Thessalonicensis De emendanda vita
monachica. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Eust. Ep. = Eustathios, Letters. Ed. F. Kolovou. 2006. Die Briefe des
Eustathios von Thessalonike. Munich: Saur.
Eust. in Can. Jo. Dam. = Eustathios, Exegesis on the Iambic Canon for Pentecost by
John of Damascus. Eds. P. Cesaretti & S. Ronchey. Eustathii
Thessaloncensis Exegesis in Canonem iambicum
pentecostalem. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Eust. in Dion. Per. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on Dionysius Periegetes. Ed. K. Müller.
1861. Geographi Graeci minores, vol. 2: 201-407. Paris: Didot.
Eust. in Il. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on the Iliad. Ed. M.H.A.L.H. van der
Valk, 1971-1987. Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis
commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes ad fidem codicis
Laurentiani editi, 4 vols. Leiden: Brill.
Eust. in Od. = Eustathios, Parekbolai on the Odyssey. Ed. J.G. Stallbaum.
1825-1826. Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis
Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam ad fidem exempli Romani
editi, 2 vols. Leipzig: Weigel.
Eust. in Od. .... ed.
Cullhed
= Eustathios, Parekbolai on Odyssey 1-2. Ed. E. Cullhed. 2014.
Eustathios of Thessalonike. Parekbolai on Homer’s Odyssey 1-2.
Proekdosis. Dissertation, Uppsala University.
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Homer and Rhetoric in Byzantium xiii
Eust. in Pi. = Eustathios, Proem to the Parekbolai on Pindar. Ed. A.
Kambylis. 1991. Eustathios von Thessalonike, Prooimion zum
Pindarkommentar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Eust. Opusc. = Eustathios, Opuscula. Ed. T.L.F. Tafel. 1832. Eustathii
Metropolitae Thessalonicensis Opuscula. Amsterdam: Adolf
M. Hakkert.
Eust. Op. min. = Eustathios, Opera minora. Ed. P. Wirth. 2000. Eustathii
Thessalonicensis Opera minora: magnam partem inedita.
Berlin: De Gruyter.
Eust. Quadr. = Eustathios, Orations on the Great Quadragesima. Ed. S.
Schönauer. 2006. Eustathios von Thessalonike: Reden auf die
Grosse Quadragesima: Prolegomena, Text, Übersetzung,
Kommentar, Indices. Frankfurt am Main: Beerenverlag.
Euth. Malak. Mon.
Eust.
= Euthymios Malakes, Monody on Eustathios of Thessalonike.
Ed. K.G. Bonis. 1937. Εὐθυμίου τοῦ Μαλάκη μητροπολίτου Νεῶν
Πατρῶν (Ὑπάτης) [δευτέρον ἥμισυ ιβʹ ἑκατ.] τὰ σωζόμενα, 78-83.
Athens: Theologikē Bibliothēkē.
Gr. Pard. in Ps.-
Hermog. Meth.
= Gregory Pardos, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On the
Method of Skilfulness. Ed. C. Walz. 1968 [1834]. Rhetores
Graeci, vol. 7.2: 1088-1352. Osnabrück: Zeller.
Gr. Nyss. Infant. = Gregory of Nyssa, On Infants’ Early Deaths. Ed. H. Hörner.
1986. Gregorii Nysseni opera, vol. 3.2: 67-97. Leiden: Brill.
Ps.-Hdn. Fig. = Ps.-Herodian, On Figures. Ed. K. Hajdù. 1998. Ps.-Herodian,
De figuris: Überlieferungsgeschichte und kritische Ausgabe,
103-38. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Heraclit. All. = Heraclitus, Allegories or Homeric Questions. Ed. F. Buffière.
1962. Héraclite: Allégories d’Homère. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Herm. in Phdr. = Hermias, Commentary on Plato’s Phaedrus. Ed. P. Couvreur.
1901. Hermeias von Alexandrien: In Platonis Phaedrum scholia.
Paris: Émile Bouillon.
Hermog. Id. = Hermogenes, On Types of Style. Ed. M. Patillon. 2012. Corpus
Rhetoricum, vol. 4: 22-234. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Ps.-Hermog. Inv. = Ps.-Hermogenes, On Invention. Ed. M. Patillon. 2012. Corpus
Rhetoricum, vol. 3.1: 1-130. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Ps.-Hermog. Meth. = Ps.-Hermogenes, On the Method of Skilfulness. Ed. M.
Patillon. 2014. Corpus Rhetoricum, vol. 5 : 1-92. Paris: Les Belles
Lettres.
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xiv Note on Editions, Translations, Abbreviations
Ps.-Hermog. Prog. = Ps.-Hermogenes, Progymnasmata. Ed. M. Patillon. 2008.
Corpus Rhetoricum, vol. 1: 165-206. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Il. = Iliad. Eds. D.B. Monro & T.W. Allen. 1902-1912. Homeri opera,
vols. 1-2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jo. Gal. All. Il. 4.1-4 = John Diakonos Galenos, Allegory of Iliad 4.1-4. Ed. H. Flach.
1970 [1876]. Glossen und Scholien zur hesiodischen Theogonie,
420-4. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.
Jo. Sard. in Aphth.
Prog.
= John of Sardis, Commentary on Aphthonios’ Progymnasmata.
Ed. H. Rabe. 1928. Ioannis Sardiani commentarium in
Aphthonii progymnasmata. Leipzig: Teubner.
Jo. Sik. Prol. in
Hermog. Id.
= John Sikeliotes, Prolegomena to Hermogenes’ On Types of
Style. Ed. H. Rabe. 1931. Prolegomenon Sylloge. Rhetores Graeci,
vol. 14: 393-420. Leipzig: Teubner.
Jo. Sik. in Hermog. Id. = John Sikeliotes, Commentary on Hermogenes’ On Types of
Style. Ed. C. Walz. 1834. Rhetores Graeci, vol. 6: 56-504.
Stuttgart: Cotta.
Jul. Or. in Sol. = Julian, Oration to the Sovereign Sun. Ed. C. Lacombrade.
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