vaccination

By;

Dr.fatma alzahrani

Jan.2009

Vaccination

ObjectivesDefinitionsType of immunization.Contraindication.Discussion of individual vaccines

preparation. admnistration.

precaution&contraindication side effects

Vaccination

Definitions

vaccination :is active immunization.

Vaccine:

antigenic harmless substance that induce specific immunity to specific disease .

Vaccination

Vaccination schedule:

arecomended seires of vaccination that include time of all doses.

Monovalent one organism

Polyvalent more than one organisms

vaccinationvaccineBIRTH2mo4mo6mo12m18mo

BCG

HBV

OPV

DTP

HIB

MMR

Vaccination

General contraindications:-moderate or sever illness with or without fever.

-anaphylactic reaction to vaccine or its constitute.

-live attenuated vaccines

- pregnant women

- immunocompromised children

- withen 3months of IVIG

Vaccination

Types of vaccines

There are four basic types of vaccine in use today 1-Killed vaccines: These are preparations of the normal (wild type)

infectious, pathogenic virus or bacteria that has been rendered non-pathogenic, usually by chemical treatment such as with formalin that cross-links viral proteins.

2-Attenuated vaccines: These are live virus or bacteria particles that grow in the vaccine recipient but do not cause disease because the vaccine virus ,bacteria has been altered (mutated) to a non-pathogenic form; for example, its tropism has been altered so that it no longer grows at a site

that can cause disease .3-Sub-unit vaccines: These are purified components of the virus, such as a

surface antigen4.Toxoid :These are inactivated toxic compound .

Vaccination

Newly developed vaccine:

1 -Conjugate: certain bacteria have outer polysaccharide capsul that is poorly immunogenic,linking this to aprotein will increase the antigenicity.

2-Recombinant vector: by combining the physiology of one microorganism to DNA of other one. .

Vaccination

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG):

Live attenuated bacterium.,S.C,0.5ml

Indications: All newborn.

All tuberculin negative infants.Precaution &contraindications:Pregnency.Immunodefeciency state.

Side effects Local -skin ulceration,regional lymphadenitis. systemic(rare) osteomylitis.

Generalized Anaphylaxis,generalized BCG infection.

Vaccination

Hepatitis B:

Recombenent

0.5ml,IM

Side Effects:

Pain

Arthralgia

Vaccination

Diphtheria,Tetanus(toxoid)&Pertussis(killed):Less than 7years DT,DTaP

More than 7years Td

0.5ml IM.

Precaution&contraindication(pertussis)

Sever reaction -Temp>40.5ºC

Persistent inconsolable crying>3hours.

Collapse episode.

Convulsion or encephalopathy.

Progressive neurological disorders

Vaccination

polimylitis vaccineLive attenuated(sabin)(OPV) 2drops orally.

Killed (salk)(IPV) SC injection.

Precaution&Contraindication:OPV pregnency &immunodef.

IPV neomycin hypersensetivity

Side effect paralytic disease (OPV)

Vaccination

Haemophilus Influenza Tybe B:

2months or older -(HbOC),(PRP-OMP),(PRP-T)

12months or older PRP-D

0.5ml IM

Indication -Compulsory&for high riskchildren

Side Effects: -local pain

mild fever

Vaccination

Mesles,Mumps&Rubella (MMR):Measles

MMR 0.5ml SC.

Precaution&Contraindication:Pregnency

Egg anaphylaxis.

Immunodef.OR IVIG withen 3months.

Side effects: -fever,rash(7days post vaccine)

artheralgia,artheritis(Rubella)

encephalitis (measeles&mumps)

suppression of ppd skin test

Vaccination

Pneumococcal vaccine:Capsular polysaccharide of 23 serotypes of strept.pnumoniae0.5ml IM/SC(pneumovax) >23monthsPCV (7valent)- <23months

Indication:- anatomical OR functional asplenia.

- Sickle Cell Disease.- Nephrotic Syndrome.

- Immunsuppression.Side Effects:

Soreness,erythema,fever. anaphylactic reaction.

Vaccination

Menigococcal Polysaccharide vaccine:Monovalent(AorC)

Bivalent (A&C)

guadrivalent(A,C,Y&W-135)

0.5ml SC

Indication: outbreak

Complement defeciency&asplenia.

Side Effects : transient fever,local erythema

Vaccination

Varicella Zoster:Varivax vaccine0.5ml IM12month+ -----single dose13years +-------2doses.Indications:

All children 12-18 months. 19months-18years (no H/O varicella)

Precaution&Contraindication: immunodefeciency,

withen5months of IVIG long term salicylate treatment.

Side effects: Fever,rash&zoster.