vaxtang guruli ioseb jurasvilis arcevani · 2012. 9. 8. · vaxtang guruli . ioseb jurasvilis...
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vaxtang guruli
ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani
Tbilisi 2006
vaxtang guruli
ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani
(politikuri portretis Seqmnis cda)
1878-1907
Tbilisi 2006
naSromi eZRvneba ioseb juRaSvilis (stalinis) cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis saqarTvelos periods (1878-1907 ww.) da warmoadgens misi
politikuri portretis Seqmnis cdas.
redaqtori profesori merab vaCnaZe
recenzenti docenti avTandil wowkolauri
avtorisagan
ioseb stalinze bevri iwereba, ueWvelia, momavalSi kidev ufro meti
daiwereba. araferi ar aris sakvirveli imaSi, rom obieqturi mematiane jer
kidev ar sCans (cxadia, aseTad Cvenc ar miviCnevT Tavs). ioseb stalinis
moRvaweoba obieqturad Sefasdeba maSin, rodesac ruseTis WeSmariti
istoria daiwereba, es ki Zalze Soreuli momavlis saqmea. ioseb stalini
saqarTveloSi daibada, aqve daiwyo man politikuri moRvaweoba, aqve gaakeTa
arCevani, romelmac gansazRvra piradad ioseb juRaSvilis bedi, misi
samSoblos _ saqarTvelos bedi, ruseTis bedi...
2 Cveni mizania, gaviazroT ioseb juRaSvilis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis saqarTvelos periodi (1878-1907 ww.), avxsnaT, Tu ram ganapiroba
ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani.
prof. vaxtang guruli
6 dekemberi, 2006 weli
prologis magier
yoveli adamiani qveynierebas moevlineba rogorc RvTis naperwkali. es
imas niSnavs, rom RmerTma adamians sasuflevlisaken gza gauxsna. Semdeg
adamiani dgeba arCevanis winaSe, ufro swored adamians arCevanis (cTunebis)
winaSe ayenebs eSmaki. ase grZeldeba adamidan dRemde. arCevani xdeba:
_ RmerTsa da eSmaks,
_ sulsa da xorcs,
_ cxovnebasa da warwymedas,
_ sasufevelsa da satanjvels,
_ samoTxesa da jojoxeTs,
_ siyvarulsa da siZulvils,
_ mitevebasa da Zalmomreobas,
_ erTgulebasa da Ralats,
_ morCilebasa da amboxs Soris.
arCevanis winaSe odesme, adre Tu gvian, yvela adamiani dgeba.
arCevanSi adamiani Tavisufalia.
Tavisufali iyo arCevanSi ioseb juRaSvilic...
Cveulebrivi mokvdavis arCevani mxolod misi da SeiZleba misi
axloblebis cxovrebas gansazRvravdes, masze axdendes gavlenas. ioseb
juRaSvili ar iyo Cveulebrivi mokvdavi. amitomac arCevani mxolod misTvis
ar gamodga sabediswero. ioseb juRaSvilis arCevanma gansazRvra:
_ ioseb juRaSvilis momavali,
_ saqarTvelos momavali,
_ ruseTis (sabWoTa kavSiris) momavali
_ msoflios momavalic...
3 es arCevani ki gakeTda saqarTveloSi (iqneba gorSi, iqneb TbilisSi).
ruseTis imperiaSi msgavsi arCevani aTasebma da aTi aTasebma gaakeTes.
maTgan mxolod erTs arguna bedma, gamxdariyo dedamiwis erT meeqvsedze
gadaWimuli zesaxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli...
yovelive ki ase daiwyo...
`daibada eqvs dekembers, monaTles Svidmet dekembers~
(dabadebis TariRisaTvis)
Tbilisis guberniis samazro qalaq goris miZinebis taZris mRvdelma
solomon xaxanaSvilma 1878 wlis 17 dekembers metrikuli Canawerebis wigni
gadaSala da ocdameoTxe nomriT aseTi Canaweri gaakeTa:
„Родился шестаго (6), а крещен семьнадцатого (17) декабря, Иосиф, родители его:
житель г. Гори, крестьянин Виссарион Иванов сын Джугашвили и законная жена его
Екатерина Гавриловна, оба православнаго вероисповедения. При крещении восприемником
был житель г. Гори, крестьянин Михаил Шпоев сын Цихитатришвили. Таинство крещения
совершал Протоперей Горийского Успенскаго Собора Соломон Хаханов с причетником
Алексием Квиникадзе“.
ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis zusti TariRi dRemde dadgenili ar
aris. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, asaxeleben or TariRs: 1879 wlis 21
dekembers da 1878 wlis 6 dekembers.
ioseb juRaSvilis oficialur biografiaSi, romelic avtorTa
koleqtivma Seadgina i. p. tovstuxas xelmZRvanelobiT, mravali Secdoma Tu
uzustobaa gaparuli (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle biografia.
meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1852). sxvas rom yvelafers Tavi davaneboT,
uzustobaa gaparuli ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT.
oficialuri biografebi miiCneven, rom ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili
daibada 1979 wlis 21 dekembers. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi TviT i.
stalinis xeliT Sevsebuli anketebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ioseb
juRaSvili marTlac 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo. saTanado saarqivo
masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze dadginda, rom ioseb besarionis Ze stalini
daibada 1878 wlis 6 dekembers.
1902 wels ioseb juRaSvili Jandarmeriam daapatimra. 1902 wlis 13
ivliss quTaisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ruseTis imperiis
4 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros policiis departaments gaugzavna oficialuri
dokumenti _ cnoba pasuxisgebaSi micemuli ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb.
cnobaSi mesame kiTxvis _ „Время рождания“_ gaswvriv weria: „23 года“ am
monacemis mixedviT gamodis, rom ioseb juRaSvili dabadebula 1879 wels
(1902-23=1879). 1902 wlis 17 ivliss baTumSi JandarmTa calke korpusis
podpolkovnikma Sabilskim da baTumelma eqimma eliavam Seadgines aseve
oficialuri dokumenti „Протокол примет“ pasuxisgebaSi micemuli ioseb
juRaSvilisa. oqmis meore kiTxvis „Лета“ gaswvriv weria: „23 года“ am
monacemiTac ioseb juRaSvili 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo (1902-23=1879).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Jandarmeriis pasuxisgebaSi micemuli moqalaqis
wlovanebis aRmniSvneli cifri saTanado grafaSi Sehqonda TviT moqalaqis
Cvenebis safuZvelze, magram SemdegSi es monacemi mowmdeboda. sabolood
Jandarmeria dabadebis TariRs dadgenilad CaTvlida mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac miiRebda amonawers sametriko Canaweris wignidan, romelic eklesiaSi
inaxeboda. ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis TariRic am gziT dadginda.
goridan Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos acnobes, rom
ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili daibada 1878 wlis 6 dekembers
(saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi (spa), fondi 8, aRwera 1, saqme 772,
furclebi 78-79). imavdroulad Jandarmeriam moipova meore dokumenti _
Tbilisis marTlmadidebelTa sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobis mier
ioseb juRaSvilis saxelze gacemuli oficialuri dokumenti _
„Свидетельство“, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili
daibada „в шестой день декабря месяца тысяча восемьсот семьдесят восьмого года“ (sppa,
fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 414, furceli 4).
ioseb juRaSvili Semdgomi dapatimrebis drosac Tavisi asakis Sesaxeb
iseT cifrs asaxelebda, rom igi 1879 wels dabadebuli gamodioda. 1909
wels baqoSi patimrobaSi myof ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb Seqmnil
oficialur dokumentSi kiTxvis _ „Возраст“ _ gaswriv weria: „30 лет“. am
monacemiT mixedviT ioseb juRaSvili 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo (1909-
30=1879). Jandarmeria isev daeWvda ioseb juRaSvilis Cvenebis sisworeSi. 1911
wlis 20 oqtombers Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelodan
gorSi Jandarmeriis unter-oficers miminovs werdnen: „Установи путем допроса
проживаюшей в г. Гори модистки Екатерины Глаховны Джугашвили (уроженной Геладзе) и
донести имеется-ли у нея сын Иосиф Виссарионов Джугашвили и в утвердительном случае в
5
каком году и где он родился и в какой именно церкви крещен ея сын“ (sppa, fondi 8,
aRwera 5, saqme 268, furceli 10). imave wlis 25 oqtombers goris miZinebis
eklesiis winamZRvars Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelodan
werdnen: „Прощу распоряжения о выдаче метрической выписи о рождении и крещении
Иосифа Виссарионова Джугашвили“ (sppa, fondi 8, aRware 5, saqme 268, furceli
13). 24 oqtombers gorSi Jandarmeriis unter-oficerma momonovma dahkiTxa
ioseb juRaSvilis deda ekaterine (keke) glaxos asuli juRaSvili (gelaZe)
da dakiTxvis oqmi gaugzavna Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis
sammarTvelos. oqmSi vkiTxulobT: „ ... деиствительно е нее (Екатерины Джугашвили
– В. Г.) есть сын Иосиф, 33-х лет, родился в гор. Гори, крестился в Горийском Успенском
соборе“ (sppa, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268, furceli 24). e. i. ekaterine
juRaSvilis Cvenebis mixedviT, i. stalini 1878 wels unda dabadebuliyo
(1911-33=1878). igive dadasturda goris miZinebis eklesiis sametriko
Canawerebis wignidan gakeTebuli amonaweriTac, romelic goridan miiRes
TbilisSi.
amrigad, ioseb stalinis dabadebis TariRad unda miviCnioT 1878 wlis
6 dekemberi..
mainc raSi dasWirda ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis namdvili TariRis
damalva? ioseb juRaSvili 1902 wels daapatimres baTumSi. mas bralad
edeboda ori ram: Tbilisis social-demokratiuli wris wevroba da
baTumis demonstraciis organizeba. ioseb juRaSvils hqonda Sansi orive
braldebidan Tavis daZvrenisa. amasTan man kargad icoda, rom dabadebuli
iyo 1878 wels da rogorc samxedro valdebuli 1900-1901 wlebis gawvevas
eqvemdebareboda. amdenad, ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis SeiZleboda waeyenebinaT
braldeba _ samxedro samsaxurisaTvis Tavis arideba. 1879 wels dabadebuls
ki aseT braldebas ver wauyenebdnen.
`pirveli mowafe~
(goris sasuliero saswavlebelsa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi)
ioseb juRaSvili q. gorSi dedasTan izrdeboda. mamas ojaxi
praqtikulad mitovebuli hyavda. 1902 wlis ivlisSi ioseb juRaSvili q.
baTumSi dahkiTxa quTaisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos
gamomZiebelma. dakiTxvisas Sedga ioseb juRaSvilis anketuri monacemebi.
6
anketaSi meTeqvsmete kiTxva ase iyo formulirebuli: „Места постояннаго
жительства родителей или заменяющих их родственников или опекунов“. am kiTxvaze
aseTi pasuxia gacemuli: „Мать живет в г. Гори, местожительство отца за последние 12
л. неизвестно“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907.
Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 27). ioseb juRaSvili ar cruobda _ mama gorSi iSviaTad
Cndeboda. Tavdapirvelad besarion juRaSvili colsa da Svils
materialur daxmarebas uwevda, Semdeg ki daxmareba Sewyvita. 1895 wlis 28
agvitos Tbilisis marTlmadidebluri sasuliero seminariis reqtors
arqimandrit serafimes saxelze daweril TxovnaSi ioseb juRaSvili
aRniSnavs: „Отец мой, уже три года, не оказывает мне отцовского попечения, в наказание
того, что я, не по его желанию, прожолжил образование“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini.
masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16). besarion
juRaSvils Svilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi ki ara goris
sasuliero saswavlebelSi Seyvanac ar surda. qmris survili miuRebeli
aRmoCnda ekaterine (keke) gelaZisaTvis. dedas Svilis sasuliero
saswavlebelSi Seyvana 1886 wels undoda, saWiro sabuTebic ki gaumzadebia.
verc 1886 wels da verc 1887 wels ioseb juRaSvilma swavlis dawyeba ver
SeZlo. cxadia, mizezi materialuri xelmokleobac iyo. ekaterine (keke)
gelaZe qmris risxvas ar SeuSinda, saWiro Tanxac iSova da 1888 wlis
seqtembridan ioseb juRaSvili goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlas
Seudga.
mamisagan mitovebul ojaxs ekonomikurad Zalze uWirda. 1894 wlis 29
seqtembers Tbilisis marTlmadidebluri sasuliero seminariis reqtoris
arqimandrit serafimis saxelze daweril TxovnaSi ioseb juRaSvili
aRniSnavda: „Мать моя находится в самом бедственном положении. Не имея имущества ни
движимого ни недвижимого, она живет и содержит меня работой, которую часто не находит“
(v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi,
1998, gv. 15). kidev ufro damZimda ioseb juRaSvilis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba 1895 wels. seminariis reqtors arqimandrit serafimes 1895
wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvili werda: „В настоящее время, у матери моей
ослабли глаза, впоследствие чего более не может заниматься ручным трудом (единственный
источник дохода)“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-
1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16).
7 goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi ioseb juRaSvili kargad swavlobda.
saswavlebeli 1894 wels daasrula. oficialur dokumentSi aRniSnulia,
rom ioseb juRaSvilma sasuliero saswavlebeli daasrula "первым
учеником".
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, ekaterine (keke) gelaZem
SesZlo Svilis Tbilisis marTlmadideblur sasuliero seminariaSi
Seyvana. arsebuli wesis mixedviT, seminariaSi swavlebis gadasaxads ar
ixdidnen sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi. ioseb juRaSvli am
SeRavaTiT ver isargeblebda. kekem rogorRac moaxerxa da ioseb
juRaSvils swavlebis gadasaxadi gaunaxevres _ gadasaxadis 50%-s
saeklesio xazina ixdida. danarCeni 50% (40 maneTi) kekes unda gadaexada. es
ki ekonomikur siduxWireSi Cavardnili ojaxisaTvis advili ar iyo. ioseb
juRaSvils imdenad uWirda, rom tansacmlis SesaZeni fulic ki ar gaaCnda.
1894 wlis 29 seqtembers ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis
reqtors arqimandrit serafimes werda: "Посему всенижайше прошу вас, ваше
высокоприподобие, выдать мне зимную одежду... и избавте меня от простуды и холода" (v.
guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,
gv. 16). momdevno wels kidev ufro gauWirda. seminariis pirveli kursis
warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg ioseb juRaSvils meore kursze swavlis
gagrZelebis uflebas ar aZlevdnen. mas dafaruli ar hqonda pirveli
kursis swavlebis gadasaxadi, ufro zustad, swavlebisaTvis dawesebuli
Tanxis 50% (40 maneTi). 1995 wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvili seminariis
reqtors arqimandrit serafimes Seaxsenebda, rom mas pirvel kursze
swavlebis gadasaxadi gaunaxevres, magram darCenili naxevris gadaxdac ar
SeeZlo da sTxovda, epatiebinaT misTvis 40 maneTi. ioseb juRaSvili
seminariaSi an saeklesio xazinis xarjze unda darCeniliyo, an
swavlisaTvis Tavi unda daenebebina. amitom iyo, rom seminariis reqtors
arqimandrit serafimes sTxovda: "Посему я вторично прибегаю к стопам Вашего
Высокопреподобия и прошу покорнейше оказать мне помощ принятием на полный казенный
счет, чем окажте величайшую милость" (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi
biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16). Tbilisis sasuliero
seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvilis Txovna Seiwynara.
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxedvad, mamisagan mitovebuli da
TbilisSi saswavleblad Camosvlis Semdeg ukve dedis siTbosac
8 moklebuli, ioseb juRaSvili kargad swavlobda. imdenad gulmodgine iyo,
rom 1894-1895 saswavlo wels (anu pirvel kursze) arasapatio mizeziT arc
erTi saaTi ar gaucdenia, sapatio mizeziT ki gaacdina mxolod 14 saaTi.
sasuliero seminariis pirvel klasSi ioseb juRaSvili mxolod Svid
sagans swavlobda. garda amisa, unda daewera erTi Txzuleba. saswavlo
wlis bolos Catarebul gamocdebze ioseb juRaSvilma aseTi Sefasebebi
daimsaxura: wminda werili _ 5, berZnuli ena _ 4, qarTuli saeklesio
galoba _ 5, sityviereba _ 5, samoqalaqo istoria _ 5, maTematika _ 5,
qarTuli ena _ 5, Txzuleba _ 4 (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi
biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 17).
aRsaniSnavia, rom ioseb juRaSvili mTeli saswavlo wlis
ganmavlobaSi (1894 wlis seqtembridan 1895 wlis maisis CaTvliT)
yofaqcevaSi yovelTviurad umaRles Sefasebas (5) imsaxurebda. cxadia,
wliuri Sefasebac umaRlesi (5) iyo (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi
biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 17).
meore, mesame da meoTxe klasebSi ioseb juRavSili aseve didi
mondomebiT swavlobda. seminariaSi swavlis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1894
wlis seqtemberidan 1899 wlis maisamde) ioseb juRaSvilma oci sagani
Seiswavla da Semdegi Sefasebebi daimsaxura: wminda werili ganmarteba _
Zalze kargi (4), bibliuri istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), eklesiis istoria _
kargi (3), homiletika _ Zalze kargi (4), liturgika _ Zalze kargi (4),
rusuli sityviereba _ Zalze kargi (4), rusuli literaturis istoria _
Zalze kargi (4), msoflios samoqalaqo istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), ruseTis
samoqalaqo istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), algebra _ Zalze kargi (4),
geometria _ Zalze kargi (4), pasxalia _ Zalze kargi (4), logika _ friadi
(5), fsiqologia _ Zalze kargi (4), qarTuli saeklesio sagnebi _ Zalze
kargi (4), berZnuli ena _ Zalze kargi (4), slavuri saeklesio galoba _
friadi (5), qarTuli saeklesio galoba _ Zalze kargi (4) (v. guruli. ioseb
stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 18-19). ai, am
codniT wavida ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan. Tumca
ioseb juRaSvilis ganaTleba amiT ar dasrulebula.
ekaterine (keke) gelaZes didi survili hqonda, rom misi erTaderTi
Svili mRvdeli gamosuliyo. ioseb juRaSvili dedis survils
emorCileboda da didi mondomebiT swavlobda rogorc goris sasuliero
9 saswavlebelSi (1888-1894 ww.), ise Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi (1894-1899
ww.). rogorc Cans, sxva mizani ioseb juRaSvils imxanad ar gaaCnda.
arCevanis winaSe igi cota mogvianebiT dadga.
`vards gaefurCqna kokori~ (iliasTan `iveriaSi~)
ioseb juRaSvili goridan TbilisSi 1894 wlis seqtemberSi Camovida.
sasuliero seminariis pansionSi mcxovreb ymawvils uamravi safiqrali
hqonda: mama gaRizianebuli iyo imis gamo, rom Svilma misi nebis winaaRmdeg
seminariaSi swavla ganagrZo; dedas imdena mcire Semosavali hqonda, rom
swavlebis qiris SeRavaTiT (50%) gadaxdac ki ar SeeZlo; axlovdeboda
zamTari, ioseb juRaSvilis ki Tbilisi tansacmlis SeZenisaTvis
aucilebeli fuli ar hqonda, ar hqonda wignebis SesaZeni fuli...
samagierod hqonda dauokebeli survili, cxovrebis fskerze ar
darCeniliyo, hqonda sakuTari Zalebis rwmena da imisi mudmivi gancda, rom
igi RmerTma gamoarCia nacrisferi masisagan. es rom ar yofiliyo, ioseb
juRaSvili leqsebis weris xasiaTze ver dadgeboda...
XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis sazogadoebriv-politikurma moZraobam
daakanona aseTi tradicia: Tu axalgazrda moRvawes sazogadoebriv
asparezze damkvidreba surda, mas qveynisaTvis Tavisi Tavi presis
saSualebiT unda waredgina _ kalami ecada poeziaSi, prozaSi,
publicistikaSi. imxanad, roca ioseb juRaSvili goridan TbilisSi
Camovida, qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba ramdenime
mimdinareobiT iyo warmodgenili. pirveli. gazeT `iveriis ~ mimdinareoba.
es iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da mis Zvel TanamoazreTa mimdinareoba, romlebic
erTgulni iyvnen XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli erovnuli
moZraobis programisa da Secvlili viTarebis miuxedavad, misi
ganxorcielebisaTvis iRwvodnen. meore gazeT `kvalis~ mimdinareoba. am
mimdinareobis lideri iyo giorgi wereTeli. uTanxmoeba ilia WavWavaZesa
da giorgi wereTels Soris wlebis manZilze sul ufro iZabeboda, rac
sabolood ganxeTqilebiT dasrulda. giorgi wereTelma 1893 wels gazeTi
`kvali~ daarsa da didi mondomebiT cdilobda `kvals~ `iveriis~ adgili
daekavebina qarTul sinamdvileSi. ilia WavWavaZesTan politikur,
ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze uTanxmoeba giorgi wereTelma imiT
10 daasrula, rom qarTveli eris momavali nacional-socializmis (erovnuli
socializmis) gamarjvebas daukavSira. giorgi wereTeli mfarvelobas
uwevda ilia WavWavaZis Seurigebel mtrebs, axalgazrda qarTvel social-
demokratebs (mesame daselebs). mesame. Jurnal `moambis~ (gamovida 1894 wels)
mimdinareoba. es mimdinareoba iziarebda niko nikolaZis Sexedulebas imis
Taobaze, rom qarTveli eris progresi burJuaziuli wyobilebis
damkvidrebaze iyo damokidebuli. meoTxe. narodnikuli (xalxosnuri)
mimdinareoba, romelsac praqtikulad pirvandeli ideuri da
organizaciuli saxe dakarguli hqonda da ideur evolucias ganicdida.
mexuTe. qarTvel social-demokratTa (noe Jordania, silibistro jiblaZe,
vladimer darCiaSvili da sxv.) mimdinareoba (`mesame dasi~), romelic
qarTveli eris momavals socializmis gamarjvebas ukavSirebda. meeqvse. rus
social-demokratTa mimdinareoba. es iyo ruseTidan revoluciuri
moRvaweobisaTvis gadmosaxlebuli rusi da ararusi erovnebis social-
demokratebis (osip kogani, nikoloz kozerenko, viqtor kurnatovski da
sxv.) mimdinareoba. ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs `mesame
dasTan~ ideur da organizaciul sakiTxebze uTanxmoeba hqondaT, amitomac
isini `mesame dasSi~ ar Sesulan. ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli social-
demokratebi Tbilisisa da baTumis muSaTa Soris eweodnen agitacias,
hqmnidnen aralegalur jgufebsa da wreebs.
zemoT aRvniSnuli eqvsi mimdinareobidan pirveli sami (`iveriis~,
`kvalis~, `moambis~ mimdinareobebi) legalurad arsebobda, TavianTi
beWdviTi organoebi gaaCndaT, amitomac ioseb juRaSvils maTi gacnoba ar
gauWirdeboda. meoTxe mimdinareobis (narodnikebis) Sesaxeb, miuxedavad
imisa, rom igi aralegalurad arsebobda, ioseb juRaSvils SeiZlebloda
gorSiac smenoda raime, Tu moindomebda TbilisSic gaigebda maTi
programisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mexuTe mimdinareoba (`mesame dasi~)
aralegalurad ki Seiqmna, magram `kvali~ am organizaciis Sesaxeb sakmaod
did masalas beWdavda da ioseb juRaSvilsac SeeZlo sruli warmodgena
hqonoda `mesame dasze~. meeqvse mimdinareoba (ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli
social-demokratebis mimdinareoba) TiTqmis saidumlo seqtis principiT
moqmedebda da albaT ioseb juRaSvils pirvel xanebSi maT Sesaxeb raimes
gageba gauWirdeboda.
11 ioseb juRaSvili rTuli arCevanis winaSe idga. gamoricxuli ar aris,
rom fiqri da gansja man jer kidev gorSi daiwyo. didxans fiqrobda
TbilisSic. arCevani gakeTda: 1905 wlis zafxulSi sasuliero seminariis
pirvelkurseli ioseb juRaSvili saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularul gazeT
`iveriis~ redaqciaSi mivida da gazeTis redaqtors ilia WavWavaZes leqsis
gamoqveyneba sTxova. `iveriaSi~ misvla ukve niSnavda, rom ioseb juRaSvili
simpaTiiT iyo gamsWvaluli ilia WavWavaZisadmi. gabeduli arCevani iyo:
qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis ioseb juRaSvili gazeT `iverias~, ilia
WavWavaZis `iverias~ unda waredgina:
ilia WavWavaZe `iveriaSi~ gamosaqveynebel leqsebs sagangebod arCevda.
iliasaTvis ar arsebobda cnobili da ucnobi avtori, arsebobda kargi da
cudi leqsi. aRmoCnda, rom ioseb juRaSvils kargi leqsi daewera. 1895
wlis 14 ivniss, `iveriis~ 123-e nomerSi, pirvel gverdze, yvelaze
TvalsaCino adgilas daibeWda samstrofiani usaTauro leqsi, romelic
iwyeboda sityvebiT _ `vards gaefurCqna kokori~. mkiTxvelma leqsis
avtoris Sesaxeb veraferi Seityo. avtori vinaobas ar asaxelebda, xels
awerda fsevdonimiT _ `i. j-Svili~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 14 ivnisi, #123, gv.
1). ra unda moswoneboda ilia WavWavaZes ioseb juRaSvilis leqsSi? Cveni
azriT, leqsis umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom dawerili iyo kargi qarTuliT,
im qarTuliT, romlis damkvidrebisaTvis ilia WavWavaZe ramdenime aTeuli
weli ibrZoda. leqsis Rirsebaze metyvelebs isic, rom igi Sevida iakob
gogebaSvilis `deda enaSi~ (ix.: iakob gogebaSvili. deda ena. nawili 1.
tfilisi, 1916; iakob gogebaSvili. deda ena. nawili 2. tfilisi, 1917).
ilia WavWavaZe sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad ucnob seminariels didad
swyalobda. 1895 wels ioseb juRaSvilma `iveriaSi~ kidev oTxi leqsi
dabeWda da oTxive pirvel gverdze.
1895 wlis 22 seqtembers `iveriis~ 203-e nomerSi daibeWda amjerad
xuTstrofiani leqsi, romelic iwyeboda sityvebiT _ `rodesac badrad
mnaTobi mTavare...~ leqsi ioseb juRaSvilma amjerad `soselos~
fsevdonimiT dabeWda (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 22 seqtemberi, #203, gv. 1). am
leqsmac, rogorc Cans, imTaviTve miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. 1899
wels leqsi, ukanaskneli taepis gamoklebiT, rogorc leqsTawyobis
saukeTeso nimuSi, Sevida qarTuli sityvierebis krebulSi (ix.: m.
kelenjeriZe. Teoria sityvierebisa. qarTuli saliteraturo samagaliTo
12 nimuSebis garCeviT. nawili 1. sazogado Teoria sityvierebisa. quTaisi, 1899,
Sv. 93-94).
erTi Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rom 1895 wlis 11 oqtombers, `iveriis~ 218-e
nomerSi fsevdonimiT `soselo~ daibeWda xuTstrofiani leqsi saTauriT
`mTvares~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 11 oqtomberi, #218, gv. 1).
1895 wels didi zeimiT aRiniSna rafiel erisTavis iubile. es iyo
namdvili saxalxo zeimi. gazeTi `iveria~ farTod gamoexmaura rafiel
erisTavis iubiles. sxva masalaTa Soris ilia WavWavaZem 1895 wlis 29
oqtombers, `iveriis~ 234-e nomerSi dabeWda ioseb juRaSvilis eqvstrofiani
leqsi saTauriT `T. r. erisTavs~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 29 oqtomberi, #234,
gv. 1). es leqsic `soselos~ fsevdonimiT daibeWda. ioseb juRaSvilis leqsi
`T. r. erisTavs~ Sevida 1899 wels rafiel erisTavisadmi miZRvnil
saiubileo krebulSi (ix.: saero dResaswauli T. raf. erisTavis iubiles
gamo (1895 w. 22 RvinobisTves). tfilisi, 1899). 1899 welsve leqsi ukanaskneli
oTxi taepis gamoklebiT daibeWda zemoT xsenebul leqsTawyobis saukeTeso
nimuSebis krebulSi (ix.: m. kelenjeriZe. Teoria sityvierebisa. qarTuli
saliteraturo samagaliTo nimuSebis garCeviT. nawili 1. quTaisi, 1899, gv.
94) da 1907 wels gamocemul qarTuli sityvierebis qrestomaTiuli
nimuSebis krebulSi (ix.: m. kelenjeriZe. qarTuli qrestomatia anu krebuli
qarTuli sityvierebis saukeTeso nimuSebisa. t. 1, wigni 1. quTaisi, 1907, gv.
43).
1895 wlis 25 dekembers, `iveriis~ 280-e nomerSi ioseb juRaSvilma
`soselos~ fsevdonimiT bolo leqsi gamoaqveyna. leqsi xuTstrofiania da
saTauri ara aqvs, iwyeba sityvebiT: `am qveynad igi, viT landi...~ (gazeTi
`iveria~, 1895, 25 dekemberi, #280, gv. 1).
ioseb juRaSvilima eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi `iveriaSi~ xuTi leqsi
gamoaqveyna. damwyebi poetisaTvis es iyo triumfi! amas, cxadia, ioseb
juRaSvilic kargad grZnobda.
ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis albaT ucnobi iyo erTi metad mniSvnelovani
garemoeba. Zvel TanamoazreTagan 1895 wlisaTvis ilias cota Tu vinme
SemorCa. niko nikolaZesTan da giorgi wereTelTan ilia WavWavaZis Serigeba
warmoudgeneli iyo. gansakuTrebiT daZabuli urTierToba hqonda ilias
gioigi wereTelTan (megobrebis Txovnis miuxedavad, ilia WavWavaZe giorgi
wereTlis dasaflavebaze ar mivida). sergei mesxi ukve gardacvlili iyo,
13 Tumca cocxalic rom yofiliyo, iliasa da sergei mesxis Serigebac Znelad
warmosadgeni iqneboda (ilia WavWavaZe arc sergei mesxis dasaflavebas
daswrebia). ilia WavWavaZes daupirispirdnen SedarebiT naklebad cnobili
moRvaweebi (magaliTad, ilia xoneli). daZabuloba ar cxreboda Tbilisis
guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankSi _ ilia WavWavaZis
mowinaaRmdegebi bankis mmarTvelobidan mis Camocilebas cdilobdnen.
gazeTi `kvali~ sul ufro popularuli xdeboda da nel-nela zRudavda
`iveriis~ monopolias qarTul sinamdvileSi. giorgi wereTeli kidev ufro
Sors midioda. aSkara iyo, rom giorgi wereTeli ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg
qarTveli social-demokratebs (mesame daselebs) razmavda. piradad ilias
es ukanaskneli movlena iyo afiqrebda. igi kargad grZnobda, Tu ra Zalas
warmoadgendnen social-demokratebi, vin idga maT ukan dasavleT evropasa
Tu ruseTSi.
ioseb juRaSvilis niWisa da gaqanebis axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZes
haeriviT sWirdeboda. iqneb ilia politikur memkvidredac saxavda
axalgazrda seminariels? iqneb uTanasworo brZolebiT daRlili eris mama
da saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe miiCnevda, rom mis dawyebul saqmes
swored ioseb juRaSvili gaagrZelebda? CvenTvis ucnobia, mianiSna Tu ara
yovelive amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZem ioseb juRaSvils. samagierod
cnobilia, rom ilia guldasmiT akvirdeboda kidev or axalgazrda
moRvawes _ noe Jordaniasa da arCil jorjaZes. 1897 wels iliam noe
Jordanias oficialurad SesTavaza `iveriaSi~ TanamSromloba, cota
mogvianebiT esaubra arCil jorjaZesac.
ilias TanamebrZoloba arc erTma ar isurva. 1900 wels noe Jordaniam
ilia WavWavaZe polemikaSi gamoiwvia da iliamac momakvdinebeli Sefaseba
misca noe Jordanias Sexedulebebs (ix.: ilia WavWavaZis werilebi:
`umecrobis farTi-furTi~, `axali umecrobani b-n noe Jordaniasi~,
`qarafSutoba, orTavianoba da orpiroba umecrisa~, `isev da isev b-n noe
Jordanias umecrobani da misi wajeg-ukujegobani~. _ ilia WavWavaZe.
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. VI. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 241-295).
arCil jorjaZe ilias sajarod ar dapirispirebia. 1901 wels dawerili
ilias SexedulebaTa kritikis Semcveli werili arCil jorjaZem gvian,
ilias sikvdilis Semdeg gamoaqveyna (ix.: arCil jorjaZe. publicisti _
ilia WavWavaZe. _ arCil jorjaZe. werilebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 42-102).
14 miuxedavad amisa, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis cxadi iyo arCil jorjaZis gataceba
socializmiT. 1902 wels iliam arCil jorjaZis radikalur-eqstremistul
Sexedulebebs mkacri, magram samarTliani Sefaseba misca (ix.: ilia
WavWavaZe. i. gomarTelis filosofia da a. jorjaZis fsixologia. _ ilia
WavWavaZe. Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. II. Tbilisi, gv. ).
`kursi ver daasrula usaxsrobis gamo~ (seminariis datoveba)
1895 wlis dekembris Semdeg ioseb juRaSvils `iveriaSi~ araferi
gamouqveynebia. ra moxda, ratom gaiyara ilia WavWavaZisa da ioseb
juRaSvilis gzebi? am periodisaTvis ioseb juRaSvili arc qarTvel da
arc ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTan ar yofila
dakavSirebuli. unda vivaraudoT, rom igi seriozulad arc socialistur
moZRvrebas icnobda. 1895 wlis dekembridan 1899 wlis maisamde ioseb
juRaSvili kvlav seminariaSia, mecadineobas ar acdens, kargad swavlobs,
wers saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebul Txzulebebs, yofa-qcevaSi
imsaxurebs umaRles Sefasebas (5).
iqneb ioseb juRaSvilis `iveriidan~ wasvlis mizezi sulac ar
yofila ilia WavWavaZesTan uTanxmoeba? es versia misaRebi iqneboda, rom
ara erTi faqti. `iveriaSi~ bolo leqsis gamoqveynebis Semdeg Svidi Tvis
Semdeg, 1896 wlis 28 ivliss giorgi wereTlis gazeT `kvalis~ 32-e nomerSi
daibeWda ioseb juRaSvilis eqvstrofiani leqsi saTauriT `moxuci ninika~
avtorma fsevdonimic Seicvala. `kvalSi~ leqsi man `sozelis~ fsevdonimiT
gamoaqveyna (gazeTi `kvali~, 1896, 28 ivlisi, #32, gv. 574). 1896 wlis
ivlisisaTvis ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis, `iveriisa~ da `kvalis~
urTierToba ukiduresad daZabuli iyo. `iveriis~ Semdeg `kvalSi~ leqsis
gamoqveyneba niSnavda Tu ara giorgi wereTlis TanagrZnobas? albaT ara,
radgan erTi leqsis garda, ioseb juRaSvils `kvalSi~ araferi
gamouqveynebia da arc giorgi wereTelTan hqonia raime urTierToba, ar
Careula ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis polemikaSi. saerTod unda
aRiniSnos, rom masalis simciris, faqtobrivad ar arsebobis gamo, ioseb
juRaSvilis mier ilia WavWavaZesTan urTierTobis gawyvetis mizezis
dadgena Zalze Znelia. am sakiTxs Cven qvemoT kidev davubrundebiT.
15 TiTqmis araferia SemorCenili ioseb juRaSvilis politikuri
mrwamsis dasadgenad seminariis mesame da meoTxe klasebSi swavlis
periodSi (1897-1899 da 1898-1899 saswavlo wlebSi). ioseb juRaSvilis
oficialuri biografebi gvauwyeben: 1896-1897 wlebSi ioseb juRaSvili
saTaveSi edga Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis marqsistul wreebs, 1898
wlis agvistoSi Sevida ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
Tbilisis organizaciaSi, gaxda pirveli qarTuli social-demokratiuli
organizaciis wevri (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle biografia.
meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 10). yvelaferi es gamogonilia: Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariaSi 1896-1897 wlebSi, ise rogorc arc wina wlebSi da
arc momdevno xanebSi, araviTari marqsistuli (social-demokratiuli)
wreebi ar arsebula; 1898 wlisaTvis, iseve rogorc 1899 wlisaTvis, ar
arsebobda rsdmp Tbilisis organizacia, ioseb juRaSvili `mesame dasSi~
arasdros Sesula, Tumca am organizaciebTan urTierToba hqonda, misi
moRvaweobis saqmis kursSi iyo (ix.: v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe. qarTuli social-
demokratiis istoria (1892-1918). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 16-58). Seumowmebeli
cnobiT, daaxloebiT am periodSi ioseb juRaSvils urTierToba hqonia
qarTveli social-demokratebis pirveli Taobis warmomadgenelTan, `mesame
dasis~ erT-erT damaarsebelTan silibistro jiblaZesTan. imave cnobiT, maT
Soris maleve ukmayofileba Camovardnila, silibistro jiblaZes ioseb
juRaSvili gaulanZRia da misTvis `lawiraki~ uwodebia. Tu es cnoba
marTalia, maSin advilad asaxsnelia, Tu ratom ar Sesula ioseb
juRaSvili `mesame dasSi~ da ratom hqonda silibistro jiblaZis mimarT
biologiuri zizRi. dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli, rom 1899 wels ioseb
juRaSvili ukve ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTanaa.
1899 weli sxva mxrivacaa mniSvnelovani ioseb juRaSvilis cxovrebaSi.
1898-1899 saswavlo (meoTxe klasi) weli ioseb juRaSvilma warmatebiT
daasrula da seminariis damamTavrebel klasSi unda gadasuliyo. Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvili mexuTe klasSi ar
gadaiyvana.
ioseb juRaSvilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan wasvlis mizezi
arasworadaa warmodgenili mis oficialur biografiaSi, romelSic
vkiTxulobT: `seminariaSi, sadac sastikad adevnebdnen Tvalyurs
`saeWvoebs~, TandaTan rwmundebodnen, rom stalini aralegalur
16 revoluciur muSaobas eweoda. 1899 wlis 29 maiss igi seminariidan garicxes
marqsizmis propagandisaTvis~ (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle
biografia. meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 12). ioseb juRaSvilis
oficialuri biografiis es nawili, iseve rogorc misi didi nawili
politikuri SekveTiTaa dawerili da WeSmaritebas ar Seefereba. pirveli.
araviTar aralegalur revoluciur muSaobas ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis
sasuliero seminariaSi ar eweoda. ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministos
policiis departamentis Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ar
moupovebia erTi cnobac ki, romelic pirdapir an arapirdapir adasturebs
ioseb juRaSvilis aralegarul revoluciur moRvaweobas seminariaSi.
meore. ioseb juRaSvili rom aralegalur revoluciuri moRvaweobisaTvis
seminariidan gaericxaT, amis Sesaxeb seminariis mmarTveloba Tbilisis
guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos acnobebda da daiwyeboda gamoZieba.
gamoZiebis procesSi JandarmeriaSi Sedgeboda saqme, romelic
gadaigzavneboda sasamarTloSi. saqme Sedgeboda sasamarTloSic,
gaimarTeboda sasamarTlo procesi da ioseb juRaSvils daedeboda
sasjeli. cnobilia, rom arc Ziebis da arc sasamarTlos masalebi ar
arsebobs. aseTi masala rom arsebuliyo, mas didi sixaruliT moiZiebdnen
da Seiswavlidnen ioseb juRaSvilis oficialuri biografebi, iseve
rogorc moiZies da Seiswavles ioseb juRaSvilis aralegaluri
revoluciuri moRvaweobis amsaxveli masalebi 1901-1902 wlebidan dawyebuli
1917 wliT damTavrebuli. mesame. ioseb juRaSvili, rom seminariaSi
aralegalur revoluciur moRvaweobaSi yofiliyo SemCneuli da
seminariidan am mizeziT garicxuli, maSin seminariidan wasvlisas, 1899
wlis 2 oqtombers, misTvis micemul oficialur dokumentSi _ mowmobaSi _
aRniSnuli ar iqneboda, rom ioseb juRaSvils yofa-qcevaSi hqonda
umaRlesi Sefaseba (5) (ix.: v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi
biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 18).
ioseb juRaSvilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan wasvlis mizezi
sando saarqivo masalebis mixedviT ase warmogvidgeba. am masalebidan
dgindeba, rom ioseb juRaSvilma oTxi klasis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla
veRar gaagrZela swavlebis gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gamo.
ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis marTlmadidebeli sasuliero seminariaSi
saxelmwifo (saeklesio xazinis) xarjze ar miiRes, radgan sasuliero
17 wodebas ar ekuTvnoda. 1894 wlis 3 seqtembers ioseb juRaSvilis Txovnis
Semdeg Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobam igi seminariaSi
saeklesio xazinis xarjze Caricxa. SemdegSi es gadawyvetileba Seicvala
da saeklesio xazinam ioseb juRaSvils swavlis safasuris mxolod nawili
gadauxada. amitomac 1894 wels saeklesio xazinis mier gamoyofili 480
maneTis garda, ioseb juRaSvils damatebiT _ `swavlis uflebisaTvis~ _
kidev gadaaxdevines 200 maneTi (spa, fondi 8, aRwera 1, saqme 773, furclebi
2, 10, 36). cxadia, 200 maneTi ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis Zalze didi Tanxa iyo.
1895 wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvilma TxovniT mimarTa seminariis
reqtors, raTa igi seminariaSi srul saxazino xarjze CaericxaT, razec
1895 wlis 11 seqtembers seminariis mmarTvelobisagan uari miiRo (spa, fondi
8, aRwera 1, saqme 773, furclebi 24, 36). sabolood, oTxi klasis
damTavrebis Semdeg, 1899 wels, seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvils
uari uTxra saeklesio xazinis xarjze swavlis gagrZelebaze, rogorc
arasasuliero wodebis warmomadgenels (spa, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268,
furceli 63). ioseb juRaSvilma Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria datova.
amrigad, ioseb juRaSvilma 1899 wlis seqtembridan 20 maisamde
warmatebiT daasrula Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis oTxi klasi da
mexuTe kursze swavla veRar gagrZela swavlebis gadasaxadis
gadauxdelobis gamo. igi seminariaSi arasdros ar eweoda aralegalur
revoluciur saqmianobas, swavlobda kargad, SemCneuli ar yofila
seminariis Sinaganawesis darRevaSi, an raime iseT saqcielSi, romelic
seminariis mmarTvelobas daaeWvebda.
`pirveli sabrZolo revoluciuri naTloba~
1899 wlidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan
gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTanaa da aqtiur aralegarul
revoluciur saqmianobas eweva. ram ganapiroba es arCevani? Cveni azriT,
ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani Semdeg mosazrebas emyareboda:
pirveli. ilia WavWavaZesTan da `iveriasTan~ urTierTobis periodSi
ioseb juRaSvilma cxadad igrZno, rom erovnul moZraobas piki ukve
gavlili hqonda da qarTul sinamdvileSi igi monopolias veRar
daibrunebda. ilia WavWavaZes Semoecalnen Zveli TanamebrZolebi (niko
18 nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli da sxv.), ilias didi opozicia hyavda Tbilisis
guberniis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankSi, gazeTi `iveria~ TandaTan
kargavda qarTuli presis flagmanis rols. `kvali~ jerjerobiT
warumateblad, magram jiutad cdilobda `iveriis~ adgilis dakavebas.
amaTan erTad ilia WavWavaZes samkvdro-sasicocxlod daupirispirda didi
da saSiSi Zala – social-demokratia. `mesame dasi~ ar malavda Tavis
uaryofiT damokidebulebas ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis mimarT. cxadia,
ilia WavWavaZis, `iveriis~ banakSi darCena ioseb juRaSvils SesaZleblobas
miscemda rogorc mweralsa da publicists Tavisi Zalebi srulad
gamoevlinebina, magram igi rogorc politikuri moRvawe uperspeqtivo
xdeboda. meore. politikur asparezze damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT
perspeqtiuli iyo `mesame dasSi~ Sesvla. ioseb juRaSvilis niWisa da
gaqanebis adamiani iq, ueWvelia, liderTa Soris moxvdeboda. ioseb
juRaSvili viTarebis yovelmxrivi zusti analizis, perspeqtivis ganWvretis
didi niWiT daajildova gangebam. man imTaviTve zustad amoicno, rom
qarTuli social-demokratia dasavleT evropis social-demokratiis ideuri
gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, saqarTvelos evropeizacias uWerda mxars. cota
mogvianebiT, 1897 wels, noe Jordaniam pirdapir Tqma saTqmeli:
`gaevropieleba swarmoebs qarTul niadagze, qarTul kulturaze. samSoblo
da ucxoeTi, saqarTvelo da evropa, qarTveloba da evropieloba~ (noe
Jordania. gaz. `iveria~ da erovnoba. _ noe Jordania. Txzulebani. t. I.
Tfilisi, 1920, gv. 144). ioseb juRaSvils arc imis ganWvreta gasWirvebia,
rom imperiis masStabiT ukve seriozul Zalad qceuli rusuli social-
demokratia sabolood ar dauSvebda imas, rom qarTuli social-demokratia
dasavleT evropul orientaciaze darCeniliyo. `mesame dasi~ ver gauZlebda
rusuli social-demokratiis Semotevas da ideur kapitulacias moaxdenda.
cxadia, ioseb juRaSvili uperspeqtivo `mesame dasSi~ Sesvlas ar
isurvebda. mesame. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis ioseb
juRaSvils ar gauWirdeboda imisi danaxva, rom ruseTSi sul ufro
ikrebda Zalas social-demokratia. rusulma social-demokratiam marTalia
ideuri da organizaciuli gaerTianeba emigraciaSi daiwyo, magram male es
moZraoba mTeli ruseTis imperias moedo. misi emisrebi XIX saukunis
damdegidan gaCndnen saqarTveloSi, metwilad Tbilissa da baTumSi. isini
nela, magram dabejiTebiT miiwevdnen erTi miznisaken _ saqarTveloSi
19 rusuli social-demokratiis ideuri da organizaciuli principebis
damkvidrebisaken. ruseTidan saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul rusi da
ararusi erovnebis social-demokratebs jerjerobiT arc saerTo
aralegaluri organizacia hqondaT da arc beWdviTi organo. isini
dakavebulni iyvnen muSaTa Soris agitaciiTa da propagandiT. Tbilissa da
baTumSi swored ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratma Seqmnes
muSaTa pirveli aralegaluri jgufebi da wreebi. amave periodSi `mesame
dasi~ ZiriTadad legalur muSaobas misdevda. qarTveli social-
demokratebi `kvalis~ meSveobiT eweodnen socializmis ideebis propagandas.
am or (qarTul da rusul) social-demokratiul mimdinareobas erTmaneTTan
kavSiri ar hqonia, an kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda. ioseb
juRaSvilma imTaviTve ganWvrita: Zala da, Sesabamisad, perspeqtivac
ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs hqondaT. arCevani martivi
iyo: ioseb juRaSvili Zlierisa da perspeqtiulis mxareze dadga.
ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb SemdegSi bevri legenda Seiqmna. es exeba
misi cxovrebis bavSvobisa da axalgazrdobis wlebs, Semdgom xanas. didi
saxelmwifo moRvawis, politikosis cxovreba, misi biografiis detalebi da
fizikuri aRnagobis niuansebic ki Zalze ainteresebs momaval Taobebs. am
TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa baTumSi dapatimrebis Semdeg (1902 wlis
aprili) JandarmeriaSi Sedgenili ori dokumenti, romelsac dednis enaze
(rusulad) vTavazobT mkiTxvels. vnaxoT, ra icoda Jandarmeriam ioseb
juRaSvilis Sesaxeb misi politikuri cxovrebis dasawyisisaTvis.
Литер Б
Секретно
Сведения Отдельное требование Начальника Тифлисскаго Губернскаго Жандармскаго
Управления от 2 июня 1902 года за N 3151
1) Когда послана литер А – Эти сведения в г. Тифлисе.
2) Фамилия, имя, отчество – Джугашвили Иосиф Виссарионов.
3) Время рождения – 23 года.
4) Место рождения – гор. Гори, Тифлисской губ.
5) Вероисповедение – Православнаго.
6) Происхождение – Крестьянин.
20
7) Народность – Грузин.
8) Подданство – Русско-подданый.
9) Звание – Крестьянин сел. Диди-Лило Тифлисскаго у. и губернии.
10) Место постояннаго жительства – гор. Гори Тифлисской губер., временно проживал в
Батуме.
11) Место приписки – сел. Диди-Лило, Тифлисскаго уезда.
12) Занятия – Без определяющих занятий.
13) Средства к жизни – Служба в учреждениях, Обсерватории и иногда давал уроки.
14) Семейное положение – Холост.
15) Родственныя связи – Имеет отца Виссариона, мать Екатерину, мать живет в г. Гори, а
местожительство отца – неизвестно; братьев, сестер не имеет.
16) Места постояннаго жительства родителей или заменяющих их родственников или
опекунов – Мать живет в г. Гори, местожительство отца за последние 12 л. неизвестно.
17) Экономическое положение родителей – Родители живут личным трудом.
18) Место воспитания – Первоначальное образование получил Горийском Духовном
училище, где окончил курс наук в 1895 г. (1894 wels – v. g.), в том же году поступил в
Тифлисскую Духовную семинарию, откуда вышел из 5 класса в 1899 г., не окончил курса за
неимением средств.
19) На чей счет поспитывался – До 5 класса семинарии вопитывался на казенный счет, после
была потребована плата за право учения и за содержание как не из духовнаго звания, за
неимением средств вышел из семинарии.
20) Был ли за границею, когда именно, где и с какой целью – Не был.
21) Привлекался ли раньше к дознаниям – Не привлекался, ныне привлечен к дознанию по
обвинению по 2 час. 251 стр. Улож. о Наказ., которое еще произвдостве в гор. Батуме.
22) Основания привлечения к настоящему дознанию – Эти сведения находятся в Тифлисском
Губернском Жандармском Управлении.
23) Время привлечения к дознанию – 21 июня 1902 г.
24) Место производства дознания – гор. Тифлис.
25) Время и место обыска или ареста – Обыска не было, так как обвиняемый был уже ранее
под стражею.
26) Время перваго допроса – 8 июля 1902 г.
27) Что обнаружено по обыску – ...
28) Принятая мера пресечения – Собержание под стражею в Батумской тюрьме.
21
С подлинным верно:
Помощник Начальника Кутаисскаго Губернскаго Жандармскаго Управления в Батумском
Округе. Подполковник (подпись)
N722
13 июля 1902 г.
В Департамент Полиции
saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268, furclebi 63-
64.
Протокол
1902 г. июля 17 дня, в гор. Батуме я, Отдельнаго Корпуса Жандармов Подполковник
Шабильский, на основании циркуляря Департамента Полиции от 26-го мая 1886 г. за N807,
при участии Батумскаго Городового врача Г. Елиавы составил настоящий протокол примет
привлеченнаго при Тифлисском Губерском Жандармском Управлении Иосифа Джугашвили
1. Размер роста – 2 артина и 4½ вершка (161,8 sm. – v. g.).
2. Лета – 23.
3. Телосложение – Посредственнаго.
а) Нет-ли каких либо особенностей в частях организма – На левой ноге 2-й и 3-й
палец сросшиеся.
б) Нет-ли особенной манеры держать себя – Нет.
4. Впечатление, производимое наружностью – Обыкновенное.
5. Цвет волос на голове, бровях, усах, бороде, бакенбардах и ресницах – На голове –
темно-каштановые, на усах и бороде каштановые.
Вид волос – Пряные стоячие.
Прическа волосы – Без пробора.
Бреет-ли волосы – Не бреет.
6. Цвет и величина глаз, нет-лит особенностей в наружном виде глаз, нет-ли
особенностей в наружном смотреть, дальнозорок или близорук и не носит-ли очки – Темно-
карые, средней величины; очков не носит.
7. Склад головы и заметныя внешния особенности – Обыкновенный.
8. Очертание лба и нет-ли особых примет – Прямой, не высокий.
9. Очертание р размер носа – Нос прямой, длинный.
22
10. Очертание лица, цвет кожи и нет-ли каких либо наружных особенностей личной
кожи – Лицо длинное, смуглое, покрыто рябинами о оспы.
11. Полость рта, нет-ли недостатка зубов и каких именно – На правой стороне нижней
челюсти отсутствует передный зуб.
12. Очертание рта, подбородка и их наружныя особенности, нет-ли особенных
привичек при разговоре (кривить рот, улыбаться) – Рот умеренный, подбородок острый,
особых привичек при разговоре нет.
13. Характер голоса и не заикается-ли – Тихий, не заикается.
14. Очертание ушей, размер их и наружныя особенности – Средняго размера.
15. Походка и ея особенности – Обыкновения.
16. Не имеет-ли на теле и оконечностях следов болезни, родинок и вообще каких либо
особенностей – На левом ухе родинка, рябины на лице от оспы.
Подлинное подписалы:
Подполковник Шабильский
Батумский городовой врачь, Коллежский Советник Елиава
С подлинным верно: Ротмистр (подпись)
saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268,
furclebi 108-109.
maS ase, ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-
demokratTa Sorisaa. rodis unda dakavSireboda ioseb juRaSvili
ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs? ioseb juRaSvilis
bavSvobis erT-erTi megobris mogonebaze dayrdnobiT (cxadia, am mogonebis
damkveTi TviT ioseb juRaSvili iyo) misi oficialuri biografebi
aRniSnaven, rom es moxda 1898 wels (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle
biografia. meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 11-12). imxanad, 1917 wlis Semdeg,
ioseb juRaSvils politikuri miznebisaTvis aucileblad sWirdeboda misi
revoluciuri moRvaweobis dasawyisis rac SeiZleba Sors gadaweva. saqme
imaSi iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTis im bolSevik liderTa Soris, romelTa
asaki ioseb juRaSvilis asaks utoldeboda, bevri iyo iseTi, romelTac
revoluciuri moRvaweoba XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis damdegsa da Sua
xanebSi daiwyes. cxadia, amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqonda, magram
ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis ar iyo sasurveli, rom misi revoluciuri
23 moRvaweobis staJi sxva bolSevik liderebze mcire yofiliyo.
dokumentarudaa dadasturebuli, rom ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan
gadmosaxlebuli social-demokratebis davalebiT aralegalur muSaobas
Seudga 1988 wlidan (seminariidan wasvlis Semdeg). maSin ratom cdilobda
ioseb juRaSvili simarTlis dacvas, ras aZlevda mas revoluciuri
moRvaweobis dasawyisis erTi wliT gadaweva? ioseb juRaSvili gamonaklisi
ar iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg, ufro zustad XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi, bevri
bolSeviki lideri cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom revoluciuri moRvaweoba
Tu ufro adre ara, 1898 wels mainc daiwyo. saqme imaSi iyo, rom 1898 wlis
mratSi gaimarTa ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis I yriloba.
cxadia, yvela bolSevik liders surda eCvenebina, rom partiis Seqmnis
periodisaTvis is ukve eweoda aralegalur revoluciur saqmianobas.
`dinebis mimarTulebiT~ (dapirispireba qarTul social-demokratebTan)
maS ase: ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-
demokratebs daukavSirda 1899 wels (seminariidan wasvlis Semdeg). imxanad
Tbilissa da baTumSi, ZiriTadad ki TbilisSi, 10-15 gadmosaxlebuli
social-demokrati moRvaweobda. isini SeiZleba or nawilad davyoT.
sazRvargareT (JenevaSi) giorgi plexanovis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili
`Sromis ganTavisuflebis~ jgufTan (Seiqmna 1883 w.) kavSirSi myofni da
iuli martovisa (cederbaumisa) da vladimer leninis (ulianovis)
xelmZRvanelobiT `peterburgis muSaTa klasis ganTavisuflebisaTvis
brZolis kavSiris~ (Seiqmna 1895 wels) moRvaweebi. zogierTi
gadmosaxlebuli kavSirSi iyo rogorc giorgi plexanovTan, ise vladimer
leninTan. konkretulad 1899 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis TbilisSi aralegalur
muSaobas eweodnen: giorgi franCeski, ipolite franCeski, osip kogani, ivane
luzini, nikoloz kozerenko, viqtor kurnatovski, ivane levaSkeviCi,
nikoloz poletaevi, nikoloz bogorazi da sxv. (v. guruli, v. vaCnaZe.
qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria (1892-1918). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 48-49).
ioseb juRaSvilis TbilisSi moRvawe rus social-demokratebTan
dakavSireba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo am ukanasknelTaTvis (cxadia, es Tavad
ioseb juRaSvilmac kargad uwyoda). TbilisSi moRvawe rusi da ararusi
erovnebis social-demokratebs haeriviT sWirdeboda qarTveli social-
24 demokrati, romelic qarTvel social-demokratTa organizacias `mesame
dassa~ da maT organos gazeT `kvals~ daupirispirdeboda (giorgi
wereTelma gazeTi `kvali~ 1898 wlis ianvridan mesame daselebs gadasca, am
droidan gazeTs noe Jordania redaqtorobda). rus social-demokratebs
giorgi plezanovisa da vladimer leninisagan miRebuli hqondaT miTiTeba:
`mesame dass~, rogorc damoukidebel qarTul social-demokratiul
organizacias arseboba unda Seewyvita da igi ruseTis social-
demokratiuli muSaTa partiis adgilobriv (reginalur) organizaciad
qceuliyo. Tavis droze `mesame dasma~ monawileoba ar miiRo ruseTis
social-lemokratiul muSaTa partiis I yrilobis (1898 w.) muSaobaSi da arc
am yrilobis gadawyvetilebebs scnobda. es ki seriozulad aferxebda mTel
ruseTis imperiaSi moqmedi social-demokratiuli organizaciis erT
partiaSi gaerTianebas, plexanov-leninis gegmis realizebas. iyo meore
momenti, romelic aseve zrdida ioseb juRaSvilis rols. rus social-
demokratebs mudmivad hqondaT enobrivi barieris problema. `mesame dasis~
wevrTa nabeWdi produqciis wakiTxva da Sefaseba qarTuli enis codnis
gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. garda amisa, Tbilisis muSebis absoluturi
umravlesoba soflebidan axali Camosuli iyo da maT Soris agitacia
mxolod qarTul enaze SeiZleboda. swored amitom iyo, rom ioseb
juRaSvils erTdroulad ramdenime muSaTa wre Caabares.
1899 wlidan daiwyo ioseb juRaSvilis dapirispireba `mesame dasTan~
da gamoCenil moRvaweebTan: noe JordaniasTan, silibistro jiblaZesTan da
sxvebTan. es Seurigebeli ideuri brZola didxans gagrZelda.
erTi SexedviT ise Cans, rom ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan
gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratebma da, saboloo jamSi, giorgi
plexanovma da vladimer leninma gamoiyenes. sinamdvileSi es ase ar iyo.
ioseb juRaSvili Sors gamiznuli gegmiT moqmedebda. man Tavisi bedi
social-demokratiul moZraobas daukavSira. saqarTveloSi gapirvelkaceba,
anu saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli moZraobis lideroba, aucileblad
moiTxovda `mesame dasis~ ideur da organizaciul ganadgurebas, mis
daqvemdebarebas ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiisadmi. `mesame
dassa~ da mis liderebs (noe Jordanias, silibistro jiblaZes, nikoloz
CxeiZes, vladimer darCiaSvils) ioseb juRaSvili rusi social-
demokratebis daxmarebis gareSe ver daupirisprdeboda. Tu plexanov-
25 leninis gegma Sesruldeboda (`mesame dasi~ an daiSleboda, an ideur
kapitulacias moaxdenda), saqarTvelos social-demokratiis lideri ioseb
juRaSvili xdeboda, radgan ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul rusi da ararusi
erovnebis social-demokratebs amis pretenzia ar SeiZleboda hqonodaT.
rus social-demokratebTan kavSirSi myofi sxva qarTveli social-
demokratebi (ZiriTadad, muSebi) niWiTa da gaqanebiT ioseb juRaSvils ver
Seedrebodnen, mas konkurencias ver gauwevdnen.
qarTuli social-demokratiis, `mesame dasis~ aRiarebulma liderma
noe Jordaniam, cxadia, Tavis droze ver SeniSna sruliad ucnobi
seminarielisagan momdinare saSiSroeba. noe Jordaniam kargad uwyoda
rogorc plexanov-leninis gegmisa, ise TbilisSi myofi rusi social-
demokratebis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram, cxadia, ar icoda, rom ioseb
juRaSvilis rus social-demokratebTan misvlisTanave `mesame dasis~
winaaRmdeg brZolam sul sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. am brZolas ukve
xelmZRvanelobda ara ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli ucxotomeli, aramed
qarTveli, warmoudgenlad Wkviani, ufro SorsmWvreteli, ufro
mizandasaxuli da ufro daundobeli.
usaSvelo idealisti noe Jordania dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobda,
usaSvelo pragmatikosi ioseb juRaSvili – dinebis mimarTulebiT. ori
qarTvelis dapirispirebis saboloo Sedegi winaswarve iyo cnobili. Tumca
noe Jordaniac qarTveli iyo, masac SeeZlo meore qarTveli daundoblad
gaewira. dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moZravma noe Jordaniam ramdenime mware
marcxi mainc ageba ioseb juRaSvils. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT
gveqneba saubari.
ioseb juRaSvilma rusi social-demokratebis imedebi gaamarTla. 1899
wels ioseb juRaSvilma warmoudgenlad didi samuSao Seasrula _ Seadgina
muSaTa social-demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa. es gegma (ufro
zustad misi erTi egzemplari) Jandarmerias Cauvarda xelSi da ase
aRmoCnda Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos arqivSi (ix.: v.
guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,
gv. 20-26).
ioseb juRaSvilis mier 1899 wels Sedgenili muSaTa social-
demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa xuTi Temisagan
(ganylfilebisagan) Sedgeba: I. sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, II. filosofiuri
26 memkvidreoba, III. politikuri ekonomia, IV. istoria, V. mrewveloba (a)
mrewvelobis istoria, b) mrewvelobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba). yovel
Temas miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi literatura. sul xuTive Temis
literaturis sia 183 dasaxelebisagan Sedgeba. literaturis siaSi
warmodgenilia cnobili socialistebis: karl marqsis, frdriz engelsis,
giorgi plexanovis, petre struves, eduard bernStainis, karl kauckis,
mixeil tugan-baranovskis, emil vanderveldes, vladimer leninis, pol
lafargis naSromebi, aseve cnobili rusi mecnierebis (maqsime kovalevskis,
evgeni tarles da sxv.) gamokvlevebi, ucxoel mecnierTa Sromebi. garda
calke gamocemebisa (wignebisa da broSurebisa), literaturis siaSi
miTiTebulia ramdenime Jurnali, maT Soris sazRvargareT gamomavali (ix.: v.
guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,
gv. 20-26).
Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos utyuari cnoba hqonda
imis Sesaxeb, rom mecadineobis programa ioseb juRaSvilis mier iyo
Sedgenili (Sekrebas, sadac ioseb juRaSvils mecadineobis programis
Sedgena daevala, rus social-demokratTa Soris danergili Jandarmeriis
agenti eswreboda), magram Jandarmerias ar gaaCnda piradad ioseb
juRaSvilis xeliT dawerili teqsti, rac ioseb juRaSvils Tavis dacvas
gauadvilebda (ioseb juRaSvili xelnaweris saxiT samxils ar tovebda. igi
aralegalur gazeTSi dasabeWd masalac ki an pirdapir TviTon karnaxobda
asoTamwyobs, an redaqcias sxvisi xeliT gadaweril teqsts ugzavnida).
mTavari mainc is iyo, rom ioseb juRaSvili aralegarulad cxovrobda, misi
Sepyroba ki Jandarmerias Zalze uWirda.
Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ioseb juRaSvilis
mier Sedgenili muSaTa social-demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa,
Sesabamisi weriliTurT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros policiis
departaments gadaugzavna. Seqebis molodinSi myofma Tbilisis guberniis
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosma male saidumlo werili miiRo.
policiis departamenti iTxovda: 1) programis Semdgeneli saswrafod
SeipyariT da dahkiTxeT, 2) Tu es uaxloes xanebSi SeuZlebelia, daadgineT,
ra gziT Semodioda TbilisSi amdeni akrZaluli wigni da Jurnali. verc
erTi davaleba Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ver
Seasrula. sammarTvelos ufrosma Tavi ase imarTla: 1) ioseb juRaSvili
27 Jandarmeriis yvela agents kargad icnobs, ris gamo isedac dabal
kvalifikaciis agentebi mis kvals ver agnebeno. 2) aralegaluri
literatura TbilisSi albaT sxvadasxva safosto gzavnilebiT (amanaTebiT,
banderolebiT da sxv.) Semodis, romlis gaCxrekis ufleba specialuri
nebarTvis gareSe Cven ara gvaqvso.
es iyo pirveli Tavsatexi, romelic ioseb juRaSvilma policiis
departamentsa da Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos gauCina.
`eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (qarTuli social-
demokratiis ideuri da organizaciuli ganagureba)
plexanov-leninis gegmis mixedviT qarTuli social-demokratiuli
organizaciis `mesame dasis~ ganadgurebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Tbilissa
da baTumSi rusi social-demokratebis ideuri xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi
muSaTa social-demokratiuli jgufebisa da wreebis gaerTianeba saerTo-
saqalaqo organizaciebad _ rsdmp Tbilisis komitetad da rsdmp baTumis
komitetad. es, cxadia, Searyevda `mesame dasis~, rogorc saerTo-qarTuli
social-demokratiuli organizaciis avtoritets. aucilebeli iyo `mesame
dasis~ beWdviTi organos _ gazeT `kvalis~ monopoliis SezRudva da
plexanov-leninis ideur poziciaze mdgari aralegaluri gazeTis gamocema.
miuxedavad 1900-1901 wlebSi TbilisSi mimdinare mudmivi represiebisa da
dapatimrebebisa, ioseb juRaSvilma orive davaleba brwyinvaled Seasrula.
1901 wlis seqtemberSi ioseb juRaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida
aralegaluri gazeTi `brZola~, xolo 1901 wlis noembergi Seiqmna
Tbilisis social-demokratiuli komiteti, romelic 1901 wlis dekembridan
rsdmp Tbilisis komitetad gardaiqmna. cota mogvianebiT, baTumSi
gadasvlis Semdeg, 1902 wlis gazafxulze, ioseb juRaSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna rsdmp baTumis komiteti. am samma movlenam SokSi
Caagdo `mesame dasi~ da gansakuTrebiT misi lideri noe Jordania, romelic
rsdmp Tbilisis komitetis Seqmnis dros metexis sapyrobileSi imyofeboda.
noe Jordania arc malavda, rom man ver gaigo, vin Seqmna rsdmp Tbilisis
komiteti, ra Zala moqmedebda TbilisSi. kidev ufro didi moulodneloba
iyo noe JordaniasaTvis gazeT `brZolis~ gamosvla, romelic aSkarad
28 ebZoda imas, ris damkvidrebasac noe Jordania da misi TanamebrZolebi 1892-
1893 wlebidan cdilobdnen.
ioseb juRaSvilis gamarjveba SemTxveviTi ar yofila, igi
saguldagulod emzadeboda. 1901 wlisaTvis ioseb juRaSvils aRarc
sWirdeboda saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli rusi social-demokratebis
mxardaWera. mas ukve qarTvelTagan Seeqmna aralegalurad moqmedi Zlieri
birTvi. ioseb juRaSvilis imJamindeli TanamebrZolebi iyvnen: vasil cabaZe,
severian juReli, simon juReli, zaqaria CodriSvili, mose Sengelia,
polikarpe maWaraZe, kalistrate gogua, giorgi ninua, mixeil gureSiZe da
sxvebi. iyvnen rusebic (petre skorobogatko, sergei strostenko, aleqsi
nikonorovi, leonti zolotarevi, nikifore semenovi) da somxebic (giorgi
yarajiancia, ovanes unanianci).
rsdmp Tbilisis komitetma daiqvemdebare qalaqSi ralegalurad
moqmedi social-demokratiuli jgufebida wreebi. im periodisaTvis
Tbilisel muSebSi yvelaze popularuli iyo gazeTi `kvali~. gazeT
`brZolis~ gamocemiT `kvalis~ monopolia seriozulad Seirya. mesame dasi
izolirebuli aRmoCnda Tbiliseli muSebisagan. es ioseb juRaSvilis didi
gamarjveba iyo.
yvelaze didi dartyma `mesame dasisaTvis~ mainc gazeT `brZolis~
gamocema iyo. gazeT `brZolis~ pirvel nomers (1901 wlis seqtemberi)
saxelwodebis qveS aqvs warwera: `perioduli gamocema revoluciner
social-demokratTa dasisa~. rogorc vxedavT, qarTul sinamdvileSi
arsebul ukve erT dass _ `mesame dass~ _ ioseb juRaSvilma daupirispira
axali dasi _ `revolucioner social-demokratTa dasi~. e. i. ioseb
juRaSvili `mesame dass~ arc social-demokratulad Tvlida da arc
revoluciurad. gazeT `brZolis~ meore da mesame nomeri (1901 wlis noember-
dekemberi) erTad gamovida. gazeTis saxelwodebis qveS arsebuli warwera
ar Secvlila. male gamovida gazeT `brZolis~ calke damateba. igi
daTariRebulia 1901 wlis noember-dekembriT. gazeTs saxelwodebis zemoT
aqvs warwera: `ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia~. e. i. `brZola~
ukve rsdmp gazeTi iyo. gazeT `brZolis~ meoTxe nomers, romelic 1902 wlis
dekemberSi gamovida, saxelwodebis zemoT isev aqvs warwera: `ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia~. saxelwodebis qvemoT damatebuli
aqvs: `organo qarTvel social-demokratTa dasisa~.
29 maS, raRas warmoadgenda `mesame dasi~? arc ideurad, arc
organizaciulad igi saqarTvelos social-demokratiul moZraobas aRar
xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo `mesame dasis~ faqtobrivi likvidacia.
iuridiulad `mesame dasis~ likvidacia moxda 1903 wlis martSi, roca man
monawileoba miiRo plexanov-leninis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli rsdmp
kavkasiis kavSiris SeqmnaSi.
saerTo-qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizaciis `mesame dasis~
ideuri da organizaciuli ganadgureba da saqarTveloSi rusul social-
demokratiis (plexanov-leninis) gegmis ganxorcieleba iyo pirveli didi
gamarjveba ioseb juRaSvilis politikur biografiaSi.
qarTuli social-demokratia ideurad Zalze Zlieri iyo. gazeT
`brZolis~ gamocema swored qarTuli social-demokratiis ideur
ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad. ioseb juRaSvilis mizans imdenad noe
Jordanias SexedulebaTa kritika ki ar warmoadgenda., aramed is, rom
qarTveli muSebisaTvis daemtkicebina noe Jordanias SexedulebaTa
damRupveloba. amisaTvis ki Rrma da seriozuli kritika iyo saWiro. muSaTa
auditorias es arc ainteresebda da Zalianac rom moendomebina, verc
gaerkveoda, vin iyo marTali noe Jordaniasa da ioseb juRaSvilis
polemikaSi. aq mecnierul argumentaciaze ufro momgebiani demagogia iyo.
mTeli socialisturi moZRvreba, maT Soris social-demokratiuli
ideologiac, demagogiis didi doziT aris gajerebuli. evropeli Tu rusi
socialistebi gulmxurvale revolucionerebad rom asaRebdnen Tavs,
sinamdvileSi Zalze iaffasiani demagogebi iyvnen. am TvalsazrisiT ioseb
juRaSvili maTi mowafe ar yofila. igi maswavleblebsbevrad aRemateboda.
ioseb juRaSvilTan SedarebiT is demagogebi sawyal arsebebad
gamoiyurebodnen.
gazeT `brZolis~ pirvel nomerSi (1901 wlis seqtemberi) dabeWdili
mowinave (`redaqtorisagan~) ioseb juRaSvilis mier iyo dawerili. es
patara werilSi ioseb juRaSvilma Tavdayira daayena `mesame dasisa~ da
misi liderebis, gansakuTrebiT noe Jordanias naazrevi. rasac gazeTi
`kvali~ wlebis manZilze CasCiCinebda qarTvel muSebs, ioseb juRaSvilma
erTi xelis mosmiT gaatana wyals. `redaqciisagan~ dawerili iyo, iseTi
gamarTuli, kargi qarTuliT, romlis msgavssac ver ipoviT XX saukunis
qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa nawerebSi.
30 werilis dasawyisSive ioseb juRaSvili savsebiT ugulebelyofs
`mesame dasis~ rols saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli ideebis
gavrcelebis saqmeSi. yvelasaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom qarTuli
social-demokratiuli organizaciis pirveli yriloba (konferencia)
gaimarTa 1892 wels, xolo organizaciis programa miiRes meore yrilobaze
1893 wels. 1893-1895 wlebSi `mesame dasis~ wevrebs – noe Jordanias,
silibistro jiblaZes da sxvebs ramdenime werili hqondaT gamoqveynebuli
Jurnal `moambesa~ da gazeT `kvalSi~. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb juRaSvili
sruliad garkveviT wers: `saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli moZraoba
xnieri ar aris, sul ramdenime weliwadia, rac is warmoiSva. danamdvilebiT
rom iTqvas, saZirkveli am moZraobisa mxolod 1896 wels Caiyara~ (ix.: ioseb
stalini. redaqciisagan. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907.
Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 3-4). 1896 wels ioseb juRaSvili imitom uTiTebs, rom am
wels ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratebma TbilisSi pirveli
aralegaluri social-demokratiuli wreebi da jgufebi Seqmnes. ase rom,
`mesame dasis~ moRvaweoba (saprogramo da publicisturi werilebi) savsebiT
uaryofili iqna.
`mesame dasi~, misi lideri noe Jordania, aseve silibistro jiblaZe,
petre geleiSvili, vladimer darCiaSvili da sxvebi social-demokratiul
ideebs legaluri gamocemebiT (gazeTiT, JurnaliT), pirvel rigSi gazeT
`kvaliT~ avrcelebdnen. ioseb juRaSvili social-demokratiuli ideebis
gavrcelebas mxolod aralegalur jgufebsa da wreebSi muSaobiT
(agitaciiTa da propagandiT) Tvlida SesaZleblad. social-demokratTa
legalur muSaobas igi agdebiT, ironiiT ixseniebs: `zogierTi
gulubryvilo mkiTxvelis sayuradReboda saWirod migvaCnia oriode sityva
vTqvaT legalur gazeTze. Cven did Secdomad CavTvliT, Tu romelime muSa
legalur gazeTs, ra pirobebiTac ar unda iyos igi garemoculi, ra
mimarTulebasac ar unda adges igi, CasTvlis Tavisi, muSis, interesebis
gamomxatvelad~ (iqve, gv. 5). cxadia, ioseb juRaSvils, pirvel rigSi, gazeTi
`kvali~ hqonda mxedvelobaSi. isev `kvalis~ winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli ioseb
juRaSvilis Semdegi sityvebi: `am pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, gazeTi ver
moewyoba sasurvelad, da muSa tyuilad dauwyebs Zebnas masSi, Tundac
striqonTa Suac, misi saqmis Sesaxeb cnobebs da swor Sexedulebas~ (iqve,
gv. 5-6).
31 noe Jordania miiCnevda, rom `mesame dasi~ unda yofiliyo
damoukidebeli saerTo-qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia,
damoukidebeli programiT da organizaciiT, anu mas ar unda eRiarebina
rsdmp programa da wesdeba da ar unda qceuliyo rsdmp adgilobriv
(regionalur) organizaciad. ioseb juRaSvili swored am umTavress
ebrZoda `mesame dasSi~: `qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba ar
warmoadgens kerZo, marto qarTvel muSaTa moZraoblas sakuTari
programiT. is xelixelgadaxveulia mTeli ruseTis moZraobasTan da,
maSasadame, eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (iqve, gv.
6). ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili qarTuli social-
demokratiis (`mesame dasis~) da piradad noe Jordanias evropuli
orientacia. swored amitom iyo, rom igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli
social-demokratia `xelixelgadaxveulia mTeli ruseTis moZraobasTan da,
maSasadame, eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (iqve, gv.
6).
da bolos. noe Jordania winaaRmdegi iyo revoluciisa da sisxlis
Rvrisa. dasavleT evropis social-demokratiis msgavsad igi socializmis
damyarebas mSvidobian demokratiul procesebs ukavSirebda, xazs ar
usvamda muSaTa klasis gansakuTrebul misias. swored aseTi Sexedulebis
gaqarwylebas isaxavda miznad ioseb juRaSvili: `metad migvaCnia imaze
laparaki, rom ruseTSic, da sazogadod yvelgan, mxolod revoluciuri
proletariati aris istoriisagan amorCeuli rogorc ganmaTavisuflebeli
kacobriobisa da qveynad bednierebis damamkvidrebeli~ (iqve, gv. 7). ioseb
juRaSvili isev da isev noe Jordanias mier burJuaziis progresuli rolis
Sesaxeb adre gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod aRniSnavs, rom
social-demokratia ver dauSvebs `burJuaziasTan kavSir-kompromisebs~.
`brZolis~ mowinave muSebs ase afrTxilebs: `ar unda daviviwyoT social-
demokratiuli principebi da revoluciuri saSualeba brZolisa~ (iqve, gv.
8). mowinaveSi aRniSnulia, rom `brZola~ Tavis misiad miiCnevs: `Tavis
droze mouwodos qarTvel muSas brZolis velze~ (iqve, gv. 9).
noe Jordania mixvda, rom igi kvlav dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
moZraobda _ `mesame dasi~ ganwiruli Canda. ioseb juRaSvili walekviT
emuqreboda yvelafers, rasac noe Jordania da misi Tanamoazreebi qarTul
sinamdvileSi nergavdnen. Zala aSkarad ioseb juRaSvilis mxareze iyo. noe
32 Jordania imasac mixvda, rom gazeT `brZolis~ Semdegi nomrebi mas axal
siurprizebs SesTavazebda, ioseb juRaSvili did TamaSs iwyebda da
miRweuliT ar dakmayofildeboda. noe Jordania mixvda, rom mas ori gza
rCeboda: pirveli. `mesame dasis~ ideuri (saprogramo) da organizaciuli
principebis dacva da moaxloebuli aRsasrulis Rirseulad daxvedra, rac
qarTul social-demokratiaSi ioseb juRaSvilis upirobo gapirvelkacebas
niSnavda. meore. `mesame dasi~ realobas unda Segueboda da plexanov-
leninis gegmis Tanaxmad, ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
nawili gamxdariyo. Tu rusuli social-demokratiis liderebi (giorgi
plexanovi, vladimer lenini) noe Jordanias aseT gadawyvetilebas
daufasebdnen, maSin am ukanasknels kidev rCeboda Sansi, ar daeSva qarTul
social-demokratiaSi ioseb juRaSvilis gapirvelkaceba. noe Jordaniam
meore gza airCia. ase daiwyo ioseb juRaSvilisa da noe Jordanias
dapirispirebis axali etapi, romelic 1917 wlamde gagrZelda. es
dapirispireba cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda da sabolood ioseb
juRaSvilis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
gazeT `brZolis~ morigma nomerma (me-2 da me-3 nomrebi erTad
gamovida), romelsac gamosvlis TariRad 1901 wlis noember-dekemberi uzis,
kidev erTi Zlieri dartyma miayena `mesame dass~. am nomerSi daibeWda ioseb
juRaSvilis werili `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi
uaxloesi amocanebi~. werilSi ioseb juRaSvilma mTlianad uaryo `mesame
dasis~, kerZod, misi liderebis (noe Jordania, silibistro jiblaZe da sxv.)
Sexeduleba iseT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze, rogoric iyo: social-
demokratiuli moZraobis mizani, miznis miRwevis strategia da taqtiva,
politikuri partiis organizaciuli struqtura, politikuri partiis
mizani, muSaTa klasis misia, klasobrivi (socialuri) brZolis Sinaarsi da
formebi (ix.: ioseb stalini. ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi
uaxloesi amocanebi. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi,
1947, gv. 11-31).
ioseb juRaSvilis Sexedulebebi mokled SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
pirveli. social-demokratiis saboloo mizania revoluciis gziT
mospos burJuaziuli wyobileba da daamyaros socializmi.
meore. revoluciis gziT burJuaziuli wyobilebis mospoba unda
ganaxorcielos muSaTa klasma (proletariatma).
33 mesame. muSaTa klasi revoluciisaTvis ideurad da organizaciulad
unda moamzados social-demokratiam.
meoTxe. revoluciis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Rrmad
konspirirebuli, iatakqveSa, saidumlo seqtis principze agebuli
politikuri partia.
mexuTe. muSaTa klasi unda awarmoebdes brZolas politikuri
Zalauflebis dapyrobisaTvis da reformebis gziT ekonomikuri mdgomarebis
gaumjobesebisaTvis. sanam muSaTa klasi politikuri partiis
winamZRolobiT ar daamxobs burJuaziul wyobilebas da ar daipyrobs
politikur Zalauflebas, igi adamianur cxovrebas ver eRirseba.
meeqvse. politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobisaTvis revoluciur
brZolaSi muSaTa klasis mokavSirea glexoba, wvrili burJuazia, aseve
ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi Cagruli erebi.
meSvide. ruseTis muSaTa klasis da misi politikuri partiis
uaxloesi amocanaa monarqiuli wyobilebis (TviTmpyrobelobis) damxoba da
demokratiuli wyobilebis damyareba, esaa gza socialisturi
wyobilebisaken.
ioseb juRaSvilis `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi
uaxloesi amocanebis~ mniSvneloba amiT ar amoiwureba. am naSroms imaze
gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre `mesame dasis~ da misi lideris
noe Jordanias dasamareba. imxanad ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebi
(giori plexanovi, vladimer lenini, iuli martovi da sxv.) cdilobdnen
ganesazRvraT ruseTis social-demokratiis miznebi da amocanebi, ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis roli da adgili socializmisaTvis
brZolaSi, socializmisaTvis brZolis etapebi, muSaTa klasis brZolis
formebi, politikuri partiis ideuri platforma da organizaciuli
struqtura da a. S. mimdinareobda gauTavebeli, uazro da arafris momtani
polemika. sul ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom ruseTis social-demokratiis
liderebi Sors iyvnen miznisagan. aseT viTarebaSi ibeWdeba ioseb
juRaSvilis naSromi, romelSic avtorma ara muSaTa klass, aramed ruseTis
social-demokratiis liderebs gasagebi eniT, logikuri TanmimdevrobiT da
martivad auxsna maTTvis Zalze rTuli sakiTxebi. ruseTis social-
demokratiis liderebi imdenad ususurebi iyvnen, rom erT-erTma maTganma 2
vladimer leninma _ 1902 wels daweril naSromSi `ra vakeToT?~ yvelaferi
34 isev Tavdayira daayena. is, rac ioseb juRaSvilma logikuri
TanmimdevrobiT da martivad axsna, vladimer leninma ise ariv-daria, rom
Tavisa da bolos garCeva Wirda.
noe Jordanias cxadad unda egrZno (da albaT igrZno kidec), rom
naSromiT `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi uaxloesi
amocanebi~ ioseb juRaSvili ara marto saqarTvelos social-demokratiaSi
gapirvelkacda, aramed ruseTis social-demokratiis liderTa Sorisac
daikava adgili. aman daaCqara noe Jordanias gadawyvetileba plexanov-
leninis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb. noe Jordania Cqarobda: ruseTis social-
demokratiis liderTa Soris ioseb juRaSvilis damkvidreba misi
politikuri karieris dasasruls niSnavda. jer kidev rCeboda Sansi. saqme
imaSi iyo, rom 1901-1903 wlebSi ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebi
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis SeqmnisaTvis did muSaobas
awarmoebdnen. rsdmp II yrilobas unda mieRo partiis wesdeba da programa.
es imas niSnavda, rom unda gadawyvetiliyo `mesame dasis~ bedi. ioseb
juRaSvilis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT daimedebuli giori plexanovi da
vladimer lenini ar dauSvebdnen qarTuli social-demokratiuli
organizaciis _ `mesame dasis~ _ ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa
partiaSi avtonomiuri uflebebiT Sesvlas. noe Jordania daTanxmda, rom
ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiaSi adgilobrivi (regionaluri)
organizaciis uflebiT Sevidoda rsdmp Tbilisisa da rsdmp baTumis
komiteti. Tavisi pozicia noe Jordaniam oficialurad daadastura rsdmp
kavkasiis kavSiris I yrilobaze (1903 wlis marti). amieridan `mesame dasi~ da
gazeTi `kvali~ aRar gansazRvravda qarTuli social-demokratiis saxes.
ruseTis social-demokratiis liderTaTvis qarTuli social-demokratia
ioseb juRaSvili da gazeT `brZolis~ banaki iyo.
noe Jordanias ideuri kapitulacia sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda rsdmp II
yrilobis delegatis mandatis misaRebad. rsdmp kavkasiis kavSirma ioseb
juRaSvilis wyalobiT noe Jordania yrilobis delegatad ar airCia.
yrilobis delegati verc ioseb juRaSvili gaxda. igi delegatTa arCevnebis
dros sapyrobileSi imyofeboda. SemTxvevis wyalobiT emigraciaSi myofi
noe Jordania 1903 wels rsdmp II yrilobis muSaobas mainc daeswro
saTaTbiro xmiT.
35 `ganurCevlad erovnebisa~
(qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis Sefaseba)
ioseb juRaSvils garkveul uxerxulobas uqmnida is, rom noe
Jordania rsdmp II yrilobis delegati iyo. kidev ufro did uxerxulobas
uqmnida is, rom noe Jordania yrilobaze mainc qarTuli social-
demokratiis liderad miiRes. aseT warumateblobebs ioseb juRaSvili ar
uSindeboda. 1904 wlis 5 ianvars ioseb juRaSvili aRmosavleTi cimbiris
gadasaxlebidan gamoiqca da imave wlis gazafxulze baqos gavliT
TbilisSi dabrunda. viTareba TbilisSi ioseb juRaSvilis sazianod
Secvliliyo.
rsdmp II yrilobaze (1903 wlis ivlis-agvisto) ruseTis social-
demokratiuli partia ki Seiqmna (wesdeba da programa miiRes, xelmZRvaneli
organoebi airCies), magram imTaviTve partia or fraqciad _ menSevikebad
(umciresobad) da bolSevikebad (umravlesobad) aRmoCnda gaTiSuli. es
gaTiSva gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda yrilobis Semdeg. menSevikebis lideri
giorgi plexanovi iyo, bolSevikebisa _ vladimer lenini. daiwyo mwvave
fraqciuli brZolebi. qarTuli social-demokratiis principebs, romelic
noe Jordaniam da misma Tanamoazreebma `mesame dasis~ programaSi
Camoayalibes (1892-1893 ww.) da 1893-1897 wlebSi ganaviTares, mTlianad
uaryofda bolSevizmi. rac Seexeba menSevizms erovnul sakiTxSi da
erovnul social-demokratebTan, igi damokidebulebaSi arafriT
gansxvavdeboda bolSevizmidan, magram zogierT strategiul da taqtikur
sakiTxSi mcire Tanxvedra hqonda qarTul social-demokratiasTan. amis
gamo noe Jordaniam rsdmp II yrilobaze menSevikebs dauWira mxari da
yrilobis Semdeg menSevizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil Teoretikosad
mogvevlina. rsdmp II yrilobaze cxadi gaxda, rom bolSevizmi im
strategiasa da taqtikas iziarebda, romelic ioseb juRaSvilma jer kidev
1901 wels Camoayaliba Tavis naSromSi `ruseTis social-demokratia da misi
uaxloesi amocanebi~. cxadia, ioseb juRaSvilibolSevikebs miemxro da
yrilobis Semdeg bolSevizmis erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenil Teoretikosad
mogvevlina. es ki imas niSnavda, romnoe Jordania da ioseb juRaSvili isev
barikadis sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCndnen.
36 1904 wlis gazafxulze TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg gairkva, rom
TbilisSi da saerTod mTel saqarTveloSi menSevizms gacilebiT bevri
momxre hyavda, vidre bolSevizms. ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi aRar
daxvedria misi ori yvelaze cnobili mowinaaRmdege noe Jordania
(emigraciaSi darCa) da silibistro jiblaZe (cimbirSi gadasaxlebaSi
imyofeboda), 1904 wlis mexuTe nomridan xelisuflebas daexura gazeTi
`kvali~. ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi aRar daxvda misi uaxloesi
TanamebrZoli, gazeT `brZolis~ gamocemis erT-erTi organizatori
vladimer (lado) kecxoveli. igi 1903 wels metexis sapyrobileSi mokles.
qarTvel menSevikTagan saqarTveloSi ioseb juRaSvilis yvelaze
seriozuli oponentebi iyvnen noe Jordanias uaxloesi Tanamoazreebi
isidore ramiSvili da nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, aseve SedarebiT
axalgazrda irakli wereTeli (giori wereTlis vaJi), romelic `kvalis~
bolo redaqtori iyo.
emigraciaSi myofi noe Jordania Zalze dauaxlovda giorgi plexanovs
da male menSevikTa elitaSi moxvda. qarTul social-demokratiaSi
gapirvelkaceba ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis ukve aRarafers niSnavda. ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis fraqciebis (bolSevizmisa da
menSevizmis) gaerTianebisaTvis dawyebuli moZraoba rom warmatebiT
dasrulebuliyo, giorgi plexanovi mTeli ZalebiT ecdeboda noe Jordanias
partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi datovebas. es ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis
katastrofis tolfasi iqneboda. Seqmnili viTarebis analizis Sedegad
ioseb juRaSvilma Semdegi daskvnebi gaakeTa:
pirveli. saqarTveloSi menSevikebsa da bolSevikebs Soris mimdinare
fraqciuli brZolebSi monawileoba mas arafers moutanda. sabolood
viTareba qarTul social-demokratiaSi imaze iqneboda damokidebuli, Tu
rogor dasruldeboda fraqciuli brZola ruseTis social-demokratiul
muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi, rogor morigdebodnen, an Tu
morigdebodnen saerTod menSevikebi da bolSevikebi. saqarTveloSi myofi
ioseb juRaSvili am SemTxvevaSi movlenaTa ganviTarebaze gavlenas ver
moaxdenda.
meore. ioseb juRaSvils aucileblad unda daekavebina adgili
ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis bolSevikuri fraqciis
37 xelmZRvanelobaSi da aqedan emarTa viTareba saqarTveloSi, ar daeSva noe
Jordanias TanamoazreTa gabatoneba saqarTvelos social-demokratiaSi.
mesame. ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis fraqciebis
gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi ar daeSva noe Jordanias darCena ruseTis social-
demokratiuli muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi.
yovelive es advili misaRwevi ar iyo. saWiro iyo ruseTis social-
demokratiuli muSaTa partiis bolSevikuri fraqciis lideris vladimer
leninis yuradRebis mipyroba.
ioseb juRaSvilTan SedarebiT privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi myofi
noe Jordaniac ar iyo damSvidebuli. misi simpaTiebi erovnuli social-
demokratiis mimarT da misi Sexedulebani erovnul sakiTxze kargad iyo
cnobili. marTalia, noe Jordaniam 1903 wels rsdmp kavkasiis kavSiris I
yrilobaze (1903 wlis marti) da rsdmp II yrilobaze (1903 wlis ivlis-
agvisto) ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis Seqmnis sakiTxSi
plexanov-leninis gegmis sasargeblod ukan daixia, magram es ar iyo
sakmarisi. `Zveli codvebi~ misTvis SeiZleboda yovel wuTs gaexsenebinaT.
saWiro iyo ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis menSevikuri
fraqciis lideris giorgi plexanovis yuradRebis mipyroba.
ioseb juRaSvili da noe Jordania erTi da igive problemis winaSe
aRmoCndnen. dauZinebelma ideurma mtrebma gadawyvetileba erTnairi miiRes:
qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba, misi programa da gamoCenili moRvaweebi unda
daegmoT.
1904 wels noe Jordania wers naSroms `qarTveli nacionalistebi~,
xolo ioseb juRaSvilma _ `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri
sakiTxi~. noe Jordanias naSromi legalurad JenevaSi daibeWda broSuris
saxiT, ioseb juRaSvilisa _ TbilisSi aralegalurad gamomaval
`proletariatis brZolis~ meSvide nomerSi (1904 wlis seqtemberi). am
naSromebis wakiTxvisas TvalSisacemi xdeba TiTqosda moulodneli ram:
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobisadmi nihilisturi damokidulebiT,
kosmopolitizmis Zlieri gavleniT ori ideurad Seurigebeli
mowinaaRmdegis naSromi, erTi JenevaSi dawerili, meore _ TbilisSi,
rogorc saerTo ideuri mimarTulebiT, ise zogierTi konkretuli movlenis
SefasebiT ori wveTi wyaliviT hgavs erTmaneTs (Seadare: noe Jordania.
qarTveli nacionalistebi. _ noe Jordania. rCeuli nawerebi. Tbilisi, 1990,
38 gv. 1-38; ioseb stalini. rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri
sakiTxi. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 32-
54).
orive naSromi uxvadaa Sezavebuli kosmopolitizmiT, orive naSromSi
qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba socializmisaTvis brZolis Semaferxebel
movlenad aris warmodgenili, orive naSromSi gatarebulia azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom socializmis damyarebis Semdeg ruseTis imperiaSi erovnuli
sakiTxi TavisTavad gadaiWreboda.
ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis survili ioseb
juRaSvilsa da noe Jordanias erTnairad Zlieri hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa,
noe Jordania ufro TavSekavebuli Canda (ruseTis social-demokratiis
elitaSi adgili ukve mopovebuli hqonda), ioseb juRaSvili gacilebiT
daundobeli iyo qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis Sefasebisas (mas ruseTis
social-demokratiis elitaSi adgili mosapovebuli hqonda). ioseb
juRaSvili aravis da arafers ar indobda. erTaderTi, vinc daindo da
naSromSi arc kargad da arc cudad ar moixsenia, ilia WavWavaZe iyo. Tumca
yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo: kritika pirvel rigSi ilia WavWavaZes exeboda.
ioseb juRaSvilma sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna erTi Tviseba: iyo
siwmindeebi (SeiZleba Zalian cota), romelsac ioseb juRaSvili ar
wabilwavda, Tundac misTvis siwmindis wabilwva politikurad momgebiani
yofiliyo. ilia erT-erTi aseTi siwminde iyo.
ioseb juRaSvilma misTvis damaxasiaTebeli daundoblobiT pirdapir
miwasTan gaaswora qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba dawyebuli XIX saukunis
damdegidan XX saukunis damdegamde. misi azriT, qarTulma erovnulma
moZraobam erTi saukunis manZilze sami etapi ganvlo:
pirveli. Tavadaznauruli anu feodalur-monarqiuli anu batonymur-
monarqiuli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq Tavsdeboda yvelaferi: XIX saukunis
damdegis erovnuli ajanyebani, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da XIX saukunis 60-90-
iani wlebis erovnuli moZraoba).
meore. burJuaziuli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq Tavdeboda arCil
jorjaZis mier 1903 wels parizSi gamocemul gazeT `saqarTvelos~ garSemo
Semokrebili erovnul moRvaweTa dasi, romelTac SemdgomSi (1901 w.)
saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa partia daarses. am dasSi Sediodnen
momavali erovnul demokratebic).
39 mesame. proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq igulisxmeboda
nacionaluri sakiTxis iseTi gageba, rogorsac ruseTis social-demokratia
da piradad ioseb juRaSvili amkvidrebda saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis
miwurulidan da XX saukunis damdegidan) (ix.: ioseb stalini. rogor esmis
social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi? _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani.
tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 32-35).
mainc ras warmoadgenda proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi? ioseb
juRaSvili miiCnevda, rom proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi gulisxmobs
Semdeg principul debulebebs:
1. `mizani yovelive brZolisa _ gamarjvebaa. proletariatis
gamarjvebisaTvis ki saWiroa yvela muSis SeerTeba, ganurCevlad erovnebisa.
cxadia, nacionaluri kedlebis dangreva da mWidrod SekavSireba rusi,
qarTveli, somexi, poloneli, ebraeli da sxva proletarebisa _ ruseTis
proletariatis gamarjvebis aucilebeli pirobaa~.
2. `TavisTavad aRebuls egreTwodebul `nacionalur interesebs~ da
`nacionalur moTxovnebs~ gansakuTrebuli fasi ara aqvs, rom es
`interesebi~ da `moTxovnebi yuradRebis Rirsia mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac isini win sweven, an SeuZliaT win waswion proletariatis
klasobrivi TviTSegneba, misi klasobrivi ganviTareba~.
3. `erebs eZlevaT, ufleba TavianTi survilebis Tanaxmad, moawyon
TavianTi nacionaluri saqmeebi. Cven (e. i. socal-demokratebi _ v. g.)
valdebuli varT SevecadoT, rom erTa survilebi namdvilad social-
demokratiuli iyos, rom es survilebi proletariatis klasobrivi
interesebidan gamomdinareobdes~.
4. `araviTari `nacionaluri suli~ ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba
arsebobdes. da Tu es asea, Tu araviTari `nacionaluri suli~ ar arsebobs,
TavisTavad cxadia, rom yovelive dacva imisi, rac ar arsebobs, logikuri
sisulelea~ (ioseb stalini. rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri
sakiTxi?~ _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 35,
42, 51-52).
ioseb juRaSvils imedi arc hqonia, rom an erovnuli moZraobis Zveli
Taobis warmomadgenlebs, an socialist-federalistebs, an erovnul
demokratebs, an piradad arCil jorjaZes rameSi daiTanxmebda. samagierod,
man kargad icoda, rom mis werils `rogor esmis social-demokratias
40 nacionaluri sakiTxi~ erovnuli Zalebis didi protesti mohyveboda.
atexili xmauri ki ioseb juRaSvilis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis orive fraqciis (bolSevikebisa da
menSevikebis) liderebs saqarTveloSi agenturis kargad organizebuli
qseli hqondaT da dawvrilebiT informacias iRebdnen am mimdinare ambebis
Sesaxeb.
`lenini namdvilad mTis arwivia~
(ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis erTi cda)
ioseb juRaSvili vladimer leninTan agenturis mier mitanili
cnobebis imedad ver iqneboda. ioseb juRaSvils swrafad unda emoqmeda.
1904 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi ioseb juRaSvili, romelic maSin quTaisSi
cxovrobda, germaniaSi moqmed bolSevikur centrs ugzavnis werils. werili
iseTi Sinaarsisa iyo, rom igi aucileblad unda moxvedriliyo emigraciaSi
myof bolSevikTa liderTan vladimer leninTan. am weriliT ioseb
juRaSvilma daiwyo didi politikuri TamaSi, romlis mizani iyo, vladimer
leninis gulis mogeba, masTan daaxloeba. am periodisaTvis giorgi
plexanovisa da vladimer leninis urTierToba ukiduresad iyo
gamwvavebuli. es kargad icoda ioseb juRaSvilma. daxasiaTeba, romelsac
ioseb juRaSvili giorgi plexanovs aZlevda, aucileblad moewoneboda
vladimer lenins: `wavikiTxe plexanovis statiebi, romlebSic igi arCevs
wigns (v. leninis wigns _ v. ). `ra vakeToT?~ es kaci an mTlad SeSlilia, ar
mas siZulvili da mtroba alaparakebs. vfiqrob, aq erTica da meorec~
(ioseb stalini. `werili quTaisidan~. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1.
1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 56). Semdeg ioseb juRaSvili saqebar sityvebs ar
iSurebs socializmis TeoriaSi vladimer leninis mier Setanili wvlilis
dasaxasiaTeblad. werilSi vxvdebiT aseT gamonaTqvamebs: `denini namdvili
mTis arwivia~, `leninma Seqmna Teoriuli bazisi~, `amaSia leninuri ideis
mniSvneloba~, `leninuri~, `ise naTlad, rogorc lenins~ (iqve, gv. 57).
pirvel werils 1904 wlis oqtomberSi ioseb juRaSvilma meore
miayola. es werilic quTaisSia dawerili. werilis mizani igive iyo,
Sinaarsic daaxlobiT igive _ giorgi plexanovis damcireba da vladimer
leninis gandideba: `plexanovis Teoriuli omi leninis winaaRmdeg wminda
41 wylis donkixotobaa, qaris wisqvilebTan omia, vinaidan lenini Tavis wignSi
(igulisxmeba v. leninis wigni `ra vakeToT?~ _ v. g.) uaRresad
Tanamimdevrulad icavs k. marqsis debulebas Segnebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
xolo plexanovis omi taqtikis sakiTxebze mTlad abdaubdaa~ (ioseb
stalini. werili quTaisidan. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907.
Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 59).
meore werilSi ioseb juRaSvili ukve noe Jordanias Sexedulebebsac
Seexo da ostaturad Caayena saqmis kursSi vladimer lenini: `kostrovma
(noe Jordanias partiuli fsevdonimia _ v. g.) gamogvigzavna kidev erTi
werili, sadac laparakobs sulsa da materiaze (mgonia, laparakobs CiTis
materiaze). am virs kidev ar esmis, rom mis winaSe gazeT `kvalis~
auidtoriaa~ (iqve, gv. 60).
bolSevizmisa da menSevizmis liderTa Soris metad mwvave polemika
mimdinareobda ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis wesdebis pirveli
paragrafis irgvliv. es paragrafi arkvevda umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs _ vin
SeiZleboda yofiliyo partiis wevri. rsdmp II yrilobaze bolSevikebma am
sakiTxis ganxilvisas marcxi iwvnies _ wesdebis pirveli paragrafi
menSevikuri formulirebiT miiRes. gacofebuli vladimer lenini yrilobis
Semdegac ar wyvetda brZolas. ioseb juRaSvili damarcxebul vladimer
lenins Tanamoazred moevlina.
1905 wlis 1 ianvars gamovida gazeTi `proletaris brZolis~ merve
nomeri, romelSic dabeWdili iyo ioseb juRaSvilis werili `proletarTa
klasi da proletarTa partia (partiis wesdebis pirveli muxlis gamo)~.
ioseb juRaSvilma menSevikebTan polemikaSi vladimer leninis mier
gamoTqmuli azrebi ucilobel WeSmaritebad gamoacxada (ioseb stalini.
proletarTa klasi da proletarTa partia. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani.
tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 61-72).
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis elitaSi
damkvidrebisaken ioseb juRaSvilis swrafvas 1905 wlis ianvarSi
dawyebulma revoluciam sxva mimarTuleba misca.
42 `me gipasuxebT Tqven Tavis droze~
(ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis warmatebuli cda)
1904 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi dabrunebul ioseb juRaSvils
metad araxelsayreli mdgomareoba daxvda _ yvelgan ganuyoflad
batonobdnen menSevikebi. ioseb juRaSvili marcxs marcxze ganicdida. man
menSevikebTan diskusiebi waago TbilisSi, baTumSi, WiaTuraSi, quTaisSi.
amitomac 1905 wlis ianvarSi dawyebuli revolucia ioseb juRaSvils kargs
arafers uqadda _ mas kidev ufro Seaviwrovebdnen. ioseb juRaSvili bevrs
muSaobs, wers proklamaciebs, mowodebebs, werilebs, broSuras. misi yvela
naSromi eZRvneboda bolSevizmis strategiisa da taqtikis dacvas,
menSevizmis kritikas. ioseb juRaSvilis naSromebi `gakvriT partiul
uTanxmoebaze~ (Tbilisi, 1905), `SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba da Cveni taqtika~
(gazeTi `proletariatis brZola~, 1905, 15 ivlisi, #10), `droebiTi
revoluciuri mTavroba da social-demokratia~ (gazeTi `proletariatis
brZola~, 1905, 15 agvisto, #11), `pasuxad `social-demokrats~ (gazeTi
`proletariatis brZola~, 1905, 15 agvisto, #11) da sxvebi saqmes ver
Svelida _ revoluciis saTaveSi menSevikebi dadgnen. paradi noe Jordanias,
isidore ramiSvils, noe ramiSvils da sxvebs mihyavdaT. mware marcxi iwvnia
ioseb juRaSvilma ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis III
yrilobis delegatebis arCevnebisas. menSevikebma yrilobis muSaobaSi
monawileoba ar miiRes. londonSi yrilobaze 1905 wlis aprilSi 23
bolSeviki delegati Cavida. ioseb juRaSvili maT Soris ver moxvda.
qarTvelebidan delegatebad arCeuli iqnen mixa cxakaia (delegati rsdmp
centraluri komitetidan) da prokofi jafariZe (delegati rsdmp kavkasiis
kavSiris delegaciidan).
ioseb juRaSvils far-xmali ar dauyria. 1905 wlis dekemberSi igi
tamerfosSi (fineTi) Cavida ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
bolSevikuri fraqciis konferenciaze. aq ioseb juRaSvili vladimer
lenins xvdeba. am periodisaTvis vladimer lenini giorgi plexanovTan
umwvaves polemikaSia Cabmuli. mzaddeboda ruseTis social-demokratiuli
muSaTa partiis IV yriloba, romelsac bolSevikuri da menSevikuri
fraqciebi unda gaaerTianebina. ruseTis social-demokratiis elitisagan
gariyuli vladimer lenins ioseb juRaSvili sWirdeboda...
43 tamerfosidan dabrunebidan rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobamde
TbilisSi myofma ioseb juRaSvilma rva naSromi gamoaqveyna da rvave,
nawilobriv an mTlianad, menSevikTa kritikas miuZRvna.
amjerad, ioseb juRaSvilma Tavisas miaRwia, rac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli
iyo. saqarTvelodan rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobis delegatad,
romelic 1906 wlis aprilSi gaimarTa stokholmSi, 18 social-demokrati
airCies, maT Soris 17 menSeviki da erTi bolSeviki. es erTaderTi
bolSeviki ioseb juRaSvili iyo, romelic yrilobaze `ivanoviCis~
fsevdonimiT gamodioda (ix.: v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe. qarTuli social-
demokratiis istoria. 1892-1918. Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 217). yrilobaze ioseb
juRaSvili ramdenjerme gamovida. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi
gamosvlebi: `agraruli programis gadasinjvis gamo~ (meSvide sxdoma),
`mimdinare momentis Sesaxeb~ (meTxuTmete sxdoma) da kidev erTi gamosvla
meTvramete sxdomaze.
rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobaze menSevikebma pirdapir
gaacamtveres bolSevikebi. rac Seexeba ioseb juRaSvils, igi mZime
mdgomareobaSi Caagdes qarTvelma deputatebma. gansakuTrebiT mwared
gaakritika ioseb juRaSvili bikenti (Wola) lomTaTiZem. Wola lomTaTiZe
guriaSi mimdinare glexTa moZraobis Sesaxeb saubrisas Seexo bolSevikebis
mier guriaSi mimdinare movlenebis winaswarganzraxviT arasworad
gaSuqebis faqts da aRniSna: `amtkicebda ra misi proeqtis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobas, amx. jonma (menSevikma p. maslovma _ v. g.), rogorc magaliTi,
moiyvana guria. am damowmebam amx. ivanoviCs (ioseb juRaSvils) misca sababi,
guriis Sesaxeb gaekeTebina ramdenime SeniSvna. `guriis Sesaxeb _ Tqva man _
avrceleben uamrav zRapars. erTi aseTi zRapari, Cans, daibeWda `novaia
JiznSi~, xolo meore zRapars guriis Sesaxeb TviTon ivanoviCi hyveba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea bolSevikuri gazeTi, meoreSi _ amxanagi
bolSeviki~ (iqve, gv. 223). ioseb juRaSvilma Wola lomTaTiZes replika
esrola: `me gipasuxebT Tqven Tavis droze~ (iqve, gv. 223).
bikenti (Wola) lomTaTiZem `Tavis droze~ pasuxi ver miiRo, igi
naadrevad gardaicvala. yrilobaze myofma danarCenma qarTvelma social-
demokratebma pasuxi miiRes: noe Jordania samSoblodan devnili
emigraciaSi aResrula, grigol urataZec emigraciaSi gardaicvala, isidore
ramiSvili daxvrites...
44 yrilobis meoce sxdomaze Tavmjdomarem delegatebs gaacno werili
Tbilisidan, romelsac xels awerda rsdmp 200 wevri. es werili ioseb
juRaSvilis TanamoazreTa mier iyo Sedgenili da TbilisSi menSevikebis
mier yrilobis delegatTa arCevnebis dros Cadenil darRvevebs amxelda.
yrilobis umravlesobam moiTxova, moesminaT noe JordaniasaTvis, romelmac
argumentirebulad gaaqarwyla werilSi motanili faqtebi. noe Jordanias
Semdeg sityva iTxova ioseb juRaSvilma. delegatTa umravlesobis
moTxovniT debatebi Sewyda _ ioseb juRaSvils sityva ar misces (iqve, gv.
224-225).
rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobaze umravlesobaSi menSevikebi
iyvnen. bolSevikebi yvela principul sakiTxSi damarcxdnen, damarcxda
vladimer lenini, damarcxda ioseb juRaSvili.
rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobidan dabrunebul ioseb juRaSvils
saqarTveloSi aRar edgomeboda. man kidev ramdenime diskusia waago
menSevikebTan. ioseb juRaSvili SedarebiT mSvidad grZnobda Tavs baqoSi,
sadac bolSevikebs ufro Zlieri pozicia hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb
juRaSvili danebebas ar apirebda.
rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobidan (1906 wlis aprili) rsdmp V
yrilobamde (1907 wlis aprili-maisi) ioseb juRaSvilma menSevizmis
strategiisa da taqtikis kritikisadmi miZRvnili ocze meti naSromi
gamoaqveyna. menSevikebis winaaRmdeg aqtiurma brZolam mas rsdmp V
yrilobis mandati arguna. Tumca rsdmp V yriloba (1907 wlis april-maisi)
ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis didi marcxiT dasrulda: noe Jordania rsdmp
centraluri komitetis wevrad airCies. arCevnebSi monawile delegatebs
sul 293 xma hqondaT. xmebis maqsimumi (150 xma) miiRo mxolod orma
kandidatma a. martinovma da noe Jordaniam, danarCenebma _ SedarebiT
naklebi (iqve, gv. 235-236).
`tfilisi, erevnis moedani, 1907 wlis 13 ivnisi~
(simarTle gaxmaurebuli eqspropriaciis Sesaxeb)
noe Jordaniam ruseTis social-demokratiul elitaSi mdgomareoba
ganimtkica. damarcxebuli ioseb juRaSvili yrilobis muSaobis damTavrebis
45 (1907 wlis 19 maisi) TbilisSi dabrunda. TbilisSi mas aRar edgomeboda da
male baqoSi gadavida. 1907 wlis 20 ivniss baqoSi gamomavali aralegaluri
gazeTis `bakinski proletaris~ pirvel nomerSi daibeWda ioseb juRaSvilis
werili `saTaTbiros garekva da proletariatis amocanebi~. werili 1907
wlis 3 ivniss imperator nikoloz II-is mier ruseTis meore saxelmwifos
daTxovnas eZRvneboda. gazeTis imave nomerSi daiwyo da meore nomerSi
(gamovida 1907 wlis 10 ivliss) dasrulda ioseb juRaSvilis vrceli
werilis beWdva `ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis londonis
yriloba (delegatis werilebi)~. manamde ki TbilisSi moxda ambavi,
romelsac didi rezonansi mohyva ruseTis imperiaSi da mTel msoflioSi.
1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi erevnis (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis)
moednidan teroristebma gaitaces ruseTis imperiis xazinis kuTvnili fuli
_ 250 aTasi maneTi (fulis niSnebi da bankis sakredito baraTebi).
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, erevnis moedanze
eqspropriacia ganaxorcieles social-demokratebma (rsdmp Tbilisis
komitetma). operaciis saerTo xelmZRvaneli iyo ioseb juRaSvili, xolo
uSualo Semsrulebeli simon ter-petrosiani (kamo). saarqivo masalebis
Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom ioseb stalins 1907 wlis 13 ivniss
TbilisSi ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia,
ufro metic, erevnis moednidan fuli gaitaces ara social-demokratebma,
aramed socialist-revolucionerebma (eserebma). operacias
xelmZRvanelobdnen eserTa partiis wevrebi: 1) sarqis aleqsandres Ze
oTarovi _ meSCani, 48 wlis, somxur-grigorianuli aRmsareblobisa,
amierkavkasiis olqis sadazRvevo sazogadoebis agenti, mcxovrebi TbilisSi,
malaknebis quCaze, #50 saxlSi; 2) vasil vasilis Ze pilecki _ memamule, 22
wlis, amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze fostis gadazidvis merve ganyofilebis
TanamSromeli, mcxovrebi TbilisSi sadguris quCaze #12 saxlSi
(saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 95, aRwera
1, saqme 82, furceli 21). ufro dawvrilebiT, saarqivo masalebis mixedviT,
saqmis viTareba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba.
1. erevnis moednidan gatacebuli fulis saqmis Ziebis procesSi 1907
wlis 13 ivnisidan 9 noembramde Ziebas eWvic ki ar aRZvria eqspropriaciaSi
simon ter-petrosianis (kamos) monawileobis Taobaze. kamos Sesaxeb Ziebis
masalebSi cnobebi Cndeba 1907 wlis 9 noembridan, mas Semdeg, rac igi
46 berlinSi daapatimres. germaniis policiam kamos ori braldeba wauyena:
avstria-ungreTis moqalaqis dimitri mirskis pasportiT cxovreba (es
pasporti kamom TbilisSi abanoSi mopara avstria-ungreTis diplomats
dimitri mirskis) da asafeTqebeli nivTierebis Senaxva. rac Seexeba erevnis
moedindan fulis gatacebas _ kamosaTvis es braldeba ar wauyenebiaT. 1908
wlis martSi, erevnis moedanze ganxorcielebuli eqspropriacidan cxra
Tvis Semdeg, quTaisis cixeSi myofma patimarma-teroristma arsen korsiZem
quTaisis droebiT general-gubernators werilobiT acnoba, rom erevnis
moednidan fuli gaitaca simon ter-petrosianma, igive kamom (scssa, fondi
94, aRwera 1, saqme 82, furclebi 149-150). Ziebam arsen korsiZis Cveneba
maSinve WeSmaritebad miiRo da 1908 wlis 20 martisaTvis kamos monawileoba
eqspropriaciaSi damtkicebulad miiCnia. amave dros kamo operaciis
xelmZRvaneladac iqna miCneuli (scssa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 82,
furclebi 25-26). saidan unda scodnoda arsen korsiZes erevnis moedanze
ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciaSi kamos monawileobis Sesaxeb? saarqivo
masalebis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna imaSi, rom arsen kosriZe an provokatori
iyo, an ubralod raRacas urevda. Tavis CvenebaSi arsen kosriZe aRniSnavda,
rom kamo general alixan-avarskis mkvlelobaSi monawileobdao (scssa,
fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 82, furclebi 149-150). cnobilia, rom kamos am
mkvlelobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia.
2. Ziebis masalebSi TbilisSi, erevnis moedanze, ganxorcielebul
eqspropriaciasTan dakavSirebiT ioseb juRaSvilis xsenebac ki ar aris _
masze eWvic aravis miutania.
3. social-demokratebis (bolSevikebis) dakavSireba 1907 wlis 13 ivniss
TbilisSi erevnis moedanze ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan Semdeg
viTarebaSi moxda. 1908 wels vladimer leninis uaxloesi TanamebrZoli
maqsim litvinovi (igive meer valaxi) SveicariaSi daapatimres Tbilisidan
gatacebuli bankis sakredito baraTebis gadaxurdavebisas. es faqti
gaxmaurda mTel evropaSi. mainc vin moaxdina felis gataceba? _ am kiTxvas
pasuxi TavisTavad gaeca, radgan gatacebuli fuli bolSevikebis liderTan
vladimer leninTan aRmoCnda. es Sexeduleba kidev ufro ganmtkicda mas
Semdeg, rac Tbilisidan gatacebuli bankis sakredito baraTebis
gadaxurdavebisas kvlav daapatimres vladimer leninTan daaxloebuli
pirebi: nikolai semaSko, sara raviCi da sxvebi (scsaa, fondi 94, aRwera 1,
47 saqme 176, furceli 56), Tumca Ziebas 1912 welsac ki ar hqonda imisi
damamtkicebeli masala, rom eqspropriacia TbilisSi social-demokratebma
_ ioseb juRaSvilma da simon ter-petrosianma ganaxorcieles.
4. 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan
kamos araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia, Tumca gatacebul fulTan kamos kavSiri
marTlac hqonda. eserebma erevnis moednidan gatacebuli fuli avlabarSi
gadamales. Jandarmeriam fulis adgilsamyofeli icoda, magram
sisxlisRvris Tavidan acilebis mizniT, teroristebs Tavs ver esxmoda.
samagierod Tbilisidan gamavali yvela gza Sekruli iyo, avlabaric alyaSi
iyo moqceuli. ramdenime dRis lodinis Semdeg eserebi mixvdnen, rom fuls
qalaqidan ver gaitandnen da daxmarebisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferis kacs _
kamos mimarTes. Tumca saarqivo masalebidan ara Cans, magram gamoricxuli
ar aris, rom kamom saqmis kursSi Caayena ioseb juRaSvili, romelic
imxanad baqodan TbilisSi dabrunda.
kamom Tbilisidan sazRvargareT fulis gatanis operacia unaklod
ganaxorciela, magram eserebi moatyua da fuli vladimer lenins miutana.
cxadia, damoukideblad kamo aseT nabijs ar gadadgamda, mas viRac
marTavda. visi damavlebiT moqmedebda kamo, saarqivo masalebidan ar
dgindeba.
amrigad, 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi, erevnis moedanze
ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciaSi ioseb juRaSvils monawileoba ar miuRia.
ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi ganxorcielebuli eqspropriacia
mogvianebiT, 1918 wels, gauxsena lev trockim (bronSteinma). man ioseb
juRaSvils sajarod dasdo brali teroristebTan kavSirSi. vladimer
leninma saqme gansaxilvelad partiul sasamarTlos gadasca. bolSevikuri
partiisa da sabWoTa ruseTis liderma Tavi daizRvia da obieqturobis
dacvis mizniT partiuli sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared imxanad emigraciidan
dabrunebuli menSevizmis erT-erTi aRiarebuli lideri iuli martovi
(cederbaumi) daasaxela. iuli martovis sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared
daniSvnas kmayofilebiT Sexvda lev trocki. partiulma sasamarTlom
gulmodgined imuSava, mousmina lev trockisac da ioseb juRaSvilsac.
ganaCeni aseTi iyo: ioseb juRaSvils 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi
ganxorcielebul eqspropriacasTan kavSiri ar hqonia.
48 miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, 1907 wels TbilisSi ganxorcielebul
eqspropriacas dRemde ioseb juRaSvils miaweren. memuaruli
literaturidan, publicistikidan da istoriografiidan es Tema mxatvrul
filmsa da mxatvrul prozaSi gadavida. adamianTa nawilisaTvis is
WeSmaritebaa, nawilisaTvis _ sicrue.
bolosityva
qarTvel social-demokratebTan (menSevikebTan) ideur brZolaSi
damarcxebulma ioseb juRaSvilma 1907 wels saqarTvelo datova. xSirad
ismis kiTxva: ra moxdeboda, rom ioseb juRaSvils samSoblo ar
daetovebina da ideur mowinaaRmdegeebTan iseTive SeupovrobiT
gaegrZelebina brZola, rogorc ibrZoda 1899-1907 wlebSi? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi scildeba istorikosis kompetenciis sazRvrebs. Cven SeiZleba
vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ratom datova ioseb juRaSvilma saqarTvelo da ratom
miaSura ruseTs? ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebis (giorgi
plexanovi, vladimer lenini, iuli martovi da sxv.) naSromebis gacnobam,
rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) da rsdmp V yrilobaze bolSevikebsa da
menSevikebs Soris mimdinare polemikam ioseb juRaSvili daarwmuna Tavis
upiratesobaSi. ruseTis social-demokratiis elita masStaburi azrovnebis
did deficits ganicdida. mis liderebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT, saiT
mieqaneboda ruseTi, is saxelmwifo, romlis baton-patronad gaxdomas isini
apirebdnen. ruseTis social-demokratiaSi klasobrivma (partiulma), ufro
metic, fraqciul-klanur-seqtanturma azrovnebam imZlavra saxelmwifoebriv
azrovnebaze. swored amisi Sedegi iyo is, rom TviT giorgi plexanovi da
vladimer lenini didi xnis Semdegac ki ver mixvdnen imas, rac kargad
uwyoda ioseb juRaSvilma ukve XX saukunis damdegs: velikorusebs,
ruseTis saxelmwifos gaaCnda Rirebulebebi, romlis uaryofa adamianebis
Zalebs aRemateboda da is, rasac WeSmaritebad asaRebdnen menSevikebi da
bolSevikebi, saerTod miuRebeli iyo ruseTisaTvis.
ioseb juRaSvils ukve gansazRvruli hqonda Tavisi adgili ruseTis
social-demokratiis elitaSi. Tavdapirvelad mas swamda, rom gza ruseTis
social-demokrtiis elitisaken saqarTveloze, misi samSobloze gadioda.
mogvianebiT igi darwmunda, rom am gziT kidev erTi qarTveli (albaT,
49 sxvac) apirebda ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi SeRwevas. ioseb
juRaSvili mixvda, rom qarTvelebi mas arafers daumTobdnen: unayofo
brZolaSi gaivlida wlebi. ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi SeRweva
ruseTidan ufro advili iyo, iq ioseb juRaSvili ufro advilad da ufro
swrafad SeZlebda Tavisi upiratesobis realizebas.
ioseb juRaSvilma saqarTvelo datova...
maS ase: 1899 wels ioseb juRaSvilma Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria
datova da revoluciur (social-demokratiul) moZraobaSi Caeba. savsebiT
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ioseb juRaSvils rom ekonomikuri SesaZlebloba
hqonoda (swavlebis gadasaxadi gadaexada) da sasuliero seminaria
daesrulebina, gaagrZelebda Tu ara sasuliero moRvaweobas? Cveni azriT,
ioseb juRaSvili sasuliero piri (diakvani, mRvdeli) arasdros gaxdeboda.
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom ioseb juRaSvils goris sasuliero
saswavleblis warCinebiT dasruleba da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis
oTxi klasis programis kargad aTviseba aZlevda imis saSualebas, rom
momxdariyo misi diakvnad xeldasxma, xolo Semdeg _ mRvdlad xeldasxma.
es ufleba ioseb juRaSvilma ar gamoiyena, rac TavisTavad metyvelebs mis
mrwamsze. exla ufro dawvrilebiT.
ioseb juRaSvilma goris sasuliero saswavlebeli `pirveli mowafis~
TanrigiT daasrula. es daaxloebiT utoldeboda winaT saSualo skolebSi
arsebul vercxlisa da oqros medals. e. i. goris sasuliero
saswavlebelSi ioseb juRaSvili warCinebuli mowafe iyo. sxvas rom
yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, mas SesaniSnavad unda scodnoda Zveli da axali
aRTqma. Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis oTxi klasis dasrulebis Semdeg
ioseb juRaSvils specialur sagnebSi kargi Sefasebebi hqonda: wminda
werilis ganmarteba _ Zalze kargi (4), bibliuri istoria _ Zalze kargi (4),
pasqalia _ Zalze kargi (4), eklesiis istoria _ kargi (3), ZiriTadi
RvTismetyveleba _ kargi (3), homiletika _ kargi (3). aRsaniSnavia, rom
rusul saeklesio galobaSi igi Sefasebuli iyo friadiT (5), xolo
qarTul saeklesio galobaSi _ Zalze kargiT (4). ase rom, ioseb juRaSvils
seriozuli sasuliero ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. amasTan erTad ioseb
juRaSvilma kargad icoda istoria. ruseTis da msoflio samoqalaqo
50 istoriaSi igi Sefasebuli iyo Zalze kargiT (4). iseTi rTuli sagani,
rogoric logikaa, ioseb juRaSvils aseve friadze (5) hqonda Seswavlili.
maS ra moxda? aseTi seriozuli sasuliero ganaTlebis mqone
axalgazrda ratom gaxda revolucioneri? rogorc Cans, ioseb juRaSvils
jer kidev gorSi cxovrebis periodSi sul ufro uZlierdeboda socialuri
protestis grZnoba. mas Zalze mZime bavSvoba hqonda. qmrisagan mitovebuli
keke bavSvs ukidures siRaribeSi zrdida. ioseb juRaSvilze ara nakleb
damTrgunvel gavlenas axdenda dedis socialuri mdgomareoba (keke,
faqtobrivad, Sinamosamsaxure iyo) da imisi mudmivi SegrZneba, rom mudam
cxovrebis fskerze darCeboda. kidev ufro damZimda ioseb juRaSvilis
mdgomareoba TbilisSi Camosvlis Semdeg _ aq mas dedis siTboc moaklda.
seminariaSi Caricxvis dRidan sul imis SiSSi iyo, rom swavlebis
gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gamo ar gaericxaT. cxadia, yovelive aman ioseb
juRaSvilSi socialuri protestis grZnoba gaaZliera.
ioseb juRaSvilis winaSe sul ufro cxadad dgeboda arCevanis
gakeTebis aucilebloba: pirveli. mZime ekonomikuri, socialuri da
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT gaborotebuls xsna eklesiaSi epova _ sulis
gadarCenisaTvis ezruna; meore. misTvis sulisSemxuTveli da
Seuracxmyofeli garemos brZoliT Secvla. es, cxadia, balmomreobasa da
sisxls ar gamoricxavda, anu RmerTisagan gandgomas niSnavda.
ioseb juRaSvilma meore gza arCia. wavidoda, Tu ar wavidoda, an ra
mizeziT wavidoda seminariidan, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. seminariidan
wasvlis Semdeg ioseb juRaSvili Zalian male RmerTisagan gandgomil,
RmerTis uarmyofel adamianebs (ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-
demokratebs) daukavSirda da uRmerTo cxovreba daiwyo. cxadi xdeba: ioseb
juRaSvilisaTvis ukve 1899 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis (SeiZleba cota adrec)
miuRebeli yofila uflis mcnebani:
_ `ara kac hkla~.
_ `ara wina-aRdgomad borotisa, aramed romelmac gces Sen yurimalsa
Sensa marjuenesa, miupyar erTkerZoÁca~.
_ `giyuarded mterni Tquenni~.
am mcnebaTa uaryofis gziT iara mTeli Tavisi cxovreba yofilma
seminarielma ioseb juRaSvilma. socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis
didi sisxli daRvara, ar daindo aravin, vinc, misi azriT, am ideis
51 ganxorcielebas uSlida xels. miaRwia imas, rom Seqmna uzarmazari
saxelmwifo, romlis ideac mxolod mas ekuTvnoda da romlis xorcSesxmac
mxolod mas xelewifeboda. ioseb juRaSvilma kargad icoda, rom igi
RmerTs ganudga da suli samudamo satanjvelisaTvis gaswira. miuxedavad
amisa, didebis mwvervalze myofma, zesaxelmwifos erTpirovnulma
mbrZanebelma qristianuli wesiT dasaflaveba iTxova da sikvdilis win
moZRvars aRsareba Caabara.
adamianisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT revolucionerisa da didi
politikosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TiTqmis yvela codvis Tanaziari ioseb
juRaSvili inaniebda, RmerTisagan Sendobas eloda...