vegetable production · 2/25/2012 3 crop rotation garden map 2006 garden map 2007 carrots onions...
TRANSCRIPT
2/25/2012
1
Home Garden Vegetable Production
Bill Hlubik Professor
Agricultural and Resource Management Agent
Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension
Organic vegetables are safer to eat than conventional vegetables
1 2 3 4 5
14%
43%
0%
14%
29%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
I use synthetic pesticides as needed in my vegetable garden.
1 2 3 4 5
0%
25%
50%
25%
0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
Fertilizers used in the vegetable garden
1 2 3 4 5 6
50%
25% 25%25%
38%
88%1. Dry Granular
Fertilizer
2. Water Soluble (Miracle-Gro)
3. Compost
4. Peat Moss
5. Manure
6. No soil amendments
Irrigation of Vegetable Garden
1 2 3 4 5
25%
50%
13%
25%
88%1. Hose with sprinkler
2. Hand water base plant
3. Soaker hose
4. Self watering containers
5. No additional watering
If You Fail to Plan
Then Plan to Fail
2/25/2012
2
Garden Plan
Space / Time
Sunlight
Soil
Water
Protection
N S
E
2/25/2012
3
Crop Rotation
Garden Map 2006 Garden Map 2007
Carrots
Onions
Peas
Squash
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Squash
Carrots
Onions
Peas
Dill / fennel
Coriander
Buckwheat
Sweet Alyssum
Sunflowers
Cosmos
California Poppy
Cornflower
Basil
Borage
Yarrow
Catmint
Coneflower
Goldenrod
Golden Marguerite
Plants To Attract Beneficial Insects Garden Tips
Be Realistic
Time and ability
Spring Fever- lure of garden catalogues
2/25/2012
4
Garden Tips
Learn from the past
Keep records of varieties, problems, planting and harvest dates, yields, taste, special techniques
Here Comes The Sun !
Orientation of Sunlight
N
S
W
E
Sunlight
6 to 8 hours full sun
Orientation
Shading
Sunlight
8 to 10 hours
Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant and Cucurbits
Less light yields large plants, less fruit
Sunlight
5 to 6 hours
Root crops = carrots, radish, onions, leeks, beets
2/25/2012
5
Sunlight
4 hours
Leafy vegetables = lettuce, endive, spinach, kale
Soil
Soil
Tillable
Drainage
Contamination
Soil
Soil Test
Improve poor soils with amendments
Cover Crops
Raised Beds
Improve drainage
Reduce Diseases
Water
2/25/2012
6
Water
1 to 1 ½ inches per week
Easy access
Free from contaminates Excess chlorine
Avoid overhead irrigation
Water early morning
Water
Water-Drip Irrigation
Water conservation
Disease control
Liquid fertilization
Space
Space Adequate
Manageable
Weeding, pruning
Crop and variety selection
Space between vegetables and rows
Square foot gardening
Space Variety Selection, Containers
2/25/2012
7
Space
Trellis
Poles, string
Zig Zag Cages
Yields and How Much is Too Much !
Reasons to Extend Season
Stretch invested dollars
Higher yields
Better quality
Approaches to Extended Market Season
Stagger Production
Grow in the Cold
Row covers
Row tunnels
High tunnels
Transplants
Mulches
Low Tunnels
Often better before or after regular season
Methods to Increase Earliness
Site selection Well drained warm up sooner
Slope of land land sloping 20o towards south 6% warmer land sloping 20o towards north 19% colder
Soil Texture Light soils have greater temp swings (frost prone) Heavy soils more constant temp
Variety selection Early maturity Cold tolerance/germination
2/25/2012
8
Methods to Increase Earliness
Use of windbreaks (50-70 ft apart)
Plant protectors
caps
Row covers
Methods to Increase Earliness
Plastic Mulch Gain of 1-2 weeks Increase early and total yield
Use of transplants Larger cell size earlier yield Proper transplant age Set at proper time Use starter fertilizer
Pest control Proper Fertilization
Timely irrigation
Vegetable Yields
Crop Average Yield/100 ft row
Asparagus 30 lb
Bean, snap 120 lb
Bean, pole 150 lb
Broccoli 100
Cabbage 150
Corn sweet 10 doz
Cucumbers 120 lb
Lettuce, leaf 50 lb
Muskmelon 100
Vegetable Yields Crop Average Yield/100 ft row
Peas, snow 20 lb
Peppers, bell 60 lb
Potatoes, Irish 100 lb
Potatoes, Sweet 100 lb
Pumpkins 600 lb (/1000 sq ft)
Squash, summer 150 lb
Squash, winter 100 lb
Tomatoes 500 lb
Watermelons 50 fruit
Fruit Yields
Crop Average Yield/100 ft row
Apples 20 bu
Blackberries 330 lb
Blueberries 250 lb
Grapes 220 lb
Pears 25 bu
Raspberries 184 lb
Strawberries 150 lb
Earliest and Latest Vegetable Planting Dates
Crop Earliest Date Latest Date
Beans May 1st July 20th
Cabbage March 25th July 10th
Cucumbers May 10st June 20th
Sweet Corn April 25th July 7th
Muskmelon May 10th June 15th
Peppers May 10th June 15th
Potatoes March 15th June 20th
Sweet Potatoes
May 15th June 10th
2/25/2012
9
Earliest and Latest Vegetable Planting Dates Crop Earliest Date Latest Date
Peas Feb 28th No fall crop
Pumpkin May 10th June 20th
Squash Summer
May 15th July 15th
Tomatoes May 10th June 20th
Watermelons May 15th June 15th
Winter Squash
May 10th June 15th
Protection
Protection
Insects
Dogs, Cats
Birds
Woodchucks
Squirrels
Deer
People
Protection
Fence
Wind block
Afternoon sun (lettuce)
Row Covers
Raised Beds
Mulch
Mulches
Red Mulch for tomatoes
Increase production 10 to
20%
Crop Selection
Space
Light
Soil and Fertility
Temperature
Days to maturity
Pest Resistance
Rotation
2/25/2012
10
Organic vegetables are safer to eat than conventional vegetables
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
I will use synthetic pesticides as needed in my vegetable
garden.
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
Fertilizers I plan to use in the vegetable garden
1 2 3 4 5 6
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Dry Granular Fertilizer
2. Water Soluble (Miracle-Gro)
3. Compost
4. Peat Moss
5. Manure
6. No soil amendments
Irrigation of Vegetable Garden
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Hose with sprinkler
2. Hand water base plant
3. Soaker hose
4. Self watering containers
5. No additional watering
Interesting Plants to Try
Mouse Melons or
Mexican Sour Gherkins Plant grows as a
vigorous vine
In the melon family, not a true cucumber
Needs full sun and a place to climb like a fence or trellis
Can be used in cooking like a cucumber.
2/25/2012
11
Swiss Chard
Spinach substitute for summer harvesting
Bright neon colors as well as white varieties
Can be used cooked or raw when young
In the beet family
Looks good in the vegetable or flower border.
Hopi Blue Corn
Beautiful ancient corn
Young ears can be boiled and eaten
Dried, use for flour to make blue corn meal or for fall displays
Full sun, drought tolerant; plant 3-5 plants together in a block
Cardoon
Biennial related to artichokes, favored by Mediterranean countries.
Stems are eaten raw or boiled, then sautéed with garlic. Grows four feet tall by about four feet wide. Striking gray leaves. Good accent plant in the garden
Hyacinth Bean
Beautiful pink to purple flowers on vigorous vines
Beans can be eaten when young, but usually grown for ornamental value
Good to cover fences or arbors
Full sun preferred
African Horned Melon
Very vigorous vine
Sharp thorns on fruit and vines are barbed
Fruit tastes like a mix of citrus and kiwi,
used in drinks
Takes a long time to set fruit; worth the wait
Calabaza Winter Squash
This variety is “La Estrella” and is similar to a pumpkin in taste
Very large fruit, size of a basketball
Vines can reach 12 feet, needs lots of room for heavy squashes to grow
Full sun
2/25/2012
12
Roselle
Related to okra and hibiscus
Fruits are used to make jellies
Of African descent
Shrubby growth habit
Needs full sun and long growing season
Nice ornamental plant
Hot Biscuit Amaranth
Tall plant, about 4-5 feet
Seed heads are used for amaranth flour
Needs 6-8 hours of sun
Drought tolerant
May self-sow and become invasive
Pumpkin Pepper Eggplant
Looks like a tiny pumpkin, but is really an eggplant.
Used when dried for fall arrangements
Edible while still green
Bushy plant needs full sun
photo courtesy of Lisa at Amishland Heirloom Seeds
Bitter Melon
Grows on vigorous vines, full sun
Best eaten when tiny size
Favorite of Asian and
Indian cuisine
Many different varieties and colors
Luffa Gourd
Edible, though bitter when very small
Dry out completely, then soak and remove outer skin to make sponges
Vines are very fast growing and need something to climb on
Full sun
Pumpkins and Gourds
Wonderful for children
Give plenty of room to grow along with water and sunlight
Try just one along a
fence, trellis, or arbor
If space is limited, there are bush varieties available
2/25/2012
13
Pineapple Sage
Flowers and leaves smell like pineapple
Good plant for flower border as well as herb bed
Full sun and good drainage needed
Attracts bees and butterflies
Hungarian Broom Corn
Not a true corn, it does not produce ears
Tops are harvested for use as corn brooms or dried flower arrangements
Grows 8 feet or taller, good accent plant
Examples of Planters at EARTH Center
Photo by Howard Katz
Wagon planter Straw bale planter Raised bed
Crop Selection
Taste
Availability
Storage
Choosing Varieties
‘Celebrity’ Tomato VFFNT, 70 days, All American Winner, mid-season, medium sized fruit, determinate
V=Verticillium wilt
F, FF=Fusarium wilt race 1,2
N=Nematodes
T= Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Starting Seedlings
2/25/2012
14
Starting Plants Indoors
Grow Lights
Broad Spectrum Light
Temperature
Control
Starting Seedlings
Right Time
Temperature
Soil Mix
Moisture
Fertility
Seedling Diseases
Damping off disease
Sterile potting mix
Beneficial fungi
GL-21
Starting Seedlings
Temperature and light control
Drafts near windows
Temperature change in evening near windows
Keep away from heat vents
Starting Seedlings
Greenhouse production
Hardening Off Plants
2/25/2012
15
Hardening-off Cold frame
Full sunlight
Air movement
Open lid on hot days
Hardening-off Plants - Outdoors
Gradual Increase in light each day
30 minutes to 1 hour increase in light each day
2 week or more process
Planting Planting
Stocky green plants
Free of pests/ disease
Remove carefully from pots
Loosen roots
Planting depth
Water in
Light fertilization
Frost Protection
Plastic Covers
‘Wall O Water’
Hot Caps
Remove hot caps and covers with high temperature
Frost Protection
Hot Caps
Remove hot caps and covers with high temperature
2/25/2012
16
Protection - Cutworm
Collars at base of seedlings
Slug Control
Shallow pan of stale beer
Board traps and crush
Adjust mulch amounts and types
Fertilization
Test Soil
Fertilizer additions depend on crop needs, soil
conditions, rainfall, temperature
Fertilization
Absence of a soil test
2 to 4 pounds 5-10-5 per 100 square foot
3 to 5 pounds of limestone every 2 to
3 years
Balanced Fertility
Slow release fertilizers
Organic Soil amendments
Dried manure, dried blood, alfalfa meal, bone meal
Cover crops
Maintain proper pH
Adequate Soil moisture
All leaves, No fruit
Due to flower abortion caused by
Too much nitrogen
Too much moisture
High temperature (above 90 deg)
Low temperature (below 55 deg)
Avoid Fresh Manure and High Nitrogen Fertilizers
2/25/2012
17
All in the family.
Solanaceous Crops Warm Season Vegetables
Tomatoes Peppers Eggplant Potatoes
Solanaceous Crops
Fertile, well drained soils
Balanced, steady moisture and nutrient supply
Require warm soil and air temperature, Plant after frost, protect transplants
Solanaceous Crops
Raised beds, mulch and drip irrigation
Disease resistant varieties
Disease free seed and transplants
Tomatoes Origin of the Tomato
West coast of South America (Peru)
8 species in the tomato genus grow wild in
Andes Mountains.
Range of wild tomato relatives – northern tip of Chile in south to Ecuador in the north. 200 miles inland and including the Galapogos Islands.
2/25/2012
18
Tomato Family
Family Solanaceae ( tomato, potato, pepper, eggplant)
Genus Lycopersicon
Wild tomatoes tiny fruits and only red are edible.
Perennials in warmer regions, annuals in colder regions.
What is an Heirloom Tomato ?
An heirloom is generally considered to be a variety that has been passed down, through several generations of a family because of it’s valued characteristics.
Mortgage Lifter
5.6 oz. marketable fruit wt.
Orange /red fruit
Highest yield, 4,578 bx/A,
70% marketable fruit.
Ramapo
6.2 oz. marketable fruit wt.
Dark red color.
Yield, 2,888 bx/A
76% marketable
Flavor 2.9/4
Sweetness 1.9/3
Yellow Stuffer
3.4 oz. marketable wt.
Yield 2,936 bx/A
64% marketable.
Hollow inside for stuffing.
Garden Peach
1.2 oz. marketable fruit.
Flavor 2.9/4, variety of comments.
Sweetness 1.9/3
Yield – 3,065 bx/A.
86% marketable.
2/25/2012
19
Green Zebra
2.5 oz. marketable fruit wt.
Flavor 3.1/4
Appearance 3.7/4
Sweetness 1.9/3
Acidity 2.8/3
Yield 2,197 bx/A.
59% marketable
Aunt Ruby's German Green
80 days, Indeterminate.
Beefsteak fruits are 5 to 6 inches in diameter and weigh one pound or more.
Sweet juicy flesh, refreshing spicy flavor. Thick green slices are great in sandwiches.
Produces fruit in late season and in cooler climates.
Brandywine, Pink (SUDDUTH/QUISENBERRY STRAIN)
80 days Indeterminate. Legendary Amish heirloom from the
1880's and the most popular. Prized for it's distinctively flavored
fruit. Dark reddish, pink, large 1-2 lb. fruit.
Grow on vigorous potato leaf plants. Little disease resistance. "As fine a tasting tomato as ever was
grown," said tomato guru Ben Quisenberry who got the seed from Mrs. Sudduth. It had been in her family over 100 yrs.
Winner of taste tests around the country..
Tomato Culture Sow seeds 6 weeks before last
frost date
Can Sow early w inc. light (greenhouse)
Starter mix temp. 75 to 90 deg.
As 1st true leaves develop transplant to 2-3” pots or cell containers
Use 4 “ pots for stocky transplants
Tomato Culture
Transplant development 60 to 70 deg. Best
Water lightly to keep mix from drying
Fertilize w fish emulsion or soluble complete fertilizer
Tomato Culture
Determinate varieties plant 12” to 24” apart
Indeterminate varieties 24” to 36” apart
Staking 14” to 20” up
Cages – depends on cage width, 24” or more
2/25/2012
20
Tomato Pruning / Staking
Determinate (bush) varieties little to no pruning, grow with or w/out support
Indeterminate (climbing) varieties best if staked, trellised or caged – prune for best results
Tomatoes
Size
Days to maturity
Cold tolerance
Disease resistance
Tomato Staking
Double weave
Tomato Cages
Large openings
Secure stakes
Rust resistant
Tomato Pests and Diseases Alternative Pest Controls
Row Covers Diverse plantings Biological Controls-
Green Lacewings Ladybird beetles
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. tenenbrionis - kills CPB and Elm Leaf
Beetles- hatching up to larvae ¼ “ for best results, mix w Safers Insecticidal Soa or add Pyrethrin for larger beetles
Soaps, neem oil, hot pepper wax.
Bran for CPB.
2/25/2012
21
Early Blight (Alternaria)
All varieties susceptible, can kill leaves
Brown target spots, surrounded by yellow on older leaves
Early determinate varieties most susceptible
Plants most susceptible in moist weather after setting fruit load
Early Blight (Alternaria) Control
Use young healthy transplants
Balanced fertility
Keep leaves dry, avoid overhead
irrigation
Copper based fungicides
Vascular Wilts Fusarium, Verticillium
Fungal diseases, spores long lived in soils
Symptoms identical, wilting one side of plant, turns yellow and dies
Fusarium more common extended hot temps.
Vascular Wilts Control
Use resistant varieties
Rotate out of tomatoes and other solanaceous crops
Reduce stress
even watering
Balanced fertility
Blossom End Rot
Calcium deficiency
Water imbalance
Provide adequate calcium
Provide even moisture
Cat Facing
Low temperature at early fruit development
2/25/2012
22
Tips for early Tomatoes
Cold tolerant variety
Short season, determinate
Protection from frost
Healthy Plants
Warm Soils, Black Plastic
Lay Plastic in the Fall
Peppers
Peppers
Sow seeds late March or 8 weeks prior transplant
Maintain soil temp. above 80 deg
1st true leaves spot plants 2-3”apart, cells or flats, 2”or larger pots give arger plants and better roots,
Grow plants 70 deg day and 60 deg night
Peppers Cold Treatment
Cold treatment – increases number of flowers and fruits
When third true leaf apopears, grow plants at min night of 53-55 deg for 4 weeks, then adjust to 70 deg day and night
Sow seeds 1 to 2 weeks earlier than usual with this technique
Peppers
Sensitive to cold temperatures- transplant into warm soil after danger of frost
Seedlings should have buds but no open flowers
Plant 12” to 18” apart with rows 24” to 36” apart
Well drained soils, disease - Phytopthora
Peppers
Water in transplants with high Phosphorus water solution
Plastic Mulch and Row Covers can encourage early crop
2/25/2012
23
Pepper – Bell
‘Oritani’
Hot Peppers
Habanero – 100,000 Scoville units
Pepper Pests
Aphids,
Flea Beetles,
Tarnished Plant Bug
Control all with
Row covers,
Rotenone or
Pyrethrin
Pepper Diseases / Problems
Phytopthora (fungus)- well drained soil and rotation
Blossom end rot – adequate calcium, even moisture
Bacterial spot- seed treatment
Sunscald on Pepper
Adequate leaf cover Eggplant
2/25/2012
24
Eggplant Culture
Very sensitive to cold temperatures
Sow 8 weeks or more prior to planting
80 to 90 soil temp to emergence then 70 deg
Eggplant Culture
Harden – reduce water and temp to 60 deg 1 week before transplanting
Transplant in June
Use Row Covers
Eggplant
Burpee Hybrid, 70d, vigorous, drought tolerant,, medium size dark fruits
Eggplant
Millionare Hybrid, 55d, Japanese Type, Long and slender, oriental dishes, extra
early
Colorado Potato Beetle Damage
Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) damage
Love eggplant
Colorado Potato Beetle Adults
Feeding on tomato fruit
2/25/2012
25
Colorado Potato Beetle Control Thick Organic Mulch
Barrier to emerging beetles in the spring
Hand pick beetles and crush eggs
Sprinkle wet plants with Bran- Beetles eat bran and
explode
Colorado Potato Beetle Control
Rotenone or Pyrethrin
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. tenenbrionis
- kills CPB and Elm Leaf Beetles- hatching up to larvae ¼ “ for best results, mix w Safers Insecticidal Soa or add Pyrethrin for larger beetles
Bonide Colorado Potato Beetle Beater
2 to 6 Tbsp. Per gal water 8 oz $15.90
Potatoes Potatoes
Fertile soils, well drained
Grown in hills
Plant seed pieces with one “eye”
Plant within a few days of receipt of seed pieces or refrigerate
Plant early to mid-spring 2-3” deep, 1 foot apart, rows 30 to 36” apart
Potatoes
Plants emerge 2 to 3 weeks after planting seed pieces
Hilling Plants- Plants at 1 foot tall, hill with 6 to 8” soil mound with hoe, 2 to 3 weeks later hill again – prevents greening of potatoes
Cucurbits Warm Season Vegetables
Cucumbers
Squash
Watermelons
Cantaloupe
Pumpkins
2/25/2012
26
Cucurbits
Adequate space
Well drained soil, high O.M. pH 7
Loose soils
Warm Soil and air temperature
Elevated mounds
Consistent moisture at pollination
Pollinators
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Good drainage
Pollinators
Balanced Nutrients
Cucumbers
Well drained, rich, alkaline soils, warm soils
Sow indoors 2 to 4 seeds in 2 “ cell containers or pots, 4 to 5 weeks before last frost or direct seed once soil is warm (70 deg) approx 1 week after frost date
Direct seed 2 “ apart, ½ “ deep rows 5 to 6 ft apart – no germ below 50 deg, thin plants to 8” apart
DIVA- AAS 2002, JSS,
58d, smooth, thin no peel
skin, tender, crisp,
bitterfree, seedless, need
no pollination-
pathenocarpic, tolerant
mildew, scab, not attractive
to cucumber beetles bec
non-bitter
Cucumbers
Plastic mulch with row covers encourages earlier and heavier yields
Train to a trellis to save space
Pick Daily
Cucumber Bacterial Wilt
Wilting, Yellowing, death
Bacterial disease clogs up vascular tissue and kills plant
Control Cucumber Beetle with row covers
2/25/2012
27
Cucumber Bacterial Wilt and Beetles
Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Feeding damage and Bacterial Wilt
Control with
Floating Row Covers
Pyrethrin
Rotenone
Cucumbers
“Big Burpless Hybrid”
Burpee Seed Company
55days,
12 – 14”
Sweet, non bitter
Seedless if grown away from other cukes
Summer Squash
Summer Squash Culture
Sow indoors 3 to 4 weeks before transplanting, after frost free date,
Direct seed after frost (70 deg soil temp)
Avoid cool, wet soils
4” apart, ½ to 1” deep rows 4 to 5 ‘ apart, thin to 1 ‘ between plants
1 week before planting, reduce water and temps
Adequate balanced fertility
Zucchini Squash
Easy to grow
Harvest small 4” to 8 “ long and Harvest often
Prolific on black
plastic
Bush types, little space great yields
Squash Varieties
“Born Free Hybrid’
Spineless
2/25/2012
28
Squash Diseases / Problems
Mosaic Virus – control Aphids and Rotate crops
Early fruit wrinkles and rots – lack of pollination, remedied w male flowers and pollinators
Downy or Powdery Mildew – keep leaves dry and fertility balanced.
Squash Vine Borer
Bores Vines and causes wilting and death of plant
Delay planting dates
Use Row Covers
Inject insecticide or kill with knife
Squash Pests
Cucumber Beetles
Squash Bugs
Control
Row Covers
Rotenone
Pyrethrin
Emphasis on Nutrition
Zucchini Squash – Raven 48d, JSS, Dark Green skin, high levels Lutein (highly effective antioxidant) contains 4 times as much lutein as standard lighter green varieties
Tomato- ‘Health Kick’ Burpee, 75d, det., 4 oz, sweet deep red, 50% more lycopene (antioxidant) than standard varieties.
Beans
Bean Culture
Well –drained soil with pH above 6
Seed after frost date 2 “ apart, 1“ deep, rows 20” to 36” apart
Don’t presoak seed
Do not thin
2/25/2012
29
Bean Culture
Seed every 2 to 3 weeks through mid-summer
Ideal soil temp. for germ. 70 to90 deg.
Daytime temp at 60 deg for untreated seed
Inoculant can increase yields
Harvest regularly
Bean Types- Bush Beans
Easy to grow
No staking needed
High, early yields
Successive plantings for continual harvest
Height 15” to 24 “
Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, 50d, meaty,
brittle, juicy, slight curve, productive
Bean Types- Filet
Bush Type
Pencil thin
Extra flavor for gourmet cooking
Harvest early and often for best flavor
‘French Filet’ – 56d, 5-7” Burpee, abundant,
mouthwatering, thin straight pods
Bean Types- Pole Beans
Require support from a pole or fence
High continuous yields all season
Height average 8 feet
Mexican Bean Beetles
Wet Bran
Rotenone
Pyrethrin
Bean Diseases
Numerous fungal and bacterial diseases
A -Anthracnose
BMV-Bean Mosaic Virus
BB- Bacterial Blight
DM- Downy Mildew
PM-Powdery Mildew
2/25/2012
30
Bean Disease Control
Use Disease Resistant varieties
Clean up garden plants in the fall – remove
Use crop rotation
Keep leaves dry
Peas
Pea Culture
Cool weather crop
Well drained soil
pH above 6, abundant Phosphorus and Potash ( add limestone or wood ashes)
Inoculate Seed
Pea Culture
Sow early spring as soon as soil can be prepared
Hoe wide furrow sow seeds 1-1 1/2 “ apart in a 3 “ band, cover w ½ to 1” soil
Rows 12 to 18” apart or 4 to 6 ‘ apart if using trellis
Fence or trellis with thin supports for tendrils – best yields, easier harvest
Sow 2 months before frost for fall crop (need PM resistant varieties in fall)
Pea Types
Snow
Oriental and gourmet cooking
Flat shape, edible pod
Snow Snap
Cross of snap and snow
Sweet w edible pod, no string
Pea Types Snap
Sweetest, most flavorful
Eat raw or cooked,
Edible Pods
Garden – ‘Classic Pea’ Cook to eat
Best for Freezing and canning
Pods inedible
2/25/2012
31
Pea Problems
Prolonged wet weather - seed rot
Pea Root Rot- Fusarium sp. Or Aphanomyses-
Browning and dying foliage ground up
‘Pea Sick Soils’
Well drained soils, rotate crops
Powdery Mildew- leaf, stems, pods hot weather
Disease resistant varieties
Keep leaves dry, air circulation
Sugar Snap Pea
‘Super Sugar Snap’ 64d, 5 to 6’, 2 ½ to 3”, round, plump pods, sweet, early,
productive, disease resistant,
start outdoors after heavy frost
Lettuce Lettuce Culture
Hardy- plant as early as soil can be worked
Best growth at temperatures 60 to 65 deg.
Sow every 3 weeks for continuous supply
Select heat tolerant varieties for later crops
Lettuce Culture
Lettuce dormant at high temps. Sow seed at 68 deg or lower
Transplanting- sow flats 4 seed/inch, 3 to 4 weeks before transplanting outdoors
Shade flats on sunny warm days- keep soil surface cool below 75 deg until germination
2 weeks later move 1-2” apart to flats, cells, pots
Harden – reduce water and temp 2 to 3 days before transplanting outdoors (hardened plants can survive at 20 deg)
Lettuce Culture
Direct Seeding- sow early spring 1 “ apart, rows 12 to 18” apart, cover 1/8 inch soil firm soil gently
Seeds can germinate at 40 deg soil temp
Even moisture for germination
Continuous plantings 2 to 3 weeks
2/25/2012
32
Lettuce Problems
Lettuce Mosaic Virus
Stunted growth
Patches of yellow
MTO seeds tested samples of seed lots for disease MTO 10 = no disease in samples tested of 10,000 seeds or less
Kale and Collards
Kale / Collard Culture
Direct seed 3 months before expected fall frost
Sow seeds 1 “ apart, ¼ to ½”deep rows 18 to 30 “ apart, thin to 8 to 12 “ between plants
Can grow from transplants as well
Kale / Collard Culture
Harvest 2 months after planting, individual leaves
Cold Temps in fall increase sweetness
Very hardy, use row cover or cold frame for severe cold temps and harvest into winter
Kale / Collards Pests
Few problems
Cabbage Worms-
Row Covers
Dipel
Cole Crops- Cabbage Family
Brassica Family Cabbage Broccoli
Cauliflower, Brussels Sprouts,
Broccoli Raab Chinese Cabbage
2/25/2012
33
Cabbage Family
Fertile, Humus Rich Loams
pH above 6
Heavy Feeders
Adequate moisture throughout season
Spring or Fall Crops
Cabbage Culture
Seed soil temp over 75 deg until germination
After germination reduce air temp. to 60 deg.
Direct seed or transplant
Direct light to prevent leggy plants
Transplant outdoors plants 4 to 6 weeks old, 12 to 18 “ apart in rows 18 to 34” apart
Cabbage Family Diseases
Numerous
Crop Rotations
Clean potting mixes and seedbeds outdoors
Disease free seed- black rot, black leg and alternaria can be seed-borne, Hot water treat to eliminate black rot
Clubroot
Plants wilt
Roots swell and are deformed
Soil-borne fungus
Less serious on alkaline and well drained soils
Flea Beetles
Flea Beetles on seedlings
Floating Row Cover
Rotenone,
Pyrethrin
Cabbage Worms and Loopers
Dipel
Row Covers
Cabbage Looper Larvae
2/25/2012
34
Cabbage Root Fly
Lays eggs on soil at base plant
Maggots hatch and attack base stem
Yellowing and wilting of plant
Control
Barrier around stem after planting – roofing felt – 3 to 4 inches out
Row covers
Cabbage Family Pests- Cutworms
Prepare soil 2 weeks before planting to destroy cover crops and weeds
Create cutworm collars around base of plants
Questions ?
Thank You !