vegetables and melon - iнститут овочiвництва i ...†ssn 0131-0062. vegetables and...
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
INSTITUTE OF VEGETABLES AND MELON GROWING
VEGETABLES AND MELON
INTERDEPARTMENTAL THEMATIC
SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION
60
2014
UDC 635.635.61 (06)
The results have been scientific studies on the genetics and breeding of
vegetables and melons, technology of cultivation in the open and sheltered soil climatic zones of Ukraine; was paid attention to the issues the field of economics vegetable, plant protection, storage and processing of the yield.
For scientists, graduate students and specialists in agriculture.
ISSN 0131-0062 Editorial board: Kornienko S.I. (executive editor), Muravyov V.O. (deputy
executive editor), Terekhina L.A. (executive secretary), Vitanov O.D., Goncharenko V.Yu., Goptsiy T.I., Gorova T.K., Ivashchenko O.O., Ivchenko T.V, Kondratenko S.I., Kravchenko V.A., Kuts O.V., Mogylna O.M., Montvid P.Yu., Onishchenko O.I., Paramonova T.V., Puzik L.M., Rud V.P., Samovol O.P., Hareba V.V., Chernenko V.L., Shabetya O.M.
Issue has been approved for publication at a meeting of the Academic Council
of the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS, protocol № 12 from 28.10.2014. Reviewer: Bobro M.A., Corresponding Member, Doctor of agricultural Science,
professor of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaev For authenticity of information the authors of publications are responsible.
Address of the editorial board: 62478, Ukraine, Kharkiv rg., Kharkiv
district, village Selektsiyne, st. Institutska, 1, Institute of Vegetables and Melon growing of NAAS www.ovoch.com; E-mail: [email protected]; phone: (057) 748-91-91
Resolution of the Presidium of the HAC from 01.06.2010 № 1-05/5 collection "Vegetables and melon growing" has been included to the list of № 1 professional scientific publications in agricultural sciences.
Collection "Vegetables and melon growing" State register, series КВ № 3507 from 05.10.98.
© National Academy of Agricultural Science of Ukraine, Institute of Vegetables and Melon growing, 2014.
№
з/п
ЗМІСТ стор.
1 Кravchenkо V.А., Коrnienkо S.І. Qualitative research in
vegetable production – Еffective innovative products …… 7
2 Кravchenkо V.А., Gulyak N.V. Efficiency improvement
of breeding and vegetable-seed farming …..……………... 15
3 Bilenka O.M. Adaptive capacity of polykross hybrids of
shallot …………………………………………………….. 20
4 Vdovenko S.А. The development of mushroom
production in Ukraine ……………………………………. 26
5 Volkogon V.V., Dimova S.B., Gatsenko M.V.,
Lutsenko N.V., Kuts A.V. Demonstrated the efficacy of
microbial preparation Biogran and bio-organic fertilizer
Fosfogumin for growing cucumber in the Forest-steppe
zone ………………………………………………………. 37
6 Gart O.Yu., Kuraksa N.P., Kondratenko S.I. Biometric
and biochemical indices of fruit of breeding valuable
samples of sweet pepper under the conditions of sex and
mixed apomictically and sexual reproduction ……………. 44
7 Goncharenko V.U., Mykhailyn V.I., Kutz A.V.,
Paramonovа T.V. Effect of fertilizers on the occurrence
of major biological processes and productivity red
cabbage …………………………………………………… 52
8 Goncharenko V.E., Terekhina L.A., Mozgovsky A.F.
Impact of alternative fertilizer system of late cabbage on
the biometrics of plant …………………………………… 62
9 Gordienko І.М., Goncharenko V.Yu., Datsenko S.M.,
Bilenka О.М., Koltunov V.А. Quality of harvest onion
varieties lyubchik depending on the size of bulbs ……….. 68
10 Gorova T.K., Sayko O.Yu. Variability of morphological
characters of plants field bean in a phase of technical
maturity of green bob …………………………………….. 74
11 S.M. Gunko, O.O. Trinchuk Established influence of
storage conditions on biochemical indices of mushrooms
Agaricus bisporus and Oyster mushroom ………………... 81
12 Datsenkо S.М. Already researches of influence of 89
fertilizers on the yield and quality of table beet varieties
Vital ……………………………………………………….
13 Dukhin E.О. Effect of encrustation on seed germination .. 93
14 Dukhina N.G. Influence of soil mixes to survival rate of
plants that healed when growing seedlings potatoes ……... 98
15 Zavertalyuk O.V. Crop capacity formation of dissilient
corn grains depending on the time of sowing and methods
of weeds controlling ……………………………………… 104
16 O.A. Zadorozhna, T.P. Shyyanova, O.M. Shabetya,
S.M. Udovychenko State of the Solanaceae seed viability
during storage under controlled conditions ………………. 111
17 Kapustina L.I., Melnik R.G., Gubar M.I. New variety
of winter garlis …………………………………………… 120
18 Kolesnik I.I. The method of breeding of pumpkins on
earlyness ………………………………………………….. 124
19 Kolesnik І.I. Genetic resources of great fruitful pumpkin
in breeding for seed production …………………………... 128
20 Koltunov V.A., Boroday V.V., Danilkova T.V. Changes
in the phytopathogenic soil microflora at the application of
microbiological preparations in agrocoenosis of Solanum
tuberosum L. in Western Steppe Lviv region ……………. 137
21 Коnovalekо К.М., Оnychenkо О.І. Peculiarities of
interaction of microorganisms on biological activity of the
soil and quality of eggplant under film greenhouses …….. 147
22 Kuraksa N.P., Pylypenko L.V. Parameters of
adaptability of sweet pepper ……………………………… 155
23 Kuts О.V., Melnychuk N.V. Use of complex fertilizer in
the technology of tomatoes and eggplant ………………… 167
24 Lyuta Yu.О., Kobylina N.O. The evaluation of
perspective lines of tomatoes of selection at institute of
irrigated agriculture of NAAS …………………………… 175
25 Maryutin O.F., Shevchenko E.S. Phytopathological and
economic assessment of substrates for growing of
cucumber plants in greenhouses blocks ………………….. 184
26 Miroshnichenko Т.М., Іvchenko Т.V., Chernenko
V.L. In vitro assessment of tomato samples resistance to
Fusarium wilt …………………………………………….. 193
27 Nesin V.M., Pozniak O.V. New variety of cucumber
Nezhinskiy 23 …………………………………………….. 202
28 Novikovа А.V. Influence of sowing time and application
of fertilizers on productivity of onion by winter method of
growing …………………………………………………... 209
29 Оnishenko O.I., Sotyc N.V., Yaremenko S.S.
Susceptibility alternaria solani (ell. Et mart) neerg on
tomatoes in Kiev region ………………………………….. 214
30 Poznyak О.V., L.V. Chaban Enrichment domestically
produced of assortments of artemisia tarragon …………... 219
31 Puzik L.М., Bondarenko V.А. Application of
antimicrobial substances during cabbage broccoli storage.. 226
32 Sergienkо О.V., Solodovnyk L.D., Radchenkо L.О.
Perspective line of cucumber cornichons type for heterosis
breeding conditions of open field ………………………… 232
33 Sych Z.D., Kybrak S.M. Biochemical composition and
taste quality of melon fruit at cultivation in film
greenhouses on solar heating …………………………….. 238
34 Теrekhinа L.А., Іlinovа E.М. Research and
organizational principles of transfer innovation of
horticulture in agriculture ………………………………… 244
35 Hareba V.V., Melnik R.G., Mikchaylichenko V.А.
Processing methods and elements of accelerated growth
mushroom ………………………………………………… 248
36 Khareba V.V., Unuchko A.A. Biometric indicators of
okra seedling (Hibiscus esculentus L.) are depending on
age of plants ……………………………………………… 255
37 Cherkasova V.К., Shadetya О.М. Biochemical potential
varietal sample of vegetables family Celery ……………... 261
38 Chernetskyi V.M., Kostyuk O.A., Kostyuk R.V.,
Vlasyik O.O. Changes of biochemical parameters of
product quality varieties and hybrids of common bean
vegetable Faba Vulgaris Mill. forest conditions in Ukraine 268
39 Shabetya О.М., Zinchenko E.V. The composition and
value breeding of genetic fund of eggplant ………………. 274
40 Shevchuk K.M. Studding range of varieties of melon for 284
growing in conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine ……
41 Shcherbynа N.М., Yurlakovа О.М. Demand and supply
in the market of horticulture ……………………………… 294
42 Yarovyy G.I., Maryutin О.F. Epiphytotyological
significance of hydrothermical factor of air ……………… 299
ІSSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.35:631.527
V.А. Кravchenkо, Doctor of Agrarian Sciences, Proffesor,
Academician of NAAS,
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine
S.І. Коrnienkо, Doctor of Agrarian Sciences, director
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION -
EFFECTIVE INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS
The analysis was performed regarding topics Research Institute of
Vegetables and Melons NAAS. Covered the approaches to the creation by
the results of the research are an innovative product that has been put into
production and received for its use profit. Was presented a set of
recommendations of improve efficiency of innovative products.
Keywords: vegetable production, research and innovation,
recommendations, implementation and realization of profit.
Introduction. In 2010 the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of
Ukraine developed the basic principles of economic and institutional
reform in agriculture of Ukraine [1]. The process of reform should be
scientific support [2]. Ensure integration of agricultural science in
innovative and high-tech market investment environment AIC is planned
through the priority areas of research, a combination of science and
industry [3]. To have a successful outcome, it is necessary to plan
appropriate studies, implement evidence-based analysis of the results, draw
effective conclusions, recommendations, forming them into innovative
products.
Innovations in the field of entrepreneurship – food science,
technology and other creative activities that have the characteristics, skills
and opportunities to commercialize in order to obtain business income [2,
3]. In the creation of innovative development of the important role played
by scientific research institutions, creating new approaches offer new
knowledge [4, 5].
© Кravchenko V.А., Коornienkо S.І., 2014.
Intelligent product must be competitive, determined, novelty, degree
of legal protection requirements of the market price, expected competition
[6, 7]. The commercialization of the results of scientific activity has several
stages: idea evaluation, verification of its novelty, identifying promising
use, business planning, pilot production, protection of intellectual property
rights and access to the market [2].
The aim of research. Based on the above general theoretical
approaches, guided by scientific-production necessity implementation of
research into production, the aim of our study was to analyze the scientific
projects of the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS, examine the
results of its implementation and, on this basis, the establishment of
opportunities to create innovative product.
Methods of research. Performance goals carried out by means of
logical analysis of data research Institute of Vegetables and Melons of
NAAS for the period at 2011-2013 years made with conclusions and
recommendations. Results of the analysis included the study subjects, the
effectiveness of its implementation, promising recommendations successful
implementation.
The method of researches. In agriculture, innovative product is
determined by use of intellectual resources, innovative solutions,
technologies, varieties and hybrids of plants, plant protection, weed control,
theoretical and methodological approaches in the creation of new genotypes
and others. Our studies were divided into several stages.
The first stage is analysis of the names of scientific subjects, that is,
practical approaches to hypotheses for future research, the formation of
subjects of research. Global science has formed a unified approach: the
formation of consumer demands, modern science, approaches and
definitions necessary research topics that are offered for tenders in the form
of grants. During research grants allocated adequate funding and a contest
among academic institutions, individual researchers.
Department of crop of NAAS believes it is essential that grants have
formed the following institutions of NAAS, MAPPU, MES and others.
Ukraine has adopted the practice of research subjects directly and
scientific institutions which provided for a competitive estimate. The
NAAS formed the basis of research "bottom up" – the researcher consumer
investor.
Analysis showed that subjects in the research of Institute of
Vegetables and Melons of NAAS are present names, methods and
approaches. However, the practical implementations are some topics far
from the requirements of the names (and therefore the direction of research)
because of the following reasons: weak material and technical basis for
performance issues, lack of qualifications performers, not possession by
European research methods, accelerated their implementation, staffing and
financial limitations.
The second stages are reporting studies. In most cases, the content of
the summary records do not provide a clear answer to the scientific names
of topics. There is often no findings or conclusions, or recommendations do
not provide a complete answer on studies that asked. In our view, even in a
brief report must cover the essence of each word research topic. For
example, in the subject laid "methods for creating breeding material."
Obviously, the report should be highlighted methods for creating lines and
not be submitting characteristic features of the material that has been
created.
If we set the goal – to explore the protective mechanisms of
resistance, we need to explore them deeply and concretely described,
instead of juggling terminology. The following aims to "explore the
mechanisms of action of fertilizers." The report says a lot about that, and
explains the mechanism of action of fertilizers available. Scientists aim is
"on the basis of genetic and environmental selection...". First, have a
question. Is there such a method? Secondly, the report single word about
genetic and environmental selection. And such examples could lead to a
number of reports. The same applies to research topics, "genetic-
statistical..." "adaptive genetic" and others. That is, used in the names of the
terms, areas that can’t investigate – no technique, but in terms of (name)
subjects are planned.
If you set the task to "create a grade for industrial processing" (such
as type of sort of cucumber Nizhynskyy), the executor will have to
investigate and to characterize at least the signs are suitable for processing,
and then – and the methods of breeding them. In this case it will be good
research and relevant results. If the artist creates varieties, hybrids for
mechanical harvesting, both in research and in the text of the report should
be selection for indicators that require mechanized harvesting.
The following. In conducting the research necessary to organize
processes so that the level of crop yield was high. For example. Yields of
late cabbage in experiments 50-57 t/ha while in production it may be 80-
100 t/ha. Same should be noted in onions, tomatoes, cucumbers and
potatoes. Besides the advantage over the standard is 5-8 %. This is actually
at the level of error. What sense do research if their worse than the existing
level of production.
The analysis notes: on allocated sufficient funds and that the
perpetrators only 2-3 and they do not have a degree. As a result, it is
unclear scientific report. What innovations and you can create? Is it
practical to have been organized by a sufficient number of creative team,
and combining money and manpower, and successfully complete the
subject, the results of which would be interested producers, leading to a
profit.
Of great importance is the direction and efficiency of the scientist.
Obviously, breeders waiting for new methods of speeding up the selection
process, and biotechnologist for scarce resources spent time creating new
no significant varieties and increase their seed productivity without
biotechnological methods. Therefore there is no innovative product as a
result of such research.
Necessary to organize creative teams, in which each of those who
work, would, would know, he could be a plot to carry out research, shaped
like the results to the overall theme. There is a rational approach to one
scholar – two or laboratory equipment. In modern measurements it can be
done only in the formation of complex programs.
For example, creating a research program on "tomato varieties for
mechanical harvesting" we started with the formation of groups in the
fields of research: a group of scientists, breeders, group assessing the
quality of fruits, plant pathologist group, a group of agricultural
technologies. Each of the groups studied his directions to the same breeding
material. This arrangement allowed the research to create the first
Ukrainian varieties for mechanical harvesting, Boyan, Amico, Myt (Altey),
Izhachok, Malyatko and others.
The analysis proved that the number of scientific topics of innovation
is not attractive either for science or for production. Funds are allocated as
a result there is no innovation, as the return costs and state interests.
Next – the subject of the task: to create a selection intsuht line on
stage one year (for example, 2014 year). But intsuht line is impossible to
create a single year passed. In addition, the line should manifest itself in
hybrids. Only research goal is achieved. The very same transmission lines
in genetics bank are not innovative product. It becomes such if the line
bought.
Often scheduled as follows: "Optimization scheme selection process,
marking signs, fixing sterility", etc. As a result of the research is not given
in accordance with scheduled tasks. How to be innovative with the result
then? Where to find the truth and money?
Next, the research aims to: establish mechanisms for the inheritance
of agronomic traits have long been studied by scientists and described in
the general part of genetics.
A number of technological researches conducted notwithstanding the
manifestation of diseases and pests. Sometimes there is no information
about the presence of weeds. Often not studied loss to maintain or results of
safety is not driven.
In the text there are reports of inaccurate scientific definition. For
example, "introduction to the crossings genes keeping quality of tomato
fruits" called "transgression", while as typical "recombinants".
We study correlations in F2 hybrid populations expenses made, and
efficacy is lacking, as in F3 such correlations disappear and not for practice
or for the following search theory adds nothing, that there is no scientific
result, which can be transformed into an innovative product. Example,
described a new variety of cucumber Nizhynskyy 23, and recommendations
for seed production driven by a sort of Nizhynskyy local. Where is the
logic of scientific tasks and the answer to the search for truth? How could
thus create a complete innovative product?
When writing scientific reports, especially complete, it is necessary
to answer the tasks assigned topics cover the mechanisms of action of
fertilizers and growth substances, pesticides. Be sure to hold the results of
assessments of quality indicators in conservation, recycling.
Methods of selection, reproduction, technological elements to
explore, describe, discuss, specifically, clearly, high-quality, research in
areas of fitness to practice, that is creating innovative product. Browse
funding and performers not mince labor and financial resources. Seek a
high yield, premiums on standards not lower than 10 %. Do not forget that
the soil is too active "participants" performance studies.
Do not write scientific reports in haste, confusing numbers, results,
logic of scientific thinking. For example, in the conclusions of the report
describe the sort of exotic watermelon sunshine, and while the report is no
information about this sort of watermelon.
This is why a great responsibility to be assigned to the reviewer – in
his scholarship, integrity, ability to see the problem. Reviews, reviews
should not be formal – and the deep and modern. Need to develop
recommendations sights reviewers. Discuss them in the councils of the
areas of teaching and adopt. Enter the rule evaluation review its
effectiveness and direction of a true improvement of the scientific merits of
the report.
Conclusions scientific report should include and display scientific
and practical value of the research, hold recommendation capabilities and
approaches to creating innovative product.
In terms of creating innovative products play a key role should the
marketing department and innovation. It should be effective approaches in
its work, such as product innovation institute – "elite allowances produced
seed." However, there is already a mechanism in the country. Then why be
integrated calculation methodology elite bonuses? There must be other
approaches. This innovative product is not effective; it is not possible to
sell it because it does not existу user.
Formula innovative product should be clear, specific, practical
profitable to attract consumers. For example, "technology to create hybrid
onion", "technology for sterility restorer", "system use markers in breeding
for resistance to pathogens," etc.
Innovation unit should identify innovative product in research, offer
it to market and sell. Without the conclusion innovative unit topic of
research should not be approved. Need to assess the advantages and
disadvantages, the cost of the product, product volume, profitability, risk
and etc.
Only with such approaches should be carried increased, compared
with the other subjects, funding. For example, the transfer of innovations
highlighted at 2 mln. usd, and in a number of areas of selection – only 300-
400 thousand usd. Thus, to achieve an efficient selection of innovative
product that is in demand.
Innovation division shall require artists to submit a final report in the
form of innovation. For example, the creation of new varieties, hybrids
should end as follows:
- model variety, hybrid;
- methods for creating models;
- technology of seed multiplication;
- the results of practical implementation;
- recommendations for implementation through entry into the
market;
- technology for high yields (given) level of a particular culture.
Conclusions. The topic subject research should be clear, clear and
suitable for execution. They should reflect the specific requirements of the
current level of science and industry. Studies are planned so that their
results could translate into innovative product. The task of research is
simple – to meet the unsolved problems of science or customer
requirements (manufacturer) products. Only such an approach can justify
(recovering) incurred in the study costs.
Bibliography.
1. Suchasnyy stan reformyvannya agrarno-promyslovogo
kompleksu Ukrainy / М. D. Bezuglyy, М. V. Prysyazhnyuk. – К. : Agrarna
nauka. – 2012. – 47 s.
2. Suchasni zavdannya agrarnoi nauky v rozvytku genetyky,
selektsii ta nasinnytstva. – К. : NААN. – 2009. – 93 s.
3. Innovatsiyne zabezpechennya rozvytku silskogo gospodarstva
Ukrainy: problem I perspektyvy / Lupenkо Yu. О., Маlik М. Y.,
Shpykulyak О. G. . – К. : NNTS «ІАЕ». – 2014. – 514 s.
4. Selektsiya ovochevykh roslyn: teoriya I praktyka /
Кravchenkо V. А., Sych Z. D., Кornienkо S. І. – К. : NUBIP, 2013. –
362 s. – К. : NUBIP. – 2013. – 362 s.
5. Zhuchenko А. А. Ekologicheskaya genetika kulturnykh rasteniy
(adaptatsiya, rekombinogenez, agrobiotsenoz) / А. А. Zhuchenkо. –
Kishinev : Shtiintsа, 1980. – 588 s.
6. Меtodicheskiе rekomendatsii po statisticheskoy otsenke
selektsionnogo materiala ovochnykh I bakhchevykh kultur [Pod rad.
P. М. Litunа]. – Kh., 1993. – 73 s.
7. SWOТ-analiz. – Vikipediya // ru.Wikipedia.org… Data dostupu
do informatsii 19.09.2010.
В.А. Кравченко, С.И. Корниенко
Качественные исследования в овощеводстве – эффективный
инновационный продукт.
Резюме. Проведен анализ выполнения тематики исследований
ИОБ НААН. Освещены подходы к созданию, за результатами
исследований, инновационного продукта для внедрения в
производство и получения за счет его использования прибыли.
Подано ряд рекомендаций повышения эффективности
инновационного продукта.
В.А. Кравченко, С.І. Корнієнко
Якісні дослідження в овочівництві – ефективний інноваційний
продукт.
Резюме. Проведено аналіз виконання тематики досліджень
Інституту овочівництва і баштанництва НААН. Висвітлено підходи до
створення за підсумками досліджень інноваційного продукту який
впроваджено у виробництво і отримано за використання його
прибуток. Подано ряд рекомендацій з підвищення ефективності
інноваційної продукції.
ІSSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.147: 635.646:631.527
V.А. Кravchenkо, Doctor of Agrarian Sciences, Proffesor,
Academician of NAAS,
N.V. Gulyak, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDING AND
VEGETABLE-SEED FARMING
The analysis of the state of vegetable plants production in Ukraine is
given. Weaknesses in breeding of vegetable plants and ways how to
improve the breeding process are shown. The problems with vegetables
plants breeding are reflected, the approaches to their solution are
analyzed. The recommendations how to improve breeding and vegetable-
seed farming are summarized.
Keywords: variety, hybrid, population, seed, selection, evaluation,
analysis, hybridization.
Introduction. The current stage of development of vegetable
breeding and seed production in Ukraine is characterized by the expansion
of foreign varieties and hybrids. In the State Register of plant varieties that
are suitable for distribution in Ukraine from 2014 on all crops is 33 %
breeding research institutions of the National Academy of Agrarian
Sciences of Ukraine [1]. Near the same time, it should be noted that for
acreage in Ukraine row crops occupy the leading place: winter wheat –
86.3 %, winter rye – 93.45 %, triticale – 95.5 %, soybeans – 71.0 %, rice –
90 %, millet – 100 %. However, a number of plants Ukrainian selections
lags far behind foreign and covers: rape – 27 %, corn – 30 %, sunflower –
28 %, sugar beet – 19 % [2].
Therefore the aim of our study was to analyze the current stage of
breeding and seed production of vegetables, show ways to improve.
The method of researches. For the analysis we used statistics from
the State Register of Plant Varieties available for distribution in Ukraine,
the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, the State Agricultural
© Кravchenkо V.А., Gulyak N.V., 2014.
Inspection of Ukraine, production reporting of NAAS. Research
carried out by means of logical analysis of data for 2012-2014 years.
In 2013 gross yield of vegetables was 9.9 million tons, with an
average yield of 200 kg/ha. In the State Register of plant varieties that are
suitable for distribution in Ukraine in 2014 are 25 % of varieties and
hybrids of vegetables breeding research institutions of NAAS. According to
various sources, they make up 43.2 % of acreage under vegetables [3].
Much of the acreage is in the vegetable garden plots population –
96 % who always use more well-known varieties of Ukrainian selection.
Large areas of gardens form one of the first problems – inability to timely
varietal replacement and grade updates. The population in many cases uses
its own produced seeds that with every reproduction lose its varietal
genetically formed as a breeder. New varieties and hybrids fail to reach the
population or no information about them and are therefore not used by the
population.
Another problem is the narrow range created new varieties of
vegetables. For example, now the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of
NAAS together with a network of experimental stations is the selection of
the 49 vegetables and still were in breeding – 69. In some cultures selection
is not at all – a kind of onion, cabbage, greens, of rare, perennial. Another
important problem that is not solved is the selection of vegetables for
heterosis. There are a limited number of crops that are covered by heterosis
breeding. Hybrids are a small part of the few crops and heterosis often their
quality is not the best, and behind the world level [4].
In the production area there are no domestic breeding hybrids of
tomato, sweet pepper, onion, beet, carrot, cabbage and so on. Quite a few
established heterotic hybrids and conditions protected ground.
There was no established issue to further the creation of an effective
source material for heterosis breeding, genetics, sterility, use of marker
genes, resistance to diseases, self-incompatibility.
Scientists of NAAS are already scheduled, only the first stage using
biotechnology to improve plant breeding and seed production, especially
the use of molecular markers, cell selection, haploid, rapid reproduction,
creation of transgenic plants. Of course, the development of breeding and
seed affect the availability of seed plants, machines and lines for the
selection and handling of seeds, accredited laboratories to determine seed
quality. In this regard, the necessary knowledge of European requirements,
the use of European techniques and modern instruments to assess seed
quality. An equally important issue is the status of logistics and seed
selection processes.
It is also important acceleration of breeding and introduction of new
varieties and hybrids in production. In this particular role played by
marketing services, advertising, pricing, import and export policy. In the
first place should get the availability of professional staff, providing them
with the necessary equipment, premises and setting those social conditions.
Based on the above-mentioned approaches to improve the efficiency
of the selection process will be as follows:
- creation signifies our strong source material with a set of required
features and high combinational ability of basic vegetables;
- the use of wild and semi cultural forms as donor quality, resistance
to diseases, pests and stress, sterility;
- creating effective signifies our strong hybrid populations for
selection of breeding lines;
- the use of rapid methods to assess the quality attributes of plants
that are selected;
- conducting selections for resistance using artificial background
defeat pure culture of the pathogen;
- the use of different types of sterility in the creation of hybrids;
- use of modern DNA-technology to create, estimates of the hybrid
material and selection of hybrid populations;
- selection at the cell level, genome, gene;
- high quality wide environmental testing of new varieties and
hybrids;
- the use of different methods for mating pairs of selections,
combining ability estimates and created hybrids.
With the problems of seed closely related to the following items:
- the lack of a single, directed the successful seed production, seed
systems of production;
- not formed a unified system of orders, quantities of seed for
population and how its effective implementation;
- a long way new varieties and hybrids of the breeder-seed producer
to the consumer;
- poor quality of seeds produced, its handling, application of modern
methods of improvement;
- lack of agricultural machinery and equipment for the production of
high quality seeds;
- complex circuits guest varietal and sowing qualities of seeds;
- insufficient number of accredited laboratories and their poor
equipment of modern instruments to assess quality according to European
standards;
- low professional seed producers and those who assess its quality;
- lack of modern facilities for storage of mother biennial plants and
storing seeds;
Therefore, to adequately compete with foreign selection of
vegetables and should be sent to breeding and seed of Ukraine to a new
level: improve the scientific level professionals to create a modern physical
infrastructure, quality system assessments. Fully satisfy the requirements of
the manufacturer of high-quality varieties, hybrids, seeds. This requires
joint action by the State investors, artists, producers.
If we do not consciously will enjoy 20 t/ha of vegetable production,
and 50-70 t/ha, then our vegetables problems will be solved the better.
Conclusions.
1. The selection process should be improved constantly in the
process of creating new genotypes that meet production requirements.
2. The success of the selection process provides the scientific,
logistical, social potential, scholar, and producer.
3. The basis for effective occurrence of a variety, a hybrid of modern
production is high quality seed production and delivery of seed producers.
Bibliography.
1. Selektsiya ovochevykh roslyn: teoriya I praktyka /
Кravchenkо V. А., Sych Z. D., Кornienkо S. І. – К. : NUBIP, 2013. – 362 s.
2. Stan ta perspektyvy vyrobnytstva ovochevoi ta bashtannoi
produktsii v Ukraini / Demidov О. А., Іvashchenkо О. О., Khareba V. V. –
К. : 2012. – 67 S.
3. Derzhavnyy Reestr sortiv roslyn, prydatnykh dlya poshyrennya v
Ukraini u 2014 rotsi. – К. : 2014. – 497 s.
4. Netraditsyonnye metody selektsii ovochnykh I bakhchevykh vidov
rasteniy / Samovol А. P., Montvid P. Yu., Kornienko S. I. – К. : Agrarna
nauka, 2014. – 94 s.
В.А. Кравченко, Н.В. Гуляк
Повышение эффективности селекции и семеноводства овощных
растений.
Резюме. Дан анализ состояния производства овощных растений
в Украине. Показаны слабые стороны в селекции овощных растений и
пути повышения эффективности селекционного процесса. Отражены
проблемы семеноводства овощных растений, проанализированы
подходы к их решению. Обобщены рекомендации к улучшению
селекции и семеноводства овощных растений.
В.А. Кравченко, Н.В. Гуляк
Підвищення ефективності селекції і насінництва овочевих
рослин.
Резюме. Дано аналіз стану виробництва овочевих рослин в
Україні. Показано слабкі сторони в селекції овочевих рослин та шляхи
підвищення ефективності селекційного процесу. Висвітлено проблеми
насінництва овочевих рослин, проаналізовано підходи до їх
вирішення. Узагальнено рекомендації до поліпшення селекції і
насінництва овочевих рослин.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.263:631.527
O.M. Bilenka, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF POLYKROSS HYBRIDS OF SHALLOT
Already deals with the results of studies on the adaptive capacity of
hybrid clones of polykross shallot. Has allocated eight clones of hybrids,
which are characterized by high levels of adaptability and yield of bulbs
are promising for use in breeding programs.
Keywords: shallot, adaptability, stability, flexibility, breeding value
of genotype yield.
Introduction. One of the main criteria of the production value of new
varieties is their high adaptive potential. Create varieties with a high level
of adaptation to the environment an important direction of selection on
performance [1].
Assessment of response to changing varieties of environmental
conditions can provide valuable varieties that provide high stable level of
productivity and quality. Adaptability varieties is including their adaptive
capacity, stability, flexibility and breeding value of genotypes [2].
When creating environmentally resistant varieties pay special
attention to the selection of source material. His assessment is carried out
under different conditions of cultivation. The obtained data allow us to
determine the statistical parameters of qualitative features of the source
material, their variability influenced by environmental factors, and the
contribution and the impact on potential performance and environmental
sustainability [3-5]. Only as a result of such studies can be obtained
relatively complete characterization of varieties of adaptation to different
growing conditions, to provide high homeostatic source material more
purposefully pick up a pair for mating.
The aim of research – identifying the source material shallot that
would have a high level of environmental sustainability for the yield of
© Bilenkа О.М., 2014.
bulbs for use in practical breeding.
The method of researches. The study was conducted in 2010-2012
years at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS, which is located
in the Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine in the central area of the medium
moist of Kharkov region.
Soil research areas represented by black soil medium was powerful
and strong alkali in texture – medium loam. Reaction (pH) of soil is 6.2.
The climate is temperate continental. The precursor was barley.
Term drop-off – first decade of April, the collection of bulbs was carried
out in the third week of July. Method of planting is wide row spacing of 70
cm between plants in a row – 8-10 cm. Land area – 7 m2. Standard variety
is Lira.
Selection work carried out under the «Methodical guidelines for the
selection of onion crops» [6]. Experimental data were treated by analysis of
variance for B. A. Dospehov [7]. Adaptability, stability, flexibility, and
breeding value of genotype were determined by the methodical guidelines
for the environmental testing of vegetable crops [8].
The results of researches. The object of the research were 33 clones
polykross shallot hybrids have been produced in 2006 by crossing varieties
and forms of shallot. Yield of bulbs in the nursery clones of hybrids ranged
from 4.17 t/ha to 9.0 t/ha (Table 1). Of the study group exceeded the
standard forms more than 25 % 21 clones. Genotypic variability in yield of
bulbs clones was high and amounted to 50.63 %.
The high yield of bulbs and overall adaptive capacity combined
clones D-93 (c-105), D-83 (c-95), D-92 (c-104), D-53 (c-64), D-36 (c-48),
D-57 (c-68), D-62 (c-73) and H-50 (c-61). Varian’s of overall adaptive
capacity (OAC) they made 0.95-2.55 (in standard OAC = -1.82). For
selected samples was characterized and highly specific adaptive capacity
(SAC).
Relative stability characteristics (Sgi) (similar to the coefficient of
variation) in the study sample were very low and ranged from 19.11 % in
D-89 (c-101) to 98.86 % in the R-54 (c-68) (in the standard – 75.62 %).
Among the selected sample had the highest yield stability clone D-57 (c-
68) (Sgi = 52,77 %).
Regression coefficient bi, which reflects the level of plasticity in
selected samples was 1.03-1.69, indicating a high sensitivity to improve
their growing conditions. By improving growing conditions significantly
increased the yield of bulbs clone D-83 (c-95), the regression coefficient on
the environment in which the sample was the highest and amounted to 1.69,
which is confirmed by the highest rate SAC – 48.97. The optimal level of
plasticity (ecological plasticity) of clones selected samples had D-50 (c-61)
and H-57 (c-68) and (bi = 1,03 and 1,05).
For breeding value of genotype (BVG) isolated eight clones
exceeded grading Lira, BVG of them was 3.06 (D-92) – 5.00 (D-57), the
standard the figure was 1.99.
Thus, the results of a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid clones
shallots to the parameters of adaptability and plasticity have shown that
samples D-93 (c-105), D-83 (c-95), D-92 (c-104), D-53 (c-64), D-36 (c-
48), D-57 (c-68), D-62 (c-73) and D-50 (c-61) is the most valuable for
breeding for yield of bulbs, they include the forms of intensive type (bi> 1),
with high sensitivity to improved growing conditions and significantly
increase productivity under favorable conditions.
Conclusions. As a result, the research found that polykross hybrids
of shallots differ in terms of environmental sustainability, which opens
opportunities for optimizing the selection process and the establishment of
the basis of grades with high adaptive potential.
Highlight eight clones of polykross hybrids of shallot – D-93 (c-
105), D-83 (c-95), D-92 (c-104), D-53 (c-64), D-36 (c-48), D-57 (c-68), D-
62 (c-73) and D-50 (c-61), which are characterized by high levels of
adaptability and yield of bulbs are promising for use in breeding programs.
Bibliography.
1. Pivovarov V. F. Ekologicheskaya selektsiya tomatov /
V. F. Pivovarov, М. Kh. Aramov. – М., 1996. – 231 s.
2. Zhuchenkо А. А. Adaptivnyy potentsial kulturnykh rasteniy /
А. А. Zhuchenkо – Кishinev : Shtiintsа, 1988. – 765 s.
3. Sozinov А. А. Povyshenie metodicheskogo urovnya I effektivnosti
selektsionnoy raboty / А. А. Sozinov // Vestnik s.-kh. nauki. – 1981. – № 9.
– S. 7-15.
4. Nettevich E. D. Povyshenie effektivnosti otbora yarovoy pshenitsy
na stabilnost urozhaynosti I kachestvo zerna / Nettevich E. D.,
Morgunov А. I., Maksimenkо М. I. // Vestnik s.-kh. nauki. – 1985. – № 1.
– S. 4-13.
5. Pivovarov V. F. Problemy ekologicheskoy selektsii ovochnykh
rasteniy / Pivovarov V. F., Dobrutskaya Е. G., Turdikulov B. G. //
Intensivnoe plodoovochevodstvo. – Gorki, 1990. – S. 57-62.
6. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po selektsii lukovykh kultur. – М. :
VNIISSOК. 1989. – 64 s.
7. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov. –
М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 351 s.
8. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po ekologicheskomu ispytaniyu
ovochnykh kultur v otkrytom grunte. – М. : VNIISSОК, 1985. – 53 s.
О.Н. Беленькая
Адаптивный потенциал поликроссных гибридов лука шалота.
Резюме. Освещены результаты исследований по определению
адаптивного потенциала клонов поликроссных гибридов лука шалота.
Выделены восемь клонов гибридов, которые характеризуются
высокими показателями адаптивности по урожайности луковиц и
являются перспективными для использования в селекционных
программах.
О.М. Біленька
Адаптивний потенціал полікросних гібридів цибулі шалот.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати досліджень по вивченню
адаптивного потенціалу клонів полікросних гібридів цибулі шалот.
Виділено вісім клонів гібридів, які характеризуються високими
показниками адаптивності за урожайністю цибулин і є
перспективними для використання у селекційних програмах.
1. – Options of adaptability of clones for yield of bulbs shallot (average for 2010-2012 years)
Adaptive capacity
Name of the variety,
№ of plot
Catalog
№ in
IVM
Yield of
bulbs, t/ha overall
OAC
(Vi)
specific
SAC (σ2)
Stability
(Sgi), % Plasticity (bi)
Breeding
value of
genotype
(BVG)
Lira St 37 4,63 -1,82 12,27 75,62 0,85 1,99
47 58 5,33 -1,12 13,64 69,26 0,90 2,55
93 105 8,00 1,55 19,78 55,60 1,08 4,65
81 92 5,53 -0,92 24,48 89,42 1,20 1,81
106 118 7,17 0,71 10,74 45,74 0,79 4,70
97 109 6,73 0,28 24,91 74,13 1,20 2,97
77 88 4,73 -1,72 12,08 73,44 0,83 2,11
99 111 7,33 0,88 29,08 73,54 1,31 3,27
83 95 9,00 2,55 48,97 77,75 1,69 3,73
117 129 6,70 0,25 9,55 46,13 0,73 4,37
35 47 5,60 -0,85 17,83 75,41 1,01 2,42
116 128 7,13 0,68 25,58 70,91 1,22 3,32
59 70 4,43 -2,02 12,59 80,05 0,86 1,76
85 97 7,33 0,88 18,83 59,18 1,05 4,06
92 104 7,47 1,01 34,14 78,26 1,42 3,06
42 54 5,20 -1,25 12,58 68,21 0,80 2,53
107 119 6,77 0,31 41,24 94,91 1,55 1,93
89 95 5,77 -0,69 10,02 54,90 0,64 3,38
122 134 6,03 -0,42 17,59 69 1,02 2,87
114 126 6,57 0,11 12,35 52 0,85 3,92
Continuation of the table 1 Adaptive capacity
Name of the variety,
№ of plot
Catalog
№ in
IVM
Yield of
bulbs, t/ha overall
OAC
(Vi)
specific
SAC (σ2)
Stability
(Sgi), % Plasticity (bi)
Breeding
value of
genotype
(BVG)
50 61 7,57 1,11 18,78 53,53 1,03 4,30
53 64 8,60 2,15 27,69 57,28 1,28 4,64
95 107 5,87 -0,59 10,88 61,19 0,78 3,38
89 101 6,83 0,38 1,70 56,24 0,27 5,85
36 48 7,90 1,45 20,86 19,11 1,07 4,46
78 89 5,33 -1,12 17,59 78,65 1,02 2,17
88 100 4,17 -2,29 10,30 77,04 0,77 1,75
60 71 7,13 0,68 9,30 42,76 0,61 4,84
82 94 4,80 -1,65 5,41 48,46 0,48 3,05
54 65 5,10 -1,35 25,42 98,86 1,21 1,30
57 68 8,30 1,85 19,18 52,77 1,05 5,00
62 73 7,73 1,28 33,04 74,33 1,39 3,40
118 130 7,40 0,95 29,19 73,01 1,29 3,33
48 59 5,27 -1,19 14,90 73,30 0,78 2,36
V,% 50,63
Sv, ± 6,14
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.82"71"(477)
S.А. Vdovenko, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Vinnitsa National Agrarian University
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION IN
UKRAINE
Identifies the status of production and development of mushroom
production in Ukraine. The necessity of creation of the specialized
enterprises of intensive cultivation and maintenance of the control over
quality of mushroom products on the basis of national and international
standards, the national system of certification, the need for production
accounting mushrooms in statistical publications.
Keywords: production, edible mushrooms, program and resource
base, development, consumption, specialization, high-yielding strains,
market.
Introduction. Cultivation and consumption of edible mushrooms is of
particular interest in the rights not only in color and body shape fruit, but
through biological and properties. Among the wide variety of fungi in vitro has
grown about 13 species that contain a significant amount of protein (over
35 %), 18 essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and organic acids.
The content of these compounds is higher in mushrooms that are grown in
greenhouses relatively mushrooms growing in natural environment [8].
Pioneers in the mushrooming Chinese believe that at the beginning of our era
were grown shiitake. On the European continent, in the early ХVIII century in
France, the quarries were grown champignon bispored and oyster mushroom
cultivated in Germany, first at the stumps of trees, as industrial production
began in the 60 of the ХХ century. Today, mushrooms are grown in Europe,
South America and Australia, Africa, South East Asia, where the success of
their growing at an impressive rate [12].
The most popular mushroom believe bispored mushrooms, oyster
mushroom, shiitake mushrooms, honey agaric winter and summer and
others. These representatives grow well and produce fruit on agricultural
© Vdovenko S.А., 2014.
residues and industry [3]. According O.V. Babayants [1] edible mushrooms
valued as a dietary product that helps reduce cholesterol in the antidiabetic
and radioprotective properties.
World's population annually consumes about 6.5 million tons of
mushrooms, of which 6 million are produced in specialized farms. Every five
years the increase in the production of this product is 18-20 %. Intensive
development of mushroom production occurs in the last 30-40 years, it is based
on the use of environmentally sound technologies, gives a high-quality crop
due to control important functions mushroom body [10]. Modern production
technology related to the use of manual labor that is most used by multiple data
collection and post-harvest handling of the crop.
Analysis of recent research and publications. Agriculture of
Ukraine shows stable development dynamics, which helps in getting an
increasing number of agricultural products. The structure of production
occupies a larger share of the country's plant vegetable industry [9]. Level
of society full of vitamins and amino acids determines the development and
security of the country as a whole. One of the provisions providing protein
and amino acids are mushrooms growing in vitro. On the European
continent the largest producers of mushrooms in the ХХ century thought of
Italy and France. Growing demand for mushrooms helped expand the range
of products and improve its quality. However, the proposal mushroom
market is not enough to meet existing demand, which stimulated the
improvement of the technology of their production.
Despite the continuous development of agriculture and the use of
adaptive technology of growing plants, the level of protein intake varies.
According to FAO standards, the average daily intake of protein should one
person make 100 g/day. Sufficient level of consumption of high-protein
foods are characterized Western European norm of 100.2 g/day, North
America – 101.2 g/day, Oceania and Australia – 95.3 g/day. In Ukraine, the
protein intake of 84 g/day, low consumption characterized by Asia and
Africa – 69.8-61 g/day [2]. The data determine the need for resource-saving
technologies of cultivation of edible mushrooms in greenhouses Ukraine to
increase protein intake.
In the 90s of the last century has increased the volume of production
of mushrooms in the world and especially in Poland. The pace of growth of
mushrooms Poland has surpassed major competitors and filling products
provided European market. In the early XXI century output of mushrooms
in Poland amounted to 160 ths. tons, and began to significantly outpace the
rate of France and other countries, and already in 2011 amounted to
320 ths. tons. In just 7-8 years, the country has evolved from passive
consumers of mushrooms to the largest exporter of goods in the European
market [12]. However, most were made of edible mushrooms in the
Netherlands, where production exceeds the rate 24 ths. tones of mushroom
production in Poland. This jump is primarily dependent on the
reorganization of the sub-sectors, namely union farms, separation for
specialization, the existence of appropriate raw materials, availability of
cheap labor and favorable geographical location. Creation of specialized
farms boosted mushroom production by 50 %.
Mushroom business is quite well developed in Ireland, which is not
included in the list of economically developed countries of Europe.
Bordering with the major importers of England and Germany Ireland
supplying international markets own mushroom production. Almost 80 %
of mushrooms are grown in Ireland, exported to England. [5]
Through the implementation of various technologies yield cultivation of
mushrooms is different, and therefore consumption varies. The main consumer
is China, whose share is 36.5 % of the world total. The following leadership
positions are occupied leading economically developed countries. In the
European Union in 2009, the rate of consumption of products mushrooming
ranged from 2.2 to 3.2 kg per capita, and in 2009-2012 and increased their
consumption was 4.5-6.5 kg [4, 6].
Most mushrooms consumed in the U.S. population aged 21-40 years
at least – children aged 10-12 years. In the pattern of production prevails
mushrooms champignon, the total sale of which is 97-98 %, and the oyster
mushroom is only the third position, behind shiitake. Major centers of
consumption of edible mushrooms in Europe are Spain, France, Germany,
England, but these countries can not fully sustain its population mushroom
production, stimulating foreign producers to supply it to these markets [13].
Russian market of mushroom is very attractive for foreign producers,
since the consumption is much lower than in European countries. In the
Russian Federation there are approximately 100 companies engaged in
production of mushrooms and 60 are only oyster mushroom, but these
farms are small-scale production [7, 11].
The aim of researchers. Coverage holds state mushrooming in
Ukraine and substantiates further development of the domestic mushroom
industry.
The results of researches. Large stocks of wild edible mushrooms
were observed throughout Ukraine, but after the Chernobyl accident area
collect their much reduced, and therefore the demand for mushrooms that
are grown in artificial conditions. The end of the twentieth century was
unfavorable for the development of mushroom business in Ukraine, one of
the factors deemed lack of a mechanism of state support and financing for
small and medium businesses. However, once the program has started
mushrooming of commercial development and production of mushrooms,
the scale of production increased by systematically informing people about
the taste, consumption and medicinal properties. In 1997, Ukraine adopted
a program of "Fungi of Ukraine", according to which 2005 were planned to
receive 40 thousand tons of fresh mushroom products, but the results of the
program known as Statistical Office did not conduct a full accounting of
fungi. The main problems are mushrooming: low yields and high
production costs; poor technological equipment during the growth (Fig. 1).
Existing sectored program of agriculture production of edible
mushrooms in Ukraine for the period up to 2015 takes into account the
introduction of new strains, elements of technology, infrastructure
development mushrooming and mechanisms of control through
standardization, increase investment and reduce the importation of products
from other countries. At the same time, the program provides for the
production of edible fungi using environmentally friendly recycled
materials and is aimed at small and medium-sized businesses in the
agricultural sector and the mobilization of human resources in rural areas,
the development of biodiesel production, bioethanol, biogas and fertilizers
to restore soil fertility.
0,31 0,48
4,5
14
22
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
tho
usa
nd
to
nes
1 990 1 995 2 000 2 002 2 004 2 005
Fig. 1. The production of edible mushrooms in Ukraine, ths. tons [8]
The current program allows for further development of the
knowledge base for basic and applied research and development of the
necessary documentation for the cultivation of mushrooms, using the
experience of Ukraine's leading mushroom producers, including producers
of mycelium, substrate and compost. However, in Ukraine, there is a small
number of higher education institutions that train specialists for
mushrooming, there is always a practical basis for their training. The
program includes the development of a new range of food from fungi,
creating a marketing strategy for their internal and external markets. As a
result of the program for the production of mushrooms economic
component exceeds the yield of grain plants, vegetables and potatoes.
It is expected that annual demand for fresh mushrooms in Ukraine
should be 200-250 thousand tons, the domestic market does not fully satisfy
the growing demand and processing enterprises are forced to use foreign
products. Mushroom Sector in Ukraine is still at a low level of development: in
early 2012 the volume of production in Ukraine reached 42 ths. tons, and per
capita consumption of only 1.1-1.2 kg/year (Fig. 2, 3).
Despite the low rates of production and consumption of mushrooms,
our country has great potential for further development through the
inventory of waste mushroom production agriculture. Only the volume of
raw materials for mushroom cultivation, Ukraine in Europe takes first
place: wheat production is 46.2 million tons followed by its increase, and
8.4 million tons of sunflower, waste from the production of these plants is a
major component of the substrate. At the same time, ever-increasing
production of chicken meat and waste used for cooking champignon
substrate. Given the resource base stocks in the country can get about 30
million tons of waste that will support the 5.5-6.0 million tons of fresh
mushrooms at the lowest yields.
Fig. 2. The production of edible mushrooms in Europe in 2012, ths.
tons
5,2
3,23,1 3,0 3,0 2,7
2,62,4 2,3 2,2
1,6 1,6
1,1 1,11,0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
kg
pe
r in
ha
bit
an
t
China
Spain
Germany
France
England
Australia
Benelux
Poland
Canada
Italy
USA
Switzerl
Israel
Ukraine
Russia
Fig. 3. Volume of consumption of mushrooms in countries with per
inhabitant in 2009
344
320
172
98
98
84
86
75
38
42
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Netherlands
France
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
thousand tones
Increased production of mushrooms in Ukraine is due to the
existence of large companies and 1000 small farms, the introduction of
additional investment and the existence of the internal market. Large
companies grow month to 100 tons to 60 tons of medium and small farms
of up to 20 tones of fresh mushrooms. Increased production of edible
mushrooms was made possible through consolidation and specialization of
the following areas: production of mushroom substrate production and
mycelium. Such a distribution promotes fair distribution of some other
businesses around, providing timely delivery of the substrate, planting
material. However, there are cases where the enterprises of production or
substrate mycelium are geographically far from producing fungi. These
farms are able to organize the production of mushroom power up to
1000 tons of its own raw materials, which will increase the profitability of
farming to 30-70 %.
The largest enterprises engaged in growing mushrooms champignons
include: Kyiv Agricultural Complex "Pushcha Vodytsya"; JSC
"Ukrshampinyon"; SLL "Dinbo" and SLL "Ukrainski pecherytsi"; JSC
"Grykar-APS"; SLL "Eko Dolyna"; SLL "Forteks"; SLL "Grybna rodyna";
Agricultural firm "Ovochivnyk"; SLL "Mikogen-Ukraina"; JSC
"Valentyna"; JSC "Komgri"; SLL "Geleka-M”; Agricultural company
"Nova". The largest producers of oyster mushroom distinguished company
"Tavriya Agro-kapital", SLL "Kvity-Servis", SLL "ItalGryb", PP "Mikos",
NPK "Eco-gryb", SLL "Bios", SLL "Gribnoy dozhd», "Grybman", SLL
"Praktyk".
Over the past 10 years the number of companies that grow
champignon increased several times, and oyster mushroom 2 times. Among
the processing industry quality food of company of fungi manufactures
under the brand name "Veres" in various recipes, but the competition up of
"Sharm", "Chumak".
Ukraine has increased the interest in shiitake production, but growing it
involved a small number of farms that are located around Odessa and Kyiv.
Despite the medicinal properties of this mushroom production lacks experience
growing, poorly developed markets. At the same time, due to lack of
experience specialists have low yield and poor quality mushrooms. Only a few
complexes are engineers, whose experience to evaluate the state of production
and monitor the processes.
Creation of specialized companies’ is worldwide trends of industrial
associations. Only in 2011, the system of combining farms produced about
50 thousand tons of mushrooms, including 5 thousand tons accounted for
oyster mushroom. European leader in the production of the fungus became
Spain, Italy, and the third step of inherited Ukrainian producers is ahead of
Russia, France, Hungary, Poland, Germany and Turkey. Share Ukrainian
mushroom production in Europe is around 9 %. Based on the application of
mushroom, which is active in front of Ukrainian producers of mushrooms
are tasked to further retention rate of growth of its products.
By undertaken specialization in Agricultural Complex "Pushcha
Vodytsya" developed technology of substrate mycelium and cultivation of
edible mushrooms from their following processing, which provided
increased yields champignon mushrooms to 17-18 kg/m2, and revenues
from sales increased to 4.2 million. According to the Director
agrokombinat O.V. Prylipka existence as a result of specialization,
agrokombinat increased production, makes a good source of raw materials
for making compost. Simultaneously, compost, after growing mushrooms
are a valuable organic fertilizer, providing soil nutrients, improves its
structure. The use of waste mushroom production can reduce the cost of
fertilizer in the rotation open ground, which significantly reduces the cost of
the main product.
Apart from already established specialized farms and raw materials
for mushroom growing importance of allocating quality of seeds. Among a
large number of companies that provide management mycelium, SLL
"Biotekhnologiya" “Spyra” contributes to ensure quality seed by highly
professional experts and reduce the supply of imported material.
In the 2014-2015 years mushrooms will be further developed with the
participation of specialized farms, which are able to attract significant
investment to get quality products to attract consumers by setting competitive
prices and products focus on specialty stores or supermarkets. To create these
farms need: the introduction of new technological installations; creating high
strains and hybrids; production of quality seed in adequate quantities;
reimbursement of the cost of electricity, gas, water, revitalization of marketing
service. Production activities such farms gradually replace natural markets
where products are not in compliance with national and international standards,
the system of national certification, and specialty stores or supermarkets will be
provided large volumes of clean mushroom production.
Based on the application of agro-industrial production of edible
mushrooms scientists create new production models that take into account
the elements of mushroom cultivation technology and breeding work.
Using the results contribute to the scientific and methodological support in
order to expand production period consumption and range mushroom
products, the introduction of technological operations of machinery and
equipment. During the development of new strains of the focus will pay
their resistance to environmental factors and suitability for intensive
cultivation and further processing. At the same time, in order to determine
the status of mushroom generally necessary to provide an accounting of
mushroom production in statistical publications.
Conclusions. For steady increase production of environmentally
friendly products of edible mushrooms in Ukraine should:
1. Improve energy efficiency technologies growing champignons,
oyster mushroom, shiitake mushrooms and other edible fungi in greenhouse
plants or plants that are suitable for growing mushrooms in order to
increase productivity.
2. Further development of the scientific basis and provide evidence-
based use of the resource base for the purpose of output growth, substrate
use waste as a valuable organic fertilizer in the open field.
3. Existence of important legal and financial arrangements for the
establishment of specialized enterprises of intensive cultivation, processing,
market fresh produce and prepare future professionals will significantly
sub-sector development, increase profitability.
4. Ensure quality control in the production of mushroom products
from national and international standards, national certification and
Treatment of producing statistical publications.
Bibliography.
1. Babayants O. V. Grybivnytstvo v Ukraini. Nauka ta praktyka
sogodennya / О. V. Babayants, М. А. Zaloginа-Kirkelan // Posibnyk
ukrainskogo khliborobа. – 2009. – S. 279-280.
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3. Dudkа І. О. Rozrobka naukovykh osnov promyslovogo
grybivnytstva ta ikh praktychna realizatsiya v agrarnomu kompleksi Ukrainy
/ [Dudkа І. О., Bisko N. А., Tsyz О. М., Bilay V. Т., Mytropolska N. Yu.] //
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// Mytna bezpekа. – 2010. – № 2. – Seriya «Еkonomikа». – S. 116-128.
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9. Stan I perspektyvy vyrobnytstva ovochevoi I bashtannoi
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ta in.]. – К. : NNTS ІАЕ, 2012. – 72 s.
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Nauka I zhyzn. – 1996. – № 12. – S.122-125.
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12. Mushroom statistics. FAOSTAT [Elektronnyy resurs] / Rezhym dostupu: http:
//www. faostat.fao.org/site/613/ DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=613#ancor.
13. Mushrooms. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).
U.S. Department of Agriculture [Elektronnyy resurs] / Rezhym dostupu: http //
www.usda.gov / nass/.
С.А. Вдовенко
Развитие грибоводства в Украине.
Резюме. Определено состояние производства и развитие
грибоводства в Украине. Установлена необходимость создания
специализированных предприятий интенсивного выращивания и
обеспечение контроля над качеством грибной продукции на основе
национальных и международных стандартов, отечественной системы
сертификации, необходимость проведения учёта производства грибов
в статистических изданиях.
С.А. Вдовенко
Розвиток грибівництва в Україні.
Резюме. Визначено стан виробництва та розвиток грибівництва
в Україні. Встановлено необхідність створення спеціалізованих
підприємств інтенсивного вирощування та забезпечення контролю за
якістю грибної продукції на основі національних та міжнародних
стандартів, вітчизняної системи сертифікації, необхідність проведення
обліку виробництва грибів у статистичних виданнях.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60 UDC: 631.86/87; 631.521.54
V.V. Volkogon, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
S.B. Dimova, M.V. Gatsenko, Candidates of Agricultural Sciences,
N.V. Lutsenko
Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agricultural Production of NAAS
А.V. Kuts, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
DEMONSTRATED THE EFFICACY OF MICROBIAL
PREPARATION BIOGRAN AND BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER
FOSFOGUMIN FOR GROWING CUCUMBER IN THE FOREST-
STEPPE ZONE
Has already been established that in the conditions of Forest-steppe
of Ukraine the use of bio-organic fertilizers Fosfogumin and microbial
preparation Biogran in growing cucumber varieties Dzherelo causes an
increase in the yield of marketable products on 13.9-16.9 % increase in
total sugar and ascorbic acid in the fruit.
Keywords: cucumber, microbial preparation Biogran, bioorganic
fertilizer Fosfogumin, yielding, quality of product.
Introduction. On Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and
Agricultural Production of NAAS developed a number of microbial agents
and bioorganic fertilizer designed for use in technology growing crops.
Among them – preparation Biogran and bioorganic fertilizer Fosfogumin
that are recommended to improve the supply of vegetables, activation of
biological processes in their root zone, increase productivity and improve
product quality.
Biogran is a granular biological preparation effective consortium which
consists of strains nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and
Azotobacter vinelandii M-70/2 and vermicompost (product of composting) [1,
2]. Application Biogran promotes amplification growth and development of
vegetable crops through growth-promoting action of physiologically active
substances produced by azotobacter in biohumus [3, 4].
© Volkogon V.V., Dimova S.B., Gatsenko M.V., Lutsenko N.V., Kuts O.V., 2014.
Bioorganic fertilizer Fosfohumin is out as a result of
vermcomposting of cattle from phosphate rock and phosphate mobilizing
bacteria Pseudomonas putida 17 [5, 6]. Fertilizer is characterized by a high
content of water-soluble phosphates and enriched phytohormones [7,
8], thus increasing the productivity of vegetable crops.
In previous papers devoted to investigation of Fosfogumin efficiency
[9, 10] and Biogran [11], according to results of three-year field
experiments were shown increase productivity of cucumber 41.8 % and
55 % respectively.
The aim of research – to determine efficiency of optimization of
cucumber plant nutrition through the use of microbial preparation Biogran
and bioorganic fertilizer Fosfogumin in irrigated conditions of the Forest-
Steppe of Ukraine.
The method of researches. Investigation of efficiency of Biogran
and Fosfogumin performed on typical black soil less humus on heavy loam
(humus content – 4.3 %; pH – 5.9; the amount of absorbed bases –
26.0 mg-ekv./100 g of soil; hydrolytic acidity – 2.9 mg-ekv./100 g of soil;
nitrogen hydrolyzed – 124.0 mg/kg; mobile phosphorus – 113-
124 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium– 110-132 mg/kg of soil).
Area of account plot was 16.8 м2, total area – 29.4 м
2, plots placed
randomly, repeatability of – four-time. Technology of growing cucumber
variety Dzherelo – generally accepted to the Forest- steppe of Ukraine (the
predecessor – carrots, scheme of planting plants – 70х20-25 cm, sprinkling
irrigation method). Since the biological preparations contain significant
amounts of phytohormones, aplying them was limited – 2 granules (0,07-
0,09 g) per 1 seed at sowing.
During the tests conducted account of yield (gross, marketable and
marketability) [12, 13], determined dry matter content [14], total sugar
[15], ascorbic acid in fruit [16].
The results of researches. These results indicate the high efficiency
of new biofertilizers (Table 1). Thus, using Biogran and Fosfogumin
provide reliable growth of cucumber yield.
In particular, in 2010 the gross yield using Biogran was 16.1 t/ha to
14.9 t/ha in the control (without making biofertilizers), with obtained
increase in yield was 10.1 %, while making Fosfogumin this figure
increased to 14.1 %. In 2011, the observed higher absolute indicators of
gross yield when grown cucumber with Biogran and Fosfogumin,
significant increase to control was 15.8 % and 11.9 % respectively. It
should also be noted that in the experiments during 2010-2011 years, the
difference between absolute indicators between the yield variants with
Biogran and Fosfogumin was small and was within the margin of error. On
average for two years of gross yield growth with application of Biogran
was 13.2 % and Fosfogumin – 12.9 %.
Changes in yield of marketable products and marketability correlated
with gross yield of cucumber (Table 2). Thus, in 2010 year, making
Biogran provide increase of marketable yield to 16.2 t/ha and Fosfogumin –
up to 16.5 t/ha, which exceeded the control on 10,2 and 12.2 %,
accordingly. In 2011 year, we observed slightly higher indicators of
marketable yield of cucumbers on variant using microbial preparation
Biogran than bioorganic fertilizer Fosfogumin.
Microbial preparation contributed to increase of this index relative to
controls at 22.4 % (15.6 t/ha in control to 19.1 t/ha in experimental variant).
Fosfogumin provided yield of marketable products at the level of 17.9 t/ha,
which is 14.7 % higher than the control. Variants with using Biogran and
Fosfogumin differed insignificantly. On average for 2010-2011, use in
technology of growing cucumbers microbial preparation Biogran ensured
the growth of marketable yield on 16.9 %.
According to increase marketable yield of cucumbers also grow
their marketability. The highest indicator of marketability observed also
with introduction of microbial preparation Biogran and made in 2010 year
98.8 %, in 2011 year 93.1 %.
It should be noted that using in technology of growing cucumber
Fosfogumin and Biogran promoted the growth of ascorbic acid and total
sugar content in fruit (Table 3). Thus, making Biogran provided increase
content of vitamin C in the fruits of cucumber by 15.2 % (12.60 mg/100g
in making microbial preparation to 10,94 mg/100g in control variant) and
Fosfogumin – 12.4 % (12,30 mg/100 g in making fertilizers to
10.94 mg/100 g in control variant). Subject to Fosfohuminu was observed
growth of total sugars (2.78 % in the control variant and 3.11 %, subject to
bioorganic fertilizer, representing 11.9% growth). Dry matter content was
thus at the same level (5.30-5.44 %).
Conclusions. Thus, under irrigation in condition of the Forest-Steppe
of Ukraine bioorganic fertilizer Fosfogumin and microbial preparation
Biogran when sowing ensures growth of yield of marketable products of
cucumber variety Dzherelo on 2.1-2.5 t/ha or on 13.9-16.9 %, makes
improvements of fruit quality by increasing the content of total sugar and
ascorbic acid.
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Dimova S. B.]; zayavnyk I patentovlasnyk Instytut silskogospodarskoi
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putida dlya oderzhannya bioorganichnogo / [Gatsenkо М. V,
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silskogospodarskoi mikrobiologii NAAN. – № а 2010 12764; zayavl.
28.10.10; оpubl. 10.04.12, Byul. №7.
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zbagachenoi fosforytamy, za vplyvu fosfatmobilizuvalnykh
mikroorganizmiv / М. V. Gatsenkо, V. V. Volkogon // Mikrobiologichnyy
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fitogormoniv u vermykulitі / Gatsenkо М. V., Volkogon M. V.,
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fosforne zhyvlennya roslyn, urozhaynist ogirkiv ta yakist produktsii /
Volkogon V. V. , Gatsenkо М. V., Lutsenkо N. V. // Byuleten Instytutu
silskogo gospodarstva stepovoi zony NAAN Ukrainy. – 2012. – № 3. –
S. 72-74.
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produktyvnist ogirkiv / Gatsenkо М. V., Volkogon V. V., Lutsenkо N. V. //
Organichne vyrobnytstvo I prodovolcha bezpeka. – Zhytomyr : Polissya,
2013. – 492 s.
11. Volkogon V. V. Vplyv biologichnogo preparatu Biogranu na
produktyvnist ovochiv / Volkogon V. V., Dimova S. B., Shtanko N. P. [tа
іn.] // Silskogospodarska mikrobiologiya. – 2007. – № 5. – С. 31-38.
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[zа red. G. L. Bondarenka і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Х. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
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sukhikh veshchestv ili vlagi. GOSТ-28561-90. – [Data vvedeniya
1991-07-01]. – М. : Izdatelstvo standartov, 1990. – 11 s.
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Ermakov А. I., Arasimovich V. V., Yarosh N. P. I dr.]. – L. :
Аgropromizdat, 1987. – S. 41-43.
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Izdatelstvo standartov, 1989. – 11 s.
1. – Impact of Biogran and Fosfogumin on gross yield of cucumber variety
Dzherelo
Gross yield, t/ha Variants of
experiment 2010 year 2011 year average
Increase to
control, %
Control 14,9 17,7 16,3 -
Biogran 16,4 20,5 18,5 13,2
Fosfogumin 17,0 19,8 18,4 12,9
SSD0,95 1,25 1,11
2. – Impact of Biogran and Fosfogumin on marketable yield and
marketability of cucumber variety Dzherelo
Marketable yield, t/ha Marketability,
% Variants of
experiment 2010 year 2011 year average
Increase
to control,
% 2010 р.2011 р.
Control 14,7 15,6 15,1 - 98,6 88,1
Biogran 16,2 19,1 17,6 16,9 98,8 93,1
Fosfogumin 16,5 17,9 17,2 13,9 97,1 90,4
SSD0,95 1,3 1,4
3. – Impact of Biogran and Fosfogumin on quality products of cucumber
variety Dzherelo
Content Variants of
experiment Dry matter, % total sugar, % Ascorbic acid,
mg/100g
Control 5,30 2,78 10,94
Biogran 5,44 2,93 12,60
Fosfogumin 5,38 3,11 12,30
SSD0,95 0,49 0,22 1,08
В.В. Волкогон, С.Б. Димова, М.В. Гаценко, Н.В. Луценко,
А.В. Куц
Эффективность микробного препарата биограна и
Биоорганического удобрения фосфогумина при выращивании огурца
в условиях Лесостепной зоны.
Резюме. Установлено, что в условиях лесостепи Украины
использование биоорганического удобрения Фосфогумин и
микробного препарата Биогран при выращивании огурца сорта
Джерело обуславливает повышение урожайности товарной продукции
на 13,9-16,9 %, увеличение содержания общего сахара и аскорбиновой
кислоты в плодах.
В.В. Волкогон, С.Б. Дімова, М.В. Гаценко, Н.В. Луценко,
О.В. Куц
Ефективність мікробного препарату Біограну та біоорганічного
добрива Фосфогуміну при вирощуванні огірка в умовах Лісостепової
зони.
Резюме. Встановлено, що в умовах Лісостепу України
використання біоорганічного добрива Фосфогуміну та мікробного
препарату Біограну за вирощування огірка сорту Джерело обумовлює
підвищення урожайності товарної продукції на 13,9-16,9 %,
збільшення вмісту загального цукру та аскорбінової кислоти в плодах.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.649: 631.527
O.Yu. Gart, Graduate Student,
N.P. Kuraksa, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
S.I. Kondratenko, Candidate of Biological Sciences,
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
BIOMETRIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF FRUIT OF
BREEDING VALUABLE SAMPLES OF SWEET PEPPER UNDER
THE CONDITIONS OF SEX AND MIXED APOMICTICALLY AND
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The article is devoted to an important issue: the development of a
method for accelerating genetic breeding and stabilization of genotypes of
sweet pepper based on the method of induced apomixis. The analysis was
conducted biometric and biochemical parameters in fruit ripening phase of
biological origin7 lines of apomictic origin. Defined the scope of the
variation of these traits in the lines compared with varieties from which
they are derived under the conditions that the procedure apomictic
reproduction has not been applied to them in the last 2 years, and their
reproduction in the mentioned period was carried out under standard
conditions – through optional pollination in linear within populations.
Keywords: sweet pepper, apomixis, genetic stabilization, agronomic
characteristics, variability of quantitative traits.
Introduction. At present the most widely used in varietal and hybrid-
breeding of sweet pepper it became very time consuming for the number of
operations and temporal duration stabilizing breeding method of genetic
material, which is based on the use of family breeding of hybrid
populations of plants. This breeding process may last for 5-7 generations,
depending on the achievement of the desired stability of inheritance studied
agronomic traits [1]. Breeding of technology breeding is based on a direct
breeding of plants from populations of families, which in principle can not
be 100 % diploid homozygotes for the full range of genes, as always in the
heterozygous state [1]. So even with the pollination for 10 generations
homozygosity for two alleles of one gene equals 98 %. © Gart O.Yu., Kuraksa N.P., Kondratenko S.I., 2014.
The more genes are associated with the family breeding, the lower
the degree of homozygosity is observed in plants that make up the
population of families [2]. To improve the efficiency of breeding of sweet
pepper there is an urgent need to develop more effective and accelerated
methods of genetic breeding and stabilization of valuable material. In order
to achieve almost 100 % diploid genotypes homozygotisation of this
vegetable plants in breeding practice should be used genetic phenomenon
of apomixis [3, 4]. The Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS during
2007-2013, research was conducted to provide an effective technique to
obtain apomictic seeds of sweet pepper. As a result of search operations
developed an effective way to exogenous growth stimulation unfertilized
germ seed of sweet pepper in planta [5]. Application of this method for
selective samples allowed to select varieties and linear population of sweet
pepper, plants are in the reproductive phase of development have the ability
to apomictic seeds, which by its physiological properties, morphology and
sowing qualities are not inferior seed that was formed naturally – in free
pollination [1].
During 2012-2013 years in the field conducted a comparative
evaluation of related populations of plants and apomictic varieties and lines
of sweet pepper, from which they are derived by the complex agronomic
traits in order to select the best examples for further breeding.
The aim of research. Improving the process to conduct of
reproduction and creating of lines and varieties of sweet pepper, with the
acceleration of genetic stabilization of agronomic traits.
The methods of research. In the experiment used sweet pepper lines
that were derived from breeding and of forms that can form apomictic seed
after growth stimulation method developed unfertilized seed embryos [5].
Assessment of populations of plant-apomictic sweet pepper on a set of
quantitative traits conducted under conditions of cultivation in the open
ground, under guidelines VIR [6] classifier [7]. Biometric parameters of
fruit held during their biological maturity on such quantitative indicators
«Diameter of fruit», «Length of fruit», «Thickness of pericarp», «Weight
of fruit». Statistical analysis of experimental data carried out by
B. A. Dospehov methods [8]. The level of variability characterized with the
help of my-statistical indicators: «Xm» – the arithmetic mean; «Mx» – the
arithmetic average error, «CV, %» – the coefficient of variation.
The results of investigation. During the 2012-2013 years, to be
conducted to determine the characteristics of display of quantitative and
qualitative characteristics of sample breeding and sweet pepper, which in
recent year’s studies have been able to form apomictic seeds after
processing method applied unsolved buds [5].
These forms of breeding were planted in the field in the breeding
nursery laboratory of breeding of Solanaceous crops institute. Total 11
samples studied, among whom were three types of standards – Svitlyachok,
Valyusha, Veleten and line Lada x Antey. The objects used in studies of
plant-line apomictic sweet pepper derived from the above varieties. Feature
of this experiment is that to set up in previous years research apomictic
lines during 2012-2013 years longer used procedure apomictic
reproduction, and conducted only standard reproduction, based on optional
pollination of plants within a population breeding and valuable specimen.
Biometric parameters of fruit in a phase of biological maturity of sweet
pepper lines are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2 shows on biochemical
evaluation fruits studied lines. The obtained show that apomictic line of
pepper plants fringed Svitlyachok (A) and Svitlyachok (AA) with all
biometric features have lower variations of coefficients of variation than
Svitlyachok cultivar, from which they are derived. The exception is the
coefficient of variation features «Diameter of fruit» in line Svitlyachok
(AA) – 14.8 %, in variety – 11.6 %, respectively. On the basis «Weight of
fruit» exceed the 30 % level coefficients of variation Svitlyachok (31.0 %)
and line Svitlyachok (AA) (31.9 %). The same line was traitificantly higher
than the grade of Svitlyachok on the basis of «Weight of fruit» – 84.13 g
vs. 74,8 g and a trait «Diameter of fruit» – 5.43 cm vs. 5.07 cm.
Variations of the studied biometric indicators of fruits Veleten (d272,
AA) and Veleten (d271 AA) line and Veleten (w/n) cultivar did not exceed
the 30 % threshold for the coefficient of variation. The smallest variations of
features compared to the sort of fixed in Veleten (d271 AA) line on the
following grounds – «Diameter of fruit» (8.72 % vs. 14.0 %), «Length of
fruit» (5.88 % vs. 8.49 %), «Weight of fruit» (14.6 % vs. 22.8 %). Line of
variety Veleten (d272, AA), as noted by the high level of genetic stability
following features - «Diameter of fruit» (5.67 % vs. 14.0 %) and «Weight of
fruit» (18.1 % vs. 22.8 %). The most productive Veleten (d271 AA) line is
the excess over the standard (within the error of experiment) on the basis of
«Weight of fruit» – 75.73 g vs. 70.0 g and a trait «Diameter of fruit» – 5.71
cm vs. 5.64 cm. Variations of biometric features fruit of line Valyusha (AA)
and Valyusha (A) and Valyusha cultivar were within the meaning of the
coefficient of variation of 30 %, with the exception of trait «Length of fruit»
– 32.3 % and trait of « Weight of fruit» – 31.52 % for Valyusha (AA) line.
1. – Biometric performance in biological ripeness of fruit plants of sweet pepper lines apomictic origin,
average 2012-2013 years
№ Name of sample № of
catalog
Apomictic
generation2
Diameter
of fruit, cm
(CV, %)
Length of
fruit, cm
(CV, %)
Thickness of
pericarp,
mm
(CV, %)
Weight of
fruit, g
(CV, %)
1. Svitlyachok cult. (st) К-31098 - 5,07 (11,6) 9,83 (18,9) 4,03 (36,4) 74,8 (31,0)
2. Svitlyachok (А) line К-1707 А 4,69 (10,7) 7,73 (13,7) 3,50 (22,2) 51,87 (24,4)
3. Svitlyachok (АА) line К-30314 АА 5,43 (14,8) 9,01 (15,5) 3,93 (19,7) 84,13 (31,9)
SSD0,05 - 0,21 0,12 0,11 3,67
4. Veleten cult. (st) К-1505 - 5,68 (14,0) 7,84 (8,49) 5,50 (9,0) 70,0 (22,8)
5. Veleten (д272, АА) line К-30325 АА 5,88 (5,67) 7,27 (11,8) 4,07 (27,0) 74,07 (18,1)
6. Veleten (д271, АА) line К-31171 АА 5,71 (8,72) 6,95 (5,88) 4,63 (28,7) 75,73 (14,6)
SSD0,05 0,25 0,17 0,12 2,98
7. Valyusha cult. (st) К-30366 - 5,33 (10,0) 11,88 (16,9) 4,25 (21,0) 88,67 (24,1)
8. Valyusha (АА) line К-31169 АА 5,66 (11,8) 9,27 (32,3) 4,6 (22,6) 82,3 (31,52)
9. Valyusha (А) line К-30316 А 5,67 (20,6) 8,43 (15,3) 4,50 (17,3) 82,3 (40,4)
SSD0,05 - 0,19 0,56 0,09 2,35
10. Lada x Antey line (st) К-31097 - 5,97 (7,9) 5,96 (15,9) 3,83 (30,26) 75,07 (20,1)
11. Lada x Antey line (АА) К-31092 АА 6,01 (8,7) 10,47 (24,2) 4,87 (17,6) 96,60 (21,2)
SSD0,05 - 0,20 2,33 0,13 3,47
Notes: 1. Date of biometric computing: 08/21/12, 8/19/13.
2. A – one year of reproduction induced by apomixis,
AA – two years of breeding by induced apomixis.
2. – Biochemical indicators of fruit in biological maturity and length of
growing period of apomictic lines of sweet pepper,
average 2012-2013 years
Name of
sample
№ of
catalog
Dry
matter,%
Total sugar,
%
Vitamin C,
mg/100 g
Growing
season,
days
Svitlyachok
cult. (st) К-31098 9,72 4,71 160,54 153-154
Svitlyachok (А)
line К-1707 8,43 4,04 151,70 149-150
Svitlyachok
(АА) line К-30314 10,16 4,55 134,77 146-152
SSD0,05 0,90 0,29 12,06 -
Veleten cult.
(st) К-1505 8,16 5,04 128,05 153-155
Veleten (д272,
АА) line К-30325 8,49 4,55 143,03 148-150
Veleten (д271,
АА) line К-31171 8,08 4,47 132,00 153-156
SSD0,05 1,05 0,29 19,44 -
Valyusha cult. (st) К-30366 7,52 3,68 105,62 156-158
Valyusha (АА)
line К-31169 9,83 4,67 148,23 158-160
Valyusha (А) line К-30316 10,96 4,85 148,11 159-160
NSD0,05 1,04 0,65 10,80 -
Lada x Antey line
(st) К-31097 7,65 4,01 107,75 152-154
Lada x Antey line
(АА) К-31092 9,90 4,13 143,32 158-160
SSD0,05 1,76 0,40 10,60 -
Lines were traitificantly inferior cultivar on basis «Length of fruit» to
2.61-3.45 cm (cultivar of – 11.88 cm) and weight of the fetus to 6.37 g
(cultivar of – 88.67 g).
As line Lada x Antey (AA) and line Lada x Antey (st) statistical
coefficients of variation of quantitative traits that determine the size, shape
and weight of fruit not exceeded the limit of 30 %, with the exception of
trait «Thickness of pericarp» (30.26 %) in standard’s line. Smaller level
variation observed standard’s line (7.9-30.26 %) for all other quantitative
traits than line Lada x Antey (8.7-24.2 %). Statistically significantly
apomictic line exceeded of standard’s line for such traits «Length of fruit»
to 4.51 cm (standard’s line is 5.69 cm) and «Weight of fruit» to 21.53 g
(standard’s line is 96.6 g).
The results of the biochemical analysis of apomictic line were
summarized in Table 2. Among the analyzed samples for biochemical
indicators highlighted line Valyusha (AA) and line Valyusha (A), this was
significantly higher than Valyusha vitamin C in fruits 42.6 mg/100 g. For
other biochemical parameters there was a clear tendency to excess of dry
matter and total sugar in the fruit compared to the standard within the error
of the experiment. The content of vitamin C in line Lada x Antey (AA)
exceeded standard’s, from which it is a derivative of 35.6 mg/100 g within
the error of the experiment, this line had a clear tendency to increase dry
matter content in fruits (9.9 %) compared with the standard’s line (7.65 %).
High yields of dry matter (8.49 %) and vitamin C (143 mg/100 g)
distinguished line Veleten (AA), which is within the error of the
experiment was a clear upward trend of these two parameters in
comparison with the Veleten cultivar.
Conclusions. As part of research to develop accelerated methods of
genetic selection and stabilization of sweet pepper samples analyzed
biometric indicators of fruit ripeness in the phase of biological origin 7
apomictic lines 4 quantitative traits «Diameter of fruit», «Length of fruit»,
«Thickness of pericarp», «Weight of fruit». In apomictic lines variations
of parameter «Coefficient of variation» on the basis «Diameter of fruit»
was 5.67-20.6 %, on basis «Length of fruit» – 5.88-32.3 %, on basis
«Thickness of pericarp» – 17.3-28.7 %, on basis «Weight of fruit» – 14.6-
31.9 %. Compared to standard grades variations of less than 4 parameters
studied were apomictic lines derived from Svitlyachok cultivar and Veleten
cultivar. For complex biochemical indicators observed line Valyusha (AA)
and line Valyusha (A) that exceeded Valyusha cultivar for vitamin C in
fruit 42.6 mg/100 g, line Lada x Antey (AA) exceeded the standard’s line
35.6 mg/100 g.
Bibliography.
1. Kuraksa N. P. Rid perets (Capsicum Tourn.) / N. P. Kuraksa,
А. V. Меlnyk // Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh і bashtannykh
kultur. – Kh., 2001. – S. 287-300.
2. Totskyy V. М. Genetykа / V. М. Totskyy. – Оdessа : Аgroprint,
2002. – 712 s.
3. Asker S. E. Apomixis in plants / S. E. Asker, L. Jerling. – Boca
Raton : CRC Press, 1992. – 298 p.
4. Naumova T. N. Aposporiya. Diplosporiya. Ultrastrukturnye
aspekty apomiksisa / Т. N. Naumovа // Embriologiya tsvetkovykh rasteniy.
Terminologiya I kontseptsii. Тоm 3 / [Pod red. T. B. Batyginoy]. – S.-P. :
Mir I semya, 2000. – S. 146-192.
5. Patent na korysnu model. Ukrainа. МPК (2013.01) A01H 4/00.
Sposib stymulyatsii rosru nezaplidnenykh nasinnevykh zarodkiv pertsyu
solodkogo (Capsicum spec. L.) dlya oderzhannya apomiktychnogo
nasinnya / [Kuraksa N. P., Krutko R. V., Kondratenko S. І., Pylypenko L.
P., Gart O. Yu., Kornienko S. І.]. – № 83962; Zayavl. 18.03.2013; Оpubl.
10.10.2013, Byul. № 19.
6. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po izucheniyu I podderzhaniyu
mirovoy kollektsii ovoshchnykh paslenovykh (tomaty, pertsy, baklazhany).
– L., 1977. – 24 s.
7. Mezhdunarodnyy klassifikator SEV vidа Capsicum annuum L. –
L., 1986. – 40 s.
8. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov. –
М. : Коlos, 1985. – 351 s.
О.Ю. Гарт, Н.П. Куракса, С.И. Кондратенко
Биометрические и биохимические показатели плодов
селекционно-ценных образцов перца сладкого при условиях полового
и смешанного апомиктически-полового размножения.
Резюме. Статья посвящена важному вопросу: разработке
способа ускоренной генетической стабилизации селекционно-ценных
генотипов перца сладкого на основе метода индуцированного
апомиксиса. Проведен анализ биометрических и биохимических
показателей плодов в фазе биологической спелости 7 линий
апомиктического происхождения. Определен размах варьирования
этих признаков у линий сравнительно с сортами, от которых они
производные при условиях, что процедура апомиктического
размножения к ним не применилась в течение последних 2-х лет, а их
размножение за отмеченный период проводилось при стандартных
условиях – путем факультативного опыления растений в пределах
линейных популяций.
О.Ю. Гарт, Н.П. Куракса, С.І. Кондратенко
Біометричні та біохімічні показники плодів селекційно-цінних
зразків перцю солодкого за умов статевого та змішаного
апоміктичностатевого розмноження.
Резюме. Стаття присвячена важливому питанню: розробці
способу прискореної генетичної стабілізації селекційно-цінних
генотипів перцю солодкого на основі методу індукованого
апоміксису. Проведено аналіз біометричних та біохімічних показників
плодів у фазі біологічної стиглості 7 ліній апоміктичного походження.
Визначено розмах варіювання цих ознак у ліній порівняно із сортами,
від яких вони похідні за умов, що процедура апоміктичного
розмноження до них не застосувалася протягом останніх 2-х років, а їх
розмноження за означений період проводилося за стандартних умов –
шляхом факультативного запилення рослин в межах лінійних
популяцій.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.341;631.82
V.U. Goncharenko, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
V.I. Mykhailyn, Sciences Researcher,
A.V. Kutz, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences,
T.V. Paramonovа, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF
MAJOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND
PRODUCTIVITY OF RED CABBAGE
The influence of fertilizers on the activity of peroxidase and
chlorophyll content of A and B in leaves Red cabbage, net photosynthetic
performance and productivity. In the application of fertilizers and locally
scattered N120P120K90 and N45P45K30 with additional 'Nutrivant plus oil' is
marked the most positive impact on the intensity of the flow of biological
processes in plants got Red cabbage and productivity.
Keywords: fertilizer, red cabbage, productivity, chlorophyll, activity
of peroxidase, net photosynthetic productivity.
Introduction. Power of plants are the result of the whole metabolism,
which in some way balanced processes of organic matter and its spending
on growth, respiration and other vital processes that go with the flow of
energy. The initial step in a complex sequence of reactions that provide
accumulation of organic matter is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis – the
process of formation of organic matter (carbohydrates) plants with carbon
dioxide atmosphere and ground water with the assistance of solar radiation.
The intensity of the processes of photosynthesis depends on the degree of
accumulation of organic matter in the plant, which affects the productivity
of agricultural crops [1]. The results of the study of technological measures
cabbage growing in intensity processes of photosynthesis, accumulation of
chlorophyll and other pigments are given in T. V. Lizgunova [2].
The purpose of research is to investigate the impact of fertilizers on
© Goncharenko V.Yu., Mykhaylyn V.I., Kuts O.V., Paramonovа T.V., 2014.
productivity and intensity of the flow of basic biological processes in plants
of red cabbage, for example, activity of peroxidase, net photosynthetic
performance and chlorophyll A and B in leaves.
The method of researches. Research conducted on typical black soil
in terms of the Left-bank in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine for 2009-2011
years in laboratory of Agricultural chemistry and analytical measurements
at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS. Control (no fertilizer),
N90P90K60 (randomly) – standard, N120P120K90(randomly), N45P45K30
(locally), N22.5P22.5K15(locally), N45P45K30 (locally) + foliar feeding complex
micronutrient fertilizers “Nutrivant plyus oliynyy” 2 kg/ha in 3 terms
(phase “3-5 real leaf”, “formation of rosettes” and “formation of cabbage-
head”), N45P45K30 (locally) + foliar feeding complex micronutrient
fertilizers-promoters of "Raykat" 400 ml/ha: "Raykat rist», «Raykat»,
«Raykat dozrivannya" (according to the phase of "3-5 real leaf" the
formation of rosettes and cabbage-head formation) and EM-technology
(tillage prior to seeding, seed treatment, three foliar feeding in phases “3-5
real leaf”, "formation of rosettes” and “formation of the head of cabbage").
Total area – 29,4 m2 (7x4,2), the accounting area – 18,2 m
2 (6,5x2,8),
repetition of quadruple.
Activity of peroxidase was determined by the method V.V. Polevoy
[3], the content of chlorophyll A and B – calorimetrically with acetone
extraction [4], the net photosynthetic productivity calculated by the formula
Williams and Watson [1].
Technological methods of cultivation Red cabbage for food purposes
generally for left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine under irrigation (sprinkler).
Variety of red cabbage is Paleta.
The results of researches. During the years of research (2009-2011
years) Studied the effect of fertilizers on chlorophyll content in leaves of
red cabbage (Table. 1). Chlorophyll is divided into types A, B, C, D
chemical structure. The most important is for cabbage chlorophyll type A
and type B. Chlorophyll B contains one more oxygen atom and two
hydrogen atoms less than A. Different types of fertilizers differently
influenced the content of chlorophyll A and B. Group A was increased in
areas with large number nonadjacent N120P120K90 fertilizers (13.79 mg/kg),
locally N45P45K30 (15.67 mg/kg) and with additional micronutrients
"Nutrivant plus oil" in the background making local N45P45K30
(13.70 mg/kg) and option of using EM technology (14.72 mg/kg) in the
control variant without fertilizers (8.73 mg/kg). Positive affect of fertilizing
the content of chlorophyll was 6.60 to 11.83 mg/kg, in control 5.74 mg/kg.
Increasing the number of chlorophyll helped local fertilizing N45P45K30 –
8.87 mg/kg, with additional N45P45K30 "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy" –
8.84 mg/kg, with the introduction of stimulants N45P45K30 firm "Raykat" –
11.73 mg/kg and in the application of microorganisms EM technology –
8.37 mg/kg.
The total content of chlorophyll A + B on years of research from
2009 to 2011 was the best in versions: N120P120K90(randomly) –
21.69 mg/kg, N45P45K30 (locally) – 24.54 mg/kg, N45P45K30 (locally) +
"Nutrivant plyus oliynyy" – 22.48 mg/kg, N45P45K30 (locally) +"Raykat" –
24,69 mg/kg EM technology– 23,09 mg/kg. These options are significantly
higher than the control variant without of fertilizers – 14.47 mg/kg.
During the (mass formation head – head formation) version of
fertilizers showed higher net photosynthetic productivity of plants cabbage
(Fig. 1). This indicator is significantly increased relative to the background
option, where net photosynthesis productivity was 0.46 g/m2 per day, using
"Nutrivant plus oil" (to 1.81 g/m2 per day) EM-technology (to 1.46 g/m
2
per day).
During the (head formation – active growth heads) better
performance relative to control (to 1.82 g/m2 per day) showed variations
making randomly N120P120K90 (to 2.59 g/m2 per day) and locally N45P45K30
+ "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy" (up to 2.54 g/m2 per day). The use of fertilizers
positive effect on increasing the area of leaf surface Red cabbage and
indication is the fact that net photosynthetic productivity of plants.
Peroxidase enzyme belongs to a group of oxidoreductases and
decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. In plants hydrogen
peroxide formed in the reaction of atomic oxygen with water. One of the
main processes resulting in the formation of atomic oxygen is
photosynthesis. So through peroxidase activity we can judge the activity of
photosynthetic activity of plants.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1-2 phasa 2-3 phasa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fig. 1. Effect of fertilizers on the net productivity of photosynthesis of
red cabbage, g/m2 per day (2009-2011 years)
1. control (without fertilizers); 2. N90P90K60 (randomly); 3. N120P120K90 (randomly); 4. N45P45K30 (local); 5. N 22,5 P 22,5 K15 (local);
6. N45P45K30 (locally) + "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy"; 7. N45P45K30 (locally) + "Raykat"; 8. EM-technology
Fertilizer had a positive effect on the change in the activity of
enzyme systems in of red cabbage leaves (Table 2). In phase "formation
head" peroxidase activity was higher compared with controls
(352.9 mmol/g·s) on all versions (370.8-394.3 mmol/g·c), except
N22,5P22,5K15 (locally) and N45P45K30 (locally) + "Raykat", which was not
significantly different from control. In the phase of "active growing of
head" peroxidase activity increases. In embodiments N120P120K90
(randomly) this figure is 481.9 mmol/g·c, using N45P45K30 (locally) –
471.6 mmol/g·c, N45P45K30 (locally) + "Raykat" – 477.5 mmol/g·c with in
peroxidase activity at the test version 442.6 mmol/g·c.
1. – Dependence of chlorophyll content in leaves of red cabbage from fertilizers, 2009-2011 years
Chlorophyll A, mg/kg Chlorophyll B, mg/kg Chlorophyll A + B, mg/kg Fertilizers
2009 2010 2011 average 2009 2010 2011 average 2009 2010 2011 average
1.Control (without
fertilizer) 8,41 9,03 8,74 8,73 5,64 5,71 5,87 5,74 14,06 14,74 14,61 14,47
2.N90Р90К60
(randomly) 11,42 11,62 11,23 11,42 6,60 6,52 6,68 6,60 18,01 18,14 17,91 18,02
3.N120Р120К90
(randomly) 13,46 13,87 14,03 13,79 7,78 7,93 8,01 7,91 21,24 21,80 22,04 21,69
4. N45Р45К30
(locally) 15,41 15,73 15,88 15,67 8,73 8,87 9,00 8,87 24,13 24,60 24,88 24,54
5.N22,5Р22,5К15
(locally) 11,66 11,83 12,01 11,83 7,65 7,48 7,92 7,68 19,30 19,31 19,93 19,51
6. N45Р45К30
(locally) +
“Nutrivant plyus
oliynyy"
13,55 13,67 13,88 13,70 8,76 8,92 8,85 8,84 22,13 22,59 22,73 22,48
7. N45Р45К30
(locally) + “Raykat” 12,83 12,95 13,07 12,95 11,59 11,74 11,87 11,73 24,43 24,69 24,94 24,69
8 EM technology 14,73 14,51 14,92 14,72 8,25 8,37 8,48 8,37 22,99 22,88 23,40 23,09
SSD0,95 0,92 0,98 1,1 0,53 0,61 0,58 1,28 1,33 1,24
2. – Activity of peroxidase in leaves of red cabbage, mmol/g in seconds (2009-2011 years)
Activity of peroxidase, mmol/g in seconds.
phase "formation of head" phase "active growing of head" phase "technical maturity" Fertilizers
09 10 11 average 09 10 11 average 09 10 11 average
1.Control
(without
fertilizer)
379,7 457,9 321,2 386,2 389,4 467,7 470,7 442,6 252,5 330,7 302,9 295,4
2.N90Р90К60
(randomly) 300,1 378,3 380,5 3530 277,6 355,8 3840 339,1 365,7 444, 462,0 423,9
3.N120Р120К90
(randomly) 285,1 363,3 334,5 327,6 267,7 345,9 392,1 335,2 368,5 446,7 454,7 423,3
4. N45Р45К30
(locally) 261,7 339,9 316,9 306,1 433,4 511,7 469,7 471,6 266,9 345,2 323,2 311,8
5. N22,5Р22,5К15
(locally) 238,3 316,5 317,7 290,8 428,7 506,9 439,1 458,2 257,8 336,0 324,2 306,0
6. N45Р45К30
(locally) +
“Nutrivant”
307,1 385,3 375,5 356,0 291,7 370,0 412,9 358,2 282,9 361,1 388,1 344,0
7. N45Р45К30
(locally) +
“Raykat”
265,7 343,9 336,9 315,5 369,3 447,5 415,7 410,8 308,7 386,9 390,5 362,0
8 EM-
technology 422,6 500,9 488,9 470,8 334,2 412,4 409,5 385,3 252,6 330,8 314,1 299,1
SSD0,95 18,3 19,7 18,5 17,2 18,4 19,2 16,8 18,5 17,3
In the phase of "technical maturity" increased activity of peroxidase
in variants spreading it N120Р120К90 (456.6 mmol/g·c). Local application of
fertilizers are N45Р45К30 (445.1 mmol/g·c) and micronutrients fertilization
"Nutrivant plyus oliynyy" (444.0 mmol/g·c) and fertilizers, stimulators
"Raykat" (458.0 mmol/g·c).
3. – Dependence of red cabbage productivity of fertilizers,
average of 2009-2011 years
The total yield, t/ha The yield of marketability, t/ha
Fertilizers
09 10 11
aver
age
Incr
ease
, t/
ha
09 10 11
aver
age
Incr
ease
, t/
ha
mar
ket
able
pro
du
cts
%
1. Control
(without
fertilizer)
29,0 29,6 27,4 28,7 – 27,3 27,7 24,0 26,4 – 91,9
2.N90Р90К60
(randomly) 33,9 36,8 33,6 34,8 6,1 31,8 34,7 31,2 32,6 6,2 93,7
3.N120Р120К90
(randomly) 33,7 39,7 36,2 36,5 7,8 31,3 37,8 35,3 34,8 8,4 95,3
4.N45Р45К30
(locally) 34,2 38,0 31,2 34,5 5,8 31,6 36,2 28,8 32,2 5,8 93,4
5.N22,5Р22,5К15
(locally) 35,6 34,9 30,3 33,6 4,9 33,2 33,1 26,9 31,1 4,7 92,5
6.N45Р45К30
(locally) +
“Nutrivant
plyus
oliynyy"
35,9 37,6 35,0 36,2 7,5 33,5 35,7 32,2 33,8 7,4 93,5
7.N45Р45К30
(locally) +
“Raykat”
33,7 34,4 31,5 33,2 4,5 31,5 32,5 28,6 30,9 4,5 93,0
8 EM-
technology 35,9 36,5 28,2 33,5 4,8 34,0 34,6 23,6 30,7 4,3 91,6
SSD0,95 2,7 6,4 3,2 3,1 2,7 6,4 3,4 4,0
That is different types of fertilizers and their way of making changes
affect activity of peroxidase in different phases of plant development. The
increase in activity of peroxidase was observed for most fertilizing
randomly N120Р120К90 and at joint application N45Р45К30 (locally) + foliar
feeding "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy".
In terms of the total yield (Table 3) increases in the use of fertilizers
and EM-preparations ranged between 4,5-7,8 t/ha with the yield on the
index version 27.4 t/ha. The highest yield was a variant using N120Р120К90
(randomly) (36.5 t/ha) and N45Р45К30 (locally) + "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy"
(35 t/ha) other options were significantly lower for them. Variants with
minimal fertilizer N22.5Р22.5К15 (locally) and EM technology were not
significantly different from the control without fertilizer.
The yield of marketable products also increased from fertilizing
within 4.3-8.4 t/ha at red cabbage productivity control of 26.4 t/ha. The
highest level of productivity marketable products obtained by making
N120Р120К90 (randomly) (37.8 t/ha) and N45Р45К30 (locally) (36.2 t/ha).
Marketability of heads of cabbage in the experiment ranged from 91-
95 % and did not depend fertilizing.
The yield of standard products when making fertilizer also
significantly increased and ranged 17.7-29.5 t/ha (control is 17.7 t/ha). The
highest level productivity standard products Red cabbage is marked in
making N120Р120К90 (randomly), N45Р45К30 (locally) + "Nutrivant plyus
oliynyy"; to gain control of the 8.0 t/ha.
Due to the fact that the temperature and moisture conditions were
satisfactory for the development of red cabbage fertilized fully did not
affect the growth and development of plants, which explains the lack of
significant differences between the various versions of fertilization and
microbiological agents.
Within three years of research the best options for yield were
N120Р120К90 (randomly) (36.5 t/ha), N45Р45К30 (locally) + "Nutrivant plyus
oliynyy" (36.2 t/ha), with the average yield on the control (28.7 t/ha). The
best result showed option with the introduction of trace elements
"Nutrivant" in rainless 2009 year but in rainier 2010 years and 2011with
the option N120Р120К90 (randomly). Using optimization of mineral plant
nutrition systems "biological" agriculture (EM-technology) helped increase
the productivity of marketable cabbage production of 4.3 t/ha or 16.3 %.
Conclusions. The use of fertilizers has a positive effect on net
photosynthesis productivity, activity of peroxidase and contents of
chlorophyll A and B, which increases the yield of red cabbage Paleta. The
best variants on years of research (2009-2011) were N120Р120К90 randomly
and N45Р45К30 locally with additional "Nutrivant plyus oliynyy", which is
recommended for the production of red cabbage.
Bibliography.
1. Nichiporovich А. А. О formirovanii I produktivnosti
fotosinteticheskogo apparata razlichnykh kulturnykh rasteniy v techenii
vegetatsyonnogo perioda / А. А. Nichiporovich, М. P. Vlasova //
Fiziologiya rasteniy. – 1961. – Т. 8, № 1. – S. 56-61.
2. Lizgunova T. V. Fotosintez I soderzhanie osnovnykh pigmentov v
listyakh nekotorykh sortov kachannoy, savoyskoy I listovoy kapusty /
T. V. Lizgunova // Trudy po prikladnoy botanike, genetike I selektsii. –
1974. – Т.51. – Vyp. 3 – S. 56-61.
3. Polevoy V. V. Fiziologiya rasteniy / V. V. Polevoy. – М. :
Vysshaya shkolа, 1989. – 464 s.
4. Ermakov A. I. Metody biokhimicheskogo issledovaniya rasteniy /
А. I. Ermakov – L. : Аgropromizdat, 1972. – S. 107-109.
В.Е. Гончаренко, В.И. Михайлин, А.В. Куц, Т.В. Парамонова
Влияние удобрений на протекание основных биологических
процессов и продуктивность капусты краснокочанной.
Резюме. Освещено влияние удобрений на активность
пероксидазы и содержание хлорофилла А и В в листьях капусты
краснокочанной, чистую продуктивность фотосинтеза и урожайность.
При применении удобрений вразброс N120Р120К90 и локально N45Р45К30
с подкормкой «Нутривант плюс масличный» отмечался наиболее
положительное влияние на интенсивность протекания биологических
процессов в растениях капусты краснокочанной и роста
производительности.
В.Ю. Гончаренко, В.І. Михайлин, О.В. Куц, Т.В. Парамонова
Вплив добрив на протікання основних біологічних процесів і
продуктивність капусти червоноголової.
Резюме. Висвітлено вплив добрив на активність пероксидази та
вміст хлорофілу А і В у листках капусти червоноголової, чисту
продуктивність фотосинтезу та урожайність. При застосуванні добрив
врозкид N120Р120К90 і локально N45Р45К30 з підживленням «Нутрівант
плюс олійний» відмічався найбільш позитивний вплив на
інтенсивність протікання біологічних процесів в рослинах капусти
червоноголової та зростання продуктивності.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.095:635.342
V.E. Goncharenko, Doctor of Agricultural Science, Рrofessor,
L.A. Terekhina, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
A.F. Mozgovsky, Junior Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER SYSTEM OF LATE
CABBAGE ON THE BIOMETRICS OF PLANT
The article already mentioned positive impact on biometric
parameters of cabbage (plant height, diameter plug and head, the average
weight of marketable heads) after the joint application of organic and
mineral fertilizers and alternative power systems optimization of plowing
straw and green manure, holding foliar feedings brown Kristalon
background making N60P60K45.
Keywords: Late cabbage, mineral fertilizers, brown Kristalon,
microbiological preparations, green manure.
Introduction. During the last 5 years of intensive cultivation of
economically profitable crops like as sunflower and rapeseed has led to a
sharp increase in the negative balance of humus and main nutrients (NPK)
in soil [1]. In this context, special importance has become
recommendations about using straw and growing green manure crops that
are valuable both forage and as an organic fertilizer. Adding straw with
green manure promotes activation of biological processes in the soil,
improves the provision of plant available forms of nitrogen, and creates
better conditions for yield formation [2].
In organic farming recently widely used EM-technology – a system
of farming using effective microorganisms (EM). EM drugs have growth
stimulating and fungicidal properties due to the ability to actively capture
nutrients and convert them into a form available to plants; allocate
fungicidal substances that inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic
microorganisms [3].
© Goncharenko V.E., Terekhina L.A., Mozgovskiy A.F., 2014.
Modern science has a sufficient amount of general information on
raising crop yields due to different land improvement measures, the main is
fertilization. However, the lack of trace elements in the soil makes it
impossible to obtain consistently high yields using only makrofertilizers.
So, one of the methods of increasing crop yields is a complex
application of macro- and micronutrients, as in our case brown Kristalon.
This water-soluble complex fertilizer which is balanced by the ratio of
macro- and micronutrients based on chelate, contains no chlorine. Already
used in intensive cultivation technologies late cabbage for foliar application
to improve productivity and quality of the resulting product [4].
The methodology of the research. Scientific studies already
conducted in the laboratory of agricultural chemistry and analytical
measurements at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS during
2010-2013 years according to conventional methods in agricultural
chemistry and vegetable [5]. Soil research area is low humus chernozem
typical heavy loam (humus content – 4.3 %, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen –
12.6 mg/kg dry soil, mobile phosphorus – 10.6-11.9 mg, exchangeable
potassium – 16.7-18.0 mg/100 g of soil).
The late cabbage has grown under conditions of sprinkler irrigation
method (950-1100 m3/ha) without seedling method. It was a variety Lesya.
The predecessor was spring barley.
The scheme of the experiment included 12 options: 1) control (no
fertilizer); 2) N120P120K90 (standard); 3) manure (20 t/ha) + N60P60K45
(standard); 4) plowing straw + N40 (background) + N60P60K45; 5)
background + N60P60K45 + no root feeding three terms of brown Kristalon;
6) background + oil radish green manure plowing + N60P60K45; 7)
background + wiki plowing sowing; 8) background + plowing sowing
vetch + N60P60K45; 9) background + plowing sowing vetch + N120P60K45;
10) background + plowing sowing vetch + N60P60K45 + brown Kristalon;
11) straw plowing and sowing vetch + using microbial drug Baikal EM-1U;
12) straw plowing and sowing wiki with handling their destructors stubble
Fitotsyd-r + application of microbial drug Azotofit-r.
Mineral and organic fertilizers (reference 1 and 2) already made by
the method of spreading the cabbage in the fall. Barley straw has earned the
soil disking 2 tracks of simultaneous application of a small amount of
ammonium nitrate for decomposition of plant residues by microorganisms.
Oil radish is a green manure crop and wiki already sown in the background
at the end of summer; prior to disking already made fertilizers (N60P60K45
and N120P60K45) in late of october. Complex fertilizer brown Kristalon has
used as a root out of fertilizing plants in three periods: a formation of 5-6
leaves, and the formation rosette of leaves and formation of head of late
cabbage. A microbial preparation Baikal EM-1U has treated straw and
green manure before wrapping in autumn, seeds before sowing and used
three basal dressing. Microbial preparations Fitotsyd-r also had been treated
straw and green manure before disking. Azotofit-r already cultivated of
seeds of cabbage before sowing and basal fueled plants in three terms.
The results of experiments. The use of alternative systems optimize
power has a positive effect on plant biometric parameters of late cabbage
(tab. 1).
On average for the 2011-2013 years high values of plant height of
cabbage makes making 20 t/ha manure + N60P60K45 (28.9 cm), holding
foliar feedings of brown Kristalon as the use of green manures, and without
them, as well as plowing straw and green manure radish oil (28.5 cm).
Plant height cabbage without the use of fertilizers has reached 26.2 cm.
It was found that the index option diameter rosette of leaves was 57.9
cm. Note that when using N120P120K90, manure + N60P60K45, plowing straw
+ N40 + N60P60K45 and plowing straw + N40 + vetch crop of cabbage outlet
diameter increased relative to the control is not essential.
Positive effect on the diameter of the rosette of leaves provides
plowing straw with N40 and vetch seeding for the use N60-120P60K45, brown
Kristalon, microbial agents. For these systems optimize power outlet
diameter of cabbage significantly higher than for 3.9-5.9 cm version
without fertilizers with 57.9 cm diameter outlet.
At the height of cabbage stumps fertilization and microbial
preparations plowing green manure were not significantly affected; the
value index ranged between 9.7-11.4 cm (under control – 10.8 cm).
The best positive effect on the diameter of the head of cabbage noted
in variants using brown Kristalon straw on a background of green manure
wiki sowing and simultaneously recharge N60P60K45 – 22,0 cm, while the
index variation observed at the level of head diameter of 20.1 cm. The
index of remaining options ranged from 20.6 cm to 21.9 cm.
In studies has been found that the use of alternative systems optimize
power has a positive effect on the average weight of marketable heads.
Thus, control of the mass of marketable heads already reached 938 g, using
various types of fertilizers, green manures and microbial preparations –
1125-1443 g high average weight of marketable cabbage heads provide for
foliar feedings of brown Kristalon than making N60P60K45, and in the
background plowing vetch sowing (1360 g and 1443 g, respectively), the
use of organo-mineral fertilizer system (1370 g). When using microbial
preparations (Baikal EM-1U – 1125 g, Azotofit-r and Fitotsyd-r).
Conclusions. In terms of the Left-bank of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
the use of organo-mineral fertilizer system (20 t/ha manure + N60P60K45)
and combined plowing straw and green manure vetch seeding for the foliar
feedings brown Kristalon causes the formation of late cabbage with high
biometric parameters (plant height, diameter plug and the head, the average
weight of marketable heads).
Bibliography.
1. Derzhavin L. M. Primenenie udobreniy v intensivnom zemledelii.
Sovremennoe razvitie nauchnykh idey D. N. Pryanishnikova. – M. : Nauka,
1991. – 195 s.
2. Rakhmetov D. Sideraty – udobreniya I bortsy s sornyakami /
D. Rakhmetov // Zerno. – 2012. – № 10 (79). – S. 48-57.
3. Bolokhovskaya V. Biopreparaty – vygodno I effektivno /
V. Bolokhovskaya // Ovoshchevodstvo. – 2012. – № 4. – S. 21-23.
4. Belyy V. Kristalony – unikalnoe udobrenie / V. Beluy // Krymskie
izvestiya. – 2006. – № 177 (3651). – S. 12-13.
5. Metodika opytnogo dela v ovoshchevodstve I bakhchevodstve /
[Pod red. V. F. Belika]. – М. : Agropromizdat, 1992. – 319 s.
1. – Effect of green manures on biometric properties of late cabbage,
the average for 2011-2013 years
№
Variant
Height
of
plant,
cm
The
diameter
of the
rosette of
leaves,
cm
Height
of
cabbage
stumps,
cm
The
diameter
of the
head, сm
The
average
weight of
marketable
heads, g
1 Control (no fertilizer) 26,2 57,9 10,8 20,1 938
2 N120P120K90 (standard 1) 28,0 56,5 10,6 21,1 1283
3 Manure+N60P60K45 (standard
2) 28,9 58,2 11,1 21,7 1370
4 Straw+N40+N60P60K45 28,1 58,6 9,7 20,6 1275
5 Straw+N40+N60P60K45+brown
Kristalon 28,5 61,8 10,6 21,5 1360
6 Straw+N40+oil
radish+N60P60K45 28,5 63,2 11,3 21,4 1308
7 Straw+N40+wiki sowing 27,5 58,7 10,5 21,9 1088
8 Straw+N40+wiki
sowing+N60P60K45 28,3 63,8 10,9 21,3 1303
9 Straw+N40+wiki
sowing+N120P60K45 27,9 63,7 10,1 21,5 1285
10
Straw+N40+wiki
sowing+N60P60K45+brown
Kristalon
28,5 64,7 9,8 22,0 1443
11 Straw+wiki sowing+Baikal
EM-1U 27,9 62,5 11,4 21,6 1125
12 Straw+wiki sowing+Fitotsyd-
r+Azotofit-r 27,1 62,6 11,1 20,4 1175
2011 2,3 3,1 1,4 1,0 98
2012 1,8 3,3 0,8 1,1 104 SSD0,05
2013 1,01 2,5 1,0 0,9 80
В.Ю. Гончаренко, Л.А. Терехина
Влияние альтернативной си
белокочанной позднеспелой на биомет
Резюме. В статье отмечено
биометрические параметры растений
растений, диаметр розетки и голо
головки) совместного внесения о
удобрений, использования альтерн
питания с запашкой соломы и сиде
подкормок Кристалоном коричневым
В.Ю. Гончаренко, Л.А. Терьохін
Вплив альтернативної системи
пізньостиглої на біометричні показник
Резюме. В статті зазначено по
параметри рослин капусти білогол
розетки та головки, середня маса
внесення органічних і мінеральн
альтернативних систем оптимізації ж
та сидератів, проведення позакорен
коричневим по фону внесення N60P60K
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon
UDC: 635.1/.7:635.25:631.165
І.М. Gordienko, Candidate
V.Yu. Goncharenko, Doctor
S.М. Datsenkо, Senio
O.M. Bilenka, Candidate o
Institute of Vegetables an
V.А. Koltunov, Doctor of Agr
Kyiv National University of
QUALITY OF HARVEST ONIO
DEPENDING ON THE
The results have been integrate
commodity characteristics of acute grad
the size-weight parameters of bulbs
determine the quality of the product.
Keywords: onion, variety, crop s
bulb weight, survival.
Introduction. In general, comple
improving the quality and safety of v
belongs to the class [1]. To date, the Stat
for distribution in Ukraine recorded 13
both domestic and foreign selection [2].
quality, keeping quality.
Th lit f i hi h i l
The aim of research. Rate the qua
the complex biochemical and organolept
view to determining the optimum quality
force.
The method of researches. The s
2013 years. In a creative collaboration w
biennial plants of IVM of NAAS. In
recognized varieties of onion Lyubch
evaluated the yield of onion weight bul
onions were separated into fractions diam
intervals of 1 cm), kept in onion reposito
class on how State cultivar crops [4]
scientific and reasonable indicators of qu
vegetables [5]. Quality bulbs for indica
determined using generally accepted stan
laboratory of the Institute of Vege
(accreditation certificate № 100-266 / 20
Statistical analysis of experiment
program Excel and Statistical, methods o
The results of researches. The y
average stood at 37.7 t/ha. Analysis of th
bulk of the standard bulbs that are typic
Lyubchik 89.2 %. The quality of onion
standard bulbs (10.8 %), including: unde
3.0 cm (7.0 %), mechanical damage (
(0.6 %), affected by diseases (2.3 %).
In the 2011 harvest bulk bulbs wer
follicles with a diameter of 4.0-4.5 cm w
cm – 17 7 %; in 2013 harvests 3 5-4 0 c
1. – The structure of the onion crop varieties Lyubchik depending on the diameter of the bulb
2011 year 2013 year
Number of bulbs Weight of bulbs Number of bulbs Weight of bulbs Diameter of
bulbs, cm pcs.
% of the
total
number
г
% of the
total
number
pcs.
% of the
total
number
г % of the
total number
Up to 3.0 7,8 17,7 171,2 5,3 21,2 34,8 329,5 12,6
3.0 – 3.5 6,7 15,3 331,3 10,3 16,8 27,5 812,0 31,1
3.5 – 4.0 8,2 18,6 515,0 16,0 18,0 29,5 913,8 35,0
4.0 – 4.5 7,2 16,4 557,5 17,4 3,0 4,9 289,8 11,1
4.5 – 5.0 6,0 13,6 580,0 18,1 2,0 3,3 266,0 10,2
5.0 – 5.5 4,3 9,8 510,0 15,9 - - - -
5.5 – 6.0 3,0 6,8 383,7 11,9 - - - -
more than 6,0 0,8 1,8 162,5 5,1 - - - -
Standard bulbs 36,2 82,3 3040,0 94,7 39,8 65,2 2281,6 87,4
Substandard
bulbs 7,8 17,7 171,2 5,3 21,2 34,8 329,5 12,6
2. – Weight of bulb onion varieties Lyubchik depending on the diameter of the bulb
2011 year 2013 year
Diameter of
bulbs, cm A
ver
age
dia
met
er o
f
bu
lbs,
cm
Aver
age
length
of
bulb
s, c
m
The
aver
age
wei
ght o
f bulb
s, g
Diameter of
bulbs, cm
Av
erag
e
dia
met
er o
f
bu
lbs,
cm
Aver
age
length
of
bulb
s, c
m
The
aver
age
wei
ght o
f bulb
s, g
Up to 3.0 2,1 6,1 21,7 Up to 3.0 2,4 8,2 26,8
3.0 – 3.5 2,7 6,9 42,0 3.0 – 3.5 3,2 8,8 53,5
3.5 – 4.0 3,2 8,8 49,3 3.5 – 4.0 3,6 10,2 74,7
4.0 – 4.5 3,7 10,2 84,2 4.0 – 4.5 4,1 11,8 113,6
4.5 – 5.0 4,2 11,3 101,0 4.5 – 5.0 4,7 11,9 139,4
5.0 – 5.5 4,6 12,3 132,0 5.0 – 5.5 - - -
5.5 – 6.0 5,2 12,6 142,0 5.5 – 6.0 - - -
more than 6,0 6,3 12,7 194,3 more than 6,0 - - -
Average
diameter
of
standard
bulbs,
4.3 сm
Average
length of
standard
bulbs,
10.7 cm
The average
weight of
standard
bulbs,
106,4 g
Average
diameter
of
standard
bulbs,
3,9 сm
Average
length of
standard
bulbs,
10,7 сm
The average
weight of
standard
bulbs,
95,3 g
According to the measurement of size-weight characteristics (Table
2), the mass of follicles with a diameter of 3-4 cm ranged from 42 to 74.7 g,
4.5 cm from 84.2 to 139 g, more than 5 cm from 132 to 194 g.
Its transverse diameter standard bulbs grade Lyubchik was – 3.9 and
4.3 cm, meet the acceptable tolerances ISO 3234. Thus the average weight
of bulbs was 97.7 and 105.0 g and length – 95.3 and 10.7 cm.
According to the description for onion varieties Lyubchik is
characteristic elliptical shape (shape index 2.4-2.5). With increasing
diameter bulbs from 3.0 cm to 6.0 cm or more bulbs acquired a shortened
form (shape index varied from 2.3 to 3.1).
Analysis of the chemical composition of commercial bulbs, which
vary in size showed that more dry matter and vitamin C containing small
bulbs, then the average size and the least – large bulbs. Yes, onions with a
diameter of 3 cm to 4 cm of dry matter contained 14.0 %, from 4 cm to 5
cm or more than 5 inches – 13.3-13.1 %, vitamin C 6.01 mg % and
5.60-5.50 mg %, respectively. Sugar also was higher in follicles with a
diameter of 3 to 4 cm – 9.12 %.
Survival onion depends on the size of the bulbs. The greatest loss is
natural onions with a diameter of 3 cm to 4 cm. With increasing diameter
bulbs weight loss decreased. In fractions of onions with a smaller diameter
greater weight loss was due to the greater total evaporating surface. For
example, six months storage of onion weight loss amounted to follicles
with a diameter of 3 cm to 4 cm by 6.2 %, from 4 cm to 5 cm – 5.1 % and a
diameter of 5 cm or more – 4.3 %.
When saving bulbs occur in natural processes: dusugar content
decreased and monosaccharide, by contrast, has increased; total amount of
dry matter decreased.
Conclusions. The structure of the crop of onion varieties Lyubchik
ratio of the standard and non-standard bulbs was on average 89.2 % and 10.
8 % respectively.
Data size-weight characteristics confirming compliance with the
standard requirements of ISO 3234 harvest.
More solids, sugar and vitamin C containing small bulbs, then the
average size and the least are large bulbs.
Mass loss of onion during storage depends on the size of the bulbs.
With increasing diameter bulbs losing weight decreased.
Bibliography.
1. Koltunov V. А. Prognozuvannya zberezhenosti yakosti
prodovolchykh tovariv: navchalnyy posibnuk / V. А. Коltunov. – К. : Кyiv.
nats. tor.-ekonom. un-t, 2002. – 199 s.
2. Reestr sortiv roslyn, prydatnykh do poshyrennya v Ukraini u
2012 r. – К. : Аlefа, 2012.
3. DSTU 3234-95 Tsybulya ripchasta svizha. Tekhnichni umovy.
[Chynnyy vid 1996-07-01]. – К. : Derzhspozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 1996. –
19 s.
4. Metodyka derzhavnogo sortovyvchennya silskogospodarskykh
kultur (kartoplya, ovochevi I bashtanni kultury) / Pid red.
V. V. Vovkodava. – Vyp. 4. – К., 2002. – S. 29-30.
5. Metodyka vstanovlennya naukovo-obgruntovanykh pokaznykiv
yakosti v standartakh na plody I ovochi svizhi. – М., 1974. – 35 s.
6. Dospekhov B. А. Planirovanie polevogo opyta I statisticheskaya
obrabotka ego dannykh. – М. : Коlos, 1978. – 204 s.
И.Н. Гордиенко, В.Е. Гончаренко, С.М. Даценко,
О.Н. Беленькая, В.А Колтунов
Качество лука репчатого сорта Любчик в зависимости от
размера луковиц.
Резюме. Приведены результаты комплексной оценки
хозяйственно-товароведческой характеристики острого сорта лука
репчатого Любчик. Определены размерно-весовые параметры луковиц
и другие показатели, что определяют качество продукции.
І.М. Гордієнко, В.Ю Гончаренко, С.М. Даценко, О.М. Біленька,
В.А. Колтунов
Якість урожаю цибулі ріпчастої сорту Любчик залежно від
розміру цибулин.
Резюме. Наведено результати комплексної оцінки господарсько-
товарознавчої характеристики гострого сорту цибулі ріпчастої
Любчик. Визначено розмірно-вагові параметри цибулин та інші
показники, що визначають якість продукції.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.652/654
T.K. Gorova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
Academician of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
O.Yu. Sayko, Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
VARIABILITY OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF
PLANTS FIELD BEAN IN A PHASE OF TECHNICAL MATURITY
OF GREEN BOB
Already deals with the results of studies of morphological
characteristics of mature plants early vegetables field bean in the stage of
technical maturity of green bean and set the source for selection,
depending on weather conditions and genotypes.
Keywords: vegetables bean, technical maturity, green beans, sample,
source, stability, hydrothermal coefficient.
Introduction. Morphotype of plants is the basis for important
agronomic quantitative traits (productivity, yield, quality). From biometric
indicators of morphological characteristics evaluation results depend on the
capacity of any of the plants and the studied sample. Modern intensive
breeding, primarily based on the main factors describe the morphological
characteristics that give a complete picture of the conduct of a selection on
the simulated plant breeding parameters. In recent years goes active search
for combinations of methods of selection for signal morphologically –
approbation features that characterize varieties and allow for their
assessment of the diversity, uniformity and stability. In this case
determined that the variability of morphological characters of field bean is
primarily dependent on the action of the weather conditions (precipitation
and effective temperatures) during the growing period of plant development
and responses to them genotype.
The purpose of research is identify sources that have high
adaptability to the conditions of the plant and stored biometric
morphological characteristics.
Methods of research. Field research conducted in scientific breeding © Gorova T.K., Sayko O.Yu., 2014.
rotation IVM of NAAS (during of 2010-2013 years). In terms of open
ground in the collection and breeding kennels that are placed by
conventional methods [3, 4]. Statistical processing of data carried out by
the method described B.A. Dospekhov [6]. Analyzed 27 varieties of
samples obtained from the seeds I-III reproduction in phase technically ripe
green bean and physiologically ripe seeds. Observations on the early
development of phenophase mature plants of field bean in phase technically
ripe green bean conducted by generally accepted method [5]. Standard was
ripe for the early type of sort – variety Shakhynya.
In conducting our investigations have studied samples was divided in
form stems, maturity groups, where a biometric morphological characters
was conducted observations in phase technically ripe green bean. The study
of morphological parameters collection and selection of samples was
carried out on the basis of phase technically ripe green bean on the basis of
the length and diameter of the stem plants, the number of branches, the
distance to nodes, number of nodes and the number of branches in the node.
It was important to establish the variability of biometric and
morphological characteristics depending on the growing season, which
accounted for an average sum of active temperatures 1000,88 ºC, total
precipitation of 59.7 mm and HTC = 0.60 (Table. 1).
1. – Meteorological conditions researches on vegetation seeding phase –
technically ripe green beans
Statistical signs /
Year of researches
Sum of active
temperatures, ºC
The amount of
precipitation,
mm
HTC
2010 1106,6 65,2 0,59
2011 1062,5 52,0 0,49
2012 820,3 51,9 0,63
2013 1014,1 69,7 0,69
the average 1000,88 59,7 0,60
standard deviation 126,17 9,14 0,08
coefficient of
variation, V% 12,61 15,30 13,97
correlation
coefficient, r -0,40 0,61 1,00
For statistical analysis of variability of length and diameter of the
stem plants mature early designs, varieties of vegetable bean bush type,
depending on the hydrothermal coefficient (the ratio of precipitation to the
sum of active temperatures reduced 10 fold) in the phase technically ripe
green bean shown that the coefficient of variation (V, %) was, according to
the average sum of active temperatures for the period of sowing –
technically ripe green beans – 1000.88, the amount of rainfall and 59.7
HTC = 0.60 to 2.66 to 9.55 %.
The dependence of these samples from HTC correlation coefficient
signs for the length of the stem were direct positive (r = 0,82-0,99), only
sample Bilozerna 361 it reversed r = -0,03 and not high in samples
Shahynya and Ksenya r = 0.46 and 0.36, respectively (Table 2).
2.– Variability of length and diameter of the stem plants early mature
specimens vegetable field bean of bush type stage technically ripe of green
bean
Variety Sample
Statistical
signs Year
Bil
oze
r
na
361
Kse
ny
a
Ukra
in
ka
Sh
akhy
ny
a
Syu
ita
Zir
on
ka
B/n
(05)
B/n
(16)
2010 33,0 41,2 38,4 35,6 39,9 38,0 30,7 42,5
2011 36,2 37,9 37,1 35,0 39,2 36,8 30,0 38,0
2012 35,4 38,8 39,4 37,2 42,0 42,5 31,2 40,0
The length of
the stem, cm 2013 36,0 39,4 39,8 35,5 42,1 45,1 32,2 44,2
the average 35,15 39,3 38,9 35,8 40,8 40,6 31,0 41,2
standard deviation 1,47 1,39 1,20 0,95 1,47 3,88 0,93 2,73
V, % 4,19 3,54 3,11 2,66 3,61 9,55 2,98 6,63
r -0,03 0,36 0,99 0,46 0,92 0,93 0,97 0,82
2010 21,8 25,4 19,4 15,1 14,6 20,5 20,0 20,9
2011 21,8 22,8 19,3 18,0 18,2 21,0 18,0 19,0
2012 24,0 24,1 20,6 19,2 24,5 27,3 22,0 21,1
The diameter
of plants, cm 2013 23,2 23,3 20,2 19,4 23,5 26,5 21,2 21,0
the average 22,70 23,9 19,9 17,9 20,2 23,8 20,3 20,5
standard deviation 1,09 1,13 0,63 1,98 4,65 3,57 1,74 1,00
coefficient of
variation, V, % 4,80 4,75 3,17 11,1 23,0 14,99 8,57 4,89
correlation coefficient,
r 0,71 0,21 0,76 0,39 0,61 0,78 0,90 0,89
Diameter of plant early mature specimens of vegetable field bean
bush type stage technically ripe green bean by the sum of active
temperatures and precipitation HTC and most varied than the length of the
stem and was V = 3.17-23.00 %. The highest coefficient of variation was in
the suite of samples – 23.0 %, Zironka – 14.89 % and Shahynya – 11.06 %.
As on the basis of the length of the stem and the diameter of all the
samples depends on the weather conditions cultivation of r = 0.69-0.90,
except for samples Ksenya and Shahynya who had correlation coefficient
of HTC r = 0.21 and 0.39 respectively. The best background for the
formation of the stem length and diameter of plants observed in 2012 with
THC = 0.63 and in 2013 – 0.65.
The main parameters for plants in the phase of green bean that affect
their performance, is the number of branches of the first order which
formed the coming harvest. Statistically proven that the number of branches
morphological features most valuable for breeding and production of early
mature samples bush type stage technically ripe green bean depended on
the SCC with a high positive correlation coefficient r = 0.83 in samples
Bilozerna 361 and B/n (16) the remaining samples had low dependence of
HTC on this basis, a sample of standard Shahynya had an inverse
relationship r = -0.53 (Table 3).
The lowest coefficient of variation of the number of branches (V =
0.50 %) exposed to a variety Zironka, (V = 6.79 %) and varieties Syuita,
Shahynya V = 7.70 % sample B/n (16). Slightly branch 1 change depending
on the variety Ukrainka and Shahynya 8-9 in the direction of increasing and
sample B/n (16) 7-8 pieces (Table 3).
So for breeding as sources in the presence of the highest number of
branches should be used early mature varieties of bush type of vegetable in
the stage direction technically ripe green bean Bilozerna 361 (8-10 pcs.)
and Zironka (10 pcs.) and stable on the grounds Zironka, Shahynya,
Ukrainka B/n (16). According to an important feature (distance from the
root to the first node), which is a guarantee of maturity, marked by stable
minimal coefficient of variation sources bush type stage technically ripe
green bean Shahynya – 7.24 % B/n (05) – 5.72 % and B/n (16) – 4.84 %.
However, depending on growing conditions the average HTC = 0.60
for the greatest length of 4.2-5.6 cm had Bilozerna grade 361, 3.7-4.9,
Zironka and 3.8-4.2 B/n (16 ), while the lowest variability inherent
Shahynya samples (V = 7.24 %), B/n (05) V = 5.72 % and B/n (16)
V = 4.85 %.
3. – The variability of the number of branches and the distance to the first node early mature specimens of
vegetable field bean of bush type stage technically ripe green bean
Variety Sample
Statistical signs Year
Bil
oze
r
na
361
Kse
ny
a
Ukra
in
ka
Sh
akh
yny
a
Syu
ita
Zir
on
k
a B/n
(05)
B/n
(16)
2010 8 8 8 8 6 10 6 7
2011 8 9 9 9 8 10 8 7
2012 10 7 8 9 8 9,9 8 8 Number of branches, pcs.
2013 10 9 9 8 8 10 8 8
the average 9,0 8,25 8,50 8,50 7,50 9,98 7,50 7,50
standard deviation 1,15 0,96 0,58 0,58 1,00 0,05 1,00 0,58
coefficient of variation, V, % 12,83 11,61 6,79 6,79 13,33 0,50 13,33 7,70
correlation coefficient, r 0,83 0,23 -0,16 -0,53 0,08 -0,26 0,08 0,83
2010 5,4 2,5 2,3 4,5 4,3 4,0 3,2 3,8
2011 4,2 4,1 4,3 3,8 3,4 3,7 3,6 4,2
2012 5,6 3,8 4,3 4,0 4,2 4,4 3,4 3,8 Distance to the first node, cm
2013 4,8 2,3 4,4 4,2 3,8 4,5 3,2 4,0
the average 5,0 3,18 3,83 4,13 3,93 4,38 3,35 3,95
standard deviation 0,63 0,91 1,02 0,30 0,41 0,50 0,19 0,19
coefficient of variation, V, % 12,65 28,56 26,61 7,24 10,8 11,41 5,72 4,85
correlation coefficient, r 0,54 -0,66 0,12 0,46 0,50 0,64 -0,78 -0,55
With the largest number of nodes in the stage of green bean
identified early ripe vegetable samples from 3.8 to 4.8 pcs. Zironka and
which are stable 3.4-3.6 pcs. Bilozerna 361, Ksenya 4.4-4.4, 4.0-4.3
Zironka, 4.1-4.5 B/n (05), 4.2-4.5 pcs. B/n (15). In most samples of this
group reduce the number of units recorded in 2010. Under technically ripe
of green bean conservation of nodes typical of medium ripe grain-sectional
sample B/n (12) 4.0-4.4 pcs., B/n (15) 3.9-4.0, in semi curls seen high
variability of this trait in samples B/n (10) 5.9-11.0 pcs. and B/n (08) 4.7-
10.0 pcs. by decreasing also in 2010. A similar decrease in the number of
units in 2013 was observed in samples climbing B/n (11) 4.7-6.0, B/n (03)
4.7-12.2, B/n (01) 5.0-8.2 pcs. For stability observed in the last varieties to
sample local 9.0-9.5 the decline in the second and third year trial.
So early morphological signs of mature specimens and varieties of
vegetable bean in phase technically ripe green bean bush type of biometric
measurements varied depending on the value of the coefficient
hydrothermal conditions, which was the highest of 0.63; 0.69 in 2012 and
2013, which affected the decrease in the length and diameter of the stem
plants, all mature samples early in 2011 and a rate increase in 2012 and
2013, in addition to stable B/n (05) 30.7-30.0 cm, Syuita 39.9-39.2 and
Shahynya 35.6-35.0 cm – in 2011. The high variability observed in the
diameter of the plant design suite. Inverse correlation length of the stem of
HTC is characteristic for variety Bilozerna 361. Stable basis, the number of
branches, observed in early ripe fruit samples Ukrainka, Shahynya and B/n
(16). Samples B/n (05) and B/n (16) include a low coefficient of variation
for the distance to the first node, the largest number of branches
characterized by early ripe vegetable varieties Zironka of bush type.
Conclusions. For selection of early ripe fruit samples of bush type
phase technically ripe green bean samples selected by length and diameter
of the stem plants Ukrainka, Bilozerna 361, Zironka, Syuita, B/n (16);
medium ripe grain variety Gaydarska; with the deepest branches –
Bilozerna 361 and Zironka; by the distance to the first node – stable:
variety Shahynya, B/n (05), B/n (16) Gaydarska, B/n (08) – semi curly and
frizzy local; for the largest number of nodes – Zironka, Bilozerna 361,
Ksenya, B/n (05), B/n (16).
Bibliography.
1. Minyuk P. М. Fasol / P. M. Minyuk. – Minsk : Uradzhay, 1991. –
92 s.
2. Gorova Т. К. Ovochevi bobovi kultury / Gorovа Т. К.,
Sklyarevskyy М. О. , Melnyk О. V. – К. : Urozhay, 1993. – S. 10-11.
3. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov. –
М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 351 s.
4. Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh kultur / [Pid red.
Gorovoi Т. К. i Yakovenkа К. І.] – Kh. : 2001. – 644 s.
5. Brezhnev D. D. Rukovodstvo po aprobatsii ovochnykh kultur /
D. D. Brezhnev. – М. : Коlos, 1982. – S. 374-395.
6. Dospekhov B. А. Planirovanie polevogo opyta I statisticheskaya
obrabotka dannykh / B. А. Dospekhov. – М. : Agropromizdat, 1982. – 207 s.
Т.К. Горовая, О.Ю. Сайко
Изменчивость морфологических признаков растений фасоли
обыкновенной в фазе технически спелого зелёного боба.
Резюме. Представлены результаты исследований
морфологических признаков раннеспелых растений фасоли
обыкновенной овощной в стадии технически спелого зелёного боба и
установлены источники для селекции в зависимости от погодных
условий и генотипов.
Т.К. Горова, О.Ю. Сайко
Мінливість морфологічних ознак рослин квасолі звичайної у
фазі технічно стиглого зеленого боба.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати досліджень морфологічних
ознак ранньостиглих рослин квасолі звичайної овочевої у стадії
технічно стиглого зеленого боба та встановлено джерела для селекції
залежно погодних умов і генотипів.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.563:628.852:635.82
S.M. Gunko, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
O.O. Trinchuk, Junior Sciences Researcher
Department of Plant selection of vegetable
Institute of Horticulture of NAAS
ESTABLISHED INFLUENCE OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON
BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF MUSHROOMS AGARICUS
BISPORUS AND OYSTER MUSHROOM
The influence has temperature conditions and duration of storage on
biochemical indices of Agaricus bisporus and Oyster mushroom are grown
commercially.
Keywords: mushrooms, champignon bispored, oyster pleurotus,
conditions of storage, time of storage, biochemical indexes.
Introduction. Statistical data UN Food and Agriculture indicate that
the population of our planet's food is a major concern. The main problem is
the lack of protein and its imbalance in the diet of people. In recent decades
there has been a rapid increase in production and consumption of cultivated
edible mushrooms in fresh and processed form [1, 2]. Scientists project that
in the future, much of the necessary human proteins will be satisfied from
the industrial production of edible mushrooms. Today in Europe and the
CIS is one of the leading places among the cultivated mushrooms of
champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus [3-5].
When storing mushrooms quickly lose their marketable quality and
change their biochemical composition of substances, so they should be
stored at low temperatures. The optimum storage temperature for
mushrooms is within 0-2 ° C. In practice, producers and retail chains often
can not provide this mode. Therefore, the aim of our study was to
determine the effect of different storage temperatures on the change in
biochemical indexes champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus.
© Gun'ko S.M., Trynchuk A.A., 2014.
The method of researches. The studies were conducted during 2008-
2011 years. Mushrooms designed to hold grown according to conventional
technology by respective species and strain. In studies using mushrooms of
champignon bispored of strain IBK-25 and oyster pleurotus of strain
NK-35 from the collection of living plants higher edible mushrooms
Institute of botany named after M. G. Xolodnyy of NAS of Ukraine. These
strains are widespread, highly suitable for growing all year round and for
general purposes.
Studies of storage mushrooms of champignon bispored and oyster
pleurotus carried out by "Methodology of research affairs in Vegetables
and Melons" [6] and according to developed and approved for official use
scientific and technical council of Kiev Experimental Station of the
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS "Research Methodology
research on storage mushrooms" (2001).
Mushrooms stored in four cold rooms КХ-6Ю with a working
volume of 6 m3, which were equipped with electric lighting and appliance
control temperature and humidity.
Storage temperature mushrooms are -1, 1, 3 and 5 °C. Repeated was
four times. Relative humidity in storage chambers was 90 ± 1 %. Control
was a product which was kept at a temperature of 1 °C. Mushrooms stored
for 6 days.
Quality of fruit bodies of mushrooms before storage and after its
completion was performed biochemical analysis of on the content:
- dry substance – thermostat-weight method by drying to constant
weight at a temperature of 105 °C (GOST 28562-90);
- protein nitrogen – for Barshteyn;
- vitamin C – for Murri, GOST 24556-89.
The average sample for analysis was 20 fruiting bodies of average
weight [7].
The results of researches. Based on the literature review and
performed our previous studies for the research it was found maximum
shelf fungi, which provided them with appropriate quality – and 6-day
storage temperature: -1, 1, 3, 5 °C.
Temperature of storage is -1 °C all the fruiting bodies of mushrooms
partially or completely freeze. Obviously, this is due to the high moisture
content (90-93 %) and low content of sugar (about 2 %). The structure of tissue
destroyed and not recovered after thawing products. Fruit bodies were dark,
slippery and soft. These mushrooms are not suitable for sale and therefore this
temperature storage was rejected, as it did not provide good quality products,
and research on changes in biochemical parameters mushrooms of
champignon bispored at this temperature was not performed.
Storage temperature for oyster mushrooms -1 ° C led to their partial
freezing. After thawing of fruiting bodies lose marketable quality but their
flavor properties and structure is not completely lost, obviously due to the
high content of dry substance (9.4-10.3 %), chitin and cell structure. Thus,
although these mushrooms are not suitable for implementation in fresh, but
can be used for processing, so the study of biochemical changes compared
to the storage temperature – 1 °C for oyster mushroom spent.
Storing mushrooms champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus some
changes in their biochemical composition (Table 1-2). The results indicate
that the reduced quantity of dry matter and vitamin C decreases or does not
change the number of protein nitrogen.
Thus, in the fruit bodies of champignon bispored first wave fruiting
1 о
C of dry matter at the beginning of storage was 9.4 % and in the end –
8.9 %, the amount of ascorbic acid – 5.6 and 5.1 mg%, respectively.
Number protein nitrogen remained unchanged and equal 3.0 %. In the same
conditions in mushroom of oyster pleurotus dry matter changed from 10.3
to 9.5 %, the content of ascorbic acid – from 9.8 to 9.0 mg% and protein
nitrogen remained unchanged (3.0 %).
Regularities of changes in biochemical parameters for the second
wave of fruiting champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus during storage
at a temperature of 1 °C had the same trend as the first. Feature
biochemical parameters mushroom fruiting second wave were smaller
quantities of dry matter and vitamin C at the beginning of storage, resulting
in their lower values at the end. This can be explained by a decrease in
nutrient substrate for mushroom fruiting period of the first wave.
With increasing temperature storage was an increase in losses of dry
matter, protein nitrogen and vitamin C.
Thus, the storage of mushrooms of champignon bispored first wave
fruiting at 5 °C of dry matter decreased from 9.4 to 8.0 %, vitamin C –
from 5.6 to 4.5 mg% and protein nitrogen – from 3.0 to 2.9 %.
In the mushroom of oyster pleurotus at the same temperature also
increased loss of dry matter from 10.3 to 9.0 %, vitamin C from 9.8 to
8.4 mg% and protein nitrogen from 3.0 to 2.8 %.
Changes of biochemical parameters for the second wave of fruiting
mushrooms of champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus during storage at
5 °C had the same trend as the first, but had lower absolute values, as
grown on depleted compost.
It is necessary to analyze the changes in the biochemical composition
of oyster pleurotus when it is stored at a temperature of minus 1 °C. Due to
the partial freeze oyster mushrooms fruiting bodies after thawing lost more
dry matter compared with storage at a temperature of 1 °C (control) and
3 °C, but less than 5 °C. Ascorbic acid at this temperature coincides best
compared to other options. Protein is the most stable indicator of this
temperature change within the error. Thus, we can conclude that storage at
a temperature of minus 1 °C provides better preservation of biochemical
parameters than temperature 3 and 5 °C.
Conclusions.
1. Storage temperature is the determining factor that affects the
stability of the biochemical composition of mushrooms during storage.
2. The best storage temperature, which ensures the safety of biochemical
parameters of champignon bispored and oyster pleurotus was 1 °C.
3. Temperature of storage -1 °C was not suitable for mushrooms of
champignon bispored as contributes to loss of product quality. Storage at
the same temperature mushroom of oyster pleurotus carried out only to a
partial loss of marketability and biochemical parameters remained stable.
Bibliography.
1. Vyroshchyvannya grybiv u domashnikh ta prysadybnykh
umovakh : Dovidnyk grybnyka / [pereklad z rosiyskoi N. E. Коsakovskoi].
– Donetsk : ТОV VKF «BАО», 2004. – 112 s.
2. Nurmetov R. D. Vyrashchivanie shampinonov I veshenki
(rukovodstvо) / R. D. Nurmetov, N. L. Devochkinа. – М. :
Rosselkhozakademiya, 2010. – 48 s.
3. Golub G. А. Agropromyslove vyrobnytstvo istivnykh grybiv.
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4. Gryby ta grybivnytstvo / [Pid zag. red. P. А. Sychovа]. –
Donetsk : Stalker, 2003. – 512 s.
5. Моrozov А. I. Promyshlennoe proizvodstvo veshenki /
А. I. Моrozov. – М. : АSТ ; Donetsk : Stalker, 2006. – 111 s.
6. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Х. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
7. Metodika opytnogo dela v ovoshchevodstve I bakhchevodstve /
[pod red. Belika V. F. ] – М. : Аgropromizdat, 1992. – 319 s.
1. – Content biochemical substances in the fruit bodies of mushrooms of champignon bispored of the strain
IBK-25 during storage at different temperature settings
Biochemical substances
dry
substance , %
protein
nitrogen, % ascorbic acid, mg% Temperature
storage, о
С beginning
storage
end
storage
beginning
storage
end
storage
beginning
storage
end
storage
The first wave of fruiting
1 (control) 9,4 8,9 3,0 3,0 5,6 5,1
3 9,4 8,5 3,0 3,0 5,6 4,9
5 9,4 8,0 3,0 2,8 5,6 4,5
The second wave of fruiting
1 (control) 8,6 7,8 2,9 2,9 5,4 5,0
3 8,6 7,4 2,9 2,8 5,4 4,4
5 8,6 7,1 2,9 2,7 5,4 4,0
2. – Content biochemical substances in the fruit bodies of oyster pleurotus of strain NK-35 during storage at
different temperature settings
Biochemical substances
dry
substance , %
protein
nitrogen, % ascorbic acid, mg% Temperature
storage, о
С beginning
storage
end
storage
beginning
storage
beginning
storage
end
storage
beginning
storage
The first wave of fruiting
-1 10,3 9,3 3,0 2,9 9,8 9,4
1 (control) 10,3 9,5 3,0 3,0 9,8 9,0
3 10,3 9,4 3,0 3,0 9,8 8,7
5 10,3 9,0 3,0 2,8 9,8 8,4
The second wave of fruiting
-1 9,4 8,8 2,8 2,7 9,6 8,8
1 (control) 9,4 8,5 2,8 2,8 9,6 8,5
3 9,4 8,3 2,8 2,7 9,6 8,0
5 9,4 7,7 2,8 2,6 9,6 7,6
С.М. Гунько, О.О. Тринчук
Влияние условий хранения на биохимические показатели
грибов шампиньон двоспоровый и вешенка обыкновенная.
Резюме. Проведено исследование влияния температурных
условий и продолжительности хранения на биохимические показатели
промышленно выращиваемых грибов шампиньона двоспорового и
вешенки обыкновенной.
С.М. Гунько, О.О. Тринчук
Вплив умов зберігання на біохімічні показники грибів печериця
двоспорова та глива звичайна.
Резюме. Проведено дослідження щодо впливу температурних
умов та тривалості зберігання на біохімічні показники промислово-
вирощуваних грибів печериці двоспорової та гливи звичайної.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.11:631.82:631.86:631.559
S.М. Datsenkо, Senior Researchers
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
ALREADY RESEARCHES OF INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS ON
THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF TABLE BEET VARIETIES VITAL
The results have been studies on the effect of different types and
standards of fertilizers on yield and quality of table beet varieties Vital.
already established that fertilizer Agrovit-Kor provides increased
productivity and does not degrade the quality of the product.
Keywords: beet, fertilizer, root vegetables, variety, yield, quality.
Introduction. The table beet is a major of vegetable plants in
Ukraine and occupies about 10 % of the acreage of vegetables. Roots of a
table beet contain sugar, protein, fiber, fats, organic acids, vitamins (A, C,
B, P, PP, etc.). Of particular value is the presence of roots betanin, which is
a source of choline, which helps the metabolic process in the human body,
cell growth and inhibits the development of malignant tumors.
Fertilizer is an effective factor in increasing productivity and
improving quality vegetable production, the use of evidence-based
standards of productivity growth provides an average of 40 to 50 % [1].
The aim of research – improve items of a table beet cultivation
technology using an Agrovit-Kor fertilizer and fertilizer.
The method of researches. Scientific-research conducted at the
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS with medium ripe sort of
table beet varieties Vital. Field research was carried out in accordance with
the "Method of research affairs in Vegetables and Melons" [2]. Technology
of beet is adopted the general area for Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine.
Fertilizers and fertilizer Agrovit-Kor made locally in the furrow at planting
to cultivation to a depth of 8-10 cm, as well as feeding (N15). Foliar
fertilizers plants fueled Novofert the rate of 3 kg/ha. The harvest of a table
beet accounted for sections, weighing roots during the technical maturity
and distributing commodity and subsistence parts. They determined the
contents of dry matter, total sugars, ascorbic acid, nitrate and betanin.
Laboratory studies were carried out in an accredited laboratory of the © Datsenkо S.М., 2014.
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS (accreditation certificate
№ 100-266 / 2012 dated October 18, 2012).
The results of researches. Through the use of fertilizers improved
plant nutrition conditions of table beet, which has a positive effect on their
growth, development and yield. Making fertilizer (N30P30K60) locally
ensures the growth of marketable yield of table beet 10.2 t/ha relative to
control – 51.9 t/ha (Table 1). Fertilizing Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) in
combination with half dose of mineral fertilizers (N15P15K30) ensured the
growth of commodity production yield of 1.1 t/ha with respect to
alternative fertilizer N30P30K60. The highest yield of roots provide a
common fertilizer Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) with mineral fertilizers at a dose
N30P30K60 - 63.8 t/ha.
On mineral background growing preference was applying
N15P15K30 + complex fertilizer Novofert (3 kg/ha) - 62.4 t/ha.
1. – Effect of fertilizers on yield of table beet varieties welcomed average
for 2012-2013 years
Commodity yield, t/ha
increment to
control Variant
20
12 y
ear
20
13 y
ear
aver
age
t/hа %
Control (no fertilizer) 51,9 51,8 51,9 - -
Agrovit-Kor (2,0 т/га) 64,0 59,8 61,9 10,0 19,3
Agrovit-Kor (1,0 т/га)+N30P30К60 67,0 60,6 63,8 11,9 22,3
Agrovit-Kor (1,0 т/га)+N15P15К30 59,1 67,4 63,2 11,3 21,8
N3P30К60 (standard) 57,2 67,0 62,1 10,2 19,6
N30P30К60 + N15 55,0 58,0 56,5 4,6 8,9
N30P30К60+N15 +Novofert (3kg/hа) 61,0 63,9 62,4 10,5 20,2
SSD0,95 4,3 5,3
Yield formation and quality primarily depends on the growing
conditions of plants. The most effective and quick acting factor that
contributes to improving the quality of the crop is fertilizer, with which you
can change the direction of the process of metabolism and enhance
accumulation in plants useful to man of substances – proteins, sugars,
vitamins and more.
Was found (Table 2), in making fertilizer Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) in
combination with half dose of mineral fertilizers (N15P15K30) marked
increase in dry matter content to 14.6 % at the value of the indicator in the
control version 12.0 %. The use of fertilizers has caused and increased total
sugar beet roots, the largest of its contents against the control (6.9 %) was
marked as a variant in making organic fertilizer Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) in
combination with half dose of mineral fertilizers (N15P15K30) (8.6 %).
2. – Effect of fertilizers on biochemical parameters of table beet varieties
welcomed average of the 2012-2013 years
Variant D
ry m
atte
r, %
To
tal
sug
ar, %
Asc
orb
ic a
cid
,
mg
/10
0 g
Bet
anin
, m
g/1
00
g
Nit
rate
s, m
g/k
g
Absolute control (no fertilizer) 12,0 6,9 8,1 151 1069
Agrovit-Kor (2,0 т/га) 13,4 7,4 9,9 235 1909
Agrovit-Kor (1,0 т/га)+N30P30К60 12,6 7,6 9,2 130 2023
Agrovit-Kor (1,0 т/га)+N15P15К30 14,6 8,6 8,3 186 1120
N3P30К60 (standard) 13,6 7,4 9,2 193 2131
N30P30К60 + N15 13,4 7,7 9,4 167 2057
N30P30К60+N15 +Novofert (3kg/hа) 14,0 7,7 9,2 240 2632
Fertilization positively affected and the growing number of ascorbic
acid. When using fertilizers ascorbic acid in beet roots contain
8.3-9.9 mg/100 g, which was higher than the control, where the content of
ascorbic acid was 8.1 mg/100 g
Fertilizers positive impact on the content of betanin the roots of table
beet. It was observed excess nitrate to the MPC (1400 mg/kg) in roots of
table beet (1909-2632 mg/kg) except option without fertilizers
(1069 mg/kg) and the option of making Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) + N15P15K30
(1120 mg/kg).
Conclusions. Based on the results of our study revealed that
fertilization Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) in combination with half dose of
mineral fertilizers (N15P15K30) ensured the growth of commodity production
yield of 1.1 t/ha with respect to alternative fertilizer N30P30K60. The highest
yield of table beet root crop varieties Vital provide a common fertilizer
Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) with mineral fertilizers at a dose N30P30K60 -
63.8 t/ha.
Fertilizing has positive effect on the biochemical composition of beet
production. When applying fertilizer Agrovit-Kor (1.0 t/ha) in combination
with half dose of mineral fertilizers (N15P15K30) marked increase in dry
matter content to 14.6 % at the value of the indicator in the control variant
12.0 % and the number of total sugars, the largest of its contents against the
control (6.9 %) was 8.6 %. Fertilizers also positively affected the growth of
the number of ascorbic acid and betanin content in roots of table beet.
Bibliography.
1. Udobrennya ovochevykhkultur / Goncharenko V. Yu.,
Sevastyanova V. V., Тkach L. О. [Za red. V. Yu. Goncharenka]. – К. :
Urozhay, 1989. – 144 s.
2. Меtodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Za
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
С.М. Даценко
Действие удобрений на урожай и качество свеклы столовой.
Резюме. Приведены результаты исследований по изучению
влияния различных видов и норм удобрений на урожайность и
качество свеклы столовой сорта Витал. Установлено, что удобрение
Aгровит-Kор обеспечивает повышение урожайности и не ухудшает
качество продукции.
С.М. Даценко
Вплив добрив на врожайність і якість буряку столового сорту
Вітал.
Резюме. Наведено результати досліджень з вивчення впливу
різних видів і норм добрив на врожайність і якість буряка столового
сорту Вітал. Встановлено, що добриво Агровіт-Кор забезпечує
підвищення врожайності та не погіршує якість продукції.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.53:635.649
E.A. Dukhin, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
EFFECT OF ENCRUSTATION ON SEED GERMINATION
The data on the results of studies of the effect of inlay seed dye
semia-color with the addition of growth factors and micronutrients on
laboratory germination of seeds of sweet pepper.
Keywords: sweet pepper, dye, similarity, growth promoters,
micronutrients.
Introduction. Preparation of seed is one of the major challenges that
must be addressed to producers of vegetable production for high rates of
productivity.
According to long-term research laboratory studying varieties and
seed vegetables and melons Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS at
the laboratory germination beet, thanks inlay seeds increased by 9-13 %,
late cabbage by 4-7 %, onion and cucumber on 3-5 %. This allows you to
return the seeds quality which has already lost its germination during
storage.
Encrusting is a fine surface treatment of seeds with a mixture of
components to build the shell of inert organic and inorganic substances,
pesticides, dyes and adhesives.
Recently, manufacturers of vegetable production are increasingly
encrusting of seeds with the addition of fungicides, growth factors and trace
elements.
The use of chemicals for pre-treatment of seeds must be combined
with modern dyes, which enables evaluation of the quality of seed
treatment, uniformity of application tools for processing the seeds, and is a
sign that the seeds are etching [1-4].
© Dukhin E.О., 2014.
As we inlay was chosen dye Semia-color, which is film-forming
properties and is suitable for encrusting seeds that can reliably fix the
pesticide and stimulating substances on the surface of the seed coat. This
decrease (from 40 to 60%) loss drugs, due to their abscission under
pouring, storing, transporting, and delivering planting resulting in the
preservation of seed germination in the field. As a result, increased
productivity, improved sanitary conditions, reduced environmental
pollution [5].
The aim of research was supposed to identify ways to improve
conditioned of seeds of sweet pepper inlays stimulants for plant growth and
micronutrient dye.
The method of researches. The results obtained using generally
accepted laboratory methods based on laboratory experiments, using
mathematical methods of analysis of variance, confirming the reliability of
research results [6].
The study was conducted in a laboratory study and seed varieties of
vegetables and melons Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS in
2014. The paper used the seeds of sweet pepper varieties Pioner listed in
the State register of plant varieties suitable for cultivation in Ukraine and
with low similarity. For inlay seeds of sweet pepper used growth promoters
(succinic acid, Razormin, Raykat), fertilizers (Reacom, Master, Nutrivant
plus) and dye Semia-color.
Some researchers have sought to take into account impacts on seed
sweet pepper and identify optimal composite mixture consisting of growth
regulators, fertilizers and dyes.
The results of researches. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds of sweet
pepper studied growth promoters, micronutrients and dye had unequal
effects on laboratory germination (Table 1).
Study three factorial laboratory experiment found that the best
preplant treatment for sweet pepper in the laboratory is inlaid dye Semia-
color. After adding the mixture to encrusting fertilizers Master and growth
promoters succinic acid, an increase in laboratory germination by 5.0 %
and processing Semia-color dye from Master micronutrients and growth
promoters Raykat provided the greatest increase in germination experiment
– 6.0 %, the similarity in the control variation was 66.0 % at SSD05 3.0 %.
1. – Laboratory germination of seeds of sweet pepper varieties Pioner
depending on the investigated elements, %
Seeds incrustation (factor C) Micro-
nutrients
(factor A)
Plant growth
stimulants
(factor B)
No
incrustation
Incrustation
with Semia-
color
Average for
factor A×B
No treatment 66,0 66,3 66,2
Raykat 66,0 66,7 66,3
Succinic acid 66,7 67,3 67,0
Control (no
treatment)
Razormin 64,3 66,7 65,5
No treatment 66,7 66,7 66,7
Raykat 65,3 72,0 68,7
Succinic acid 66,3 71,0 68,7 Master
Razormin 65,7 67,0 66,3
No treatment 66,7 68,7 67,7
Raykat 64,3 67,7 66,0
Succinic acid 64,7 68,7 66,7 Reacom
Razormin 62,3 68,0 65,2
No treatment 65,0 68,7 66,8
Raykat 62,7 67,7 65,2
Succinic acid 65,3 66,7 66,0
Nutrivant
plus
Razormin 65,3 68,3 66,8
Average for factor С 65,2 68,0
Average for
experiment
66,6
SSD05 for factor С 3,0
SSD05 for factor А×В 3,0
SSD05 for factor А×В×С 0,7
Conclusions. To improve laboratory seed germination of sweet
pepper varieties Pioner expedient encrust dye Semia-color, which includes
micronutrients and growth regulators Master, succinic acid or Raykat. The
developed composite mixture is most effective for pre-treatment (inlay)
seed that has lost its similarity with respect to certified during storage.
Bibliography.
1. Kornienko S. І. Vplyv stymulyatoriv rostu, mikrodobryv, barvnykiv
ta ultrafioletovogo vyprominyuvannya na laboratornu skhozhist buryaka
stolovogo ta ogirka pry inkrustuvanni / Коrnienkо S. І., Моgylnа О. М.,
Dukhin E. О. // Visnuk tsentru zabezpechennya APV Kharkivskoi oblasti. –
Kh., 2012. – Vyp. 13. – S. 139-143.
2. Моgylnа О. М. Vpluv inkrustatsii stymulyatoramy rostu ta
mikrodobryvamu na laboratornu ta polovu skhozhist nasinnya kapusty
piznostugloi / [Моgylnа О. М., Dukhin E. О., Molchanov Yu. А.,
Dukhina N. G.] // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo. – 2012. – Vyp. 58. –
S. 228-232.
3. Dukhin E. О. Vpluv inkrustatsii na laboratornu skhozhist nasinnya
оgirkа / E. О. Dukhin // Visnuk Kharkivskogo natsionalnogo universytetu іm.
V. V. Dokuchaeva. Seriya tekhnichni nauky, silskogospodarski nauky,
ekonomichni nauky. – 2012. – № 8. – S. 14-16.
4. Dukhin E. О. Vpluv inkrustatsii nasinnya nа skhozhist tа urozhaynist
tsybuli ripchastoi / E. О. Dukhin // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo. – 2013.
– Вип. 59. – S. 97-102.
5. Моgulnа О. М. Efektyvnist dii barvnuka dlya inkrustatsii
nasinnya / [Моgylnа О. М., Dukhin E. О., Моlchanov Yu. А.,
Dukhina N. G.] // Visnuk Kharkivskogo natsionalnogo universytetu іm. V. V.
Dokuchaeva. Seriya tekhnichni nauky, silskogospodarski nauky, ekonomichni
nauky. – 2012. – № 8. – S. 142-144.
6. Меtodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Za
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
Е.А. Духин
Влияние инкрустации на всхожесть семян.
Резюме. Приведены данные по результатам исследований
влияния инкрустации семян красителем Semia-color при добавлении
стимуляторов роста и микроудобрений на лабораторную всхожесть
семян перца сладкого.
Є.О. Духін
Вплив інкрустації на схожість насіння перцю солодкого.
Резюме. Наведені данні результатів дослідження щодо впливу
інкрустації насіння барвником Semia-color з додаванням стимуляторів
росту та мікродобрив на лабораторну схожість насіння перцю
солодкого.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.21:631.531.02:632.16
N.G. Dukhina, Junior Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MIXES TO SURVIVAL RATE OF PLANTS
THAT HEALED WHEN GROWING SEEDLINGS POTATOES
Has presented research results on the use of different types of soil
mixes during the next replanting of plants-regenerants of conditions in
vitro to in vivo in order to enhance their engraftment.
Keywords: potato, a plant-regenerants, in vivo, in vitro, survival rate,
yields.
Introduction. Feature of modern seed of potatoes when playing basic
source material is the use of thermotherapy and culture of meristem. In
countries with well-developed potato seed farms the issue of recovered
material that is obtained by biotechnological methods, received
considerable attention. Efficiency of seed obtained from the use of
meristem tissue culture proved in many research studies and confirmed by
the practice of domestic and foreign potato.
The most widely for primary source material of potato breeding is using
the method of growing plants and micro propagation of regenerants on artificial
nutrient medium. Using this method is much lower likelihood of repeated defeat
virus material, compared to its reproduction stem cuttings or tubers, as the bulk
of the operations carried out under sterile laboratory conditions. Compared with
traditional methods it allows twice the increase multiplication factor healed
material. A month from one of the original plant can get 5-7 plants in vitro,
depending on the variety, suitable for subsequent cuttings [1].
Propagation healed plants on agar (solid) medium under sterile
conditions or in a liquid medium in sterile conditions. In the presence of 5-
7 leaves of plants transplanted in tubes with nutrient medium [2].
© Dukhina N.G., 2014.
Once the cuttings obtained from the required number of plants in test
tubes, they are transplanted into a nutritious substrate for growing seedlings
or directly in terms of protected soil [3, 4]. But this way of biotechnology
cured seed in the early stages of its use have low vitality due to injury and
partial extinction of the root system in transplantation.
Given the current trend of declining volumes using peat products for
preparing of soil mixes in growing seedlings, about finding raw materials
for its preparation is important.
The aim of research is to study the influence of the composition of
soil mixes on the survival rate previously recovered plants in growing
seedlings of potatoes, as well as the healing of seedlings at planting it in the
ground.
The method of researches. The study was conducted in the
laboratory of Adaptive horticulture, storage and standardization of the
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS during 2008-2009 years. On
early maturing potato variety Tyras and Malynska bila according to the
"Methodical recommendations for conducting research on potatoes"
(Nemeshaevo, 2002), by setting laboratory and field experiments, using
mathematical methods of analysis of variance, confirming the reliability of
research results [5, 6].
In the experiment as components of the substrate was used peat,
sand, soil, humus, Organic (organic fertilizers), Coconut soil (natural
coconut fiber) in different ratios. Pots of 150 ml filled with the studied
substrates, followed by rearing plants occurred at 20-23 оC, relative
humidity 70-80 % and fluorescent lamps with luminous 3-4 ths. suites and
16 hour of photoperiod. With the formation of 4-5 leaves and plants reach a
height of 8-10 cm exercised in transplanting cultivation structure, which
creates optimal conditions for the growth and development of potato plants.
Repeated 4-single, 10 plants each; planting scheme was 70x15.
The results of researches. The highest rooting plants and regenerants
of potato seedlings (Table 1) were noticed when using a soil mixture
consisting of coco soil, Organic and soil (95-90 %).
Survival rate of plants-regenerants of variety Malynivska bila grown in
soil after planting mix in all the studied variants by 5-10 % compared to the
control (80 %) of its value after landing in cultivation facilities increased by
9-19 % (control – 70 %). Increased survival rate of seedlings obtained in
terms of cultivation structures observed in the variants, based Coconut soil +
Organic (85-89 %). Compared to the control survival rate in soil mixtures
increased by 10 %, and in terms of cultivation facilities – at 15-19 %.
1. – Effect of soil composition on survival rate of potato plants, %,
average for 2008-2009 years
Survival rate * №№
variants The composition of soil mixes
plants-
regenerantsseedling
variety Tyras
1 Peat + soil + sand (control) 75 70
2 Peat + humus + sand 85 78
3 Coconut soil + peat + soil 87 85
4 Coconut soil + Organic + soil 95 90
5 Coconut soil +Organic + sand 90 85
variety Malynivska bila
1 Peat + soil + sand (control) 80 70
2 Peat + humus + sand 85 79
3 Coconut soil + peat + soil 87 80
4 Coconut soil + Organic + soil 90 89
5 Coconut soil +Organic + sand 90 85
* – 7-10 days after planting.
Placement of 1 m2 20 potato plants to yield significant growth 1.03-
2.70 kg/m2 (control – 0.67 kg/m
2) to variety Tyras observed at bringing into
the soil mixes of Coconut soil (Table 2). However, the presence of the drug
in Organic substrate leads to increase yield by 78-153 %, while the use of
peat by only 43 %.
The increase in yield in these variants was due to an increase in the
number of tubers to pieces 0.3-2.8 pcs/bush, but with the increase of tubers
decreased their average weight.
2. – Effect of the composition of soil mixtures on plant productivity-
regenerants in growing seedlings of potato, 2008-2009
The yield №№
variant
The composition of
soil mixes kg/m
2 % of
control
Number
of tubers
pcs/bush
The
average
weight of
tubers, g
variety Tyras
1 Peat+soil+sand
(control) 0,67 - 3,9 8,9
2 Peat + humus + sand 0,88 131 4,6 8,8
3 Coconut
soil+peat+soil 1,03 143 5,1 8,3
4 Coconut soil +
Organic + soil 1,70 253 6,7 8,7
5 Coconut soil +
Organic + sand 1,19 178 4,2 9,5
SSD05 0,05 0,71 1,43
variety Malynivska bila
1 Peat+soil+sand
(control) 0,67 - 4,2 7,2
2 Peat + humus + sand 0,81 121 4,3 7,6
3 Coconut
soil+peat+soil 1,01 151 4,3 9,1
4 Coconut soil +
Organic + soil 1,99 297 5,5 7,0
5 Coconut soil +
Organic + sand 1,39 207 5,4 7,1
SSD05 0,05 0,8 1,12
This trend continued in growing seedling varieties Malynivska bila.
Seedlings that were grown in pots on in pots on soil mixes, which include
Coconut soil was marked by higher productivity compared to the control
(0.67 kg/m2) and was 1.01-1.99 kg/m
2.
Conclusions. Use a soil mixture consisting of coco soil, Organic and
soil promotes rooting of plant-regenerants conditions during the transition
from in vitro to in vivo conditions in a variety Tyras 20 %, and white
varieties Malynivska 10-19 % and increase yields at 153-197 %, depending
on the variety.
Bibliography.
1. Каrpenkо О. І. Rozmnozhennya ozdorovlenykh sortiv kartopli
metodom zhyvtsyuvannya / О. І. Каrpenkо // Каrtoplyarstvо. – 2003. –
Vyp. 32. – S. 94-99.
2. Ryazantsev V. B. Oderzhannya ozdorovlenogo vykhidnogo
nasinnevogo material dlya vidtvorennya elity kartopli / [Ryazantsev V. B.,
Vermenko Yu. Ya., Коstyuk І. І., Lyashenkо S. А.] // Каrtoplyarstvо
Ukrainy: nauk. vyrob. zhur. – 2006. – № 1-2. – S. 18-22.
3. Nechyporenkо М. М. Produktyvnist vykhidnykh ozdorovlenykh
roslyn kartopli za riznykh sposobiv ikhnogo kultyvuvannya /
М. М. Nechyporenkо // Каrtoplyarstvо. – К. : Agrarna nauka, 2007. – Vyp.
36. – S. 140-144.
4. Semenova Z. А. Vliyanie sostava substrata na formirovanie pervogo
klubnevogo pokoleniya kartofelya / Z. А. Semenova. – Minsk. – S. 486-491.
5. Меtodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Za
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
6. Metodychni rekomendatsii shchodo provedennya doslidzhen z
kartopleyu : Nemishaeve, 2002.
Н.Г. Духіна
Вплив складу ґрунтових сумішей на приживлюваність
оздоровлених рослин при вирощуванні розсади картоплі.
Резюме. Представлено результати досліджень з використання
різних видів ґрунтосуміші при пересаджуванні рослин-регенерантів із
умов in vitro в умови in vivo з метою кращого їх приживлення.
Н.Г Духина
Влияние состава почвенных смесей на приживаемость
оздоровленных растений при выращивании рассады картофеля.
Резюме. Представлено результаты исследований с
использованием разных видов почвосмесей при пересадке растений-
регенерантов из условий in vitro в условия in vivo с целью лучшей их
приживаемости.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 633.15:631.5:632.51
О.V. Zavertalyuk, Senior Research
Dnipropetrovsk’s research station of IVM of NAAS
CROP CAPACITY FORMATION OF DISSILIENT CORN GRAINS
DEPENDING ON THE TIME OF SOWING AND METHODS OF
WEEDS CONTROLLING
It is presented the researches results of the effect of sowing time,
methods of infestation controlling on biometrics, productivity and cost-
effectiveness of dissilient corn growing.
Keywords: popcorn, herbicides, biometric parameters, yield of
grain, economic efficiency.
Introduction. In recent years, there is increasing demand for popcorn.
Compared to the dent form it accumulates in the grain more (13.0-18.5 %)
protein. Use grain for making popcorn, cereal and high quality cereals and
various confectionery products [1, 2]. When growing popcorn important to
determine the response to sowing. In different soil and climatic conditions have
conducted field experiments for reaction to sowing maize hybrids of different
maturity groups of dent form, silicon and sugar subspecies [3, 4, 5]. Effect of
sowing time on grain yield formation of popcorn been insufficiently studied.
The results of the studies already indicate a high efficiency of
agricultural practices caring for crops of corn – pre-emergence and post-
harrowing, cultivation of row [6]. However, the high pollution potential arable
soil layer (0-30 cm), which is low moisture averaged 1.14 billion pcs/ha
agricultural practices can not only protect crops from weeds [7]. Research
institutions have developed agronomic and chemical methods of crop
protection from weeds and flint corn toothed subspecies. The measure to
control of weed-infested when popcorn is grown is poorly understood.
The aim. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of
agronomic and chemical control measures on weed-infested features of
formation of yield of popcorn cultivation indicators of economic efficiency.
© Zavertalyuk О.V., 2014.
Methods of research. The study was conducted in 2009-2011 years
at the Dnipropetrovsk experimental station of the Institute of Vegetables
and Melons of NAAS of Ukraine. Soil – black soil plain low humus
medium loam on loess. The content of humus in the layer of 0-30 cm –
3.1 %, hydrolytic acidity 0.84-1.40 mg/100 g soil.
The conditions of weather during the growing season of maize
characterized by irregular rainfall, high maximum air temperatures,
especially in 2010 (June-August to 38.0-42.0 oC). The most favorable for
hydrothermal regime was during the growing season of maize in 2011.
Experiment is two-factor. Factor A – sowing: early (at a temperature
of soil at a depth of 10 cm 8-10 °C); the best (at a temperature of 12-14 °C).
Factor B – in controlling the weed-infested of events: no herbicides
(control); front'yer soil herbicide, 1.4 l/ha and post dialen (standard);
options with the introduction of herbicide harness ground only at doses of
2.5 and 2.0 l/ha and post esteron as well as examples of mechanized care of
crops (pre-emergence, post-harrowing, two row cultivation) with manual
weeding without them. Discount land area is 10 m2, repetition – six times.
When you have conducted studies have used conventional methods, the
method of research affairs in vegetables and melons [8, 9, 10].
The predecessor is spring barley. Already sow a middle hybrid of
popcorn Gostynets. General agriculture growing corn for common areas,
except the studied factors. Soil herbicides made by pre-sowing cultivation,
after germination in the phase of 3-5 leaves in maize.
The results of experiments. Depending on sowing and weed-infested
crop control measures varied indicators of plant height and leaf surface. On
average, the option for care of crops (factor A) optimal advantage of the early
period was 25 cm and 4.1 dm2 respectively (tab. 1). A noticeable difference
between sowing of these indicator was under control (no herbicides), standard
version (soil herbicide front'yer and post dialen) – 32-42 cm 4.4-5.0 dm2
respectively. On average, sowing time (factor B) in variants with the
introduction of post-herbicide esteron, 0.7 l/ha on a soil background harnesses
(2.0 or 1.5 l/ha) at the reference height variation rates of plants and leaf surface
one plant exceeded the control at 31-33 cm and 8.2-9.5 dm2 respectively.
Under the influence of two hand weeding these figures were increased by 21
cm and 4.4 dm2. In the version with the introduction of herbicide harness, 2.0 l
ha and esteron 0.5 l/ha of plant height and leaf area per plant was the highest,
higher than the reference version 12 cm and 3.4 dm2 respectively.
With the already listed in Table 1 data also shows that the average
embodiments care of crops (factor A) grain yield of popcorn hybrid
Gostynets with early sowing was 0.51 t/ha compared to less optimal.
Differences between sowing were greater in the control (no herbicides) and
variants with the introduction of herbicide harness only – 0.80-0.88 t/ha.
Adding soil herbicide harness dose of 2.5 or 2.0 l/ha provided the increase
in grain yield of popcorn hybrid Gostynets (on average by a factor B) on
1.87-2.06 t/ha. A larger effect was obtained in embodiments in which the
used soil and after emergence of seedlings herbicides, especially when
making a soil herbicide harness, 2.0 l/ha and post esteron 0.5 l/ha. Against
the background without additional herbicides of two harrowing and inter-
row cultivation one provided increased yields by 0.91 t/ha, under the
influence of two hands weeding yield of grain was increased to 1.66 t/ha.
These factors affect the performance of the economic efficiency of
growing grain. Production costs per 1 ha were slightly higher with optimal
seeding time. Among the options with the introduction of herbicide
production costs were highest at the reference version. Data are presented
in Table 2 show that the optimum sowing time compared to earlier 1.2
times less than the cost of production appeared to be 1 ton of grain, 3990
uah/ha more conventionally obtained net income. The cost per unit of
production was the lowest in the version which used a soil herbicide
harness (2.0 l/ha) and after esteron ladder (0.5 l/ha). This version was
received the largest net profit of roughly one hectare, was the best indicator
of profitability. Holding two hand weeding on a background of mechanical
care of crops then led to an increase in production costs, but when did
increase at this time grain yield economic indicators improved.
Сonclusions.
1. For optimum sowing time (soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm
12-14 °C) compared with early (soil temperature of 8-10 °C) at 25 cm was
greater plant height, 4.1 dm2 leaf area per plant, and it was marked increase
in yield of grain and improved economic performance.
2. Conducting only mechanized care of crops (without herbicides)
resulted in a decrease of biometric indicators, reducing yield of grain,
deterioration of economic indicators. Without the use of pre-emergence
herbicides appropriate conduct and post-harrowing, cultivation of row two,
two hand weeding.
3. The highest yield of grain of popcorn hybrid Gostynets (4.45 t/ha
at early sowing and 4.75 t/ha at the optimum) with the best performance
product cost (1161 and 1097 uah/t, respectively), so to net income (30436
and 32789 uah/ha) was obtained in the variant using a soil herbicide
harness (2.0 l/ha) and after esteron ladder (0.5 l/ha) and holding one inter-
row cultivation.
Bibliography.
1. Ivanov I. E. Pidvyshchennya yakosti zerna kukurudzy /
І. E. Іvanov. – К. : Urozhay, 1975. – 84 s.
2. Payych Z. Rezyltaty selektsii rozlusnoi I tsukrovoi kukurudzy /
Z. Pаyych // Kukurudza I sorgo. – 1993. – № 5. – S. 6-7.
3. Ivashchuk P. V. Vplyv pogodno-klimatychnykh umov
Zakhidnogo Lisostepy na formuvannya produktyvnosti gibrydiv kukurudzy
/ P. V. Ivashchuk // Visnyk agrarnoi nauky. – 2007. – № 8. – S. 75-78.
4. Pashchenko Y. M. Vplyv inkrustatsii nasinnya I strokiv sivby na
formuvannya produktyvnosti gibrydiv kukurudzy riznykh grup styglosti /
Y. M. Pashchenko, О. І. Коrdin // Byuleten Instytutu zernovogo
gospodarstva UAAN. – 2005 – № 26-27. – S. 78-82.
5. Kiver V. Kh. Vyrobnytstvo kharchovoi kukurudzy v Ukraini /
V. Kh. Kiver, І. М. Semenyaka // Visnyk agrarnoi nauky. – 2004. – № 7. –
S. 26-30.
6. Yakunin O. P. Еfektyvnist mekhanichnykh pryyomiv doglyadu za
posivamy kukurudzy z riznymy morfobiologichnymy oznakamy /
О. P. Yakunin, Y. V. Ambrozyak // Byuleten Instytutu zernovogo
gospodarstva UAAN. – 1999. – № 9. – S. 32-35.
7. Іvashchenkо О. О. Gerbologiya: napryamy doslidzhen /
О. О. Іvashchenkо // Zakhyst roslyn. – 2000. – № 4. – S. 3-4.
8. Dospekhova V. A. Metodika opytnogo dela // B. А. Dospekhov. –
М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 293 s.
9. Metodishcheskie rekomendatsii po provedeniy polevykh opytov s
kukuruzoy / [sost. Filev D. S., Tsykov V. S., Zolotov V. I. I dr.]. –
Dnepropetrovsk, 1980. – 54 s.
10. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi /
Za red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenka. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
О.В. Заверталюк
Формирование урожайности зерна кукурузы лопающейся в
зависимости от срока посева и приемов контролирования сорняков.
Резюме. Приведены результаты исследований по влиянию срока
посева, приемов контролирования засоренности посевов на
биометрические показатели, урожайность и экономическую
эффективность выращивания зерна кукурузы лопающейся.
О.В. Заверталюк
Формування врожайності зерна кукурудзи розлусної залежно
від строку сівби та заходів контролювання бур’янів.
Резюме. Наведено результати досліджень щодо впливу строку
сівби, заходів контролювання бур’янів на біометричні показники,
врожайність та економічну ефективність вирощування зерна
кукурудзи розлусної.
1. – Effect of sowing time and measures to care for the crops biometric parameters
and yield of grain (average for 2009-2011)
Protect plants from weeds (В)
entering of herbicides Height of plant,
cm
Leaf area per
plant, dm2
Yields of grain,
t/ha
№ o
f
var
ian
ts
ground after emergence
of seedlings inte
r-ro
w
cult
ivat
io
han
ds
wee
din
g
1*) 2 1 2 1 2
0 0 1
control
1 0 164 206 25,3 30,3 1,07 1,87
Front'yer, 1,4 l/ha Dialen, 2,0 l/ha 2
standard
1 0 200 232 33,8 38,2 3,52 4,02
3 Harness, 2,5 l/ha 0 1 0 205 227 31,2 36,3 3,09 3,97
4 Harness, 2,0 l/ha 0 1 0 206 229 32,4 37,8 2,92 3,76
5 Harness, 2,0 l/ha Еsteron, 0,7 l/ha 1 0 208 230 35,6 39,0 4,03 4,39
6 Harness, 2,0 l/ha Еsteron, 0,5 l/ha 1 0 216 241 37,9 40,8 4,45 4,75
7 Harness, 1,5 l/ha Еsteron, 0,7 l/ha 1 0 207 228 35,1 38,7 3,99 4,14
8**) 0 0 2 0 189 213 31,0 36,5 2,16 2,61
9**) 0 0 2 2 213 231 37,4 39,1 3,88 4,20
Average 201 226 33,3 37,4 3,23 3,74
sowing (A) 2,2-2,7 0,73-1,04 0,086-0,114
care of crops (B) 4,6-5,7 1,55-1,87 0,148-0,232
SSD095, t/hа
for:
interaction (AB) 6,9-8,0 2,19-2,56 0,210-0,321
Note. *) Sowing (A): 1 – early; 2 – optimal.
**) harrowing to the ladder after ladder.
2. – Economic efficiency of cultivation of grain depending on sowing and
measures of weed control (average for 2009-2011)
Protect plants from weeds (В)
entering of herbicides The cost of
grain, uah/t
Conventionally
net profit of
uah/ha
The level of
profitableness,
%
№ of
varia
nts ground after emergence of
seedlings inte
r-
row
han
ds
wee
din
g
1х) 2 1 2 1 2
1 Control (without herbicides) 1 0 3831 2283 4461 10690 109 250
Front'yer, 1,4 l/ha Dialen, 2,0 l/ha 2
standard
1 0 1637 1475 22399 26231 389 442
3 Harness, 2,5 л/га 0 1 0 1543 1258 19951 26765 418 536
4 Harness, 2,0 л/га 0 1 0 1625 1278 18615 25275 392 526
5 Harness, 2,0 л/га Еsteron, 0,7 л/га 1 0 1273 1181 27111 29936 529 577
6 Harness, 2,0 л/га Еsteron, 0,5 л/га 1 0 1161 1097 30436 32789 589 629
7 Harness, 1,5 л/га Еsteron, 0,7 л/га 1 0 1267 1227 26864 28041 531 552
8**) 0 0 2 0 2058 1705 12834 16431 289 369
9**) 0 0 2 2 1604 1515 24818 27237 399 428
Average 1778 1447 20832 24822 405 479
Note. x
) Sowing (A): 1 - early; 2 - optimal. xx
) harrowing to the ladder after ladder
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.64:631.563
O.A. Zadorozhna, Candidate of Biological Sciences,
T.P. Shyyanova, Sciences Researcher
Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuryev of NAAS,
O.M. Shabetya, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
S.M. Udovychenko, Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
STATE OF THE SOLANACEAE SEED VIABILITY DURING
STORAGE UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Defined high storage seed germination of Solanum lycopersicum,
Solanum melongena, Physalis ixocarpa, Solanum dulcamara under
controlled seed moisture content conditions during 4-13 years. For the
tomatoes seed better storage are proved at 3-3,5 % moisture content. For
eggplant – 2,2-3 %. There are no advantages for storage for Solanaceae
seeds with controlled moisture content in low positive temperatures before
the unregulated temperature of Eastern Steppes of Ukraine.
Keywords: nightshade, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena,
Physalis ixocarpa, Solanum dulcamara, storage, temperature, moisture.
Introduction. Vegetable crops of nightshade family (Solanaceae),
including tomato, eggplant, physalis occupy an important place in human
nutrition. In Ukraine vegetables are grown on an area of about 0.5 million
hectares, which is 1.5 % of the general acreage. Harvest tomatoes on them
were 2.3 million tons, 97.8 ths. tons of eggplant (FAOSTAT Database,
2012). For the successful selection of appropriate solanaceous stock must
have the original germplasm diversity. The conservation of such
germplasm is usually held in genetics bank in the form of seeds. Seeds gene
pool of cultivated plants, including the Solanaceae, is expected to keep for
a long time under the right conditions [10]. The recommendations of the
known standards are general and for storing of the diversity of seed are
© Zadorozhna O.A., Shuyanova O.M., Shabetya V.V., Udovychenko S.M., 2014.
necessary to consider the peculiarities of individual crops, storage
conditions of working seed collections. In this regard, there is a need for
monitoring of seeds germination which is stored in genbank in order to
optimize the storage conditions and to continue longevity of seeds during
storage.
For the ability of long-term seeds storage are important biological
characteristics of seeds [3]. It is believed that in the uncontrolled conditions
seed germination of tomato are able to maintain eight years in average, and
for eggplant – three-four years [6, 7]. We can assume that the difference in
the ability to store the viability of tomato and eggplant in uncontrolled
conditions is caused by differences in the biochemical composition of
seeds. The influence may have morphological features of tomato plants [5].
The data on the term storage of physalis seeds and nightshade in
uncontrolled conditions we couldn’t found.
There are data on the results of long-term seeds storage of the
tomato, eggplant over 20 years [8]. Found that after 22 years storage of
tomato seeds with moisture content 3.3 % at the room first and then the
positive low temperature (5-7 °C) maintained a germination level of 98 %.
After 23 years of eggplant seeds storage at 2.3 % moisture content the
germination level was 97 % if stored in airtight containers and at room at
first, then the at positive low temperature (5-7 °C).
It is determined that chemical composition of the cell membrane has
significant impact on the ability of seeds storage [11]. There are data on
seed longevity forecasting attempts tomatoes [14]. Has been confirmed the
impact of seed moisture and temperature storage for further durability seed
tomatoes [9]. There was works on continuation attempts of seeds longevity
of tomato [12, 13].
The aim of research. Determine the viability level of tomato,
eggplant, physalis, nightshade seeds under controlled storage conditions to
optimize their further storage.
The aim of research. The material for the study was the tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds of the varieties: Lisen UL0200014,
Amiko UL0200019, Koral UL0200041, Antey UL0200060, Dokhodnyy
UL0200096, Viktoryna UL0200295, Kometa UL0200541, Katrin
UL0200545, Fateeva 3 UL0200550, breeding material СХ4 UL0200033,
Pomodoro da industria N6 UL0200107. Fruits of these varieties have round
(the majority) or plum-like form. They are medium or early ripening.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seeds of varieties Almaz UL5400001,
Gelios UL5400070, Com UL5400079, land races UL5400086, accessions
with unknown status Helflong Purple UL5400028, Black Bountiful
UL5400048, Stripedguadelonge UL5400065, Eggplantvar Kaserugava
UL5400081, Stripedguadklope UL5400240 were investigated also. The
fruits of eggplant were most middle-ripening. Physalis seeds (Physalis
ixocarpa Brot. Ex Hornem.) of varieties: Borovskoy UL0300002, landrace
UL0300003; bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) UL0400001
were investigated also.
Seeds that arrived for storage were desicated at the temperature no
higher than 25 oC (as opposed to industrial regimes [3]) and stored in an
airtight container under the positive low temperature 4 °C or unregulated
temperature of the eastern steppes of Ukraine. In some cases, accessions of
seeds were transferred to the chamber where the temperature was minus
20 oC. To determine the viability of the seeds at storage beginning seeds
tested between filter paper at 25 °C under appropriate [DSTU 4138-2002,
4]. Periodic testing of viability (monitoring) held on average once every 5
years. The results were processed using the methods of variation statistics
[1]. To compare two samples used criterion of sampling particles.
The results of researches. The germination of tomatoes seeds with
3-3.5 %, moisture content which were stored under controlled conditions
during 6-9 years was about 90 % (Figure 1). So after storage of tomato
seeds accession UL0200096 during four years in a sealed container in the
depository with fixed temperature there was 10 % germination decreasing
(t = 3.47). In the next two years of storage there was no change of
germination. Storage of seed accessions UL0200550 and UL0200295 with
similar moisture content, at a low positive temperature during seven-nine
years has led to an increasing in similarity to 6-40 %. The increasing of
seed germination at low positive temperatures is known for other crops,
because the destruction of possible inhibitors of growth during the seeds
storage [15].
Tomatoes seeds storage at 3.6-4 % moisture content in airtight
containers n uncontrolled temperature conditions or at the positive low
temperature (4 oC) during 4-10 years resulted in minor changes in
germination or no effect on it (Figure 2, 3 ). After tomatoes seeds storage at
3,6-4 % moisture content at low temperatures of positive 4 oC during three
to four years in accessions UL0200541 and UL0200041 no effect on their
germination and accessions UL0200107 and UL0200545 germination
caused reducing by 8 and 7 %, respectively (t = -3; t = -3,6) (Fig. 2).
After 3-4 years of storage there were no changes of germination level
for the accession UL0200019 and germination reduction for samples
UL0200033, UL0200060, UL0200014 7, 5 and 16 %, respectively
observed (t = -2,4; -2,3; -6,3). After further storage of up to 10 years
observed an 6% germination increasing of UL0200019 (t = -2,1); 14 %
increasing of the accession UL0200033 (t = 4,9 %); 6 % of the accession
UL0200014 (t = 2,1), and 3 % in the accession UL0200060 (t = 1,3). It
should be noted that in the last two samples is increasing similarity was
obtained one year after transferring the depository of negative temperature
minus 20 °С. By this time, the similarity was essentially unchanged from
the time when it controlled the third or fourth year of storage. So for tomato
seed samples from 3.6-4 % moisture before it were set preferences for
subsequent storage at low temperatures of positive conditions including
unregulated temperatures in winter watch negative.
Advantages in storing of varieties seed with round shape fruit on
plum-like forms of fruit or vice have not been determined. There were no
advantages in storage in seeds with different ripening fruit also.
After four years of storage at low positive temperature of eggplant seed
accessions with 2-3 % moisture content: UL5400028, UL5400086, UL5400098
found 6, 15 and 14 % germination, respectively (t = -3.2; -6.2; -4.9 respectively)
(Fig. 4.). Seeds accession UL5400001 with similar moisture content shows 7 %
germination increasing (t = -2.5) after the storage during four years in
unregulated conditions of temperature. In accessions UL5400048, UL5400079,
UL5400081 seeds with moisture content 2-3 % after four years of storage at low
positive temperature there were no germination changes. Further storage of all
these accessions in the same conditions to 9-13 years in most cases did not lead
to further germination changes (Fig. 4). Decreasing are reported in some cases
only. So after ten years, it decreased by 22 % in the accession UL5400086 only
(t = 8.7).
The storage of eggplant seed accessions with undetermined moisture
content at low positive temperatures after four to five years of storage
resulted to germination decreasing for accessions UL5400200, UL5400240,
UL5400065 8, 9, and 7 %, respectively (t = 3; 3,9; 2,2 respectively). The
accession UL5400070 after four years storage demonstrated an 5 %
germination increasing (t = -2.1), which will further unchanged.
Thus, our observations suggest that the best indexes of high
germination level were in the accessions UL5400001, UL5400028,
UL5400048, UL5400079, UL5400081 at moisture content 2,2-2,8 %.
Moreover, the advantages were not found in seed storage at low positive
temperatures before the unregulated temperature conditions.
Seed of Physalis ixocarpa storage during five years under positive
low positive temperature did not lead to decreasing of seed germination,
which was at the level of 97 %. Moisture content of seeds after drying for a
given sample was not determined.
Germination seeds of Solanum dulcamara, which were stored during
eight years at low positive temperature with the positive and undetermined
moisture content, also did not change during this period of storage and was
located at the level of 96 %.
Conclusions. The data indicate a high germination level after 4-13
storage years of tomato, eggplant, physalis, bittersweet nightshade seeds.
The best for long-term storage is 3-3.5 % moisture content for tomatoes
seed, 2.2-3 % for eggplant seeds. There is no advantages of nightshade
seeds storage at low positive temperature before uncontrolled temperature
conditions.
Bibliography.
1. Volf V. G. Statisticheskaya obrabotka opytnykh dannykh. – М. :
Коlos, 1966. – 255 s.
2. Zhyznesposobnost semyan / Е. Roberts ; per. s angl.
N. А. Еmelyanovoy ; pod. red. dok-ra s.-kh. nauk М. К. Firsovoy. – М. :
Коlos 1978. – 410 s.
3. Lyuta Yu. О. Optymizatsiya rezhymiv vysushuvannya nasinnya
tomata / Yu. О. Lyutа, N. P. Kosenko // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo :
mizhvid. temat. nauk. zb. / UAAN; Instytut ovochivnytstva I
bashtannytstva. – Kh. : ІОB, 2013. – Vyp. – 58. – S. 217-221.
4. Mezhdunarodnye pravila analiza semyan; per. s angl.
N. N. Antoshkinoy. – М. : Коlos, 1984. – 311 s.
5. Syvorakshа О. А. Sortovi osoblyvosti formuvannya vrozhayu ta
yakosti nasinnya pomidora: avtoref. dis. kand. s.-g. nauk : 06.01.06
«Оvochivnytstvо» / Syvorakshа О. А. Nats. аgrar. un-t. – К., 2003. – 19 s.
6. Zhuk O. Ya., Sych Z. D. Nasinnytstvo ovochevykh kultur //
http://agromage.com/
7. Tarakanov G. I. Ovoshchevodstvo / Tarakanov G. I.,
Mukhin V. D., Shuin К. А. – М. : Коlos. – 2002. – 472 s.
8. Khoroshaylov N. G Dlitelnoe khranenie semyan mirovoy
kollektsii VIR / N. G. Khoroshaylov, N. V. Zhukovа // Byulleten VIR. –
1978. – Vyp. 77. – S. 9-19.
9. Alhamdan A. M. Influence of Storage Conditionson Seed Quality
and Longevity of Four Vegetable Crops/ Alsadon A. A., Khalil S. O.,
Wahb-Allah M. A. // American-Eurasian J. Agric. &Environ. Sci. – 2011. –
№ 11 (3). – Р. 353-359.
10. Draft Genebank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture // Commissionon Genetic Resources for
FoodandAgriculture. – Rome, 2013, 15-19 April. – Rome, 1994. - 17 p.
11. Golovina E.A. Membrane chemical stability and seed longevity/
E. A. Golovina, Henk Van As Folkert A. Hoekstra // EurBiophys J. – 2010.
– 39. – Р. 657-668.
12. Gurusinghe S. Enhanced Expression of BiPIs Associated with
Treatments that Extend Storage Longevity of Primed Tomato Seeds /
S. Gurusinghe // J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. – 2002. – 127. – № 4. – Р. 528-534.
13. Pandey D. K. Liquid preservatives to improve longevity of
tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) seeds / D. K. Pandey // Scientia
Horticulturae. – Vol. 62. – № 1, April. – 1995. – Р. 57-62.
14. Sinício, R. Longevity equation for tomato seeds /
J. F. Lopes, D. J. H.; Silva, A. P. Mattedi, // Seed Science and Technology.
– Vol. 37. – N 3. – October 2009. – Р. 667-675.
15. Zadorozhna O. A Seed viability level of maize genepool
accessions after long-term storage / Zadorozhna O. A., Shiyanova T. P.,
Vakulenko S. M. // Генетичні ресурси рослин. – 2013. – № 13. – С. 85-96.
О.А. Задорожная, Т.П. Шиянова, О.H. Шабетя,
С. М. Удовиченко
Состояние жизнеспособности семян пасльонових при хранении
в контролируемых условиях.
Резюме. Определен високий уровень сохранения всхожести
семян томата, баклажана, физалиса клейкоплодного, паслена сладко-
горького в контроируемых условиях влажности семян в течение 4-13
лет. Для семян томатов лучшей для хранения оказалась влажность 3-
3,5 %. Для семян баклажана 2,2-3 %. Для семян пасленовых с
контролируемой влажностью преимуществ хранения в условиях
низкой положительной температуры по неконтролируемой
температурой в условиях восточной Лесостепи Украины не выявлено.
О.А. Задорожна, Т.П. Шиянова, О.М. Шабетя, С.М. Удовиченко
Стан життєздатності насіння пасльонових при зберіганні в
контрольованих умовах.
Резюме. Визначено високий рівень зберігання схожості насіння
помідору, баклажану, фізалісу клейкоплодого, пасльону солодко-
гіркого в контрольованих умовах вологості насіння протягом 4-13
років. Для насіння помідорів кращою для зберігання виявилась
вологість 3-3,5 %. Для насіння баклажану 2,2-3 %. Для насіння
пасльонових з контрольованою вологістю переваг зберігання в умовах
низької додатної температури перед умовами нерегульованої
температури в умовах східного Лісостепу України не виявлено.
Fig. 1. – Germination of tomato seed after storage
at 3-3.5 % moisture content
Fig. 2. – Germination of tomato seed after storage at 3.6-4 %
moisture content and low positive temperature
Fig. 3. – Germination of tomato seed after storage at 3.6-4 %
moisture content and uncontroled temperature
Fig. 4. – Germination of eggplant seed germination after storage
at 2-3 % moisture content
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.261:631. 523
L.I. Kapustina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
R.G. Melnik, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
M.I. Gubar, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Section of breeding of vegetables
Institute of Horticulture of NAAS
NEW VARIETY OF WINTER GARLIS
As a result of selective breeding created a new variety of winter
garlic Oleksandriivskyy.
Keywords: garlic, source material, grade, performance.
Introduction. Garlic on the content of dry matter and protein is one
of the first places among the onion crop. Among vegetable foods garlic in
importance is a leading plant and the volume of sales in the global food
market vegetable stands after cabbage, beetroot, carrots, tomatoes and other
vegetables, ranking on a scale of demand seventh [2, 7]. Garlic contains
some elements of nutrition, vitamins, and antibiotic substances – volatile,
are endowed with strong disinfecting properties. Therefore, it is widely
used in medicine and veterinary medicine, as a seasoning in cooking,
salting and pickling vegetables [1].
In Ukraine, the area under garlic makes 19-20 thousand hectares. But
the demand far outstrips supply garlic. Although we need to fully meet
garlic until-we cannot, it falls to import from abroad. The main problem of
farms that are now trying to focus its production on an industrial scale,
there is a shortage of planting material recognized varieties [2].
Therefore, addressing the issue of increasing the production of garlic
through the creation and introduction of new varieties is a priority,
important and relevant today.
The aim of research. Create a variety of medium ripe of winter
garlic, which is resistant to diseases and adverse environmental factors,
with high biologically valuable of components.
The method of researches. The study was conducted at the
Experimental Station of the Kiev department of IVM and breeding of
vegetables at Horticulture Institute of NAAS during 2011-2113 years in the © Kapustina L.I., Melnik R.G., Gubar M.I., 2014.
climatic conditions of the Forest-Steppe zone, soil research areas is a black
soil ashed little humus medium loam. The content of humus in the plow
layer (0-30 cm) is 2.25 %, pH of water extract 5.8-6.2. The content of
mobile forms of: N – 3.6 mg P2O5 – 15.6 mg, K2O – 4.0 mg per 100 g of
soil, the sum of absorbed bases – 20.19 mg-equivalent.
Selection work on creating new varieties of winter garlic carried out
according to the "Methodology Research affairs in Vegetables and Melons"
[3], "Modern methods of selection of vegetables and melons" [4].
Prospective shape evaluated by the method of state strain testing [5].
Source material is local forms of winter garlic, which were selected from
different agro-climatic zones of Ukraine. The work was carried out in five
nurseries: collection, selection and pre-testing and basic multiplication.
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the procedures
described B. A. Dospekhov [6].
The results of researches. As a result of selective breeding, by
clonal selection was obtained from the local in Kirovograd region forms a
new medium ripe, winter resistant, high yielding variety of garlic
Oleksandriivskyy. A new variety of winter garlic belongs to the subspecies
which is the arrow, many flowers. The total plant height is 50-60 cm, fake
stem – 23-28 cm with a dense foliage that has a direct and semi direct
position in relation to the false stem. The color of leaf blades are
moderately green, 30-35 cm long, 2.5-3.0 cm wide. With oral unreal stem
plants goes hand in length and 50 cm. The arrow ends globular
inflorescences which are up to 150 pcs. aerial bulblets. The underground
bulb in shape is round-flap, color coating is light purple scales, the number
of cloves – 6-8 pcs., сolor scales cloves – brown, flesh color cloves – white.
The variety Oleksandriivskyy is a medium ripe, winter resistant, the
growing season is 100 days with a friendly ripening, product yield is
10.05 t/ha, the mass underground bulbs is 56.0-68.0 g, max to 100.0 g, the
mass of one cloves 7.0-10.0 g, is resistant to the most common disease
(Fusarium) (Table 1). Content underground bulbs dry soluble substances –
39.75 %, sugar – 23.05 %, ascorbic acid – 16.65 mg/100 g is recommended
for growing in Steppes of Ukraine.
Conclusions. Created a new medium ripe varieties of winter garlic
Oleksandriivskyy with yield of 10 t/ha, which was transferred to the State
service for the protection varieties of plant of Ukraine.
1. – Characteristics of the main economic characteristics of the new
varieties of winter garlic Oleksandriivskyy
Indicators Year Oleksandri-
ivskyy
Promin
(standard)
± to
standard
Number of days from
germination to mass
drying of lower leaves,
days
2012
2013
average
96
97
96,5
102
96
99
-6
1
-2,5
The total yield, t/ha 2012
2013
average
7,8
12,4
10,1
6,4
7,6
7,0
1,4
4,8
3,1
SSD05, t/ha 2012
2013
1,2
2,3
The product yield, t/ha 2012
2013
average
7,7
12,4
10,05
6,2
7,4
6,8
1,5
5,0
3,25
SSD05, t/ha 2012
2013
1,1
2,1
Mass commodity sub-
terrestrial of bulbs, g
2012
2013
average
44,0
68,0
56,0
35,0
42,0
38,5
9,0
26,0
17,5
Prevalence of disease,
%
2012
2013
average
-
-
-
1,0
0,5
0,75
-1,0
-0,5
-0,75
Winter hardiness, % 2012
2013
average
98
100
99
97
98
97,5
1
2
1,5
Bibliography.
1. Alekseeva M. V. Chesnok. / М. V. Alekseeva. – М. :
Rosselkhozizdat, 1977. – 102 s.
2. Goncharov О. М. sort – vazhlyvyy element vyroshchyvannya chasnyku /
О. М. Goncharov // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo: Mizhvidomchyy
tematychnyy naukovyy zbirnyk. – Kh., 2013. – Vyp. 59. – S. 49-58.
3. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenka]. – Kh., 2001. – 365 s.
4. Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh kultur / [Pid
red. Т. К. Gorovoi i К. І. Yakovenkа] – Kh. : 2001. – 644 s.
5. Metodyka polevogo opyta (s osnovami statisticheskoy obrabotki
rezultatov issledovaniy) / [Pod red. B. A. Dospekhova]. – М. :
Agropromizdat, 1985. – 350 s.
6. Metodyka Derzhavnogo sortovyprobuvannya silskogospodarskykh
kultur [Теkst] / [Pid red. V. V. Vovkodava]. – К., 2001. – S. 311-356.
7. Popkov V. А. Chesnok : biologiya, tekhnologiya, ekonomika /
V. А. Popkov. – Minsk : Nasha Ideya. 2012. – 768 s.
Л.И. Капустина, Р.Г. Мельник, М.И. Губар
Новый сорт озимого чеснока.
Резюме. В результате селекционной работы выведен новый сорт
озимого чеснока Александриевский.
Л.І. Капустіна, Р.Г. Мельник, М.І. Губар
Новий сорт озимого часнику.
Резюме. В результаті селекційної роботи створено новий сорт
озимого часнику Олександріївський.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631:527:635.62
І.I. Kolesnik, Candidate of Agricultural Science
Dnepropetrovsk Breeding Experiment Station IVM of NAAS
THE METHOD OF BREEDING OF PUMPKINS ON EARLINESS
The research results have to develop a new method of selection of
muscat Pumpkin direction on earliness. The method can accelerate the
selection process on the basis of earliness 3-4 years through negative
selection during budding and flowering of female flowers to remove from
the population more late biotypes.
Keywords: method of breeding, earliness, Cucurbita moschata,
varietal population, negative selection.
Introduction. Earliness varieties of Cucurbita moschata, the most
thermophilic species of pumpkin needed for dear region of Ukraine,
especially for the northern and central areas of Ukraine where earliness
culture often determines the marketable yield and quality of fruit pulp
chemical composition.
In the selection of pumpkins on earliness are well known methods
that are based on hybridization and repeated mass or individual selection
[1]. The effectiveness of breeding for earliness depends primarily on
finding quick forms, which are used as starting material for hybridization.
Further, the generations splitting will conduct precocious selection of
plants as from free pollination and self-pollination of enforcement (intsuht)
plants within the hybrid population.
In the first case, the drawback is the high probability repeated
pollination precocious of late biotypes, which significantly slows down the
selection process in the direction of creating forms ripening pumpkins. The
disadvantage of the method intsuht which means exclusion during
flowering pumpkin cross-pollination between different plants have high
labor costs for the isolation of female and male flowers within a plant,
carrying a large volume artificial crosses and low fruit set percentage (10-
15 %). In addition, this method does not guarantee 100 % aqueous
pollination own pollen. © Kolesnik II, 2014.
In both methods of work in breeding kennels takes at least 5-6 years.
From literature data it is known that plants of the family Cucurbitaceae closer
to the base of the stem laid the female flowers, the ceteris paribus quickly
formed and mature fruit. In the pumpkin in most cases the most ripening fruits
genotypes formed on the main shoot in the axils of leaf 5-12 [2].
The purpose of research. A new way of accelerating the task of the
selection process and agronomic populations of muscat pumpkins in the
direction of earliness, increasing their phenotypic uniform for friendliness
ripening fruit in the field while maintaining other important features (stable
performance, resistance to major diseases, quality of pulp, morphological
options of fetus, etc.).
The methodology of the experiment. The starting point for
developing a new method was the feasibility of selection for earliness, not
only for the direct, but also features side to maintain biotypes that before
female flowers bloom under the same environmental conditions. The work
carried out in the department of Dnepropetrovsk breeding research station
IVM of NAAS of Ukraine for 2005-2013 years.
The results and discussion. The method was carried out as follows.
Sowings pumpkin performed in optimal time, by hand, 5-6 seeds in
individual cells. Plants were grown at a high agricultural background,
providing them with the same fertilizer and care.
Previously the task later achieved that in the first thinning (during the
emergence of female buds) conducted the first negative selection. In the
nest leaving only those plants that formed the female buds as close to the
cotyledon leaves (in the 5-9-th node of the main stem). All other plants that
do not have at this time the female buds were removed in order to prevent
further their re-pollination of ripening varietal biotypes within populations’
of muscat pumpkin.
In the phase of flowering of female flowers carried a second negative
selection, which aimed to remove from the plant populations that do not
bloom for two to three days early phase of flowering female flowers. Seeds,
remaining after the second varietal cleaning were used for the next
generation. The described procedure was repeated for one or two
generations.
The proposed method has allowed creating a population that is
almost not inferior to commodity quality and standards in fetuses of the
control group of plants, where the selection of plants carried out multiple
mass or individual selections by halves. Already established in this way the
population was characterized not only more ripening (7-10 days) and high
phenotypic uniformity of fruit ripening by friendliness, but the maximum
suitability for mechanical harvesting of fruit.
A positive difference already developed method is that it is aimed at
selection for earliness side features can reduce labor costs and time to level
the genes from the population as a result of late ripeness of pollination only
early biotypes that bloom, and thus reduce the selection process at least 3-4
years.
This method in combination with stabilizing selection of plants and
fruits on a set of important features (morphological signs of productivity,
quality pulp, etc.) as a result of selective breeding within the population
varietal's Novynka x Arabatskyi was established early maturing (115-120
days) variety of muscat pumpkin Dolya which already has fruit yield 25-30
t/ha, dry matter content – 9-12 %, carotene –13-15 mg/%, is highly suitable
for industrial processing for children and general nutrition.
A new method has been tested on other populations of muscat
pumpkin (Balm x Alba, Novynka x Alba, Novynka x Balm, etc.) and show
its high efficiency in the management of breeding with a pumpkin in the
direction earliness. Based on the results of their research received a patent
for utility model [3].
Conclusions. The invention can be used in breeding and genetic
work in creating precocious forms of culture and improving populations of
other cultivated species of pumpkin (solid crust and large) on the basis of
earliness.
The method can accelerate the selection process on the basis of
earliness 3-4 years at the expense of negative selections during budding and
flowering of female flowers to remove from the population more mature
late biotypes, increase phenotypic uniformity populations of muscat
pumpkin for friendliness ripening fruit while maintaining stable
performance and other agronomic traits, making new varieties and lines
pumpkins most suitable for mechanical harvesting of fruits and industrial
processing compared to other populations of muscat pumpkin which
breeding for earliness was conducted by conventional methods.
Bibliography.
1. Metodyka selektsiynogo protsesu ta provedennya polovykh
doslidzhen z bashtannymy kulturamy: Metodychni rekomendatsii /
[Lymar А. О. , Snigovyy V. S., Kashcheev О. Ya. ta in.]. – К. : Agrarna
nauka, 2001. – 132 s.
2. Fursa T. B. Kulturnaya flora SSSR. Tykvennye / Т. B. Fursа,
А. I. Filov. – T. 21. – М. : Колос, 1982, – 279 s.
3. Patent na korysnu model 92158 Ukrainа, MPK7 А 01 Н 1/04.
Sposib selektsii garbuza na skorostyglist / Kolesnik І. І.; zayavnyk I
patentovlasnyk Dnipropetrovska doslidna stantsiya ІОB NААN. –
№ 201312830; zayavl. 04.11.2013; opubl. 11.08 2014. Byul. № 15.
И.И.Колесник
Способ селекции тыквы на скороспелость.
Резюме. Приведены результаты исследований по разработке
нового способа селекции мускатной тыквы в направлении
скороспелости. Способ позволяет ускорить селекционный процесс по
признаку скороспелости на 3-4 года путем проведения негативных
отборов во время бутонизации и цветения женских цветков с целью
удаления из популяции более позднеспелых биотипов.
І.І. Колесник
Спосіб селекції гарбуза на скоростиглість.
Резюме. Наведено результати досліджень з розробки нового
способу селекції мускатного гарбуза в напряму скоростиглості. Спосіб
дозволяє прискорити селекційний процес за ознакою скоростиглість
на 3-4 роки шляхом проведення негативних відборів під час
бутонізації і цвітіння жіночих квіток з метою видалення із популяції
більш пізньостиглих біотипів.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631:527:635.62
І.I. Kolesnik, Candidate of Agricultural Science
Dnepropetrovsk Breeding experiment station IVM of NAAS
GENETIC RESOURCES OF GREAT FRUITFUL PUMPKIN
IN BREEDING FOR SEED PRODUCTION
Already deals with the results of the study on genetic resources in
breeding of pumpkin for seed productivity. Was established line of Kr-RL
pumpkin seed type of application.
Keyworlds: pumpkin, breeding, seed production, seed variety, line,
hybrid, genetic marker.
Introduction. Large reserve in solving problems that are known
today in breeding and seed paper with pumpkin (increase yield and seed
quality, seed monitoring market) is the transition to heterosis breeding.
For the conditions of Steppe and Forest-steppe of Ukraine as areas
that are most favorable to the cultivation of pumpkin seeds, remains
relevant establishing a competitive hybrid pumpkin seed productivity of 8-
10 kg seeds per 1 hectare.
High speed renovation assortment F1 of watermelon, melon and
squash in foreign companies due to the optimal distribution of the selection
process through specific stages: continuous replenishment genetics bank
baselines; applications for the formation of new hybrids on certain models;
creating hybrids tested and the best choice; breeding lines and hybrids;
realization of seed [1]. In Ukraine, the study on pumpkin seed production
devoted to research D. I. Sokolova, I. I. Kolesnika and Z. D. Sycha [2, 3].
Heterosis effect on seed yield was found to of many intervarietal hybrids.
But the main issue is to develop a simple and effective way of growing
heterosis seeds – still not solved. So in turn become new tasks: 1) creation
of genetically lines aligned with high short circuit capacity for seed; 2)
development of effective methods of seed production and reduce the cost of
hybrid seed.
In heterosis breeding of great fruitful of pumpkin seed is possible to
use different signal features that are associated with leaf morphology
(dissected leaf, silver leaf, yellow-green color of the first leaves), stems © Коlesnik І.І., 2014.
(long hypocotyls, bush form). Use lines with recessive color of fruits and
seed makes it possible to distinguish the following line in the collection of
fruit and seed selection.
The aim of research. The study of genetic diversity of great fruitful
of pumpkin seeds in terms of performance. Select and create genetic
resources for heterosis breeding seed directly use. Conducting of
hybridization of lines are perspectives for different models. Reproduction
and improving maternal and male lines heterosis hybrids seed purposes.
The methodology of the experiment. The work performed during
2010-2014 years in heterosis breeding kennels: collection (60 samples),
intsuht lines (60 lines), hybridization (for 3-models get hybrids),
reproduction and male parent lines (15 lines), competitive test (21 hybrid
seed use). The study was performed on proven in melons methods [4-9].
Breeding work methods were intsuht, individual and family, and negative
selection of free pollination).
The results and discussion. Seed production of collection numbers
depend on the genetic characteristics of the variety and weather conditions
year. The amplitude of the fluctuations in yield from one plant seeds of
C. maxima variants was 10-101 g interconnection traits (seed production of
more than 100 g/plant and weight of 1000 seeds) found 10 sources (Zevs,
Altair, Volzkyy siryy 92, Rozhevyy banan, Sachyno, Michurynets, K-4311,
La Banda, Rug Vif Kvinslend blu, Narodnyy).
In heterosis breeding of interest are genetic markers. Collection
"signal" includes signs: gray leaf (gene grl), dissected leaf (genes lo-1 and
Lo-2), a light yellow color of corolla (gene ly).
As a result of the new line was obtained material for heterosis breeding
was rejected promising line method intsuht found and fixed lines in the
offspring of valuable features. Was defined seed productivity in 60 lines of
different generations of inbreeding (I1-I6.). In 16 lines seed yield per plant was
100-150 g, in 4 more than 150 g (158-178 g). In plants I1 inhibition was
observed. In older generations (third-sixth) noted signs of partial depression in
size and weight of the fruit and seed yield valuable. Besidea of performance,
and its basic elements (weight of the fetus and the number of fruits) lines was
analyzed by linear parameters of seeds. Research seed productivity of large
linear material productive species showed significant variability pumpkin lines
for fruits containing seeds of different lines (Table 1). For generations of seed
production varied: the first – 38.5 (magnitude of the analyzed fruits 4-132 g);
third – 54 g (46-121 g), the fifth – 42g (3-116), sixth – 45 g (7-97). Within each
generation personal selection method were selected fruit with seed yield more
than 80 g.
In the area creating hybrids F1 seed designation used different mating
systems: components crossing were 3 types of parent forms: 1) for female
type; 2) line with two marker signs (bushiness and dissected leaf); 3) line
with a set of dominant economically important traits. Hybridization was
performed with tear off of male buds and flowers on the parent form.
In nursery trials studied 21 large productive hybrid types on a
background of parental forms. Hybrids purpose of seed yield was estimated
by commodity fruit yield seeds from one plant and per unit area, seed
parameters (color, size) in dry soluble substances resistant to bacteriosis
(Table 2).
Hybrids of pumpkins in 2013 formed a relatively high commodity
yields (291-454 kg/ha). The average yield of hybrids was 341 kg/ha. For
commodity yield fruits isolated 5 hybrids: G-11 (398 kg/ha), G-8
(408 kg/ha), G-9 (423 kg/ha), G-7 and G-18 (by 454 kg/ha). The high yield
seeds (more than 6 kg/ha) was marked in 7 hybrids: G-21 (6.0), G-10 (6.5),
G-13 (6.9), G-14 (7. 2) G-7 (7.4), G-18 (7.7), G-1 (7.8).
In 2014, marketable fruit yield of 370 kg/ha and more hybrids
showed numbered 1 (371 kg/ha), 20 (400 kg/ha), 8 (402 kg/ha), 14
(420 kg/ha), 21 (422 kg/ha), 18 (556 kg/ha). High seed productivity noted
in hybrids № 17 (7.0 kg/ha), № 15 and № 21 (by 7.2 kg/ha), № 8
(7.4 kg/ha), № 14 (7.5 kg/ha), № 9 and № 20 (7.9 kg/ha), №9 (8,6 kg/ha).
Over 2 years of research on seed yield (at 6-8 kg/ha) identified 6
hybrids: G-1, G-13 (by 6.3 kg/ha), G-10 (6.5 kg/ha), G-21 (6.6 kg/ha), G-
14 (7.4 kg/ha), G-7 (8.0 kg/ha), which is 3,0-4,7 kg/ha more than standard
Valok (3.3 kg/ha).
To create hybrids with high seed productivity propagated small bush
fruitful and long stem form of pumpkin of fruitful type Cucurbita maxima
Duch. with large white seeds. Coarsely seed lines represent great interest as
the parent form hybrids. As a male hybrid components are supported by
lines that are warm dense growths of complex dominant or recessive traits.
Based on the methods of selection and improved intsuht 15 lines of
seed directly use. Below are descriptions of lines – components of hybrids
with high seed productivity.
Line SvCh. Dedicated to the bush varieties Sviten own selection.
Bush plant lines form a rather large (6-8 kg) red fruits (dominant trait), with
large (mass 1000 – 300-360 g) white seeds. There is resistant to powdery
mildew (lesion score – 1.0-1.2) and bacteriosis (0.6). It features a very early
formation of female flowers before the flowering of male flowers.
Line KH. Highly productive line dedicated to the simple hybrid,
which was created with the participation of a variety Volzhskyy siryy 92.
The fruit are gray, large. Fruit yield 50-60 t/ha. Seeds are white, large,
weighing 380-430 g, are resistant to powdery mildew (0.4-1.0 points) and
bacteriosis (0.8 points).
Line Vs KH. Coarsely seed of line, which is based on a variety
Volzhskyy siryy 92 is resistant to cracking and fruit against powdery
mildew. Fruits of gray, flattened. Seeds are broadly oval, white and large
(400-440 g).
Line Zhdana BH. Type are large fruitful. Central line are ripe, table
(110-120 days, 11.0-12.0 s.r.r.). Generates of fruit are gray color. The pulp
is red-orange, dense and very sweet. Seeds are white (dominant trait).
There is high in carotene. When storing fruits blush. is resistant to powdery
mildew (lesion score – 0.1). Well ripen in the field in the Northern of
Steppe zone.
At the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine has
been prepared and submitted to a complex line of pumpkins features that
are valuable for breeding hybrid seed type of application. New line Kr-RL
(Cucurbita maxima Duch. var. maxima) created by individual selection of
bush varieties Krayan.
Line 2 is represented by plants with marker signs – bushiness and
dissected leaf, which markedly evident in stage 3-5 true leaves you. The
fruit is gray, small and medium in size and weight (3-5 kg). It features
abundant early flowering of male flowers. Seeds are white, average (mass
of 1000 pcs. are 250-280 g). The average seed productions are 60-80 g per
plant.
Plants of the new line of Kr-RL are a shrub, with dissected leaves, fruits
are gray, flattened and white seeds are large. The new line is second original
form class Krayan the yield of fruit, but a combination of two extremely
valuable marker signs (bushiness and dissected leaf) and high performance
combinational ability for seed, is a promising line for heterosis breeding as
maternal or paternal form during the subsequent creation of hybrid seed
direction of. Early is ripe (within species of large fruitful pumpkin) – 118 days,
is phenotypic aligned. It is relatively resistant to environmental stress. There is
a friendly flowering, both male and female flowers. It is highly suitable for
mechanized cultivation between rows and combines harvesting the fruit.
As a result of testing line had the following parameters: total yield –
35.0 t/ha, commodity – 32.0 t/ha, the average weight of commodity of
fruits – 2.8 kg, the growing season is 120 days; dry matter content – 8.0 %,
carotene – 4.0 mg %; resistance to powdery mildew – 7 points, bacteriosis
– 7 points, cold resistance – 7 points, drought and heat resistance – 7
points; seed production – 6.0 kg/ha (Table 3).
Conclusions. With the combination of traits (seed production of
more than 100 g/plant and weight of 1000 seeds) have found 10 sources
(Zevs, Altair, Volzhskyy siryy 92, Rozhevyy banan, Sachyno, Michurynets,
K-4311, La Banda, Rug Vif Kvinslend Blu, Narodnyy).
Already was defined seed productivity in 60 lines of different
generations inbreeding (I1-I6). In 16 lines seed yield per plant was
100-150 g, 4 more than 150 g (158-178 g).
Over 2 years of research on seed yield (at 6-8 kg/ha) identified 6
hybrids: G-1, G-13 (by 6.3 kg/ha), G-10 (6.5 kg/ha) G-21 (6.6 kg/ha) G-14
(7.4 kg/ha), G-7 (8.0 kg/ha), which is 3.0-4.7 kg/ha more than standard
Valok (3.3 kg/ha).
To the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine
transferred pumpkin with a set of signs of selection for hybrid seed type of
application. New line of Kr-RL (Cucurbita maxima Duch. var. maxima)
created by individual selection of bush varieties Krayan.
Bibliography.
1. Каvun, dynya, garbuz / Sych Z. D., Коlesnik І. І., Didenko V. P. //
Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh I bashtannykh kultur. – Kh., 2001. –
644 s.
2. Sokolov D. I. Tykvа – semyaproduktivnost, vykhod masla I ego
zhurnokislotnyy sostav / D. I. Sokolov // Маterialy mizhnar. nauk. konf.
20-21 lyutogo 1996 r. – Gola Prystan, 1996. – S. 150-152.
3. Коlesnik І. І. Bagatonasinnevyy garbuz – perspektyvna oliyna
kultura dlya Ukrainy / І. І. Коlesnik, Z. D. Sych // Маterialy mizhnar. nauk.
konf. 20-21 lyutogo 1996 r. – Gola Prystan, 1996. – S. 44-46.
4. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenka]. – Kh., 2001. – 365 s.
5. Metodyka selektsiynogo protsesu ta provedennya polovykh
doslidzhen z bashtannymy kulturamy: Metodychni rekomendatsii /
[Lymar А. О., Snigovyy V. S., Kashcheev О. Ya. ta in.]. – К. : Agrarna
nauka, 2001. – 132 s.
6. Didenko V. P. Stvorennya geterozysnykh gibrydnykh populyatsiy
F1 kavuna z vykorystannyam materynskykh liniy monotsiynogo typu /
V. P. Didenko, О. А. Brytik // Metodychni vkazivky. – Kherson : Literа,
2002. – 11 s.
7. Shyrokiy unifitsirovannyy klassifikator SEV kulturnykh vidov
roda Cucurbita L. (tykvа) / [ sost. Yuldasheva L., Korneychuk V. (SSSR);
Pekarkovа Е. (CHSSR)]. – L. : VIR, 1989. – 21 s.
8. Fitopatologicheskaya otsenka selektsionnogo materiala ovochnykh
kultur (Metodicheskie ukazaniya) / [Kollektiv avtorov]. – Kh. : UNIIOB,
1990. – 52 s.
9. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov –
М. : Коlos, 1979. – 416 s.
И.И. Колесник
Генетические ресурсы тыквы крупноплодной в селекции на
семенную продуктивность.
Резюме. Освещены результаты работы по изучению
генетических ресурсов в селекции на семенную продуктивность.
Создана линия тыквы Кр-РЛ семенного типа использования.
І.І. Колесник
Генетичні ресурси гарбуза великоплідного в селекції на
насіннєву продуктивність.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати роботи по вивченню генетичних
ресурсів гарбуза в селекції на насіннєву продуктивність. Створено
лінію гарбуза Кр-РЛ насіннєвого типу використання.
1. – Economic and biological characteristics of some lines
first-sixth of intsuht generation
Seed
productivity, g Number of line,
sample average min max
I1
L-14142, Narodnyy 62 34 100
L-14145, Goliaf 82 16 120
L-14158, Krypnoplidnyy 91 64 105
L-14159, Krypnoplidnyy 76 53 111
L-14164, Rekord 96 36 132
L-14165, Rekord 59 44 100
L-14186,
Gvatemalskyy syniy banan
73 56 95
average for generation 38,5
I3
L-14226, La Banda 70 76 66 92
L-14231, Krayan 77 69 84
L-14235, Тroyanda 92 67 121
L-14240, к-4311 100 80 115
L-14243, Mistseva z Gretsii 70 46 111
average for generation 54
I5
L-14274, Valok 105 94 116
L-14281, к-4311 76 46 108
average for generation 42
I6
average for generation 45
2. – Characterization sortolineynyh F1 hybrids
large pumpkin 2013-years
The yield of fruits,
q/ha
The yield of
seeds, q/ha Number
of hybrid
2013/
2014 average
2013/
2014 average
Seeds
for
color
Seeds for
size
Valok 240/250 255 3,1/3,5 3,3 white average
G-1 352/371 362 7,8/4,8 6,3 white large
G-2 311/334 323 4,7/5,0 4,9 white large
G-3 291/343 317 3,1/6,2 4,7 white large
G-4 367/289 328 4,6/4,6 4,6 white large
G-5 378/276 327 3,8/5,0 4,4 white large
G-6 306/292 294 4,6/5,4 5,0 white large
G-7 454/310 382 7,4/8,6 8,0 white large
G-8 408/402 405 4,0/7,4 5,7 white large
G-9 423/257 340 2,3/7,9 5,1 white large
G-10 337/272 305 6,5/6,5 6,5 white large
G-11 398/370 384 2,9/5,0 4,0 white large
G-12 352/310 331 4,6/6,1 5,4 white large
G-13 306/307 307 6,9/5,7 6,3 white large
G-14 352/420 386 7,2/7,5 7,4 white large
G-15 316/336 326 5,1/7,2 6,2 white large
G-16 321/212 267 3,1/4,8 4,0 white large
G-17 357/279 318 3,1/7,0 5,1 white large
G-18 454/556 505 7,7/6,6 7,2 white large
G-19 372/202 287 3,6/2,4 3,0 white large
G-20 321/400 311 3,2/7,9 5,6 white large
G-21 337/422 380 6,0/7,2 6,6 white large
SSD0.05 46/64 0,4/0,2
average 348/328 338 4,9/6,0 5,4
3. – Characterization of a new line of pumpkin of large fruitful Kr-RL in
comparison with the original form Krayan, 2012-2013 years
The level of expression of traits
the average for the 2012-2013 years Economically valuable
properties Line Кr-RL Variety Kayan
Yield and its components:
total yield, t/ha 32,5 (30,0–35,0) 37,5 (35,0–40,0)
commodity yield, t/ha 30,0 (28,0–32,0) 35,0 (33,0–37,0)
average weight of marketable
fruit, kg
2,65 (2,50–2,80) 3,50 (3,30–3,70)
The growing season (days) 118 (115–120) 128 (125–130)
Quality (biochemical composition
and technological properties)
dry matter, % 7,5 (7,0–8,0) 7,5 (7,0–8,0)
carotene, mg % 6,0 (5,0–7,0) 3,5 (3,0–4,0)
suitability for mechanical
harvesting of fruits, ball
9 9
Resistance to biotic factors
mildew, ball 7 5
bacteriosis, ball 7 5
Resistance to abiotic factors
cold resistance, ball 7 7
drought, ball 7 7
heat resistance, ball 7 7
Seed production, q/ha 6 4
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.42.2:635.21
V.A. Koltunov, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
V.V. Boroday, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor,
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
T.V. Danilkova, Aspirant, Head of forecasting methodological state of
phytosanitary inspection of Lviv region
CHANGES IN THE PHYTOPATHOGENIC SOIL MICROFLORA
AT THE APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL
PREPARATIONS IN AGROCOENOSIS OF SOLANUM
TUBEROSUM L. IN WESTERN STEPPE LVIV REGION
The using of microbiological preparations Phytozids, Planriz,
Diazofit and Fosfoenterin in the agrocenosis of Solanum tuberosum L.
region reduced the population density of the pathogens of genera Fusarium
and Alternaria in the soil, increased the total number of saprophytic
microorganisms in Western Steppe of Lviv region. It was proved that using
of Planriz + Ridomil Gold was more effective than one fungicide.
Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L., phytopathogenic microflora,
microbiological preparations.
Introduction. Diseases are one of the major factors that reduce of
commodity quality of potatoes, vegetables and fruit and cause great losses
during their transportation and storage. Placement in storage the
substandard products at the fall cause losses in the spring. Therefore,
decrease of the number of pathogenic organisms in the soil and potato
tubers is necessary during the growing season [2, 4]. In recent years, more
attention is paid to the development of methods of environmental
protection of the products to be considered as an alternative to chemical
methods of protection, affecting the ecology agrophytocenoses. Biological
preparations allow obtaining clean products that contain natural effective
strains which cannot cause a man distant genetic effects like unnatural
chemically synthesized tools [1, 3, 6, 9].
The aim of research. The impact of biological preparations on the
growth and development of modern potato varieties requires the further
research and study in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine. The © Koltunov V.A., Boroday V.V., Danilkova T.V., 2014.
study of the microbial soil conenose peculiarities at growing potatoes at the
treatment of biological products Planryz and mixtures of Planryz + Diazofit
+ Fosfoenterin (FMB). The study of the comparative assessment of the
ratio of spore-forming and non-spore bacteria, actinomycetes,
phytopathogenic and saprophytic fungi at growing early variety
Skarbnitsya and middle-variety Lileya depending on the processing of
biological products, the timing of planting in the Western-Steppe of Lviv
region was the task of research.
The method of researches. The study was conducted during 2009-
2012. The biological products of Planryz was studied – from bacteria
Pseudomonas fluorescence strain AR-33, 2.0 l/ha, Diazofit (active
ingredient – bacteria Agrobacterium radiobacter, 0.2 l/ha), Fosforoenteryn
– biological products based on phosphorus bacteria Enterobacter
nimipressuralis 32-3 (FMB – fosforomobilizator 0,2 l/ha). As biological
control using Fitotsyd (based on Bacillus subtilis, 1 l/ha), chemical –
Rydomil Gold MTS68 WG, 2.5 l/ha. The tubers before planting and during
budding and after flowering – plants were treated by preparations [2, 4].
Experiments conducted on the 1-st (27-30 April), 2-nd (12-15 May)
planting dates. The micro flora of soil was studied using the method of
successive dilutions soil suspension ranked last in elective nutrient medium
further records of colonies that grew on them, the study of morphological
and cultural properties of selected isolates [7, 8]. Statistical analysis of the
data was performed by a computer program Excel.
The results of researches. Members of the genus Fusarium
appeared the most common pathogenic among micromycetes in the spring
before planting tubers (their number ranged in 30.0-47.5 % among the main
allocated micromycetes). Also, a significant proportion of dry spot
occupied pathogens Alternaria spp. – 15.2-20.8 % Penicillium spp.,
Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp. met among of the saprophytes (Table 1,
2). Weather conditions were in most cases favorable for plants in the
Forest-Steppe zone of the Western in Lviv region for growing potatoes in
the 1 planting. The hydrothermal coefficient, estimated us (1.1-1.4),
showed that their definitions close to optimal performance in most cases
(1.0-1.5) [4]. The third decade of April (1st term landing) was the best
available planting potatoes in the Forest-Steppe zone of Western in Lviv
region. May planting inhibit plant growth and development, leading to a
significant reduction in the yield of tubers, increases the incidence of fungal
and bacterial diseases during the growing season [2, 4].
Application of microbiological preparations Fitotsyd, Planryz,
Diazofit and Fosforoenteryn reduced of infection load (the number of the
genera Fusarium and Alternaria) in the soil during potatoes growing. The
most effective action had a composition of microbial preparations Planryz
+Diazofit + Fosforoenteryn. The using of this composition decreased the
number of Fusarium and Alternaria rot compared with control in a Lileya
on average in 1,6-7,2 times, in a Skarbnytsya – in 6,1-11,5 times. The using
of Planryz approached to this variant at the efficiency (respectively 1.3-2.5
and 2.5-4.8 times). The biological products were mainly effective for
biological control Fitotsyd. The efficiency of inoculation can be improved
at the using of sharing multiple strains with different rhizobacteria
properties and mechanisms of interaction with the plant. It based on the
expansion of ecological plasticity and multi-band compatibility of bacterial
inoculums with the plant and using of the principles of additively and
synergism in the interaction between the plant and several associates [5,
10]. Increased effectiveness of general introduction of the nitrogen-
assimilating bacteria and phosphate-mobilizing bacteria compared to
monocultures described relatively long ago. Their additive and synergistic
effects caused by activation of mineral nutrition of plants and optimization
of its balance sheet through intensive absorption of nitrogen and phosphate
fertilizers and nitrogen-fixing activity and increased survival rate in roots
[1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11].
It is known that the increase of pesticides load leads to reduction of
the eco-trophic groups’ number of microorganisms, significantly change
the ratio between them, violation of the functional connections in agro-
ecosystems, and reduce the biological activity in the soil [1, 3, 9]. The
using of chemical fungicide Rydomil Gold increased the number of
pathogens Alternaria and Fusarium in the soil compared with controls
(respectively 2,6-8,2 % against 2,1-9,6 % in controls). The mixture of
Planryz and chemical fungicides Rydomil Gold MTS increased the
efficiency of pesticide, for example the number of phytopathogens in the
soil in Lileya decreased an average in 1,0-5,0 times, Skarbnytsya – in 4,2-
5,8 times. It is known that the complex of readily available organic carbon
and energy sources mixtures actively enters in the rhizosphere of roots and
makes it high microbiological activity and formation of specific
rhizosphere microbial communities that differ from the soil microbiota. The
diversity of these communities is determined by quantitative and qualitative
composition of root secretions, depending on the genotype of plants,
growing conditions, complex of soil and climatic factors [5, 10]. The
biological preparations were more effectively at growing more resistant to
disease Skarbnytsya compared to Lileya in the Western Forest-Steppe.
Microbiological preparations may be used to increase the rotation
suppressive soils towards pathogens. The suppression of soil connects with
the active development of saprotrophic microflora, such as fungi of the
genus Trichoderma, which produces the antibiotics, hydrolytic enzymes
and can inhibit the growth of phytopathogens in the plants rhizosphere [1,
5, 9]. The applying of biological preparations increased of soil pool of
micromycetes Trichoderma spp. at compared with the control and
application of a fungicide (respectively 3.7-9.1 thousand/g, compared to
1.1-2.7 thousand/g).
The protection systems of potatoes against the deceases during the
storage should be ecologically adapted, consider the development of plant,
pathogens, the soil microbiota in specific agro-ecological conditions, plant
response to limiting factors, be based on the well-founded strategy of the
rational using of energy and material resources.
Conclusions. The using of microbiological preparations Fitotsyd,
Planryz, Diazofit and Fosfoenteryn reduced of infection load (the number
of the genera Fusarium and Alternaria) in the soil during potatoes growing
in the soil in the Western-Steppe of Lviv Region. The most effective action
had a composition of microbial preparations Planryz +Diazofit +
Fosforoenteryn. The using of this composition decreased the number of
Fusarium and Alternaria rot compared with control in a Lileya on average
in 1,6-7,2 times, in a Skarbnytsya – in 6,1-11,5 times. The using of mixture
of Planryz and chemical fungicides Rydomil Gold MTS increased the
number of pathogens compared with one fungicide.
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В.А. Колтунов, В.В. Бородай, Т.В. Данилкова
Изменения фитопатогенной микрофлоры почв при применении
микробиологических препаратов в агроценозе Solanum tuberosum L. в
условиях западной Лесостепи Львовской области.
Резюме. Применение микробиологических препаратов
фитонцидов, планриз, Диазофиту и Фосфоентерину в агроценозах
Solanum tuberosum L. в условиях Западной Лесостепи Львовской
области способствовало снижению плотности популяций в почве
возбудителей родов Fusarium и Alternaria, увеличению общего
количества сапрофитных микроорганизмов. Совместное применение
Планриза и Ридомила Голд оказалось более эффективным по
сравнению с одним фунгицидом.
В.А. Колтунов, В.В. Бородай, Т.В. Данілкова
Зміни фітопатогенної мікрофлори ґрунтів за застосування
мікробіологічних препаратів в агроценозі Solanum tuberosum L. в
умовах західного лісостепу Львівської області.
Резюме. Застосування мікробіологічних препаратів Фітоциду,
Планризу, Діазофіту та Фосфоентерину в агроценозі Solanum
tuberosum L. в умовах Західного Лісостепу Львівської області сприяло
зниженню щільності популяцій в ґрунті збудників родів Fusarium та
Alternaria, збільшенню загальної кількості сапрофітних
мікроорганізмів. Сумісне застосування Планризу та Ридомілу Голд
виявилось більш ефективним порівняно із одним фунгіцидом.
1. – The impact of biological preparations on the soil microflora during the growing of potatoes
(variety Lileya, Zhovkivsky district, the West-Steppe zone, Lviv region, 2009-2011 years)
Number of microorganisms in 1 g of soil x 103 CFU/g
Micromycetes Variant of
experiment
Total spore-
forming
bacteria
Non
spore-
forming
bacteria
Actino-
mycetes Total Alter-
naria
sp.
Fusa-
rium
sp.
Tricho-
derma
sp.
Peni-
cillium
sp.
Asper-
gillus
spp.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1-st term of planting
Before planting tubers 272,7 11,3 223,4 33,2 4,8 1,6 1,0 2,1 0,0 0,1
The control
(no treatment)
360,3 24,1 286,2 40,0 10,0 2,1 2,0 3,0 2,1 0,8
Biological control,
Fitotsyd
393,6 27,2 313,7 42,2 10,5 1,7 1,5 4,3 1,7 1,3
Chemical control,
Rydomil Gold MTS 68
WG
282,9 19,1 223,4 31,1 9,3 3,3 2,6 2,1 0,9 0,4
Planryz
445,0 32,5 357,1 46,0 9,4 1,6 1,2 3,7 1,8 1,1
Planryz +Diazofit +
FMB
485,8 36,7 393,1 48,2 7,8 1,3 0,0 5,1 1,1 0,3
Duri
ng b
uddin
g
Planryz + Rydomil
Gold MTS 68 WG
243,7 20,2 203,0 15,3 5,2 1,1 0,4 2,5 1,0 0,2
SSD05
0,43 0,10 0,22 0,29 0,23 0,03 0,06 0,02 0,01 0,04
2-nd term of planting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Before planting tubers 307,1 12,4 276,0 11,7 7,0 2,1 1,3 1,8 1,4 0,4
The control
(no treatment)
406,7 23,3 356,7 17,8 8,9 2,4 3,3 2,6 0,0 0,6
Biological control,
Fitotsyd
438,2 27,4 379,1 22,4 9,3 2,0 2,0 3,5 1,8 0,0
Chemical control,
Rydomil Gold MTS 68
WG
293,0 20,1 247,6 15,3 10,0 3,2 2,4 1,1 1,3 2,0
Planryz
423,5 26,7 369,1 19,3 8,4 2,2 1,3 3,7 1,2 0,0
Planryz +Diazofit +
FMB
473,8 28,0 412,3 25,3 8,2 1,8 1,2 4,3 0,9 0,0
Duri
ng b
uddin
g
Planryz + Rydomil
Gold MTS 68 WG
406,7 23,3 356,7 17,8 8,9 2,4 3,3 2,6 0,0 0,6
SSD 05 0,30 0,09 0,28 0,14 0,12 0,04 0,01 0,03 0,01 0,01
2. – The impact of biological preparations on the soil microflora during the potatoes growing
(variety Skarbnytsya, Zhovkivsky district, the West-Steppe zone, Lviv region, 2009-2011 years)
Number of microorganisms in 1 g of soil x 103 CFU/g
Micromycetes Total spore-
forming
bacteria
Non spore-
forming
bacteria
Actino-
mycetes Total Alter-
naria
sp.
Fusa-
rium
sp.
Tricho-
derma
sp.
Peni-
cillium
sp.
Asper-
gillus
spp.
Variant of
experiment
1-st term of planting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Before planting tubers
276,0 14,2 230,7 17,9 13,2 5,1 2,0 3,2 1,7 1,2
The control
(no treatment)
459,3 30,1 378,2 22,5 28,5 9,2 9,6 5,1 2,7 1,9
Biological control,
Fitotsyd
500,5 42,2 403,7 32,6 22,0 6,3 5,1 6,2 3,3 1,1
Chemical control,
Rydomil Gold MTS
68 WG
391,2 25,3 320,1 20,2 25,6 7,2 8,2 2,7 3,5 4,0
Planryz
525,0 35,4 434,5 36,7 18,4 3,5 2,4 7,3 4,1 1,1
Planryz +Diazofit +
FMB
537,7 36,1 450,2 36,2 15,2 0,8 1,0 9,1 3,5 0,8
Duri
ng b
uddin
g
Planryz + Rydomil
Gold MTS 68 WG
522,4 30,1 449,2 25,8 17,3 2,0 2,3 6,5 4,1 2,4
SSD05
0,22 0,10 0,12 0,10 0,08 0,03 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01
2-nd term of planting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Перед посадкою бульб 254,1 11,5 221,6 13,0 8,0 3,8 1,4 2,1 0,3 0,4
The control
(no treatment)
453,9 24,0 385,9 19,4 24,6 7,3 8,7 4,9 2,4 1,3
Biological control,
Fitotsyd
496,1 28,7 420,3 28,5 18,6 5,1 4,9 5,9 2,5 0,2
Chemical control,
Rydomil Gold MTS
68 WG
375,8 20,5 316,4 17,9 21,0 7,1 7,7 0,0 3,1 3,1
Planryz
538,7 31,6 459,2 32,5 15,4 2,9 1,8 6,5 3,8 0,4
Planryz +Diazofit +
FMB
557,9 33,0 477,8 34,8 12,3 1,2 1,4 6,1 3,3 0,3
Duri
ng b
uddin
g
Planryz + Rydomil
Gold MTS 68 WG
452,0 28,2 387,1 22,9 13,8 1,5 1,5 5,9 2,8 2,1
SSD 05 0,21 0,08 0,20 0,11 0,07 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.1./.7.044:635.646:631.811.98
К.М. Коnovalekо, Junior Sciences Researcher,
О.І. Оnychenkо, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
PECULIARITIES OF INTERACTION OF MICROORGANISMS ON
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE SOIL AND QUALITY OF
EGGPLANT UNDER FILM GREENHOUSES
It was found that by using permanent greenhouse soil when growing
eggplant in film greenhouses use of microbial agents on different
backgrounds mineral nutrition increases the intensity of the activity of
decomposition of cellulose soil, increases yield fruit at 0,91-3,03 kg/m2
ensure product quality improvement (increase in dry matter content and
total sugar).
Keywords: microbial agents, film greenhouse, eggplant,
decomposing of cellulose activity of soil, productivity, quality products.
Introduction. Obtaining the high quality of competitive agricultural
products remains relevant, especially at the prospect of Ukraine's access to
international markets and the need to protect their own products by
manufacturer [1].
Vegetable protected ground for intensive production technologies
accompanied by high human pressure on greenhouse soil, it causes an
imbalance of microbial communities, causing weakening of mineralization
and increased de nitrification processes and affects soil fertility, availability
of basic nutrients, plant productivity and product quality [2].
The current level of microbiology can determine ways to improve
product quality through ongoing optimization of biological processes and
comprehensive use of agrocenosis.
Using natural features agrocenoses by intensive technologies gives
ecosystem. Introduction of microbial agents in plant growing technology
provides increased quantity and improve the quality of agricultural products.
Activation of plant-microbial interactions is a powerful factor in increasing
the productivity of farmland, but not used in the practice of agricultural
production [3, 4]. © Коnovalenkо К.М., Оnyshchenkо О.I., 2014.
The biological activity of the soil is an important component of its
fertility and includes the number of bacteria of different ecologicaltrophyc
groups, their biomass and complex biological processes of synthesis and
decomposition, resulting in complex compounds are converted into forms
that are available for power plants and microorganisms.
An important indicator of biological activity of the soil is the
intensity of mineralization of organic substances that enter the soil with
organic fertilizers, plant and animal remains. As already mentioned organic
matter tissue is the main source of energy for all living soil.
The study of associative interaction in the productive system
organism-plant-soil makes it possible to use technology to improve the
microbial preparations and ensure the stability of their actions in the future
to quality vegetable production [3].
The aim of research – investigate the impact of microorganisms on
optimization of biological activity of soil quality and plant products in
terms of greenhouses.
The method of researches. The study was conducted in the
laboratory of soil secure of the Institute Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
for 2012-2013 years in film greenhouses without heating on plants of
eggplant varieties Premer.
Composition greenhouse soil, humus 20 % + peat 20 % + turf ground
60 %.
Studies were conducted on two backgrounds mineral nutrition,
optimal: – N – 130, P2О5 – 80 K2О – 270 (mg/100 g water extraction) and
reduced – N – 100, P2О5 – 50, K2О – 110. The content of organic matter
was 18 – 22 %, рН – 6.5 – 6.8.
Scheme experiments included the following option:
1. Processing of water (control).
2. FMB (Phosphorus mobilizing bacteria) – a drug based on free-
living bacteria Pseudoruonas polimixa.
3. BSP (Biopolitsyd) – a drug based on the strain of bacteria
Pacnibacillus.
4. Ekobatsyl – the drug is manufactured from bacteria of the genus
Azospirillum and Azotobacter.
5. Baktopaslon – bacterial drug is made on the basis of the
consortium strains of Azotobacter Vinelandi and Azotobacter chrocococum.
6. ABT – bacterial drug is made from bacteria of the genus
Azotobacter and phytohormonal supplements.
Drugs used for the treatment of seeds before sowing (1:30) and
suspension for the treatment of roots (1:50) before planting in the ground
for permanent cultivation.
Repeated studies are three fold. Area of research areas is 5 m2.
Technology of eggplant is generally accepted for the zone. Scheme planting
plants is 80x60-35. Age seedlings are 55-60 days.
Cellulose decomposition activity measured soil application method [5].
The results and discussion. For permanent use of greenhouse soil is
already certified impact of events on the biological activity of the soil. The
intensity of cellulose decomposition without introducing microbial agents on a
background full of mineral nutrition has reached 15 % of initial weight loss of
tissue at early flowering was 46% in the phase of biological maturity (Table 1).
Against the background N100P50K110 destructive of cellulose activity of soil
decreased to 11 and 34 %.
Introduction to the technology of cultivation techniques are additional
soil mulching with straw and application of microbial agents. They have
contributed to the activation of tissue expansion during the growing season of
plants eggplant. Thus, soil mulching during treatment with mineral fertilizers
has provided a tendency to enhance the process of cellulose decomposition;
while the intensity of the decomposition fiber averages 13 % at the beginning
of flowering, 28 % is in the phase of technical maturity and 34 % in the phase
of biological maturity eggplant.
All microbial drugs have been testing, except Biopolitsyd
significantly affect the intensity of cellulose decomposition within a certain
background mineral nutrition. In the context of complete mineral nutrition
(N130P80K270) highest decomposition of cellulose activity has provided
options where used FMB and Ekobatsyl who raised it to the level of 20-
28 % in early flowering and 56-60 % in the phase of biological maturity.
In the context of the use of smaller doses of mineral fertilizers
(N100P50K110) early flowering and technical maturity phase high intensity
fiber expansion has provided use of microbial preparations except
Biopolitsyd. In biological maturity phase of the highest fiber expansion
marked by the introduction Ekobatsyl (54 %), FMB and Baktopaslon
(48 %).
In the context of complex application of fertilizers and mulch
materials high intensity fiber expansion provides the introduction of
microbial drug FMB (25 % at the beginning of flowering, 49 % in phase
biological maturity). Other microbial preparations for background of supply
also contributed to significant progress of cellulose decomposition capacity
of soil.
1. – The intensity of cellulose decomposition by microbial preparations for
making of different backgrounds of mineral nutrition,
average 2012-2013 years
Beginning
of
flowering
Technical
maturity
Biological
maturity Microbial
drug
12 13 Av
erag
e 12 13 A
ver
age
12 13 Av
erag
e
Background of mineral nutrition N130P80K270
Control 16 14 15 34 27 31 48 43 46
FMB 26 23 25 42 38 41 57 55 56
Biopolitsyd 19 14 17 35 29 32 51 46 49
Ekobatsyl 22 21 22 40 36 38 61 59 60
baktopaslon 20 19 20 37 35 36 53 52 53
ABT 19 17 18 33 26 30 50 44 47
Background of mineral nutrition N100P50K110
Control 13 9 11 24 25 25 37 31 34
FMB 23 15 19 38 31 35 49 47 48
Biopolitsyd 19 10 15 29 25 27 43 41 42
Ekobatsyl 21 18 20 36 34 35 52 55 54
baktopaslon 17 22 20 32 36 34 45 50 48
ABT 20 19 20 35 32 34 47 43 45
Background N100P50K110 + soil mulching
Control 15 11 13 26 29 28 31 49 36
FMB 25 24 25 32 46 39 40 58 49
Biopolitsyd 19 14 17 28 25 27 37 37 37
Ekobatsyl 20 18 19 37 37 37 39 49 44
baktopaslon 16 20 18 30 40 35 45 53 49
ABT 18 16 17 29 34 32 36 41 39
SSD0,95 1,09 1,6 1,7 1,88 3,21 3,28 2,14 4,63 4,2
The positive impact on productivity of eggplant variety Premer
provided as the use of different backgrounds mineral supply and
application of microbial agents (Table 2).
On average, a factor of mineral nutrition background application
N130P80K270 gives a maximum yield of eggplant fruits (9.10 kg/m2), while
the use of smaller doses of fertilizers stipulates significantly lower levels of
productivity culture (8.09 kg/m2). It should be noted that the combination
of lower doses of fertilizers from soil mulching with straw helps to ensure
eggplant fruit yield at 8.61 kg/m2, which did not significantly differ from
the background high doses of fertilizers.
2. – Effect of microbial agents on eggplant yield for different levels of
mineral nutrition, average for 2012-2013 years
The yield, kg/m2
Background of mineral nutrition (factor A) Microbial drug
(factor B) N130P80K270 N100P50K110
N100P50K110 +
mulching
Average
of factor
В
1. Processing of
water (control)
7,97 6,54 6,91 7,14
2. FMB 9,03 8,43 8,22 8,56
3. Biopolitsyd 9,14 7,74 9,45 8,78
4. Ekobatsyl 10,26 9,90 10,36 10,17
5. Baktopaslon 9,47 8,51 8,72 8,90
6. АBТ 8,71 7,43 8,02 8,05
Average of
factor А
9,10 8,09 8,61
SSD 0,95 of factor А 2012
2013
0,65
0,71
SSD 0,95 of factor В 2012
2013
0,86
0,88
SSD 0,95 of factor АВ 2012
2013
0,92
1,05
The use of microbial preparations had a positive impact on
increasing plant productivity of eggplant. On average for the years of
research microbial preparations contributed to the increase in yield 0.91-
3.03 kg/m2. The highest level of productivity of all backgrounds making
fertilizer provided Ekobatsyl (10.17 kg/m2). In another embodiment, the
use of microbial preparations yield culture was 8.05-8.90 kg/m2, which is
also significantly higher than the control.
Analysis of the chemical composition of fruits showed (Table 3), the
total sugar content significantly increased by using Ekobatsyl on
background N130P80K270 (2,99 %), FMB and Biopolitsyd for making
N100P50K110 (2.63-2.99 %), FMB, Ekobatsyl and Baktopaslon for joint use
N100P50K110 of soil mulching with straw (2.92-3.03 %).
3. – Effect of microbial agents and fertilizer to replace biochemical indices
of eggplant fruit varieties Premer, average for 2012-2013 years
The content of the fruit
Microbial drug general
sugar, % dry matter, %
nitrates, mg/kg
wet weight
Background of mineral nutrition N130P80K270
Processing of
water 2,75 6,89 114
FMB 2,66 7,86 171
Biopolitsyd 2,66 7,76 289
Ekobatsyl 2,99 8,57 237
Baktopaslon 2,90 7,90 254
ABT 2,93 8,10 200
Background of mineral nutrition N100P50K110
Processing of
water 2,35 7,03 44
FMB 2,99 7,93 193
Biopolitsyd 2,63 7,72 233
Ekobatsyl 2,39 8,02 237
Baktopaslon 2,27 8,74 173
ABT 2,43 8,63 215
Background N100P50K110 + soil mulching (straw)
Processing of
water 2,55 7,24 55
FMB 2,96 7,79 129
Biopolitsyd 2,58 7,42 250
Ekobatsyl 2,92 7,83 163
Baktopaslon 3,03 7,90 246
ABT 2,61 7,34 120
SSD0,95 2012
2013
0,26
0,18
0,65
0,58
32
29
MPC, mg/kg s.m. 300
For backgrounds and mineral nutrition N130P80K270 and N100P50K110
use of microbial agents who have learned already provided a substantial
increase in dry matter content in the fruit to the level of 7.72-8.74 %. In the
context of making N100P50K110 soil mulching with straw dry matter content
in fruits significantly increased by the use of drugs FMB, Ekobatsyl and
Baktopaslon (7.79-7.90 %).
The negative aspect is the use of microbial preparations increasing
nitrate levels in their products when applied on different backgrounds
mineral nutrition. Thus, the control (without drugs) nitrate content in fruits
eggplant varied depending on the mineral nutrition within 44-114 mg/kg,
the use of microbial preparations, the figure rose to the level of 120-
289 mg/kg wet weight, but not exceeded the MPC (300 mg/kg wet weight).
Conclusions.
1. For permanent use of greenhouse soil when growing eggplant use
microbial agents, strengthening and mineral nutrition of soil mulching with
straw cellulose promotes activation decomposition activity of soil. High
intensity decay fiber provides the use of microbial preparations FMB and
Ekobatsyl (from 19-25 % in the phase of flowering to 48-60 % in the phase
of biological maturity).
2. High level of yield fruit eggplant provides N130P80K270 use and
sharing of N100P50K110 soil mulching with straw (8.61-9.10 kg/m2). By
entering microbial agents eggplant fruit yield increased by 0.91-3.03 kg/m2.
The highest level of productivity at all backgrounds mineral nutrition
provides the use Ekobatsyl (9.90-10.36 kg/m2).
3. Microbial preparations contributed to the increase in fruit dry
matter (7.72-8.74 %), some increase in nitrate levels (120-289 mg/kg wet
weight) but less than in the MPC. Using Ekobatsyl on background
N130P80K270, FMB and Biopolitsyd on background N100P50K110, FMB,
Ekobatsyl and Baktopaslon on background N100P50K110 of straw mulching
the soil increases significantly the content of total sugars in the fruit (2.632-
3.03 %).
Bibliography.
1. Demidov О. А. Stan I perspektyvy vyrobnytstva ovochevoi ta
bashtannoi produktsii v Ukraini / Demidov О. А., Іvashchenkо О. О.,
Khareba V. V. ta in. – К. : NNTS ІАЕ, 2012. – 72 s.
2. Аgrokhimiya: pidruchnyk / Gorodniy М. М., Melnyk S. І.,
Malynovskyy А. S. ta in. – К. : Аlefа, 2003. – 778 s.
3. Eksperymentalna mikrobiologiya: monografiya /
Volkogon V. V., Nadkernychna О. V., Tokmanova L. М. ta in. [Za red.
V. V. Volkogona]. – К. : Agrarna nauka, 2010. – 145 s.
4. Melnychuk Т. М. Perspektivy primeneniya mikrobnykh preparatov v
ovoshchevodstve / Т. М. Меlnychuk // Selektsiya, semenovodstvo i
tekhnologii vyrashchivaniya ovoshchnykh kultur v Krymu : sb. tr. nauch.-
prakt. konf. – Simferopol, 2008. – S. 49-52.
5. Mishustin Е. N. Applikatsionnye metody v pochvennoy
mikrobiologii / Е. N. Mishustin, I. S. Vostrov. – М. : Naukа, 1971. – 198 s.
К.Н. Коноваленко, О.И. Онищенко
Особенности взаимодействия микроорганизмов на
биологическую активность и качество продукции баклажана в
условиях пленочных теплиц.
Резюме. Определено, что при бессменном использовании
тепличных грунтов при выращивании баклажана в пленочных
теплицах применения микробных препаратов на различных фонах
минерального питания повышает интенсивность
целюлозоразлогающей активности почвы, увеличивает урожайность
плодов на 0,91-3,03 кг/м2, обеспечивает улучшение качества
продукции (повышение содержания сухого вещества и общего
сахара).
К.М. Коноваленко, О.І. Онищенко
Особливості взаємодії мікроорганізмів на біологічну активність
грунту та якість продукції баклажана в умовах плівкових теплиць.
Резюме. Встановлено, що за беззмінного використання
тепличних ґрунтів при вирощуванні баклажану в плівкових теплицях
застосування мікробних препаратів за різних фонів мінерального
живлення підвищує інтенсивність целюлозорозкладальної активності
ґрунту, збільшує урожайність плодів на 0,91-3,03 кг/м2, забезпечує
покращення якості продукції (зростання вмісту сухої речовини та
загального цукру).
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.649:631.527
N.P. Kuraksa, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
L.V. Pylypenko, Junior Researchers
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
PARAMETERS OF ADAPTABILITY OF SWEET PEPPER
Have been analyzed the adaptive ability of older generations and
lines of sweet pepper. Have determined the overall (OAC) and specific
adaptive capacity (SAC), the stability of the genotype (Sgi), ecological
plasticity coefficient (bi)) and breeding value of genotype (BVG) on a
number of attributes. already allocated adaptive to growing conditions,
with high levels of productivity and fetal genotype Ugolek weight, high
stability, plasticity and selective value of the yield of designs - Zlata ×
Paryzh, Lada × Citrina, by weight of the fetus and the growing season –
Orlenok × Nasko 2020 for growing season - hybrid Zlagoda F1, the degree
of lesion fading yellow – Zlata × Antey, to green –
California WG × Rodzynka.
Keywords: line, adaptability, flexibility, breeding value, the degree
of damage.
Introduction. Pepper is a valuable and popular culture that has
economic value, is widely grown in many countries in the open and
protected ground. It has a high nutritional, taste, technological merits. The
annual commodity production of pepper in the world is more than 22 mln.
tons. The main area of focus is Asia 57 % [1]. Ukraine produces fruits of
sweet pepper 150 ths. tons [2]. In Ukraine pepper is one of the key places in
vegetable and is the traditional and most common culture [3, 4]. One of the
problems of the food industry is to expand and improve the quality of
canned products. In the global food market trend of gradual increase in the
consumption of vegetables and fruits that are carriers of biologically active
compounds. According to the Kiev Institute of Food Hygiene for normal
living person needs in the year 134 kg of vegetables, including the share of
sweet pepper for about 20 kg [17].
Top breeding and seed company in the world each year offer new © Kuraksa N.P., Pylypenko L.V., 2014.
high quality and yielding hybrids and varieties for different climatic
conditions. Forms formation process of creating new plants and better
forms, distant hybridization, hybridization, heterosis are relevant today and
are reflected in the development of innovative technologies and methods
for rapid creation of fundamentally new quality of initial material for
breeding [5]. Quality as the most economically and environmentally
effective means of increasing the quantity and quality of the crop plays an
important role in reducing their annual fluctuations. Significant factor
limiting the cultivation of pepper in the open ground, the temperature is the
lack of resources or drastic fluctuations, especially at the beginning and end
of the growing season. For normal growth and development of plants
peppers need to have the sum of active temperatures during the growing
season at 3000 °C.
Nowadays, the actual breeding for adaptability, which develops not
only to stabilize regardless of changing environmental conditions, crop
yield, but also other agronomic characteristics, such as biochemical
composition of fruits. Particularly significant is the reduction in yield due
to the variability of rainfall, the amount of active temperatures and more.
Almost all models are important universal type of use, high flexibility,
resistance to adverse environmental factors and disease.
The environmental focus of modern plant breeding and research
necessitates the involvement of wild species as sources of resistance to pests,
diseases, abiotic environmental factors, as well as increasing the overall
adaptive capacity. Since regulate all environmental factors is not possible, the
combination of potentially high productivity and resistance to unregulated
environmental factors, along with resistance to disease and product quality,
an important task of selection. Thus, it is important to know the variability,
the manifestation of signs and relations between them in this environment.
The main feature that defines adaptability to cultivation area is the length of
the growing season [7]. A number of researchers found a link between
resistance to some viruses and abiotic environmental factors [8]. There are
many different varieties, but remains relevant improvement assortment by
genetic involvement in the selection of sources, what are marked resistance
to diseases, pests and abiotic factors [6].
The aim of research – to establish the parameters of adaptability of
quantitative and qualitative traits distinguish plastic breeding form.
The method of researches. Selection work carried out under
practical policies of selection and seed growing Solanaceae crops in the
open and under glass [9, 10], methods of field experiments in the
Vegetables and Melons [11], State quality testing methods [12], scheme of
the breeding nurseries, obtaining hybrids, valuation of fixed signs generally
answered methodological developments and recommendations [9, 12, 13].
Resistance to diseases studied by techniques of IVM of UAAN [14] in the
laboratory of immunity. Chemical evaluation conducted in accredited
laboratory analytical measurements. Processing of experimental data was
performed by Dospyehov B. A. [15], adaptively parameters calculated by
the method proposed Kylchevskyy A.V. and Hotylova L.V. [16].
The results of researchers and discussion. To select the best for the
future of breeding material was determined overall (OAC) and specific
adaptive capacity (SAC), the coefficient of ecological plasticity (bi),
stability (Sgi), and the breeding value of genotype (BVG) with the number
of features in the last three years.
Yields as one of the main features are very dependent on climatic
factors. Therefore samples during 2011-2013 years it varied over a wide
range – from 6.2 to 31 t/ha (Table 1). In 2011, the yield of sweet pepper
fruits was the lowest, which contributed to the difficult weather conditions.
With the growing period from May 2011 to October 3, the average daily
temperature ranged from 14.3 ° C to 26.9 °C under long-term from 12.1 °C
to 21.6 °C. In early June there was no rain. In July, as rain was not enough
just 17.0 mm per month in long-term 73.3 mm. In August, there was no
rain in the first week and almost second (4.0 mm) in September rainfall was
not. Against the background of severe drought the average temperature
during the growing season is much higher than long-term. Fluctuations
maximum temperature was also significant – from 33 °C to 40 °C.
Minimum soil temperature ranged from 3 °C to 12.5 °C in May-June and
reached 1.0 °C in September. Sharp fluctuations in air temperature and
ground against the background of very low rainfall, caused inhibition of
plant growth and development, influenced seeds and their sowing qualities.
Such conditions have hampered the formation of the fruit, leading to a
decrease in their average mass yield. However, it should be noted samples
with yields above 20 t/ha - Ugolok and Zlata × Paryzh. In 2012-2013 and
yield genotypes increased to 14.2-33.3 t/ha. Weather conditions vegetation
periods of the years were more sensitive and less prone to sharp
fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and generally during irrigation,
were susceptible to the culture of pepper.
Low stability samples differed with parameters Sgi above 40 –
Zlagoda F1, California W.G. × Rodzynka, Zlata × Antey, Dobrynya ×
Valyusha.
The most stable genotypes were the yield – Lada × Citrina, Ugolok,
Zlata × Paryzh, Lada. High ecological plasticity samples were Ugolok,
Orlenok x Nasko2020, Zlata × Paryzh, Lada, Zolotoy dozhd × Obriy,
Valyusha × Antey, Lada × Citrina, where ecological plasticity ratio does
not exceed 1 and was within 0.09-0.84. High breeding of value is on the
basis of yield with genotypes – Zlata × Paryzh, Ugolok, Orlenok ×
Nasko2020, Lada × Citrina.
The average weight of the fetus, as one of the components of yield,
over the years has undergone similar changes, and had the largest range of
fluctuations – from 40 g to 120 g. The lowest fetal weight was observed
also in 2011. The mass of the fetus below 70 g samples were 65 %, and in
2012 and 2013 with the fruit weight was not at all and ranged from 71 to
125 g. Large fruitful samples (over 100 g) ranged from 50 % in 2013 to 80
% in 2012, in 2011 only one sample.
The average value of this index over the three years in the samples
ranged from 66 to 112 g total adaptive capacity ranged from – 24.45 to
21.55. The more stable from year to year weight of the fruit, the other
higher the OAC.
Not stable with low plasticity by weight of the fruit samples were –
Zlagoda F1, Zolotoy dozhd × Obriy, Zlata x Antey.
Stable under weight of fruit genotypes were: Ugolok, Orlenok x
Nasko2020, Zlata × Antey, L-12 × Bogatyr. Green plastic for years on the
grounds of fetal weight were the samples – Zlata x Antey, Ugolok, Orlenok
x Nasko2020, Lada, L-12 x Bogatyr. Selection valuable genotypes by
weight of the fruit is – Ugolok, Orlenok x Nasko2020, Zlata × Antey,
California W.G. x Rodzynka where BVG exceeded 72 % (Table 2).
The majority of the samples along the length of the growing season
belonged to the early ripe group. The length of the growing season from
mass germination to technical maturity during the years of research in
genotypes ranged from 79 to 103 days. The relatively low stability and
plasticity have samples – Ugolok, Zlata x Antey, Zolotoy dozhd × Obriy,
Dobrynya × Valyusha. High stability samples which differed figure Sgi
level 9-20 % (Table 3). Green plastic during the growing season are
samples – Orlenok x Nasko2020 (b = 0,04), Zlagoda F1 (b = 0,28), Zlata ×
Paryzh (b = 0,44), Valyusha x Antey (b = 0,55), California W.G. x
Rodzynka (b = 0,61). High breeding value of genotypes differed – Orlenok
x Nasko2020, Zlagoda F1, Lada.
Over the years, researches on plants of sweet pepper wilt disease
observed lesions of various kinds. The most widespread were green and
yellow fading. The degree of affection yellow fading for years of
researches does not exceed 20.0 % (Table 4). In 2011, 20 % were not
affected by yellow fading. Not affected by fading over 35 % of samples in
2013. High stability of this indicator marked specimens’ Zolotoy dozhd ×
Obriy, Zlata × Antey, Lada × Antey. Plastic yellow lesions on the degree of
wilting were only 4 samples in which ecological plasticity ratio not
exceeding 0.9. The largest breeding values of genotypes were Zlata ×
Paryzh, Zlata × Antey. The degree of lesion green fading for years of
studies was not significant and reached 20.0 % and the number of samples
that were resistant to this type of decay, increased to 71 % in 2012
(Table 5). High stability and ecological plasticity in the degree of lesion
green wilting had only one sample - California W.G. × Rodzynka (Sgi and
b = 0), which is for 3 years no fading. Plastic to defeat the green plastic to
defeat the green wilting were also Zlata × Paryzh, L-12 x Bogatyr,
Valyusha x Antey and Dobrynya x Valyusha. Breeding value of genotypes
was within 0.41-1.30. Most valuable in the degree of lesions were fading
green genotypes, which exceeded the figure of Sgi 1.
Conclusions.
Thus, adaptive to growing conditions, the most stable plastic and
valuable genotype selection on the basis of yield and fruit weight is like
Ugolok. High stability, flexibility and breeding value of the yield samples
with Zlata × Paryzh, Lada × Citrina, by weight of the fetus and the growing
season – Orlenok × Nasko2020, during the growing season hybrid Zlagoda
F1, the degree of affection yellow fading - Zlata × Antey, to green –
California W.G. × Rodzynka.
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М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 351 s.
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Н.П. Куракса, Л.В. Пилипенко
Параметры адаптивности перца сладкого.
Резюме. Проведен анализ адаптивной способности старших
поколений и линий перца сладкого. Определена общая (ОАС) и
специфическая адаптивная способность (САС), стабильность генотипа
(Sgi), коэффициент экологической пластичности (bi) и селекционная
ценность генотипа (СЦГ) по ряду признаков. Выделены адаптивные к
условиям выращивания, за высокими показателями урожайности и
массы плода генотип Уголек, с высокой стабильностью,
пластичностью и селекционной ценностью по урожайности образцы –
Злата × Париж, Лада × Citrina, по массе плода и вегетационным
периодом – Орленок × Наско2020, по вегетационному периоду –
гибрид Злагода F1, по степени поражения желтым увяданием – Злата ×
Антей, к зеленому – California WG × Родзынка.
Н.П. Куракса, Л.В. Пилипенко
Параметри адаптивності перцю солодкого.
Резюме. Проведено аналіз адаптивної здатності старших
поколінь та ліній перцю солодкого. Визначено загальну (ЗАЗ) та
специфічну адаптивну здатність (САЗ), стабільність генотипу (Sgi),
коєфіціент екологічної пластичності (bi)) та селекційну цінність
генотипу (СЦГ) за низкою ознак. Виділено адаптивний до умов
вирощування, за високими показниками урожайності і маса плоду
генотип Угольок, з високою стабільністю, пластичністю та
селекційною цінністю за врожайністю зразки - Злата × Париж, Лада ×
Citrina, за масою плода та вегетаційним періодом – Орленок × Наско
2020, за вегетаційним періодом – гібрид Злагода F1, за ступенем
ураження жовтим в’яненням – Злата × Антей, до зеленого – California
W.G. × Родзинка.
1. – Parameters of adaptability samples the yield of pepper
Yield, t/ha Index
The name of sample 2011 2012 2013
X
averageOAC SАСi Sgi bi BVGі
Zlata × Antey 11,7 19,1 25,8 18,87 -1,34 49,74 37,38 1,08 7,95
Ugolok 20,5 23,5 19,5 21,17 0,96 4,33 9,83 0,09 17,94
Ladа × Antey 13,3 30,6 22,5 22,13 1,92 74,92 39,11 1,31 8,74
Оrlenok × Naskо2020 15,8 24,5 24,0 21,43 1,22 23,86 22,79 0,84 13,87
Zlagodа F1 11,7 27,2 31,0 23,30 3,09 104,53 43,88 1,74 7,47
California W.G.× Rodzynka 11,7 18,0 27,2 18,97 -1,24 60,76 41,10 1,10 6,90
Zlata × Paryzh 22,2 30,0 30,2 27,47 7,26 20,81 16,61 0,79 20,41
Lada 11,3 14,2 17,8 14,43 -5,78 10,60 22,56 0,48 9,39
Zolotoy dozhd × Оbriy 13,0 21,8 20,0 18,27 -1,94 21,61 25,45 0,78 11,07
L-12× Bogatyr 6,2 25,7 18,0 16,63 -3,58 96,46 59,05 1,55 1,43
Valyushа × Аntey 17,1 16,8 28,0 20,63 0,42 40,72 30,93 0,55 10,76
Ladа ×Citrina 14,3 16,9 16,2 15,80 -4,41 1,81 8,51 0,22 13,72
Zlatа × Аntey 10,9 26,4 26,4 21,23 1,02 80,08 42,15 1,55 7,38
Dobrynya × Valyushа 9,7 33,3 24,8 22,60 2,39 142,87 52,89 1,91 4,10
2. – Parameters of adaptability samples of pepper fruit by weight
Average fruits weight, g Index
The name of sample 2011 2012 2013
X
averageOAC σ
2SАСi Sgi bi BVGі
Zlata × Antey 85 107 105 99,00 8,21 148,00 12,29 0,55 77,69
Ugolok 120 102 114 112,00 21,21 84,00 8,18 -0,39 95,94
Ladа × Antey 54 119 92 88,33 -2,45 1066,33 36,97 1,51 31,13
Оrlenok × Naskо2020 95 110 93 99,33 8,55 86,33 9,35 0,29 83,06
Zlagodа F1 43 108 48 66,33 -24,45 1308,33 54,53 1,33 2,97
California W.G.× Rodzynka 87 130 120 112,33 21,55 506,33 20,03 1,04 72,92
Zlata × Paryzh 62 105 100 89,00 -1,79 553,00 26,42 1,07 47,81
Lada 40 71 93 68,00 -22,79 709,00 39,16 0,91 21,36
Zolotoy dozhd × Оbriy 53 125 84 87,33 -3,45 1304,33 41,35 1,61 24,07
L-12× Bogatyr 57 80 72 69,67 -21,12 136,33 16,76 0,54 49,21
Valyushа × Аntey 52 95 105 84,00 -6,79 793,00 33,52 1,15 34,67
Ladа ×Citrina 71 134 122 109,00 18,21 1119,00 30,69 1,54 50,40
Zlatа × Аntey 57 145 90 97,33 6,55 1976,33 45,67 1,94 19,46
Dobrynya × Valyushа 64 100 104 89,33 -1,45 485,33 24,66 0,94 50,74
3. – Parameters of adaptability samples of pepper at longest of growing season
Growing season, days Index
The name of sample 2010 2011 2013
X
averageOAC σ
2SАСi Sgi bi BVGі
Zlata × Antey 90 102 80 90,67 -1,33 121,33 76,85 1,75 0,84
Ugolok 103 93 81 92,33 -3,00 121,33 86,96 2,10 -0,83
Ladа × Antey 90 86 79 85,00 4,33 31,00 27,84 1,10 13,18
Оrlenok × Naskо2020 89 85 87 87,00 2,33 4,00 11,11 0,04 15,55
Zlagodа F1 84 80 80 81,33 8,00 5,33 9,76 0,28 20,84
California W.G.× Rodzynka 97 95 91 94,33 -5,00 9,33 28,64 0,61 6,92
Zlata × Paryzh 89 92 94 91,67 -2,33 6,33 18,87 -0,44 10,25
Lada 89 85 80 84,67 4,67 20,33 22,18 0,86 14,81
Zolotoy dozhd × Оbriy 97 95 81 91,00 -1,67 76,00 62,27 1,78 3,32
L-12× Bogatyr 96 92 81 89,67 -0,33 60,33 50,66 1,57 5,82
Valyushа × Аntey 89 98 88 91,67 -2,33 30,33 41,31 0,55 6,59
Ladа ×Citrina 90 92 81 87,67 1,67 34,33 33,80 1,15 10,16
Zlatа × Аntey 97 92 88 92,33 -3,00 20,33 35,60 0,82 7,14
Dobrynya × Valyushа 97 96 81 91,33 -2,00 80,33 65,58 1,83 2,69
4. – Parameters of adaptability samples of pepper on the degree of lesion of yellow wilting
The degree of lesion of yellow
wilting, % Index
The name of sample
2011 2012 2013 X
average OAC σ
2SАСi Sgi bi BVGі
Zlata × Antey 2,5 4,1 6,0 4,20 -0,01 0,15 17,16 0,66 1,84
Ugolok 16,6 15,7 0 10,77 0,82 3,29 58,64 -5,68 1,12
Ladа × Antey 0 1,1 0 0,37 -1,12 0,07 22,55 -0,90 0,87
Оrlenok × Naskо2020 14,0 13,3 0 9,10 0,61 2,67 56,60 -5,12 1,10
Zlagodа F1 0 4,1 0 1,37 -0,85 0,53 51,18 -2,51 0,63
California W.G.×
Rodzynka 6,6 2,1 20,0 9,57 0,76 2,05 47,18 5,35 1,47
Zlata × Paryzh 4,8 6,0 20,0 10,27 0,94 1,42 37,13 3,54 1,91
Lada 0 1,1 15,0 5,37 -0,12 2,62 75,27 4,64 0,39
Zolotoy dozhd × Оbriy 2,6 1,0 3,0 2,20 -0,50 0,10 17,67 1,15 1,43
L-12× Bogatyr 0 1,1 9,0 3,37 -0,40 1,30 61,00 3,09 0,63
Valyushа × Аntey 3,6 1,1 10,0 4,90 0,03 0,89 40,97 3,55 1,27
Ladа ×Citrina 6,4 0 15,0 7,13 0,30 2,27 58,50 5,79 0,93
Zlatа × Аntey 8,7 3,1 3,0 4,93 0,11 0,40 26,74 0,12 1,69
Dobrynya × Valyushа 8,6 0 0 2,87 -0,57 1,47 71,29 0,31 0,38
5. – Parameters of adaptability samples of pepper on the degree of lesion of green wilting
The degree of lesion of green wilting, % Index The name of sample
2011 2012 2013 X average OAC σ2SАСi Sgi bi BVGі
Zlata × Antey 3,7 0 8,0 3,90 0,10 1,01 48,87 1,55 1,19
Ugolok 0 0 8,0 2,67 -0,29 1,33 69,28 1,64 0,67
Ladа × Antey 5,0 0 10,0 5,00 0,29 1,37 51,90 1,78 1,25
Оrlenok × Naskо2020 9,6 0 15,0 8,20 0,79 2,44 56,77 2,28 1,41
Zlagodа F1 0 0 13,3 4,43 -0,03 2,58 83,33 2,28 0,54
California W.G.× Rodzynka 0 0 0 0,00 -0,96 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,00
Zlata × Paryzh 8,0 0 0 2,67 -0,29 1,33 69,28 -0,16 0,67
Lada 0 12,1 0 4,03 -0,09 2,29 80,74 -1,94 0,57
Zolotoy dozhd × Оbriy 0 0 20,0 6,67 0,23 4,28 94,27 2,94 0,41
L-12× Bogatyr 0 2,3 4,0 2,10 -0,28 0,40 37,32 0,41 1,14
Valyushа × Аntey 4,5 2,1 0 2,20 -0,26 0,45 39,63 -0,67 1,12
Ladа ×Citrina 1,9 2,3 20,0 8,07 0,74 2,66 60,38 2,28 1,30
Zlatа × Аntey 5,8 0 10,0 5,27 0,35 1,41 51,43 1,77 1,29
Dobrynya × Valyushа 8,0 0 0 2,67 -0,29 1,33 69,28 -0,16 0,67
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.82:635.64:635.646
О.V. Kuts, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
N.V. Melnychuk, Junior Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
USE OF COMPLEX FERTILIZER IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF
TOMATOES AND EGGPLANT
It was found that the use of complex fertilizers in tomato fertilizer
system ensures total productivity growth in 17.2-21.7 % relative to the
background making N120P120K90 and does not affect the biochemical
composition of the product. At cultivation of use of complex fertilizers
eggplant makes sustainable growth and productivity and increasing the
ascorbic acid and nitrate reduction in fruit.
Keywords: tomato, eggplant, complex fertilizers, yield, biochemical
composition.
Introduction. In order to function and deliver high quality yield of
vegetable plants should be provided with all necessary macro- and
micronutrients. The use of fertilizer plants only with the introduction of
fertilizers and involvement in the process of optimization of supply
micronutrients only groundwater reserves often stipulates low yield or
deterioration of product quality. Now for growing technologies of eggplant
and tomato recommended fertilizer system with the introduction of
chemical fertilizers only [1-7]. For full coverage of vegetables necessary
nutrients recommended water-soluble complex fertilizers with
micronutrients chelate-based parameters but their use in the technology of
growing vegetables is not always defined.
The aim of research – prove scientifically optimize system power
plants of tomato and eggplant with the use of complex fertilizers in terms of
the Left-bank at Forest-steppe of Ukraine.
© Kuts O.V., Melnychuk N.V., 2014.
The method of researches. The study was conducted in the
laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry and Analytical Measurement of
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS during 2008-2012 years at a
typical little black soil humus hard loam to loam loess.
Scheme of experiment with tomato plants using the recommended
dose of scatter N120P120K90 and its background foliar feedings complex
fertilizers "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" with a dose of 2 kg/ha (producer
– "ICL Fertilizers", Israel), "Raykat (start, growth, final)" 500 and
1000 ml/ha, "Mikrokat Ca + B" and "Mikrokat Zn + B" with a dose of
500 ml/ha (producer - "Atlantyka Agrikola", Spain). Terms of dressings: 3-
4 + organogenesis stage in phase 8-9 leaves + 15-20 days after the second.
Rate of working fluid is 200 l/ha.
In studies with eggplant plants using mineral fertilizers locally
N70P60K45 on their background and spent feeding complex fertilizers
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" to 2 kg/ha and "Reakom" to 6 l/ha in three
terms (intensive growth, flowering, fruit formation beginning).
Technology of tomato and eggplant is common for conditions
steppes of Ukraine (method of seedling of cultivation, planting density
41-45 ths. plants/ha, scheme of planting 70x35 cm, sprinkler irrigation is a
way). The variety of tomato is Kremenchutskyy, eggplant – Almaz.
The results of researches. It was found that the scatter in the
background making N120P120K90 provides general growth of tomato yield of
5.5 t/ha or 38.5 % compared to control yield of 14.3 t/ha (Table 1). Holding
foliar feedings of complex fertilizers also provides total productivity
growth culture within 3.4-4.3 t/ha or 17.2-21.7 compared to the background
making macro fertilizers. Using three terms "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy"
provides an increase in gross yield of 3.4 t/ha of fertilizer "Raykat (start,
growth, maturation)" – 3.6 t/ha, and the introduction of "Mikrokativ (Ca +
B and Zn + Mn)» – 4.3 t/ha. There was marked synergy shared use
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy", fertilizer group "Raykat" and "Mikrokat",
although there is a trend of positive influence them.
Marketability of fruit using of complex fertilizers was 86-90 %,
while making only N120P120K90 – 86 % under control – 84 %.
Fertilization did not significantly affect the content of soluble dry
matter, total sugars in the fruits of tomato (Table 2).
1. – Effects of complex fertilizers on the yield of tomato
(average for 2008 and 2010 years)
The total yield, t/ha
Increase in
the
background
The fertilizers
20
08
20
10
aver
age
t/ha %
Mar
ket
abil
ity
, %
Without fertilizer (control) 6,2 22,3 14,3 - - 84
Background – N120P120K90
(in scatter)
11,1 28,5 19,8 - - 86
Background +2 kg/ha "Nutrivant
Plyusтм
paslonovyy" in three terms
14,6 31,7 23,2 3,4 17,2 86
Background + 2 kg/hа
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy in
three terms + «Raykaty» in three
terms at 500 ml/hа
13,3 34,1 23,8 4,0 20,2 87
Background + «Raykaty» in
three terms at 1000 ml/hа
13,5 33,2 23,4 3,6 18,2 88
Background + mikrokat Са+В
(500 ml/hа) in faze 8-9 leafs +
mikrokat Zn+Mn (500 ml/ha) after
15-20 days after second
12,8 34,0 23,4 3,6 18,2 88
Background + 2 kg/hа
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy"
in three terms + mikrokat Са+В
(500 ml/hа) in faze 8-9 leafs +
mikrokat Zn+Mn (500 ml/ha) after
15-20 days after second
13,6 34,6 24,1 4,3 21,7 90
SSD0,95 1,12 2,80
The use of a scatter on this N120P120K90 and background of complex
fertilizers fertilizing "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" + "Raykaty" an
"Raykaty", "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" + Mikrokat Ca + B + Zn + Mn
cause reduction in fruit ascorbic acid (17.56-18.67 mg/100 g) with respect
to the control variant (20.81 mg/100 g). It is more likely associated with the
phenomenon of "dilution", decrease of ascorbic acid in the fruit with a high
level of productivity. In applying separately "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" and separately fertilizer group "Raykaty" in tomato fruits
increased acidity (0.41-0.42 %).
2. – Effect of complex fertilizers on the change of biochemical parameters
Of tomato fruits (average for 2008 and 2010 years)
The content of the fruit The fertilizers D
ry s
olu
ble
sub
stan
ces,
%
Co
mm
on
sug
ar, %
Asc
orb
ic a
cid
,
mg
/10
0 g
Aci
dit
y, %
Without fertilizer (control) 6,21 4,20 20,81 0,35
Background – N120P120K90
(in scatter)
5,79 4,02 18,59 0,35
Background + "Nutrivant
Plyusтм
paslonovyy"
6,41 4,28 19,64 0,41
Background + "Nutrivant
Plyusтм
paslonovyy" +
«Raykaty»
6,34 4,19 17,56 0,38
Background + «Raykaty» 5,74 3,98 18,38 0,42
Background + mikrokat Са+В
+ mikrokat Zn+Mn
5,61 4,01 20,36 0,39
Background + "Nutrivant
Plyusтм
paslonovyy" +
mikrokat Са+В + mikrokat
Zn+Mn
6,09 4,35 18,67 0,30
SSD0,95 2008 р.
2010 р.
0,60
0,62
0,24
0,40
1,12
1,95
0,06
0,05
If growing of tomatoes is marked synergism use of fertilizers and
foliar feedings complex water-soluble fertilizer, the technology of
cultivation of eggplant observed only positive trend (Table 3). Thus, the
use of fertilizers locally N70P60K45 provides an increase in the total yield of
eggplant fruit 5.8 t/ha, share locally and N70P60K45 foliar feedings of
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" or "Raykat" contributes to overall
productivity culture in 5.0-6.2 t/ha. Using of "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" marked tendency to increase productivity and improve
marketability eggplant production to the level of 98.2 %.
3. – The dependence of the yield of eggplant use
of complex fertilizers (average 2010-2012 years)
The total yield, t/ha
The fertilization
20
10
20
11
20
12
aver
age
incr
ease
,
t/h
a Marketability
(average
2010-2012
years), % Without of fertilizers 13,9 8,6 21,7 14,7 - 93,8
N70P60K45 (locally) 16,9 12,9 31,6 20,5 5,8 95,3
N70P60K45 (locally) +
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy"
18,3 13,3 31,3 20,9 6,2 98,2
N70P60K45 (locally) +
«Reakom» 16,3 13,3 29,5 19,7 5,0 95,9
SSD0,95 1,52 2,63 2,45
As a result, studies have found that foliar feedings of complex
fertilizers on macro- and micronutrients improves biochemical composition
of fruits eggplant (Table 4).
On the dry matter content of total sugars in the use of micronutrients
is not significantly affected; the average for the experiment dry matter
content was 8.96-9.44 %, total sugar – 2.51-2.61 %, monosaccharides –
2.48-3.21 %. It was noted that the use of only mineral fertilizers
(N70P60K45) observed a significant reduction of ascorbic acid in fruit
eggplant with 2.32 mg/100 g to control the level of 1.69 mg/100 g, whereas
the use of "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" and "Reakom" provide increase
this indicator to 2.10-2.50 mg/100 g. Use of complex fertilizers
"Reakom"causes a significant decrease in nitrate content in fruits of
eggplant to 137 mg/kg, whereas the control and the use of nitrates was
N70P60K45 152 -154 mg/kg wet weight.
4. – Effect of fertilization on changes of biochemical indexes of eggplant
fruit (average 2010-2012 years)
Conclusions.
1. Holding foliar feedings of complex fertilizers "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy", "Raykat (start, growth, maturation)" and "Mikrokat (Ca + V
and Zn + Mn)» provides overall productivity growth in tomato 3.4-4.3 t/ha or
17.2-21.7 % relative to the background making N120P120K90.
2. Application of complex fertilizers did not affect the accumulation of
nutrients in fruits of tomato.
The content of the fruit, %
The fertilizers
dry
so
lub
le
sub
stan
ces
com
mo
n s
ug
ar
mo
no
sacc
har
id
es
sucr
ose
asco
rbic
aci
d,
mg
/10
0g
nit
rate
s, m
g/k
g
of
raw
mat
eria
l
Without of fertilizers 9,42 2,61 2,48 0,200 2,32 154
N70P60K45 (locally) 9,16 2,51 2,65 0,137 1,69 152
N70P60K45 (locally) +
"Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy"
8,96 2,52 2,58 0,032 2,10 202
N70P60K45 (locally) +
«Reakom» 9,44 2,56 3,21 0,040 2,50 137
MPC, mg/kg 300
SSD0,95 2010
2011
2012
1,02
0,85
0,75
0,29
0,32
0,20
0,22
0,25
0,19
0,011
0,019
0,031
0,23
0,13
0.32
20
12
17
3. The use of complex fertilizers "Nutrivant Plyusтм
paslonovyy" and
"Reakom" do not contribute significantly to the growth yield of eggplant, but
provide increased content of ascorbic acid and nitrate reduction in fruit.
Bibliography.
1. Aliev D. Udobrenie baklazhanov / D. Aliev // kartofel I ovoshchi.
– 1968. – Vyp. 4. – S. 29-30.
2. Agafonov E. V. Udobrenie baklazhanov na chernozeme
obyknovennom / [Agafonov Е. V., Bogachev А. N., Chernov А. Ya.,
Farskiy B. S.] // Agrokhimiya. – 2008. – № 1. – S. 36-45.
3. Babich V. А. Udobrennya baklazhanu na zroshuvanykh zemlyakh u
Donetsiy oblasti / V. А. Babych // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo: Resp.
mizhvid. temat. nauk. zbirnyk. – К. : Urozhay, 1975. – Vyp. 19. – S. 19-22.
4. Goncharenko V. Yu. Udobrennya ovochevykh kultur /
[ Goncharenko V. Yu., Sevastyanova V. V., Тkach L. О., Khodeeva L. P.,
Gushchа М. А., Sklyarevskyy М. О., Gurovа Z. І., Avdeev V. P. ]. – К. :
Urozhay, 1989. – S. 40-41.
5. Маlyshkinа М. S. Vliyanie razlichnykh doz mineralnykh udobreniy na
urozhaynost baklazhanov / М. S. Маlyshkinа // Ovoshchnye I bakhchevye
kultury: sbornik nauchnykh trudov vsesoyuznogo NII oroshaemogo
ovoshchevodstva I bakhchevodstva. – 1974. – Vyp. 12. – S. 240-243.
6. lugishina E. G. Optimalnye dozy mineralnykh udobreniy pri
vyrashchivanii tomatov Kross 525 / Е. G. Lugishyna // Konservnaya i
ovoshchesushylnaya promyshlennost. – 1981. – № 4. – S. 35-36.
7. Dzhafarova V. А. Urozhaynost tomata v zavisimosti ot form i
srokov khraneniya fosfornykh udobreniy / V. А. Dzhafarovа,
I. А. Ibragimov // Khimiya v selskom khozyaystve. – 1973. – № 3. – S. 24.
О.В. Куц, Н.В. Мельничук
Использование комплексных удобрений в технологии
выращивания томата и баклажана.
Резюме. Установлено, что применение комплексных удобрений
в системе удобрения томата обеспечивает повышение валовой
урожайности на 17,2-21,7 % относительно фонового внесения
N120P120K90 и не влияет на биохимический состав продукции. При
выращивании баклажана применения комплексных удобрений
обусловливает положительную тенденцию роста урожайности и
способствует повышению содержания аскорбиновой кислоты и
снижение содержания нитратов в плодах.
О.В. Куц, Н.В. Мельничук
Використання комплексних добрив в технології вирощування
томата та баклажана.
Резюме. Встановлено, що застосування комплексних добрив в
системі удобрення томату забезпечує зростання загальної урожайності
на 17,2-21,7 % відносно фонового внесення N120P120K90 та не впливає
на біохімічний склад продукції. При вирощуванні баклажану
застосування комплексних добрив обумовлює позитивну тенденцію
зростання урожайності та сприяє підвищенню вмісту аскорбінової
кислоти та зниження вмісту нітратів в плодах.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetables and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.527:635.64:631.6
Yu.О. Lyuta, Candidate of Agricultural Science,
N.O. Kobylina, Candidate of Agricultural Science
Institute of irrigated agriculture of NAAS
THE EVALUATION OF PERSPECTIVE LINES OF TOMATOES
OF SELECTION AT INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
OF NAAS
Were the characteristics of the newly formed perspective lines of
tomato with high adaptive and productive potential, which in yields
exceeding standards for grades 11-19 %, for physical and mechanical
properties and fruit quality parameters meet the requirements for varieties
that are suitable for mechanical harvesting.
Keywords: tomato, selection, perspective lines, physical and
mechanical properties, quality of the fruit.
Introduction. Today tomatoes for Ukraine are strategic vegetables,
under which every year take away the biggest agricultural land (including
vegetables) – up to 80 thousand hectares. Gross yield is 1.5 mln. tons. More
than 2/3 tomato production falls on the steppe zone, and Kherson region
has traditionally been a leader in this area (30-40 % of the total gross yield)
[1]. Tomato paste, which is produced in Ukraine, especially fruits that grew
in the southern region, is in great demand on the international market due to
its high quality. For high quality tomato products manufacturers are
increasingly focused on new varieties and hybrids of tomato industrial type
that are adapted to the area of cultivation.
One of the activities of the Institute of irrigated agriculture is NAAS
selection work culture of tomato. In recent years a number of new high-tech
varieties that are suitable for growing in the south of Ukraine, 7 of which
are listed in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine:
Naddipryanskyy 1, Kimmeriets, Таym, Кumach (medium early),
Inguletskyy, Sarmat, Legin (middle ripe). All varieties of intensive type are
sensitive to high levels of agricultural technology, irrigation. There are
already recommended for cultivation in the open ground in the areas of
steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine. Nevertheless, the evidence insufficient © Lyuta Yu.O, Kobylina N.O., 2014.
number of varieties and hybrids of tomato domestic breeding that could
compete with foreign counterparts and to meet the growing needs of the
consumer tomato products. Therefore, our research has focused on further
study of the genetic and adaptive features of manifestation of breeding and
economic characteristics of the gene pool, improving breeding techniques
to improve the efficiency of new tomato varieties with high productivity
and quality of fruit that will be suitable for mechanical harvesting, adapted
to the south of Ukraine.
For mechanical harvesting of tomatoes is essential that efforts are
directed to lead to fetal stem. With very little effort the separation fruit
crumble, and at large is their partial separation. Some scientists recommend
choose in machine sorts efforts lead to fetal stem from 0.9 to 2.0 kg [2, 3].
A similar view is shared by other researchers [4, 5]. V. A. Kravchenko
believes in breeding for suitability for mechanical harvesting must be
chosen examples, which are easily separated from the fruit stalk, that
phenotype should have a gene j-2, efforts to lead the fetus should be 1.2-
2.2 kg resistivity at crushing at least 70 g per 1 g of fetal weight, strength
skin on the piercing – not less than 140 g/mm2 [6].
According to R. Kh. Bekov [7], S. Kamimura, A. Yoshikawa, K. Ito
[8, 9] the strength properties of the fruit are not only related to the chemical
composition, but also with their internal structure. Varieties with strong
fruit already have small cell structure of pulp, thick cell walls and the outer
wall of the epidermal cells. The strength of the fetus also depends on its
anatomical features - the outer pericarp development, internal mezokarp,
volume and number of seed cells lokuli fluid that fills them [10].
On the strength of the fruit is also influenced by conditions of
cultivation of tomato [11]. By increasing the water supply plants decreases
the strength of the skin and pulp to piercing, crushing and shock action.
Increased amounts of phosphorus contribute to the strength of the skin and
pulp, and enhanced nitrogen nutrition reduces the strength of the skin, but
increases the strength of pulp [12].
The purpose of research is to evaluate promising lines of tomato, to
select the best of them to create new varieties with high adaptive and
productive potential, suitable for mechanical harvesting in the south of
Ukraine.
The methodology of research. Research conducted on irrigated land
of research field by laboratory of horticulture of IIA of NAAS. The soils
are dark brown slightly saltwort medium loam content in the 0-30 cm, layer
of humus 2.5 %, nitrate nitrogen 0.5, mobile phosphorus 6.0, exchangeable
potassium 40 mg per 100 g of absolutely dry soil (by Machyhin). Farming
equipment is common for the area.
Selection work carried out by the complete scheme selection process
according to current methodological guidelines [13, 14], guided by modern
methods of selection of vegetables and melons [15], Methodology of
research in vegetable and melon [16], the Methodology of State-quality
trial crops [17], methods of examination grades to the difference,
uniformity and stability [18]. Biochemical analysis of tomato fruit was
carried out in the laboratory of mass analysis of IIA of NAAS, certificate
attestation №RCH-062/2012. The reliability of the results obtained was
evaluated mathematical and statistical methods on B. A. Dospehov [19].
The results of research. Studies have shown that the growing season
advanced lines of tomato was within 105-110 days (Table 1).
As the total yield in average years of research have been the best line
(Titan x Shchit) x Rio Fuego (72.8 t/ha), (SH-4 x Antey) x L 885
(72.0 t/ha), Rio Grande x Naddnipryanskiy 1 (74.5 t/ha), (Veneta x SH-2) x
Rio Fuego (75.6 t/ha), Naddnipryanskiy 1 x Rio Fuego (74.7 t/ha), (IS-134
x Pertsevydnyy) x Roma (74.2 t/ha) and etc., which are on 5-11 % higher
than variety Naddnipryanskiy 1 (st) and on 12-19 % variety Lagidnyy (st).
These samples were ripening friendliness 76-83 % and 82-91 % of fruit
marketability.
Analysis of biochemical indicators of quality of fruits showed that
the best lines were: (Titan x Shchit) x Rio Fuego (5.82 % soluble dry
matter, 3.32 % sugar, 20.84 mh-% ascorbic acid), (SH-4 x Antey) x L 885
(6.00 % soluble dry matter, 3.67 % sugar, 21.87 mh-% ascorbic acid),
Naddnipryanskiy 1 x Rio Fuego (5,90 % soluble dry matter, 3.46 % sugar,
23.56 mh-% ascorbic acid), (IS-134 x Pertsevydnyy) x Roma (6.10 %
soluble dry matter, 3.50 % sugar, 22.06 mh-% ascorbic acid) and others
against 5.3 % soluble dry matter, 3.08 % sugar and 18.45 mh-% ascorbic
acid in a variety of standard Lagidnyy and 5.60 % soluble dry matter,
3.33 % sugar and 21.96 mh-% ascorbic acid in a variety-standard
Naddnipryanskiy 1.
1. – Characteristics of the best looking tomato lines for complex agronomic traits (average for 2012-2014 years)
The content in fruits
The name of sample
Gro
win
g s
easo
n, d
ays
Th
e to
tal
yie
ld, t/
ha
Fri
end
lin
ess
of
rip
enin
g,
%
Mar
ket
abil
ity
, %
Th
e w
eigh
t o
f th
e fe
tus,
g
So
lub
le d
ry m
atte
r,
%
Sug
ar,
%
Asc
orb
ic a
cid
, %
Aci
dit
y, %
pH
of
juice
(Тitan х Shchit) х Rio Fuego 108 72,8 82 85 62 5,82 3,32 20,84 0,50 4,28
(SH-4 х Аntey) х L-885 106 72,0 81 87 63 6,00 3,67 21,87 0,53 4,31
Petо 86 х Novichok 108 74,6 77 84 78 5,55 3,33 20,9 0,40 4,26
Rio Grande х Naddnipryanskiy 1 110 74,5 80 86 79 5,86 3,27 21,71 0,48 4,31
Petо 86 х L-54 108 71,4 76 82 65 5,75 3,34 22,90 0,48 4,42
Naddnipryanskiy 1 х Rio Fuego 106 74,7 79 87 74 5,90 3,46 23,56 0,44 4,28
Еrliston х L-1754 105 72,2 78 84 75 5,55 3,40 22,85 0,45 4,29
(IS-134 х Pertsevydnyy) х Roma 106 74,2 82 84 62 6,10 3,50 22,06 0,49 4,27
Rio Fuego х Naddnipryanskiy 1 105 74,8 80 91 91 5,99 3,53 22,72 0,50 4,22
Venetа х SH-2 107 71,2 83 88 69 5,84 3,35 22,23 0,44 4,28
Rio Fuego х SH-3 108 74,3 82 88 73 5,90 3,40 21,68 0,47 4,20
(Venetа х SH-2) х Rio Fuego 110 75,6 80 92 84 5,90 3,33 20,70 0,49 4,20
Naddnipryanskiy 1 (st) 109 67,8 83 89 62 5,68 3,33 21,96 0,46 4,23
Lagidnyy (st) 102 63,7 84 85 59 5,32 3,08 18,45 0,51 4,26
SSD05 4,3
Already found that in selected samples effort to lead a fruit from the
stalk were within 1.3-1.7 kg. The coefficient of variation was within 9.4-
14.2 %. The degree of variability of this trait was negligible in samples
Peto 86 x Novichok (V = 9.4 %) and SH-4 x Antey (V = 9.8 %), while the
remaining samples - average. The smallest effort to lead a fruit from the
stalk was in the samples: Peto 86 x Novichok – 1.2 ± 0.03 kg, Rio Fuego x
Naddnipryanskiy 1 – 1.3 ± 0.06 kg, the largest – in Naddnipryanskiy 1 x
Rio Fuego – 1,7 ± 0.08 kg.
Thus, all the best in performance samples effort to lead a fruit from
the stalk meets the requirements that are recommended for varieties that
are suitable for combine harvesting.
2. – The effort that was spent on the lead for fetal stem of the best samples
of tomato, kg (average 2012-2014 years)
The strength of tomato fruit peel on piercing identified using manual
dynamometric needle with a diameter of 1.0 mm of chop. From each
selected sample of 30 ripe and each of them did 5-10 punctures along the
greatest diameter. Distance between punctures was at least 1 cm needle
placed perpendicular to the surface of the fruit.
The name of sample Efforts are spent on lead
of fetal stem, kg V, %
(Тitan х Shchit) х Rіо Fuego 1,4± 0,07 10,6
(SH-4 х Аntey) х L-885 1,6± 0,06 12,8
Petо 86 х Novichok 1,3± 0,03 9,4
(Venetа х SH-2) х Rio Fuego 1,4± 0,05 13,5
Rio Fuego х Naddnipryanskiy 1 1,3± 0,06 12,3
Petо 86 х L-54 1,6± 0,04 14,2
Naddnipryanskiy 1 х Rio Fuego 1,7± 0,08 13,6
SH-4 х Аntey 1,4± 0,05 9,8
(IS-134 х Pertsev.) х Roma 1,6± 0,07 12,6
Venetа х SH-2 1,4± 0,05 11,7
Rio Fuego х SH-3 1,5± 0,06 13,4
Naddnipryanskiy 1 (st) 1,3± 0,04 10,8
Lagidnyy (st) 1,4± 0,05 12,5
Study found that the sampled had high strength peel of the fruit.
This figure was within 185-239 g/mm2, the coefficient of variation was
9.0-14.5 %. The degree of variability of this trait was negligible in samples
(Veneta x SH-2) x Rio Fuego (V = 9.0 %), SH-4 x Antey (V = 9.2 %), Rio
Fuego x Naddnipryanskiy r 1 (V = 9.4 %), Peto 86 x Novichok (V =
9.7 %), Rio Fuego x SH-3 (V = 9.9 %), while the remaining samples –
average.
The greatest strength of the fruit peel samples were characterized
by: (SH-4 x Antey) x L-885 - 230 of 5.9 g/mm2; (Veneta x SH-2) x Rio
Fuego – 239 5.0 g/mm2; Rio Fuego x Naddnipryanskiy 1 – 228 of 2.9
g/mm2.
It should be noted that all the samples that were selected for the
study as the best in performance, in terms of the strength of the skin on the
piercing answered those that should have tomato varieties for mechanical
harvesting - namely, not less than 140 g/mm2.
3. – The strength of tomato fruit peel on piercing, g/mm2
(average 2012-2014 years)
The name of sample The strength of the skin
for piercing g/mm2
V, %
(Тitan х Shchit) х Rіо Fuego 185± 6,5 10,8
(SH-4 х Аntey) х L-885 230± 5,9 13,5
Petо 86 х Novichok 216± 5,0 9,7
(Venetа х SH-2) х Rio Fuego 239± 5,0 9,0
Rio Fuego х Naddnipryanskiy 1 228± 2,9 9,4
Petо 86 х L-54 215± 4,8 14,5
Naddnipryanskiy 1 х Rio Fuego 218± 6,2 10,8
SH-4 х Аntey 196± 3,3 9,2
(IS-134 х Pertsev.) х Roma 217± 3,8 12,3
Venetа х SH-2 196± 5,0 11,4
Rio Fuego х SH-3 208± 3,5 9,9
Naddnipryanskiy 1 (st) 185± 3,7 9,7
Lagidnyy (st) 160± 5,6 12,9
Conclusions. As a result of selective breeding by selection synthetic
obtained promising new lines of tomato (Titan x Shchit) x Rio Fuego, (SH-
4 x Antey) x L-885, Peto 86 x Novichok, Rio Grande x Naddnipryanskiy
1, (Veneta x SH-2) x Rio Fuego, Naddnipryanskiy 1 x Rio Fuego (IS-134
x Pertsevydnyy) x Roma, Veneta x SH-2, Rio Fuego x SH-3, adapted to
the south of Ukraine, which in total exceed the yield of variety-standards
Naddnipryanskiy 1 and Lagidnyy respectively, 5-11 % and 12-19 %, for
physical and mechanical properties and quality indicators meet the
requirements for fruit varieties suitable for combine harvesting. The best
lines will serve as source material for new varieties with high adaptive and
productive potential, suitable for mechanical harvesting in the south of
Ukraine.
Bibliography.
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kartopli v umovakh Stepu Ukrainy / Romashchenko M. І., Shatkovskyy А. P.,
Ryabkov S. V. – К. : DIA, 2012. – 248 s.
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Shtiintsa, 1982. – 284 s.
4. Meysey G. Voprosy produktivnosti I kachestva ovochnykh kultur
/ G. Meysey, B. Baldi. – Sofiya, 1967. – S. 79-86.
5. Pyankov A. I. Fiziko-matematicheskie svoystva rasteniy, pochv I
udobreniy / А. I. Pyankov. – М., 1970. – S. 52-54.
6. Kravchenko V. А. Меtodyka I tekhnika selektsiynoi roboty z
tomatom / V. A. Kravchenko, О. V. Prylipka. – К. : Agrarna nauka, 2001.
– 84 s.
7. Bekov R. Kh. Otsenka iskhodnogo materiala I podbor sortov pri
selektsii tomato dlya mekhanizirovannoy uborki : аvtoref. dis. nа soiskanie
nauch. Stepeni kand. s.-kh. nauk: spets. 06.01.05 – Selektsiya I
semenovodstvo / R. Kh. Bekov. – М., 1968. – 20 s.
8. Kamimura S. The tomatoes / Kamimura S., Yoshikawa H.,
Kю Ito // Bull. Hort. Res. Stat. – 1972. – № 7. – P. 73-108.
9. Kamimura S. Morioka Iwate / Kamimura S., Yoshikawa H.,
Kю Ito // Bull. Hort. Res. Stat. – 1973 . – № 8. – P. 13-16.
10. Zhuchenkо А. А. Genetika tomatov / А. А. Zhuchenkо. –
Кishinev : Shtiintsa, 1973. – 663 s.
11. Моkriy V. I. Vliyanie fiziko-matematicheskikh svoystv na
transportabelnost plodov tomato v usloviyakh Moldavskoy SSR : аvtoref.
dis. nа soiskanie nauch. Stepeni kand. s.-kh. nauk: spets. 06.01.06 –
Оvochevodstvо / V. I. Mokriy. – М., 1971. – 21 s.
12. Musaev T. V. Моlodye ovochevody proizvodstvu /
Т. V. Musaev, Ya. G. Iskanderov. – Таshkent, 1971. – S. 86.
13. Kravchenko V. А. Меtodyka selektsii ovochevykh Roslyn
rodyny paslonovykh (Solanaceae L.) / Kravchenko V. A., Gorovа Т. К.,
Yakovenkо К. І. – Kh., 2001. – S. 252-287.
14. Меtodicheskie ukazaniya po selektsii sortov I geterozisnykh
gibridov ovochnykh kultur. – L. : VIR, 1974. – 214 s.
15. Меtodicheskie ukazaniya po selektsii sortov I gibridov tomata
dlya otkrytogo I zashchishchennogo grunta. – М. : VASKHNIL, 1986. –
112 s.
16. Меtodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi /
[Za red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. –
369 s.
17. Меtodyka Derzhavnogo sortovyprobyvannya
silskogospodarskykh kultur (kartoplya, ovochevi ta bashtanni kultury). –
К., 2001. – Vyp. 4. – 104 s.
18. Меtodyka ekspertyzy sortiv na vidmitnist, odnoridnist ta
stabilnist (VOS). Ovochevi, bashtanni kultury ta kartoplya // Оkhorona
prav na sorty Roslyn. Ofitsiynyy byuleten / Minagropolityry Ukrainy,
Derzhsluzhba z okhorony prav na sorty rolslyn. – К., 2004. – № 1, ch. 2. –
252 s.
19. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov.
– М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 350 s.
Ю.А. Лютая, Н.А. Кобылина
Оценка перспективных линий томата селекции Института
орошаемого земледелия НААН.
Резюме. Изложены результаты оценки перспективных линий
томата селекции Института орошаемого земледелия НААН.
Выделены образцы с высоким адаптивным и продуктивным
потенциалом, которые по урожайности превышают сорта-стандарты
на 11-19 %, по физико-механическим свойствам и показателям
качества плодов отвечают требованиям для сортов, пригодных для
механизированной уборки.
Ю.О. Люта, Н.О. Кобиліна
Оцінка перспективних ліній томата селекції Інституту
зрошуваного землеробства HAAH.
Резюме. Наведена характеристика новостворених
перспективних ліній томата з високим адаптивним і продуктивним
потенціалом, які за урожайністю перевищують сорти-стандарти на
11-19 %, за фізико-механічними властивостями і показниками якості
плодів відповідають вимогам для сортів, придатних для
механізованого збирання.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 632.938.1:635.63 631.4:631.544.4
O.F. Maryutin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
State phytosanitary inspection in Kharkiv region,
E.S. Shevchenko, CJSC TM "Zmiivska vegetable factory"
PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF
SUBSTRATES FOR GROWING OF CUCUMBER PLANTS IN
GREENHOUSES BLOCKS
The results have been studies on the effect of substrates on the
formation of the complex phytopathological and yields of cucumber plants
in greenhouses blocks.
Keywords: greenhouses blocks, substrate, hybrids of cucumber
plants, drip irrigation, root rot, powdery mildew, ascochyta, prevalence
and development of disease, harvest the fruits of cucumber.
Introduction. The intensive use of greenhouse structures encourages
researchers and manufacturers in development and implementation of new
technologies for growing vegetables, including cucumber plants. Selecting
greenhouse substrate as an integral technological level is important.
Analysis of the literature on the use of substrates [1, 7, 9, 10] shows that
greenhouse vegetable production in Ukraine and abroad 90 years of the
twentieth century in all types of greenhouses used mainly greenhouse soil.
How to use straw as substrate assembled. This substrate is used
primarily in greenhouses with no subsoil heat. Through fermentation of
straw in it formed an optimum temperature and water-air mode, neutral
environment for plant roots of cucumber [10]. Using straw has several
advantages. First of all, it is an organic fertilizer. Second, it can be used in
different types of greenhouses and other vegetables or to improve the
physical and chemical properties of light soils. Along with this widely
used straw not in packs with appropriate technological measures.
Along with traditional substrates, which are soil and straw as
substrate using peat [9].
In the last 10 years of leading foreign and domestic greenhouses are
switching to alternative artificial and natural substrates [1, 7], mostly
mineral wool [7]. For the first time this came substrate used in the © Maryutin O.F., Shevchenko E.S., 2014.
production of greenhouse structures of Denmark. He later joined the
practice in other states, including in Ukraine. The major technological
index of the substrate is that it allows you to maintain basic technological
requirements while growing cucumber plants in greenhouses.
In many countries, including in Ukraine, while growing cucumber
plants found widespread adoption coconut substrate [1]. One of its most
important properties is high air capacity during its saturation with water
when using drip irrigation.
Analysis of available information on the use of growing medium
cucumber greenhouses shows that all substrates used in vegetable
greenhouses have certain advantages and disadvantages. Information on
the effect on the formation of cucumber plants phytopathological complex
is fragmented indirect nature.
There is well-known that the root system of cucumber plants in
greenhouse shaped substrate and is genetically controlled in close
cooperation between the above ground plant organs. Pathogenic fungi as
independent biological systems have to react and adapt to technological
changes in the cultivation of cucumber. This may explain the change
phytopathological complex culture that makes it permanent study [3].
Phytopathological monitoring of cucumber plants, made in different types
of greenhouses within the Left-bank of Ukraine, showed a variety of
species composition of diseases that occur each year and cause significant
economic damage [2].
The aim of research. The method of researches. The purpose was
impact assessment were substrates for the formation of complex
phytopathological of cucumber plants in greenhouses agrocenoses. The
objects of the study were greenhouse substrates: soil, straw, cotton,
synthetic, substrate of coconut. In winter and spring changes of culture was
grown hybrid Atlet in summer and autumn - Kurazh.
Research performed by field studies in industrial greenhouses blocks
of CJSC TM "Zmiivska vegetable factory" and CJSC "Teplychnyy" in
Kharkiv region during 2007-2011.
Research, monitoring performed under generally accepted methods
regarding greenhouses [4, 5, 6, 8].
The results and discussion. The results of experimental studies
were performed in a production block greenhouses, summarized and
presented in Table 1 and 2.
Analytical analysis of research results are presented in Table 1
shows that depending on the type of greenhouse substrate
phytopathological complex of plant cucumber shaped differently than the
prevalence and intensity of prevailing diseases fungal etiology. Thus, root
rot were registered on soil and straw substrates. While growing of
cucumber on other substrates disease was absent. In soil substrate first cell
disease is usually manifested in the second or third decade of January.
Dynamics of increase in the prevalence of the disease was observed until
the second or third decade of March. Since of April, it decreased
significantly at the end of the month and new sources of disease are not
manifested.
During growing of cucumber on straw substrate prevalence of root
rot was different. The table shows that transplanting in greenhouses is
usually occurred in the first week of April. Plants which were manifested
symptoms of root rot in early plant growth (second or third decade of June,
10-12 days after planting). The increasing prevalence of the disease was
observed in the first-second decade of May. In the summer months there
was no disease. The total percentage of plants showing symptoms of root
rot reached 6.8 %.
The analysis of the incidence of powdery mildew on plants and
ascohyta of cucumber on the studied substrates indicates that the mildew
on the soil substrate was shown in the first and second half of March, two
months after the growing season. In a straw substrate where seedlings
landed in early April, the first disease manifested month after planting
plants in the greenhouse production. It should be noted that in the first
embodiment, the intensity of the disease was in the range of 3.5 % to
85.0 %, while these figures on a straw substrate fluctuated within
5,0-55,4 %. In terms of mineral wool and prevalence of powdery mildew
on cucumber plants were similar to the embodiment of the soil substrate.
For substrate of coconut disease usually manifested in the first or second
week of April, but the intensity distribution is rapidly growing.
1. – Comparative phytopathological impact assessment substrate in irrigation of cucumber plants Atlet F1,
Kurazh F1, the prevalence of diseases dominant fungal etiology in greenhouses blocks
at CJSC TM "Zmiivska vegetable factory", CJSC "Teplychnyy" in Kharkiv region in 2007-2011 years
Number of variants, type of substrate in greenhouse
Soil Straw Mineral wool Coconut
Prevalence of disease, %
The
dynamics
of the
develop-
ping of
diseases,
month,
decade
Root
rot
Oidium Asco-
hyta
Root
rot
Oidium Asco-
hyta
Root
rot
Oidium Asco-
hyta
Root
rot
Oidi-
um
Asco-
hyta
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
I - - - - - - - - -
II - - - - - - - - -
Jeny-
ary
III 0,6-
1,0
- -
Growing without soil
heating - - - - - -
I 1,7-
2,0
- - - - - - - -
II 2,0-
2,8
- - - - - - - -
Febry
-ary
III 3,0-
3,2
- - - - - - - -
I 3,2-
3,8
3,5-8,0 - Laying of bales
- 3,0-7,0 - - - - March
II 4,0-
4,5
10,0-
12,0
- - 7,0-8,5 - - - -
Continuation of table 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
III 4,0-
5,0
14,5-
15,0
- - 9,0-10,0 - - - -
I 1,4-
1,0
200-
22,0
1,2-
3,0 Planting a seedling
- 12,5-
13,0
1,0-
2,0
- 0,5-2,0 0,5-
1,8
II 1,0-
0,5
28,0-
30,5
3,0-
4,0
0,2-
0,5
- - - 16,0-
20,0
3,0-
6,0
- 2,0-3,0 2,0-25
April
III - 30,0-
32,5
10,0-
12,0
1,5-
2,0
- - - 21,5-
25,0
7,0-
10,5
- 3,5-7,0 2,5-
4,0
I - 35,0-
40,0
18,5-
20,0
2,0-
2,5
- 2,4-
4,0
- 26,0-
30,2
19,0-
22,0
- 10,5-
12,0
4,0-
8,0
II - 40,0-
45,0
25,0-
27,0
2,5-
3,0
5,0-6,0 5,5-
8,0
- 30,0-
34,0
25,5-
35,0
- 15,0-
28,5
10,0-
16,5
May
III - 45,0-
50,5
35,0-
40,0
1,0-
0,5
10,0-
12,5
9,0-
12,5
- 35,5-
36,0
46,0-
50,0
- 30,0-
32,0
25,0-
37,0
I - 53,0-
55,0
45,0-
50,0
- 15,0-
17,0
15,0-
30,0
- 40,5-
47,0
50,0-
60,0
- 30,0-
42,5
40,0-
44,5
II - 60,0-
70,0
65,0-
80,0
- 25,5-
30,0
30,0-
50,0
- 50,6-
62,5
60,0-
75,0
- 40,0-
60,0
70,0-
85,0
June
III - 80,0-
85,5
90,0-
95,0
- 40,0-
55,5
60,0-
85,0
- 75,0-
80,0
80,0-
85,5
- 60,0-
77,0
90,0-
100,0
2. – Comparative assessment of the impact on the dynamics of substrates,
total fruit yield of cucumber plants Atlet F1 in winter-spring changes of
culture in greenhouses blocks at CJSC TM "Zmiivska vegetable factory",
CJSC "Teplychnyy" in Kharkiv region (average of 2007-2011 years)
Dynamics of the yield, kg/m2 by month Number of
variants,
type of
substrate in
greenhouse
Febry-
ary March April May June
Total yield,
kg/m2
Soil 2,21-2,5 4,83-5,0 5,9-6,0 6,0-6,2 7,61-
7,82 26,53-27,52
Straw 2,59-2,15 4,61-4,67 5,72-5,53 6,89-7,95 4,51-
7,56 24,32-27,86
Mineral
wool 1,93-1,97 6,08-5,92 7,2-6,94 8,05-6,92
7,8-
8,37 31,15-30,12
Substrate of
coconut 1,9-2,4 5,05-6,1 7,0-7,27 6,88-8,06
7,93-
8,55 29,72-32,38
SSD05 4,6
It is necessary to point out that mildew in some years and was shown
on cucumber seedlings as winter-spring and summer-autumn changes of
culture. Find out pattern of the display of powdery mildew was not
possible. The overall index for the studied substrates on powdery mildew is
that at the conclusion of the growing season of cucumber disease
prevalence rate for them was the same factor – within 55.5-85.0 % disease
mostly wore focal character.
Considering the prevalence of sheet ascohyta on plants of cucumber,
it was found that all investigated substrates disease manifested in 30-50
days after the onset of fruiting plants. After completion of the growing
season in winter and Spring changes of culture regardless of substrate
prevalence of sheet ascohyta reached 95.0-100 %.
According to our research found that different types of greenhouse
substrates have different effects on the formation phytopathological state of
cucumber plants in greenhouses and block dynamics of the dominant
complex diseases.
In spite of introduction of new technologies for growing cucumber
plants, including new types of substrates can be predicted that the place of
traditional soil and straw substrates occupy mineral wool, coconut and
other promising substrates to be under influence the complex
phytopathological of cucumber plants.
The main indicator of the usefulness of new technologies cucumber
growing, including greenhouse choice of substrate is harvest. Over the years,
research in the winter-spring changes of culture growing season (January-
decade and decade and July) was five months. Statistics of indicators presented
in Table 2. The table shows that the yield of cucumber fruit was within 26.53-
27.25 kg/m2; on straw substrate – 24.32-27.86 kg/m
2; mineral wool – 30.15-
30.12 kg/m2; substrate of coconut 29.72-32.38 kg/m
2. In summer and autumn
changes of culture (I-II decade of July, direct seeding lasted until the third
decade of October - and decade of November) are 3.0-3.1 months. Harvest on
substrates made: soil – 8.25-8.4 kg/m2; straw – 10.05-10.69 kg/m
2; mineral
wool – 9.36-9.72 kg/m2; substrate of coconut – 10.08-11.24 kg/m
2.
Over the years our research performance downy mildew on cucumber
plants had occasional fade in summer and autumn changes of culture. Due to
reduced growing season changes of culture disease has made an appreciable
economic impact on the rate of yield of cucumber fruit.
For greenhouses in winter-spring changes of culture in cucumber
growing economically important economic indicator is an early harvest.
Analysis of the dynamics of the harvest (February-June) as set out in the
table shows that in February for option soil and crop straw substrates were
respectively 2.21-2.50 kg/m2; 2.54-2.15 kg/m
2. For mineral wool substrate
wake these figures slightly lower compared to a soil substrate to 0.28-
0.53 kg/m2, compared to straw substrate - to 0.66-0.18 kg/m
2. In March-
June harvest on mineral wool and substrate of coconut was significantly
higher compared to the soil and straw substrates that have a positive impact
on the overall yield and fruit cucumber. A similar pattern was observed on
total harvest in the summer-autumn changes of culture, soil substrate –
8.25-8.4 kg/m2; straw – 10.05-10.69 kg/m
2; mineral wool – 9.35-9.72
kg/m2; substrate of coconut – 10.08-11.24 kg/m
2.
Thus, long-term studies performed show that mineral wool and
substrates of coconut during drip irrigation cucumber plants are promising
substrates in new technologies with a growing culture phytopathological
point of view and from the economic and commercial.
Conclusions.
1. Phytopathological complex of diseases that are dominant on
cucumber plants depending on the type of substrate on which they were
grown, was not identical.
2. While growing cucumber plants in soil and root rot straw
substrates was every year. The prevalence of the disease was within 10-12
% in the soil substrate, 6.8 % – on a straw. When growing of cucumber
synthetic wool and substrates of coconut root rot are not registered.
3. Accounting prevalence of powdery mildew on cucumber plants
showed that the substrate is not significantly affected these figures. The
intensity of the disease affected other biotic and abiotic factors.
4. Flaky form ascohyta was annually in the studied hybrids of
cucumber in winter-spring, so in the summer-autumn culture of changes
regardless of the substrate. The prevalence of the disease before the end of
the growing season reaches 80-100 %.
5. Completed registrations of fruits of cucumber plants that are
grown on substrates studied in winter-spring and summer-autumn culture
of changes shown promising mineral wool and substrates of coconut.
Bibliography.
1. Kotsur V. Gruntyly substrat? Opyt Vengrii / V. Kotsur //
Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2010.–№ 6. – S. 30-31.
2. Maryutin O. F. Fitosanitarnyy stan ogirka pry kraplynnomu
zroshenni substrativ u blokovykh teplytzyakh / О. F. Maryutin,
V. D. Shevchenko // Zb. Tez nauk. dop. Molodukh uchenykh Instytutu
ovochivnytstva I bashtannytstva UAAN. – Kh., 2009. – S. 56-58.
3. Maryutin O. F. Rol korenevoi systemy u formuvanni
fitopatologichnogo kompleksu ogirka v teplychnykh agrotsenozakh /
О. F. Маryutin // Innovatsii v ovochivnytstvi: dosyagnennya I perspektyvy:
Zb. tez mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf. / Instytut ovochivnytstva I
bashtannytstva NAAN. – Kh., 2010. – S. 81-82.
4. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenka]. – Kh., 2001. – 365 s.
5. Naumov N. А. Metody mikologicheskikh I fitopatologicheskikh
issledovaniy / N. A. Naumov. – М.; L., 1937. – 270 s.
6. Osvetsymskiy V. Mineralnaya vata v teplichnom proizvodstve /
V. Osvetsymskiy // Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2010. - № 12. – S. 66-68.
7. Rudenko N. М. Metodika otsenki ustoychivosti sortov
tykvennykh kultur k muchnistoy rose / N. М. Rudenkо, N. S. Gorshkova. –
М., 1970. – 5 s.
8. Taranov V. V. Promyshlennoe proizvodstvo ovoshchey v
zimnikh teplitsakh na sfagovom torfe / V. V. Taranov // Promyshlennoe
proizvodstvo ovoshchey v teplitsakh. – М. : Sofiya, 1977. – S. 66-71.
9. Shatalov F. P. Vyrashchivanie in greenhouses on straw bales /
F. P. Shatalov, R. V. Оgarkova // Industrial production of vegetables in
greenhouses. – М. : Sofia. – 1977. S. 33-51.
А.Ф. Марютин, Е.С. Шевченко
Фитопатологическая и хозяйственная оценка субстратов при
выращивании растений огурца в блочных теплицах.
Резюме. Изложены результаты исследований о влиянии
субстратов на формирование фитопатологического комплекса и
урожай растений огурца в блочных теплицах.
О.Ф. Марютін, Є.С. Шевченко
Фітопатологічна і господарська оцінка субстратів при
вирощуванні рослин огірка у блокових теплицях.
Резюме. Висвітлені результати досліджень щодо вивчення
впливу субстратів на формування фітопатологічного комплексу і
урожай рослин огірка в блокових теплицях.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.64:631.147
Т.М. Miroshnichenko, Postgraduate Student,
Т.V. Іvchenko, V.L. Chernenko, Candidates of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF TOMATO SAMPLES RESISTANCE
TO FUSARIUM WILT
The possibility of rapid assessment of tomato samples resistance to
Fusarium wilt by the calluses reaction to the content of FCF of pathogenic
fungus in the culture medium in vitro was shown. A visual scale for assess
the impact of toxins complex of F. oxysporum FCF on callus growth and
development was created. The results of the assessment coincide with the
results of the assessment by CMEA phytopathological method.
Key words: tomato, Fusarium wilt, assessment of resistance.
Introduction. Fusarium wilt, pathogens which are fungi Fusarium
solani and Fusarium oxysporum, is one of the most harmful diseases of
solanaceous plants in general and tomato in particular. On the territory of
Ukraine, especially in dry years, losses of tomato yield because of impact
of these pathogens reach 20-30 % in greenhouses and in the open field.
Extremely high air temperatures and humidity in greenhouses create
extremely favorable atmosphere for the Fusarium wilt development and
dissemination. At the same time, modern zoned in Ukraine tomato cultivars
are not adapted to the new conditions of cultivation and showing a low
resistance to this disease. Because of that, investigations to find resistance
sources and donors to Fusarium wilt of tomato are relevant to breeding
practice. In this regard, there is a need for reliable laboratory rapid methods
for assessment of breeding samples resistance to Fusarium.
Assess the resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt is carried out by
methods of artificial infection seedlings, individual shoots or mature plants
that are grown in infectious background by inoculum (15-day live-culture
© Miroshnichenko Т.М., Іvchenko Т.V., Chernenko V.L., 2014.
of fungal pathogen). The degree of damage of plants by disease is
determined after 30 and 60 days. Overall characteristics of the sample
resistance level can be obtained after 2-3 years of research [1].
A disadvantage of this method is the need for a significant amount of
infectious material, long-term studies and the risk of losing susceptible to
Fusarium genotypes that have other valuable features.
Also, evaluation of the resistance of tomatoes to Fusarium wilt can
be determined in vitro by the growth of pollen tubes on the selective
medium [2]. But this method can evaluate resistance only at the
microgametophyte level (state the fact whether or not resistance only).
Thus it is necessary to consider the time of the object suitability for
analysis (term viability of pollen, fertility rate).
In modern scientific literature published several experimental works,
which demonstrate the efficiency of using of various methods of artificial
infection in assessment and selection of sustainable forms of agricultural
plants in vitro. They are based on the determination of the general and
specific reactions of callus lines or regenerated plants on pathogens
artificial infection in conditions, controlled by explorer [3, 4, 5].
A promising way to assess resistance to Fusarium wilt is the
cultivation of tomato callus clones in vitro on selective nutritional media
with the addition of the fungal culture filtrate (FCF) of fungi – agents of
diseases. Research conducted by V. P. Miroshnichenko, proven efficacy of
this approach in creating source breeding forms of tomato resistant to
Alternaia [6]. The advantage of this method is the ability to assess large
amounts of material obtained from a minimum of seeds; independence of
the season and the availability of winter greenhouses; opportunity not only
to determine the level of sample resistance to Fusarium wilt, but also select
and propagate perspective clones in vitro.
The aim of research was to determine the effectiveness of the
assessment of tomato breeds resistance to Fusarium wilt and develop the
parameters of rapid method for breeds screening in vitro.
The method of researches. The studies were conducted according to
standard methods [7]. For the study was used 7 samples of different
genotypes of tomato: a hybrid F7 Zlatovlaska x CDS-5 (K-4138); 5 samples
of androgenic origin, derived from hybrid F1 Svitanok x Volgogradets,
including 2 samples seeds of which were treated with γ-rays (MK-1/5 and
MK-1/10; absorbed dose – 150 Gr), 3 samples – with confirmed resistance
to Alternaria alternata FCF (I5, I7, I31); cultivar Ukrainskiy teplychniy
285 as the standard for greenhouse conditions.
For obtaining seedlings on 100 seeds of each sample were put in a
sterile culture at hormoneless Murashigue-Skoog medium (MS). For cell
breeding using cotyledons of sterile seedlings that were planted in the
induction culture medium BI (medium MS +2 mg/l 6-BAP and
2 mg/l IAA) [7] with the addition as a selective agent 30 and 50 % FCF of
pathogen fungus F. oxysporum. FCF was provided by specialists-
phytopathologists of IVM of NAAS.
Resistant callus clones selection on selective media was taken on-one
time. The number of samples in one variant is 20 pieces, three replications.
Accounting was performed in 30 days after primary explants deposition. The
level of samples resistance to F. oxysporum FCF determined by calculating the
number of explants that survived in each variant compared with the control (no
FCF) and identifies the influence of selective media with different
concentrations of FCF to callusogenesis and morphogenesis in tissue culture of
tomato. The point of morphogenesis was determined on a 5-point scale,
developed in the laboratory of biotechnology of IVM of NAAS.
Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by B. A. Dospeсhov [8].
The results of researches. Our studies determined the relationship
between the level of susceptibility of tomato samples to Fusarium wilt and
calluses reaction to the content of F. oxysporum FCF in the culture medium
in vitro. Results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of different
concentrations of F. oxysporum FCF on the number of viable explants is
individual for each sample (Table 1), and it is a factor B – genotype – is
determinative. Thus, the viability of tomato explants in the media with FCF
is dependent, primarily, on samples genetic resistance to Fusarium wilt.
For factor A – the environment – a significant difference was defined
only for sample I7 between the control and the variant of 50 % content of
FCF. Survival of explants on variants was 85.2 and 17.2 %, respectively.
The difference in variations in other samples did not exceed SSD05 that is
within the error of experiment. This result can be explained by low FCF
pathogenicity of used pathogens strain. However, viability of callus clones
of all the samples in the control variant is higher than in the variants with
the addition of FCF, and there is the tendency to reduce the number of
viable explants with increasing of selective agent concentrations in culture
medium. Analysis of variance confirms the presence of significant
relationships between these parameters. By analyzing the viability
parameters samples MK-1/5 and K-4138 allocated among researched as the
most resistant – the number of viable calluses of these breeds in the
experimental variants with 30 and 50 % containing the selective agent
practically does not differ from controls.
The standard cultivar Ukrainskiy teplychniy 285 completely lost on
selective media. The most sharp decrease in the number of viable explants
characteristic genotypes MK-1/10 and I7. This indicates their susceptibility
to Fusarium wilt. The low absolute survival rates of genotype K-4138 can
be explained by naturally weak response to culturing in vitro.
Selective effect of F. oxysporum FCF manifested in processes of
callusogenesis and morphogenesis. Significant differences in terms of the
average callus volume were identified between versions of medium and
between genotypes. In our opinion, this indication is most clearly reflects
the individual genotypes sensitivity to Fusarium wilt.
Adding a selective agent caused reducing the average callus volume
of all genotypes (table 2). For example, this parameter rate of the sample
MK-1/5 was 804.8 mm3 in the control variant, in the variant with FCF 30%
– 276.0 mm3, and with 50 % – only 66.5 mm
3. Genotype MK-1/10 had
respectively 476.7, 128.3 and mm3. The strongest depressing effect of FCF
to this trait manifested on genotypes MK-1/5, I5, MK-1/10 and I7.
The average point of morphogenesis also significantly decreased
with the concentration of FCF increasing. Thus, for genotype MK-1/5, this
index was reduced from 5 to 2 from the control to variant with FCF 50 %.
For genotypes MK-1/10 and I7 in medium with 50 % content of pathogen
morphogenesis was not observed at all. An exception is the genotype I5,
which morphogenesis in vitro did not change depending on the
concentration of F. oxysporum FCF in culture medium. In all variants of
the experiment the average point of morphogenesis was equal 2. Thus
individual sensitivity of each sample of tomato to the studied pathogen
express through complex changes in parameters of explants viability.
In the result of research a 5-point scale for visual assessment the
impact of complex toxins of F. oxysporum FCF on growth and
development of explants was developed. It combines estimation of the
number of viable explants and the intensity of callusogenesis: point 0 –
highly resistant, tissue development not differ from cultivation in control
variant; 1 point – resistant, to 25 % of chlorosis tissues, intensive callus
increase; point 2 – moderately resistant, to 50 % of chlorosis tissues, the
moderatecallus growth; point 3 – susceptible, to 75 % of chlorosis tissues,
callus growth is suppressed; point 4 – highly susceptible, more than 75 %
of chlorosis tissues, there no callus growth. The samples were divided by
the level of resistance in culture in vitro as follows: highly susceptible –
Ukrainskiy teplychniy 285, MK-1/10; susceptible – I5; moderately resistant
– K-4138, I7, I31; resistant – MK-1/5. Genotype MK-1/5 was characterized
by the highest level of resistance during the study.
Resistant callus clones were selected in the studied genotypes in both
variants of selective medium, regenerated plants were obtained. Then adapted
to natural conditions pot plants were obtained that were planted in the glass
greenhouse to get seeds. In 2013, the results of field phytopathological
assessment of their progeny for resistance to Fusarium wilt by CMEA method
coincided with the results of the experiment (Table 3). Thus, the developed
scale can be used for the preliminary assessment of the resistance of tomato
samples. In addition, the proposed method makes it possible to conduct the sell
breeding to resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt in parallel with the
assessment, which speeds up the breeding process. The experimental results
were used in develop of method recommendations “Sell technologies of
creation of main vegetable plants source breeding material in vitro”.
Conclusions. The proposed express-method of assessment allows
obtaining reliable data on the levels of resistance to Fusarium wilt of tomato
samples and hybrid combinations at different stages of the selection process.
Bibliography.
1. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po selektsii sortov I gibridov tomato dlya
otkrytogo I zashchishchennogo grunta. – М. : VASKHNIL, 1986. – S. 54-57.
2. Pat. 3848 Belarus. – С1 А01Р1/00, А01Н1/04. Sposob otsenki
ustoychivosti tomato k fusarioznomu uvyadaniyu / [Anokhina V. S.,
Piskun S. G., Poliksenova V. D., Timoshenkо М. К.]. – оpubl. 03.06.2001.
3. Kalashnikovа Е. А. Kletochnaya selektsiya rasteniy na
ustoychivost k gribnym boleznyam: dis. doktora biol. nauk: spets. 03.00.23
/ Е. А. Каlashnikovа. – М., 2003. – 279 s.
4. Biologiya kletok rasteniy in vitro I biotekhnologiya : sb. nauch. tr. IX
mezhdunar. konf., 8-12 sentyabrya 2008 g. / IFR im. К. А. Timiryazevа, MGU im.
М. V. Lomonosovа. – М. : ООО «ID FBК-PRESS», 2008. – S.156, 410.
5. Pat. 94034770 Rossiyskaya federatsiya, MPК 6 А01Н1/04,
А01G7/00. Sposob otbora rasteniy, ustoychivykh k fitopatogenu /
[Vedeneevа М. L., Tikhonovа Т. V., Маrkelovа Т. S., Кirillovа Т. V.]. –
оpubl. 27.05.1997.
6. Pat. 62592 Ukrainа, МPК А01Р1/04 (2006.01). Sposib stvorennya
stiykykh proty alternariozu vykhidnykh form tomata /
[Miroshnichenko V. P., Ivchenko T. V., Chernenko V. L.,
Chernenkо К. М.]. – opubl. 12.09.2011, Byul. № 17.
7. Miroshnichenko V. P. metodyka doslidzhen v kulturi izolovanykh
tkanyn ovochevykh roslyn / Miroshnichenko V. P., Sergienko О. F.,
Ivchenko T. V. [ta in.]. – Меrefа : ІОB UААN, 2004. – 25 s.
8. Dosrekhov B. А. metodika polevogo opyta (s osnovami
statisticheskoy obrabotki resultatov issledovaniy) / B. А. Dospekhov. – М. :
Коlos, 1979. – 416 s.
Т.М. Мирошниченко, Т.В. Ивченко, В.Л. Черненко
Оценка устойчивости образцов томата к фузариозному
увяданию в культуре in vitro.
Резюме. Показана возможность проведения экспресс-оценки
устойчивости образцов томата против фузариозного увядания по
реакции каллусов на содержание ФКЖ гриба-возбудителя болезни в
питательной среде в культуре in vitro. Разработана шкала для
визуальной оценки влияния комплекса токсинов ФКЖ F. oxysporum на
рост и развитие каллусов. Результаты скрининга совпадают с
результатами фитопатологической оценки по методике СЭВ.
Т.М. Мірошніченко, Т.В. Івченко, В.Л. Черненко
Оцінка стійкості зразків томата до фузаріозного в’янення в
культурі in vitro.
Резюме. Показана можливість проведення експрес-оцінки
стійкості зразків томата до фузаріозного в’янення за реакцією калюсів
на вміст ФКР гриба-збудника хвороби у живильному середовищі в
культурі in vitro. Розроблена шкала для візуальної оцінки впливу
комплексу токсинів ФКР F. oxysporum на ріст і розвиток калюсів.
Результати скринінгу співпадають з результатами фітопатологічної
оцінки за методикою РЕВ.
1. – The number of viable explants of tomato in culture media with
different content of fungus F. oxysporum FCF, pcs.
(average for 2012-2013 years)
Factor А: medium Factor В:
genotype МS without
FCF, control
MS+30 %
FCF
MS+50 %
FCF
Average in
factor В
МК-1/5 83,3 80,3 79,8 81,1
МК-1/10 68,3 55,8 33,0 52,4
I 5 66,7 53,3 33,3 51,1
I 7 85,2 35,5 17,8 46,2
I 31 93,5 52,3 48,7 64,8
К-4138 25,5 15,0 10,1 16,9
Average in
factor А 70,4 48,7 37,1 52,1
SSD 05 А 61,4
SSD05 В,
АВ 10,2
2. – The average callus volume of tomato samples in culture media with
different content of fungus F. oxysporum FCF, mm3
(average for 2012-2013 years)
Factor А: medium Factor В:
genotype МS without
FCF, control
MS+30 %
FCF
MS+50 %
FCF
Average in
factor В
МК-1/5 808,5±10,1 270,6±17,8 66,0±9,5 381,7
МК-1/10 482,5±35,3 131,3±3,9 5,9±1,1 206,6
I 5 636,7±14,2 308,5±8,5 76,0±1,7 340,4
I 7 410,0±15,4 330,0±18,9 2,0±0,4 247,3
I 31 216,2±10,4 163,4±10,9 112,1±10,4 163,9
К-4138 119,3±15,1 89,2±6,4 57,8±4,0 88,8
Average in
factor А 445,5 215,5 53,3 238,1
SSD05 А 105,8
SSD05 В,
АВ 17,7
3. – The level of resistance of tomato samples to Fusarium wilt in vitro and
in vivo
Resistance in vitro Resistance in vivo
Breeding
sample Damage
% Point
Level of
resistance /
susceptibility
Damage
% CMEA
Level of
resistance /
susceptibility
Ukrainskiy
teplychniy
285
100,0 4 highly
susceptible 48,5 3
low
resistance /
average
susceptibility
МК-1/10 77,7 4 –//– 46,3 3 –//–
I 5 67,3 3 susceptible 37,1 3 –//–
I 7 38,2 2 moderately
resistant 20,6 5
average
resistance /
weak
susceptibility
I 31 32,1 2 –//– 16,3 5 –//–
К-4138 28,4 2 –//– 6,9 7 high / practical
resistance
МК-1/5 19,5 1 resistant 4,2 7 –//–
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.63:631.527
V.М. Nesin, Sciences Researcher,
О.V. Pozniak, Junior Sciences Researcher,
Experimental Station «Mayak» ІVM of NAAS
NEW VARIETY OF CUCUMBER NEZHINSKIY 23
Results of selection work on creation of a variety of cucumber
Nіzhinskiy 23 are considered, its morphology and a biometry and the
economic characteristics is resulted.
Keywords: vegetable, selection, cucumber, variety.
Introduction. Cucumber is one of the main vegetables in the open as
well as a protected ground. It contains 94-96 % water, a small amount of
solids and vitamins, about 15 biologically active substances and mineral
salts. The use of cucumber helps to improve appetite and the absorption of
other products, as in the fruit are available enzymes necessary for better
absorption of vitamin B1, and alkaline salts that reduce gastric acidity. The
fruits are recommended for kidney and liver. Juice of cucumber is useful in
rheumatic diseases; high potassium content helps to remove water from the
human body, regulates and facilitates the work of the heart [1].
At the Nizhyn district in Chernihiv region through national selection
was created by variety of cucumber Nizhynskyy mistsevyy that has been
standard quality to salting type. Based on this variety was evolved famous
production of nizhynskiy cucumber. At the end of the twentieth century (after
all, commercially – and to nowadays) growing varieties of cucumber
nizhynskiy types of sort in the region as a whole in the state stopped due to low
resistance to pseudoperonospora (downy mildew), which epiphytotics
observed since the late 80's the last century. However, due to lack of raw
materials and manufacturing declined. Its recovery is based on varieties and
hybrids of foreign selection (mainly, though now been established domestic
cucumber assortment of high quality to salting and relative resistance against
harmful diseases).
Over time, marked the entry grade Nizhynskiy mistsevyy relative
stability against pseudoperonospora, tend to change as a result of constant © Nesyn V.M., Poznyak A.V., 2014.
population selection toward an earlier entry into fruiting plants.
This makes it possible to increase the number of selected fruits in a
massive spread of the disease, created relatively stable forms – varieties,
hybrids, lines.
In order to preserve local varieties of cucumber Nizhynskiy
conducted search and selection work research institutions located in the
region, including research station "Mayak" at Institute of Vegetables and
Melons of NAAS.
Thus, the selection and experimental station "Mayak" (now ES
"Mayak" IVM of NAAS), which was established in seed farm Kotovskyy at
village Kruty of Nizhyn district, Chernihiv region by order of the Ministry
of Agriculture of the USSR № 192 of April 26, 1974 with the aim of
improving the technology of mechanized cultivation and harvesting
vegetable seeds and fodder root crops in areas Poleis USSR, from the very
beginning of the establishment under thematic programs carried out research
work with variety of cucumber of national selection for Nizhynsky
mistsevyy study various aspects: morphologically-held biometric description
of the variety of the population, maintenance of a variety of clean, selection
and seed-growing work on varietal population. Currently, all these areas are
revived and included in thematic research plan for 2011-2015 years.
In 2005, a variety of cucumber Nizhynsky mistsevyy was registered
at the National Center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine (Certificate of
registration of specimen gene pool of plants in Ukraine № 177 / Request
№ 000249 of 14.03.02 year. – № of registration at the National catalog is
UL 3700137).
An important step in the study of varieties of cucumber Nizhynskyy
mistsevyy in modern conditions is its registration at the State register of
plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. This is due to the fact
that under current legislation varieties that are not included in the register
cannot be grown at the territory of Ukraine. In 2009, to the State service for
the Protection of plant varieties by experimental station "Mayak" of Institute
of vegetables and melons of NAAS was filed Application for registration of
the variety and its recognition supports stations. Analysis of the results of
field studies on Yakymivskiy State variety station in 2010 and in 2011
showed that the homogeneity of the variety is within normal limits; in 2012
examination grade in State variety station was completed positively.
So there is every reason to expect that variety of famous cucumber
Nizhynskyy mistsevyy, that was a standard type for pickling for several
centuries, will remain in history, and will be revived, maintained and
improved. At least in ES "Mayak" IVM of NAAS it is de facto. Thus, the
revival of cucumber production based on it (and new forms of nizhynskyy
types of sort of properties have classic variety) are real [9].
However, at the experimental station "Mayak" IVM of NAAS is taking
extensive research work on the creation of modern assortment of cucumber
varieties such as Nizhynskyy [7, 8, 10].
The aim of research: creation of varieties and hybrids of cucumber for
pickling type (type of sort Nizhynskyy), high yield, long period of economic
life, relative resistance to the most harmful diseases primarily
pseudoperonospora (downy mildew), which are adapted to growing
conditions in the areas of the Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine.
The method of researches. The object of research: breeding of
cucumber. Subject of research: collectible varieties samples of cucumber
breeding material. Breeding work carried out at the experimental field research
station "Mayak" IVM of NAAS at village Baklanove at Nizhyn district,
Chernihiv region in accordance with generally accepted methodological
guidelines [2, 4, 5, 11]. Evaluation of morphological characters performed by
the method of examination of the diversity, uniformity and stability (DUS) State
service for the protection of plant varieties of Ukraine [3, 6].
The results of researches. As a result of breeding work at the
experimental station "Mayak" IVM of NAAS created a new variety of
cucumber Nizhynskyy 23, which is allocated for scientific and technical
expertise in the expert institutions of the State veterinary and phytosanitary
service of Ukraine in 2013. When you create a class method applied
individually-family selection of classic variety Nizhynskyy mistsevyy.
In the nursery source material in 2005 there are 42 families studied
of varieties Nizhynskyy mistsevyy and further work towards the creation of
a new class families identified by 7 indicators early maturity, yield of fruits,
moderate (relative) resistance to downy mildew (pseudoperonospora), high
taste the fruit in salted form, high seed productivity.
In 2006-2010 assessed and breeding families rejection atypical
varieties and forming a defined population in the model class
morphological and biometric characteristics and economic indicators.
For sample homogeneity in breeding nursery conducted individual
family selection on morphological and agronomic traits. Promising varieties
for 2011-2013 studied in the nursery competitive varieties tested.
Morphological identification of description variety Nizhynskyy 23.
Type of growth plant is indeterminate, branched stems, stem length is
180 cm. The provisions of the leaf blade in the space are horizontal. Leaf
length is 15 cm. The shape of the upper blade apex of the leaf blade is dull.
Sandwiched plate is green color of moderate intensity. Blisters leaf blade is
moderate undulation edges are absent or weak; serration edges of the leaf
blade is weak.
The plant, according to the article is monoecious. Number of female
flowers per node is usually one.
The color of the outer covering of the ovary is black. Partenite carpio
is available. The fruit is greens, the length is short - 8 cm (sort of belongs to
the gherkin type) with a diameter of 3 cm; cross-sectional shape is angular
greens (three sided) shape-based fruit is dull, rounded shape is tops. The
main color of the skin of the fruit in the phase of technical maturity is green
moderate intensity. Ribbing fruit is moderate, no seam, wrinkles on the
surface of the fruit is missing. Type of cover fruit – only spikes, their
location is very dense. On the surface of the fruit available are medium hills.
The strips on the surface of the fruit of medium length; spots available,
distributed mainly bands occupy 2/3 of the length of the fetus are tight.
Plaque on fruits is moderate. Over the length of the stalk is short.
The main color of the skin of the fruit in the phase of physiological
maturity (seed) is brown.
The economic characteristics of the new varieties of cucumber
Nizhynskyy 23.
Created grade of cucumber Nizhynskyy 23 is medium later, from mass
germination to early fruiting is 45 days. Seeds ripen through 85-100 days.
Duration bearing is 56 days.
The results of sort competition test on natural of epiphytoties background
pseudoperonospora of new varieties of cucumber Nizhynskyy 23 shown in
Table 1.
The newly created variety of cucumbers Nizhynskyy 23 is characterized
by high commodity and total yield of fruits: 33.6 t/ha and 28.4 t/ha, respectively,
the predominant source grading 13.8 and 15.4 % respectively in the
commercialization of 84.5 and 83.3 %. The period from mass germination to
early fruition 45 days, the standard is 42 days. Fruiting period of new varieties is
56 days. The resistance against to pseudoperonospora of variety Nizhynskyy 23
is high – 7 points, at the level of the standard (in the original sort average
resistance – 5 points).
1. – The economic characteristics of varieties of cucumber Nizhynskyy 23 in
nursery of varietal competitive testing (average 2011-2013 years).
The indicators Dzherelo
(standard) Nizhynskyy 23
Yield, t/ha
total yield 29,5 33,6
SSD05 2,3
commodity 24,6 28,4
marketability, % 83,3 84,5
Quantity days of mass
germination to early fruiting 42 45
Fruiting period, days 52 56
Resistance against
pseudoperonospora, points 7 7
Tasting assessment
of fruits, ball
fresh
salt
4,6
4,7
4,9
5,0
The results of biochemical analysis of new varieties of fruits
Nizhynskyy 23: dry matter content of 4.92 %; total sugar 2.26 %; ascorbic
acid 13.29 mg/100 g; nitrate 40 mg/kg (data analysis laboratory of mass
analysis IVM of NAAS, Kharkiv).
Tasting fresh fruits rating – 4.9 points, salty – 5.0 points. New
varieties of pickles qualities at the level of local varieties Nizhynskyy 23
and proposed for implementation to complement the classic variety.
The economic effect of the introduction of new varieties of
production is 18 ths. uah/ha.
Quality offered grown in open ground under Steppes and Polesie of
Ukraine. Areas of implementation: agricultural enterprises of different
ownership and management, processing (canning) enterprises, the private
sector.
Conclusions. As a result of selective breeding for ES "Mayak" IVM
of NAAS created and transferred to the system of the State of varieties trials
variety of cucumber Nizhynskyy 23 with a fruiting duration 56 days period
from mass germination to early fruition 45 days, with a total yield of fruits
33.6 t/ha , marketable yield of 28.4 t/ha; dry matter content in the fruits of
4.92 %, ascorbic acid 13.29 mg/100 g, nitrate 40 mg/kg; fresh fruit tasting
score 4.90 points, salty – 5.0 points.
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О. V. Poznyak, М. P. Petrenko // Innovatsiyno-investytsiynyy rozvytok
roslynnytskoi galuzi – stan ta perspektyvy: tezy V mizhnar. nauk.-prakt.
konf. Molodykh vchenykh (4-6 lypnya 2012 r., m. Kharkiv,
ІR іm. V. Ya. Yureva NAAN). – Kh. : Маgdа LTD, 2012. – S. 66-67.
11. Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh I bashtannykh kultur //
[Za red. Т. К. Gorovoi і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh., 2001. – 644 s.
В.Н. Несин, А.В. Позняк
Новый сорт огурца Нежинский 23.
Резюме. Изложены результаты селекционной работы по
созданию сорта огурца Нежинский 23, приведены морфолого-
биометрическая и хозяйственная характеристики нового сорта.
В.М. Несин, О.В. Позняк
Новий сорт огірка Hіжинський 23.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати селекційної роботи по
створенню сорту огірка Ніжинський 23, приведена морфолого-
біометрична та господарська характеристики нового сорту.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.25:631.82:631.53.04
А.V. Novikovа, Junior Sciences Researcher
Institute of Agriculture of the Northern East of NAAS
INFLUENCE OF SOWING TIME AND APPLICATION OF
FERTILIZERS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF ONION BY WINTER
METHOD OF GROWING
The results have studies on the relationships of the elements of
performance technological methods of growing onion. Found that getting
yield at 25.0 t/ha provides the use of fertilizers by sowing seeds
N82P72K110 in I decade of August.
Keywords: onions, method of winter cultivation, fertilizer, date of
sowing.
Introduction. Today in Ukraine and the world is becoming popular
and is gaining widespread method of winter growing of onions as
commercial products obtained from spring cultivation method is
insufficient to meet the needs of consumers throughout the year. The main
advantage of this method is the possibility of obtaining fresh products
(goods onions) for six weeks before the production of the conventional
method of cultivation. It should be noted that winter onion plants tolerate
low temperatures, without snow – up to minus 15 °C and in the presence of
snow cover at least a few centimeters even lower [3, 5]. In good weather
conditions and the full complex of technological measures cultivation of 1
hectare can get 14-25 tons of bulbs [4].
In his writings, doctor of agricultural Science Z. D. Sych indicates
that winter crops of onions argoclimatic zones almost all areas of Ukraine,
except Polesie, because there is a risk soaking crops during the autumn
rains. The author recommends the very early product for use onion varieties
and hybrids, intended for autumn sowing. He argues that seeding for
"onion-snowdrops" is best done in July-August.
The aim of research Develop basic elements of technology growing
of onion (grade composition, fertilizer system, the timing of planting, using
rocker cultures) to get over early production in the North-Eastern of Forest
steppe of Ukraine [1, 2]. © Novikova А.V., 2014.
The method of researches. Research conducted in the fields of grain
and vegetable crop rotation at the Institute of Agriculture of the Northern
East of NAAS during 2012-2014 years. In conducting field experiments
area sown area was 10 m2, discount – 5 m
2 (onions on turnip). Repeated –
six times.
The scheme of the experiment consisted of planting seeds in two
periods (5 and 15 of August) on different backgrounds fertilization, without
fertilizer (control), N60P60K60, N82P72K110, processing stubble predecessor
destructor Fitontsyd-r + N60P60K60 + pre plant treatment of seeds by
Emistym C. Onions of varieties Tkachenkivska in rainfed conditions.
The results of researches. As a result of studies have found that
sowing and fertilizer partially norms affect biometric parameters of plant
onion cultivation method (Table 1). Thus, in the phase of 5-6 true leaves
plant height at sowing onion at 5 of August, depending on the rules
fertilizer was 36.2-42.6 cm, number of leaves per plant ranged between 4.4-
4.8 pieces, the total length of leaves – 146-263 cm. By sowing seeds at 15
of August biometric parameters were lower plants. Thus, depending on the
use of fertilizers plant height ranged 26.6-28.6 cm, number of leaves – 3.0-
4.0 pcs./plant, their total length – 69.2-87.4 cm.
Accordingly, are changes and lots of plants, leaves and bulbs. For
earlier sowing (5 of August), depending on fertilizing plants formed with a
mass 35.59-66.41 g, weight of leaves – 16.2-31.88 g, weight of bulbs –
13.14-42.13 h, by sowing seeds at 15 of August formed with a mass smaller
plants 23.71-38.14 g, leaf weight – 4.05-7.22 g and weight of bulbs –
19.66-30.95 h
Note that by sowing 5th of August most positive impact on the
growth and development of plants onion has N60P60K60 application
separately and in combination with N60P60K60 trim stubble predecessor
destructor Fitoncyd-r and seed treatment Emistym C. For the later sowing
the greatest impact on biometric parameters few plants use N82P72K110;
thus formed plants with a height of 28.4 cm total length sheets – 82.0 cm,
mass of plants – 38.14 g. But the use of a complex volatile Fitontsyd-r +
N60P60K60 + Emistym C boosted the number of leaves per plant
(4.0 pcs./plant), their total length (87.4 cm) and weight (7.22 g).
1. – Biometric performance of onion plants for cultivation in winter mode
phase of 3-5 true leaves (average for 2013-2014)
Weight, g
Variant of experiment Plant
height
Number
of
leaves
cm,
Total
length
of the
leaf,
cm
of
plant
of
leafs of bulbs
5 of August
N60P60K60 42,0 4,4 229,6 35,59 22,45 13,14
N82P75K110
36,2 4,6 145,6 58,33 16,20 42,13
Destructor of stubble
Fitontsydr+N60P60K60+Еmistym
С
42,6 4,8 263,4 66,41 31,88 34,53
15 of August
N60P60K60 28,0 3,0 69,2 23,71 4,05 19,66
N82P75K110
28,4 3,2 82,0 38,14 7,19 30,95
Destructor of stubble
Fitontsydr+N60P60K60+Еmistym
С
26,6 4,0 87,4 31,57 7,22 24,35
On average, two years of research, regardless of sowing seeds the
highest of yield of onion for its winter cultivation provides a dose of
fertilizer use N82P75K110 (Fig. 1). At the same time sowing seeds at 5 of
August yield of onion was 25.0 t/ha, sowing at 15 of August – 17.0 t/ha,
while the rest of fertilizer yield ranged between 9.7-11.8 t/ha.
Note also that the use of a complex destructor of stubble Fitoncyd-r
and Emistym C causes increase productivity of onion 1,0-2,1 t/ha
introducing only relatively fertilizers N60P60K60.
Conclusions. In rainfed conditions at the Northern-Eastern of Forest-
steppe of Ukraine harvesting of onion method of sowing on 5 of August
background making N82P72K110 gives a yield at 25.0 t/ha. Conducting
processing of stubble destructor-volatile production and processing of
seeds, the regulator Emistym C for background use N60P60K60 improves the
yield of onion on 10.0-20.4 %.
10,0 9,7
25,0
17,0
11,0 11,8
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
5 аugust 15 аugust
t/hа
N60P60K60 N82P75K110 Fitotsid-Р + N60P60K60 + Emistim С
SSD0,95 for 2013 – 0,84 t/hа, for 2014 – 1,17 t/hа Fig. 1. – Effect of sowing seeds and fertilizer application on yield of onion
of winter cultivation method (average 2013-2014 years)
Biblyography.
1. Sych Z. D. Surovaya zima ne pomekha dlya gibridov ozimogo luka
Ibis F1 I Imago F1 / Z. D. Sych // Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2010. – № 7. – S. 26-29.
2. Sych Z. D. Podzimnie I zimnie posevy – dopolnitelnyy put
polucheniya rannikh ovoshchey / Z. D. Sych // Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2007. –
№ 11. – S. 26-29
3. Usik G. Е. Osobennosti formirovaniya urozhaya repki pri
podzimnem poseve / G. E. Usik, S. И. Botsyy // Vestnik
selskokhozyaystvennoy nauki. – 1974. – № 12. – S. 20-24.
4. Felchinski К. Vyrashchivanie ozimogo luka / К. Felchinski //
Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2005. – № 9. – S. 42-43.
5. Salter P. J. Comparative studies of different production systems
for early crops of bulb onions / P. J. Salter // Rertic. Sc. – 1976. – V. 51. –
№ 3. – P. 329-339.
А.В. Новикова
Влияние сроков посева и применения удобрений на
урожайность лука репчатого при озимом способе выращивания.
Резюме. Приведены результаты исследований взаимосвязей
элементов продуктивности с технологическими приемами
выращивания лука репчатого озимого. Установлено, что получение
урожайности на уровне 25,0 т/га обеспечивает использование
удобрений N82P72K110 при посеве семян в I декаде августа.
А.В. Новікова
Вплив строків сівби та застосування добрив на урожайність
цибулі ріпчастої за озимого способу вирощування.
Резюме. Наведено результати досліджень стосовно
взаємозв’язків елементів продуктивності з технологічними прийомами
вирощування цибулі ріпчастої озимої. Встановлено, що отримання
урожайності на рівні 25,0 т/га забезпечує використання добрив
N82P72K110 за сівби насіння в І декаді серпня.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635. 64:631. 528:632.
O.I. Оnishchenko, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
N.V. Sotyk, Candidate of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Horticulture of UAAN
S.S. Yaremenko, Junior Sciences Researcher
Institute of Horticulture of NAAS
SUSCEPTIBILITY ALTERNARIA SOLANI (ELL. ET MART)
NEERG ON TOMATOES IN KIEV REGION
The results of researches of stability of selection standards of tomato
to the exciter of early dry spotted are expounded, lines to which the field
stability is incident relatively and which will be used in a selection process
at creation of hybrids and sorts are selected.
Keywords: tomato, pathogen, Alternaria, late blight, variety.
Introduction. A drastic change in climatic conditions of Ukraine
promotes intensive development and increased severity blight and late blight
on tomatoes. The disease is recognized early blight on tomatoes fungus genus
Alternaria solani (Ell. et Mart) Neerg [1]. This pathogen is the most common
form of leaf blight on tomatoes but also causes disease and other plant organs:
cotyledons and true leaves, petioles, stems, and fruit.
Crop losses from the disease are 20-30 %, and 40-50 years of
epiphytotic [2]. On the development of early blight is largely affected by
weather conditions. Optimal conditions for the development of the
pathogen Alternaria temperature is 24-28 °C and the humidity in the range
of 70-100 %. During the growing period, the pathogen forms several
generations of conidia, which contributes to the rapid spread of the disease
[7]. Environmental classification of infectious diseases related to blight
aerogenic-certified (by V. A. Chulkina, 1991).
According E. A. Vlasova and other scholars (1979) pathogen weakly
affects low-yielding, sterile, medium and late-type samples with
indeterminate bush. In the context of Ukraine's genetic resistance to
Alternaria tomato poorly studied. This is explained by the fact that the © Оnishenko O.I., Shotik N.V., Yaremenko S.S., 2014.
disease in the territory of Ukraine, though it was the case, but did not cause
significant damage to tomato producers and little attracted the attention of
plant pathologists. Resistance to Alternaria is controlled by one pair of
genes with partial dominance of susceptibility. Resistant varieties are
against this pathogen to date virtually none.
The method of researches. The aim of our research was to study the
varieties of tomato in relation to late blight and Alternaria, to evaluate
samples in the field and highlight the relatively stable in order to use them
in the selection process. Studies carried out in conditions of the Kiev region
in the 2007-2013 years on the tomato plants in the field. The study involved
the varieties and hybrids of the collection, competitive, preliminary,
hybrids F1 and other nurseries. The main techniques that have been used in
our selection process were: the study sample selection on the main
economically valuable traits [4], the state variety trials [5], evaluation of
disease resistance [2]. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by
B. A. Dospekhov [3]. The evaluation for resistance breeding material was
carried out in the field under natural infection.
The results of researches. Over the period 2007-2013 years in the
field rated more than six thousand tomato varieties and hybrids of different
ecological and geographical origin in order to create a collection of sources
of resistance to Alternaria solani (Ell. et Mart) Neerg and late blight.
During the period of research for seven years weather conditions for plant
growth and development and yield formation of tomato fruits were quite
colorful. [6] The studies breeding material for the resistance to Alternaria
was distributed in the following groups of samples: relatively stable (with
the degree of development of the disease up to 25 %) – accounted for 0.1 %
of the analyzed; weakly susceptible ( amount of disease from 25.1 % to
37.5 %) – 0.2 %; moderately susceptible (from 37.6 to 50.0 %) – 2.2 %;
susceptible ( from 50.1 to 75%) – 22.0 %; highly susceptible (from 75.1 %
or more) – 75.4 %. As seen from the above data evaluation of plant
susceptibility to the pathogen Alternaria resistant samples were found.
According to the results of phenological observations established that
marked varieties and hybrids are relatively stable and slightly susceptible to
Alternaria included in the group of early and medium ripe varieties during
their growing season ranges from 99-113 days, and yields were 50,2-
82,0 t\ha (Table 1).
The studies of late blight severity on 420 samples of tomato were
presented in Table 2. Already was established that Ph. infestans is consists
of two races T0 and T1, which are differentially responsive to the varieties
of tomatoes. To characterize the breeding material for resistance already
assessed to late blight in artificial lesions on detached leaf.
To study the nature of inheritance of resistance to the pathogen
Alternaria solani (Ell. et Mart) Neerg and selection of resistant forms held a
series of crosses. Selected in the collection nursery relatively resistant varieties
were crossed with varieties evolved complex agronomic traits. In the studied
combinations of pathogen resistance is inherited as a dominant, intermediate or
recessive trait. Obtained a new source material is stable and low susceptibility
against Alternaria, which is the study in breeding nurseries.
Conclusions. In the 2007-2013 years is estimated more than 6000
varieties and hybrids for resistance to tomato blight under natural infection.
Resistant to the studied samples of tomato pathogen have been identified, but
the analysis has allowed prototypes split into groups and select the stability
tolerance, which can later be used in the selection process as donors.
Bibliography.
1. Gorovaya T. K. Sovremennye metody selektsii ovochnykh I
bakhchevykh kultur / T. K. Gorovaya, K. I. Yakovenko. – K. : Osnova,
2001. – S. 114-133.
2. Geneticheskie resursy I selektsiya rasteniy na ustoychivost k
boleznyam I abiotichekim faktoram. – Leningrad, 1981 – 231 s.
3. Dospekhov B. A. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. A. Dospekhov. –
M . : Kolos, 1979. – 415 s.
4. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po izucheniyu I podderzhaniyu mirovoy
kollektsii. – Leningrad, 1988 – 39 s.
5. Metodika gosudarstvennogo sortoispytaniya
selskokhozyaystvennykh kultur. (Kartofel, ovoshchi I bakhchevye kultury).
– K., 2001. – 369 s.
6. Meteorologicheskie dannye meteoposta Kievskoy opytnoy stantsii
(2006-2012 gg.)
7. Raychuk T. M. Sukhaya pyatnistost tomatov / T. M. Raychuk,
V. G. Sergienko. – Karantin I zashchita. – 2004. – № 12. – S. 5-7.
1. – Economically valuable signs of the finest examples of tomato, evolved
on the basis of resistance to blight (average 2007-2013 years)
The yields
Name of varieties and
hybrids
The
developme
nt of the
disease,
%
t/ha ± to
St
Average
weight
of fruit,
g
The period
of
vegetation,
days
Lagidnyy-standard 32,0 6,9 85 107
Syayvo x Mykolka 28,0 7,4 0,5 95 110
Zakaznyy 280 x Boyan 23,0 7,5 0,6 115 104
Rio Fuego x Zoren 26,0 7,8 0,9 103 102
Mobil x Svitanok 27,0 6,6 -0,3 125 100
ВВ510 х Amiko 48,5 8,1 1,2 99 98
Ont 811 х Lagidnyy 44.5 8,3 1,4 85 106
Boyan х Morkovnyy 39,5 7,8 0,9 88 107
Zolotoe ryno х line 15 44,5 7,8 0,9 132 116
Iskorka х
Zakaznyy 280
31,0 6,9 - 144 114
Myrolyubovskiy 44,5 6,5 -0,4 136 115
Nema Mech х Danilo 43,5 6,8 0,1 105 114
Zakaznyy 280 х Dolya 27,0 8,1 1,2 77 111
Boyan х Svitanok 28,0 7,8 0,9 88 109
Uragan x
L. pimpenefolium
22,0 6,8 0,1 86 113
SSD0,5 0,4
2. – Rating sample studied tomato to major conditions of diseases in
Ukrainian (average 2007-2013 years)
Sensitive lines, pcs.
The degree of
resistance lines
The
development
of disease,%
early dry spot
(natural
conditions)
phytophthora
(infection)
Relatively stable <25 46 18
Weakly susceptible 25,1-37,5 57 27
Average susceptible 37,6-50,0 155 242
Susceptible 50,1-75,0 94 98
Strongly
susceptible 75,1 > 25 35
О.И. Онищенко, Н.В. Шотик, С.С. Яременко
Вредоносность к Alternaria solani (Ell et Mart) Neerg на томатах
в Киевской области.
Резюме. Изложены результаты исследований восприимчивости
селекционных образцов томата в отношении возбудителя
альтернариоза и фитофтороза, выделенные линии, которым
свойственна относительная полевая устойчивость, которые будут
использованы в селекционном процессе при создании новых сортов и
гибридов.
О.І. Онищенко, Н.В. Шотік, С.С. Яременко
Шкідливість до Alternaria solani (Ell et Mart) Neerg на томатах в
Київській області.
Резюме. Викладено результати досліджень сприйнятливості
селекційних зразків томата щодо збудника альтернаріозу і
фітофторозу, виділені лінії, яким властива відносна польова стійкість,
які будуть використані в селекційному процесі при створенні нових
сортів та гібридів.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.932:631.527
О.V. Poznyak, Junior Sciences Researcher,
L.V. Chaban, Sciences Researcher
Experimental Station «Mayak» ІVM of NAAS
ENRICHMENT DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED OF
ASSORTMENTS OF ARTEMISIA TARRAGON
Already deals with the results of breeding to create competitive
varieties of Artemisia tarragon Unenezh and Yanychar, which is
recommended for development of agro formations in all forms of ownership
and management and the private sector in the areas of the Forest-steppe
and Polesie of Ukraine.
Keywords: vegetable, selection, Artemisia tarragon, sort of.
Introduction. One of the problems of domestic vegetable assortment
policy is weak at home. Supply structure is represented mainly cultures of
"borsch set" (tomato – 21 %, cabbage – 17.9 %, onion – 10.4 %, table beet –
8.4 %, carrot – 8 %), while the production of vitamin products, including the
species range greens, salad, spicy taste cultures is extremely insufficient.
Their share in the total gross production is 6.2 % (for comparison – in some
European countries the figure ranges from 25 to 35 %) [4].
Thus, at the present stage of development of the agricultural sector
remains important task of improving the structure of cultivation and
consumption of vegetables by introducing a new culture of kinds of
vegetables, creating little common varieties of plant species for different
growing areas to expand the range of distribution and introduction
production [7]. By the spicy taste of plants, which is held breeding work at
the experimental station "Mayak" Institute of Vegetables and Melons of
NAAS belongs of Artemisia tarragon [8]. The need for this type of
involvement in the selection process due to at least two reasons: the need to
create local varieties of Artemisia tarragon that are suitable for eating fresh
(green products) and updating and expanding the assortment to obtain high
quality raw material in the context of spicy cucumber production revival for © Poznyak O.V, Chaban L.V., 2014.
pickles based on the classic varieties of cucumber Nizhynskyy mistsevyy
and newest assortment of sort types (in this direction on ES "Mayak" IVM
of NAAS where the extensive research).
The assortment of Artemisia tarragon of domestic selection is
limited: the State register of plant varieties that are suitable for distribution
in Ukraine as of 08.14.2013 year was made only two varieties – Smaragd
and Travnevyy (both are breeding at Nikita Botanical Gardens of NAAS
were made to register in 2004) [2]. The varieties of Artemisia tarragon
foreign breeding in Ukraine is not a registered one. Ukraine has grown
mostly local populations and assortment of foreign origin, which is grown
from seed. Intensive importation it seeds to note the market over the past
decade (including illegally as individuals and commercial firms). By the
90-s of the twentieth century in Chernihiv region for the canning industry,
particularly in Nezhyn palm area was zoned sort of Artemisia tarragon
Grybovskyy selection of VNDISNOK (Moscow) [9], so the region is
widespread population of tarragon, starting form which is precisely this
sort. However, due to lack of work on primary and reproductive seed of the
variety, there is every reason to say: local material supported population
loses inherent in the original class agronomic characteristics, is
heterogeneous and degenerating/turns wild.
Artemisia tarragon or tarkhun (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a
perennial plant of the family Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Synonymous species
name "tarragon" with registration forms submitted to the system of the
varieties tested in the registration of the variety and the rights to it was
removed in 2013. For food use young people are not stiff herbaceous
shoots and leaves. Specific slightly spicy aroma and pungent spicy piquant
pungent taste of the plant has provided essential oils, which include
estrahol and terpenes. The greatest number of essential oils contained in the
tips of shoots during flowering. Tarhun leaves are rich in vitamins,
particularly contain carotene, ascorbic acid, rutin, and biologically active
substances – alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarin and more.
In cooking, young green of Artemisia tarragon used in salads, as seasoning
for meat and fish dishes, added to soups, sauces, flavored sandwiches. Shoots in
technical maturity (more mature, stiff) is indispensable spice in pickling
vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini), mushrooms, fermented cabbage,
cooking marinades. Substances contained in the leaves, inhibit the growth of
lactic acid bacteria. When using spices stored color products, improves the taste
and aroma of vegetables. Consumption of Artemisia tarragon promotes the
formation of gastric juice, improves sleep, improves appetite and normalizes the
function of the endocrine glands. In folk medicine, herb use as anthelmintic,
edema, to prevent scurvy, treatment of edema, skin care neck. The plant
eliminates bitter medicine [1, 3, 5].
The method of researches: of Artemisia tarragon create varieties of
high productivity, frost, high coefficient of vegetative propagation, flavoring
and aromatic qualities to be adapted to the growing conditions in the areas of
the Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine.
The results of researches. The object of research: selection of Artemisia
tarragon. Subject of research: collectible varieties samples (clones), population
and selection (generative seed) material of Artemisia tarragon. Breeding work
conducted on the experimental field research station "Mayak" IVM of NAAS
village Baklanove in Nizhun district, Chernihiv region in accordance with
generally accepted methodological recommendations based on the biological
characteristics of the type [6, 11]. In breeding perennial spicy flavor vegetables,
including of Artemisia tarragon, various methods are effective of clonally
selection of local population or introduced from other parts of the source
material. Evaluation of morphological characters held by the method of
examination for diversity, uniformity and stability (DUS) of State service of
protection plant of varieties of Ukraine [10].
The results of researches. As a result of breeding work at the
experimental station "Mayak" IVM of NAAS there were two varieties
Unenezh and Yanechar of Artemisia tarragon, which are submitted to the
scientific and technical expertise in the expert institutions of the State
veterinary and phytosanitary service of Ukraine in 2013. When creating
varieties were used methods of clonal selection of population material
originating from different regions of Ukraine.
Growing and evaluating individual progenies performed with
increased feeding area (planted under the scheme 70x70 cm), which made
it possible to clone the first year of vegetation to fully realize the potential
performance show morphological identification characteristics of selected
families clones, respectively conduct more thorough selection of clones
performance metrics and homogeneity.
Special attention when assessing vegetative progeny in the areas of
the Northern Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine paid evaluating clones of
each family that has been selected for hardiness for at least 2 years in
contrast wintering conditions (lack of snow for a long time, the presence of
long periods of temperatures below -20 0C, frequent thaws causing
appearance of "windows" in the snow cover in winter and early spring
periods, lower temperature in the second-third decade of March to -10 °C
and below, the appearance of ice cover, etc.). When wintering in more stable
conditions and for the evaluation of clones selected from the source material
originating in the southern regions, as well as evaluating seedling
propagation by seed (generative offspring), the period for assessment
hardiness extended to 3 years.
For varieties (populations of clones) that form seeds in a Northern
Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine (annually, in some years, very rare),
decisions about how to breeding promising forms – only vegetative, vegetative
and by seed (generative), mainly seeds, generative only for breeding purposes)
took evaluation progeny derived from seeds, in terms of uniformity and
stability morphological identification signs.
The variety Unenezh of Artemisia tarragon was created by clonal
selection from ekoform – local populations originating from in Chernihiv
region.
The plant habit is compact for height 150 cm (height in the phase of
technical maturity of 45 cm), the average number of generative stems. Type
of branching is more than three shoots. The stem is thick, in the phase of
technical maturity – the average diameter of 0.5 cm; greenish-brown color
with a display of anthocyanins. The shoots of the first order is of medium
length, shoots the second order – there, are third – no. The plant is strongly
leafy. The leaves on the shoots are sessile, without stalks, isolated, placed
alternately; in shape leaf blade narrowly lancelet, bluish color; leaf blade
length 10 cm, width 1 cm. The shape of leaf bases are wedge shaped plate,
no pubescence. The inflorescence is a moderate density. The flower is
yellow. A seed in a Northern Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine is not
formed, propagated only vegetative.
Yield of green mass in the phase of technical maturity (up woodiness
shoots) is 36.0 t/ha, including the first collection of 21.8 t/ha; mass of green
mass of one per meter 1260 g; is recommended to cut by two.
According to biochemical analysis already conducted in an accredited
laboratory of the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS, in the green
mass (not stiff riding of shoots) the variety Unenezh a phase of regrowth of
green weight after the first cut contained: 38.42 % dry matter, total sugar
1.24 %, ascorbic acid 19.95 mg/100 g, nitrate 801 mg/kg (at the maximum
allowable concentration of 2000 mg/kg).
The variety Unenezh of Artemisia tarragon ensure economic efficiency
in growing green weight compared with the local population 19,060 uah/ha,
which suggests appropriate introduction of new varieties in production.
Variety Yanychar of Artemisia tarragon were obtained by clonal
selection of introduced ecoform – local populations originating from
Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
The plant habit is compact for height 100 cm (height in the phase of
technical maturity of 50 cm), with lots of generative stems – the second year
of vegetation over 70. Type branching is more than three shoots. The stem is
of medium thickness, in the phase of technical maturity – thin, with a diameter
of 0.4 cm; light green color without showing anthocyanins. The shoots of the
first order is isolated, placed alternately; in shape leaf blade narrowly
lanceolate, green color of moderate intensity; leaf blade length 10.5 cm, width
1 cm. Shape of leaf blade based is narrowed, no pubescence. The
inflorescence is not tight. The flower is a yellow-red color. Seeds in a
Northern Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine formed in some years, mainly
vegetative propagated recommended method.
Yield of green mass in the phase of technical maturity (up woodiness
shoots) is 44.0 t/ha, including the first collection of 18 t/ha; mass of green
mass of one per meter 1530 g; is recommended to cut by three.
According to biochemical analysis, which was performed in
accredited laboratory in the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS,
in the green mass (not stiff riding shoots) of variety Yanychar in phase of
regrowth of green weight after the first cut contained: 31.51 % dry matter,
total sugar 0.76 %, ascorbic acid 21.0 mg/100 g, nitrate 994 mg/kg (at MPC
2000 mg/kg).
A new variety Janissaries of Artemisia tarragon ensure economic
efficiency in growing green weight compared with the local population of
35900 uah/ha, so the introduction of new varieties in production is
appropriate.
Varieties Unenezh and Yanychar of Artemisia tarragon are
recommended for implementation in agro formations of all forms of
ownership and management and the private sector in the areas of the
Forest-steppe and Polesie of Ukraine in an open and secure (distillation of
green mass of roots in the off-season period) soil; is suitable for eating
fresh (green products) and used as a spice in canning and pickling
vegetables.
Conclusions. As a result of breeding work at the experimental station
"Mayak" IVM of NAAS was created and passed to a system of state testing
two varieties Unenezh and Yanychar of Artemisia tarragon: who are
competitive, designed to update the assortment of native species and
recommended for development of agro formations in all forms ownership
and management and the private sector in the areas of the Forest-steppe and
Polesie of Ukraine.
Bibliography.
1. Volodarska А. Т. Vitaminy na gryadtsi / А. Т. Volodarskа,
М. О. Sklyarevskyy. – К. : Urozhay, 1989. – S. 95-98.
2. Derzhavnyy reestr sortiv roslyn prydatnykh do poshyrennya v
Ukraini u 2013 rotsі (stanom na 14.08.2013 r.). – К. : Derzhvetfitosluzhbа,
2013. – S. 418 / [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu :
http://vet.gov.ua/sites/default/files/ReestrEU-2013-12-7_full.pdf.
3. Dudchenko L. G. Pryano-aromaticheskie i pryano-vkusovye
rasteniya / Dudchenkoо L. G., Kozyakov А. S., Kryvenkoо V. V. – К. :
Naukova dumka, 1989. – S. 189-190.
4. Kornienko S.. І. Ovochevyy rynok : realii ta naukovi perspektyvy /
S. І. Коrnienkо // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo: mizhvid. temat. nauk.
zb-k. – Kh. : Pleyadа, 2013. – Vyp. 59. – S. 7-22.
5. Mashanov V. I. Pryano-aromaticheskie rasteniya / V. I. Mashanov,
А. А. Pokrovskyy. – М. : Agropromizdat, 1991. – S. 89-92.
6. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi // [Zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka і К. І. Ykovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
7. Poznyak O. V. Selektsiyno-metodologichni rozrobky yak osnova
zbilshennya asortymentu maloposhyrenykh vydiv ovochevykh roslyn v
Ukraini / О. V. Poznyak // Osnovy biologichnogo roslynnytstva v
suchasnomu zemlerobstvi: materialy mizhnar. nauk. konf. (21-22 chervnya
2011 r.), Uman / Zb-k nauk. prats Umanskogo nats. un-tu sadivnytstva. –
Uman : Umanske komunalne vydavnycho-poligrafichne pidpryemstvo
Cherkaskoi obl. rady, 2011. – S. 182-187.
8. Poznyak О. Zrealizovanist selektsiynykh program u konteksti
rozshyrennya vydovogo ta sortovogo riznomanittya pryano-smakovykh
ovochevykh kultur (na prykladi polynu estragonu) / О. Poznyak //
Formuvannya strategii naukovo-tekhnichnogo, ekologichnogo I sotsialno-
ekonomichnogo rozvytku suspilstva : materialy ІІ mizhnar. nauk.-prakt.
internet-konf. (5-6 grudnya 2013 r.), ternopilska DSDS ІКSGP NAAN, m.
Теrnopil. – Теrnopil : Кrok, 2013. – S. 34-36.
9. Rayonovani sorty silskogospodarskykh kultur po Ukrainskiy RSR na
1990 rik / [Vidp. za vypusk V. V. Volkodav]. – К. : Urozhay, 1989. – S. 112.
10. Rakhmetov D. B. Metodyka provedennya ekspertyzy sortiv
polyny estragonu (Artemisia dracunculus L.) na vidmitnist, odnoridnist I
stabilnist / [Rakhmetov D. B., Коrablovа О. А., Kharaim N. N.,
Nevkryta N. V.]. – 10 s. // [Elektronnyy resurs]. – tochka dostupu. –
http://sops.gov.ua/uploads/files/documents/Metodiki/ 132.pdf.
11. Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh I bashtannykh kultur //
[Za red. Т. К. Gorovoi і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh., 2001. – 644 s.
А.В. Позняк, Л.В. Чабан
Обогащение отечественного сортимента полыни эстрагона.
Резюме. Представлены результаты селекционной работы по
созданию конкурентоспособных сортов полыни эстрагона Унэнэж и
Янычар, которые рекомендованы к внедрению в агроформированиях
всех форм собственности и хозяйствования и в частном секторе в
зонах Лесостепи и Полесья Украины.
О.В. Позняк, Л.В. Чабан
Збагачення вітчизняного сортименту полину естрагону.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати селекційної роботи по
створенню конкурентоздатних сортів полину естрагону Уненеж і
Яничар, які рекомендовані до освоєння в агроформуваннях усіх форм
власності і господарювання та у приватному секторі в зонах Лісостепу
і Полісся України.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.356-156:632.953
L.М. Puzik, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
V.А. Bondarenko, Lecturer
Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaev
APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES DURING
CABBAGE BROCCOLI STORAGE
In the article the means of post-harvesting cabbage broccoli processing
with antimicrobial substances such as solutions of lemon, sorbic, benzoic acids
and ascorutinum is suggested. It is determined that processing with 0.05 %
solution of sorbic acid and with 0,2 % solution of benzoic acid enables to
prolong the storage period of cabbage broccoli heads to 5-10 days, while
processing with ascorutinum solution – to 10-15 days.
Keywords: cabbage broccoli, antimicrobial substances, storage.
Introduction. After harvesting cabbage at the farms, it is carried
from the field to the storehouse, where the amount of products necessary
for delivery to its destination place in accordance with the signed contracts
is concentrated throughout the day. It may be a cannery, a fruit and
vegetable storehouse, a shop, a market place etc. If too large amount of
cabbage is delivered to the cannery, it may not be processed at once, so part
of it is waiting to be processed, at the best, under the canopy, but more
often – in the open area. In the same way products are kept at the market
until they are sold. Daytime air temperature during the hottest summer days
usually ranges from 25 to 30 °С and nobody can guarantee that cabbage
will be processed or sold the day it’s been delivered.
In case of product delivery to the fruit and vegetable storehouses, it
gets into better conditions. Thus, fruits and vegetables which are stored up
in large amounts (that why they are kept at economic storage temperature
regime of 10-12 °С), are loaded into one camera with various fruit and
vegetable products, gradually being sold through the sale chains.
Specializes shops, supermarkets, as a rule, have small refrigerating
chambers, in which temperature is kept within 0-1 °С, that is optimal for
cabbage vegetables. Products, stored there, are gradually sold.
Therefore, in conditions of mass storage of vegetables at the stock © Puzik L.М., Bondarenko V.А., 2014.
places it is essential to prolong the storage period due to deceleration in
products of both microorganisms’ development, and oxidizing and
hydrolytic processes. Chemical substances including antiseptics,
fungicides, bio preparations, membrane-forming coating, and antioxidants
may play such a role. Antiseptic substances influence the development of
microbiological disease agent [1, 2]. Herewith, the development of all
groups of microorganisms, causing fruit and vegetable products’ spoiling –
rotten bacteria, molds, and to some extent, yeast, is suppressed. By the
content, chemical antiseptic substances are mostly acids. For processing of
fruit and vegetable products it is advisable to use propanoic and jasmonic
acids [3-7], J. Adams, F. Meczrjwski [8] – acetic and phosphoric acids, B.J.
Roselle, T.E. Ward, D.K. Rollins – poly carbon acids and ethanol [9],
sulfurous acid [1] which is blocking active groups of oxide-restoring
enzymes of microorganisms and causes structural changes in the
cytoplasm, and consequently, they are dying.
Up-to-date world trends in food industry promote attempts in
application of sorbic, benzoic acids as well as their salts, lemon acid. These
acids are rather elaborately characterized in works of Е. Liuk and М. Yager
[10].
The aim of research. The aim of the research work was to study the
influence of lemon, sorbic, benzoic acids as well as ascorutinum on the
storage period of cabbage broccoli heads.
The method of researches. The research was conducted in 2011-2013
years at the Horticulture and Storage Department of KNAU named after
V.V. Dokuchaev. Object of the research is the process of keeping trade
quality of cabbage broccoli in conditions of post-harvesting processing
with antimicrobial substances. Subject of the research – cabbage broccoli
heads of Ironman F1, Agasi F1, Bomont F1 hybrids, grown on the university
experimental field.
Cabbage was stored in refrigerating chamber with the temperature
0 ± 1 оС and relative air humidity 90-95 %. After previous cooling, cabbage
heads were processed with 0,5 % solution of lemon acid, ascorutinum,
0,2 % solution of benzoic and 0,05 % solution of sorbic acids. After
cabbage was exposed to wind and the remains of solution were removed, it
was packed. Simultaneously, cabbage was put for storage without being
processed in boxes, which were spread and covered with polyethylene film
(control). Repetition – three times. Trade evaluation of cabbage was
conducted due to RST USSR 1483-89 “Fresh cabbage broccoli. The
technical conditions”. The criterion of taking products off storage is losing
weight by no more than 10 % and damage by microorganisms up to 10 %.
The results of researches. It is proved by the research that minimally
efficient concentrations of substances with antimicrobial characteristics
recommended in literature, [10] influence the storage of cabbage broccoli
positively. Duration of storage is prolonged by 5-15 days depending on
hybrid peculiarities (Table 1).
1. – Storage of cabbage broccoli in dependence on its processing with
antimicrobial substances, %
Variant of
experiment
Storage
term, days
Pest
damage, %
Losing
weight,
%
Product output,
%
Ironman F1
1 v 20-25 7,6-9,2 3,4-4,9 86,2-89,0
2 v 30 9,8 3,8 86,4
3 v 20-25 4,2-8,8 1,4-2,4 89,0-93,4
4 v 20-25 2,8-5,7 1,9-2,7 91,7-94,5
5 v 35-40 6,6-10,5 3,3-4,2 86,2-89,2
Agasi F1
1 v 15-20 5,3-7,1 3,2-4,7 89,2-90,0
2 v 25-30 9,7-16,4 3,4-4,8 80,2-85,5
3 v 20-25 11,1-17,5 2,1-3,3 79,2-86,8
4 v 20-25 10,2-15,1 2,2-3,5 81,4-87,6
5 v 30-40 5,6-12,8 3,6-5,2 83,6-90,3
Bomont F1
1 v 25-30 4,9-16,2 3,6-4,8 79,1-91,5
2 v 30 8,0 2,8 89,2
3 v 25-30 4,4-10,5 1,3-2,1 88,2-93,5
4 v 25-30 2,9-8,1 1,7-2,4 90,2-94,7
5 v 35-40 5,8-8,0 2,5-3,4 89,5-91,4
Note: 1 v – Unprocessed cabbage (control), processed with solution
of acid: 2 v. – lemon, 3 v. – sorbic, 4 v. – benzoic; 5. v. – with ascorutinum.
It is determined that processing cabbage with solution of sorbic acid
had more influence on losing cabbage mass, which was 1,4-2,4 % for 20-25
days of Ironman F1 hybrid, and 1,3-2,1 for 25-30 days of storage of
Bomont F1. Processing with benzoic acid increased mass loss
insignificantly, which ranged from 1.7 to 3.5 %, depending on hybrid
peculiarities. Larger losses of cabbage mass during its storage were
observed while processing with solutions of lemon acid and ascorutinum,
and amounted 2.5–5.2 %. Processing of cabbage with antimicrobial
substances reduced damage caused by diseases and increased storage life of
cabbage broccoli heads. Processing with ascorutinum had significant
influence. In conditions of processing with sorbic and benzoic acids the
output of products of hybrid Ironman F1 became higher: 93.4-94.5 % after
25 days of storage and 93.5-94.7 % after 30 days of storage of Beaumont
F1. It is determined by dispersive analysis that the output of standard
cabbage broccoli products 10% depends on its post-harvesting processing
with antimicrobial substances. Peculiarity of a hybrid makes up 2%, other
factors (weather conditions during vegetation period, elements of agro
techniques, storage conditions) – 23 % (Fig. 1).
2%
особливість
гібриду
23% інші
фактори
65%
взаємодія
факторів
10%
обробка
речовинами
Fig. 1. Share of factors’ influence on storage of cabbage broccoli
The hybrid Agasi F1 turned out to be less sensitive to the influence of
antimicrobial substances in comparison with other hybrids. In all variants
of the experiment, with the same storage time, losses from damage caused
by microorganisms exceeded almost twice and even more.
processing with
substances
interrelation
of factors
23 % other
factors
2%
peculiarity
of a hybrid
Conclusions. The research proved the effective influence of post-
harvesting cabbage broccoli processing with antimicrobial substances at the
lowered storage temperature on its storage life. Duration of cabbage storage
increased by 1.6-1.8 times and reached 30-40 days, depending on hybrid
peculiarities and antimicrobial substance. Share of standard products
increased by 3.5-5.5 %. At the same time, output of standard products
amounted 80.2-89.2 % (hybrid Bomont F1 – 89.2 %) while processing
cabbage with solution of lemon acid. Processing cabbage heads with
solutions of antiseptics 0.05 % with sorbic and 0.2 % with benzoic acids
increased the output of standard products to 94.7 %, whereas by hybrid
Agasi F1, it reduced to 79.2-87.6 % in conditions of processing with
ascorutinum the output of marketable products amounted 83.6-91.4 %
depending on the hybrid.
Results of the research give the basis for recommendation to store
cabbage broccoli hybrids Ironman F1 and Bomont F1 in refrigerators, as
well as for its post-harvesting processing with 0.5 % solution of lemon acid
and ascorutinum.
Bibliography.
1. Kudryashov A. A. Mikrobiologicheskie osnovyi sohraneniya
plodov i ovoschey / A. A. Kudryashov. M. : Agropromizdat. 1986. – 190 s.
2. Novobranova T. I. Razrabotka mer borbyi s gribnyimi boleznyami
plodov pri hranenii / T. I. Novobranova, R. F. Telegina // Trudyi
VASHNIIL. – M. : Kolos, 1979. – S. 284-291.
3. Pat. 2127968 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK6 A 01 F 25/00.
Sposob obrabotki rastenievodcheskoy produktsii pered zakladkoy na
hranenie / O. I. Kvasenkov, A. I. Kulnev ; zayavitel i patentoobladatel Inzh.
– marketing. firma Bioteks-Senris Ltd. – № 97118389/13; zayavl. 05.11.97;
opubl. 27.03.99, Byul. № 9.
4. Pat. 2195828 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK7 A 23 V 7/05.
Sposob proizvodstva zapasov iz sochnogo rastitelnogo syirya
/ O. I. Kvasenkov ; zayavitel i patentoobladatel Kuban. gos. tehnol. un-t. –
№ 2001112014/13 ; zayavl. 07.05.01 ; opubl. 10.01.03.
5. Pat. 2195829 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK7 A 23 V 7/05.
Sposob zagotovki rastitelnogo syirya / O. I. Kvasenkov; zayavitel i
patentoobladatel VNII konservyi. i ovoschesush. prom – ti. – №
2001112560/13 ; zayavl. 07.05.01; opubl. 10.01.03.
6. Pat. 2122325 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK6 A 23 V 7/10.
Sposob hraneniya plodov i ovoschey / Yu. F. Roslyakov, O. I. Kvasenkov ;
zayavitel i patentoobladatel Kuban. gos. tehnol. un-t. – № 97117691/13;
zayavl. 27.10.97 ; opubl. 27.11.98. Byul. № 33.
7. Pat. 2120207 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK6 A 01 F 25/00.
Sposob podgotovki plodov i ovoschey k hraneniyu / Yu. F. Roslyakov,
O. I. Kvasenkov; zayavitel i patentoobladatel Kuban. gos. tehnol. un-t. – №
97118001/13 ; zayavl. 27.10.97 ; opubl. 20.10.98. Byul. № 33
8. Pat. 5151286 SShA, MKI 5 A 23 V 7/10. Process for packing
acidified fruits and vegetable / J. Adams, F. Meczkowski; Campbell Soup
Co. – № 675164; zayavl. 26.03.91 ; opubl. 29.09.92, NKI 426/324.
9.Pat. 5151286 SShA, MPK 7 A 23 V 7/154. Microorganism
reduction methods and compositions for food / B. J. Roselle, T. E. Ward,
D. K. Rollins; The Procter and Gamble Co. – №831778/09; zayavl.
1211.99 ; opubl. 10.08.04, NPK 426/335.
10 Lyuk E. Konservantyi v pischevoy promyishlennosti. Svoystva i
primenenie. / E. Lyuk, M. Yager. – S.-P. : GIOR, 2000. – 255 s.
Л.М. Пузик, В.А. Бондаренко
Применение антимикробных веществ при хранении капусты
брокколи.
Резюме. В статье предложен способ послеуборочной обработки
капусты брокколи веществами антимикробного действия: растворами
лимонной, сорбиновой, бензойной кислот и аскорутина. Установлено,
что обработка 0,05 % раствором сорбиновой и 0,2 % раствором
бензойной кислот позволяет продлить срок хранения головок капусты
брокколи на 5-10 дней, а обработка раствором аскорутина на 10-15 дней.
Л.М. Пузік., В.А. Бондаренко
Застосування антимікробних речовин під час зберігання капусти
броколі.
Резюме. У статті запропонований спосіб післязбиральної
обробки капусти броколі речовинами антимікробної дії: розчинами
лимонної, сорбінової, бензойної кислот та аскорутину. Встановлено,
що обробка 0,05 % розчином сорбінової та 0,2 % розчином бензойної
кислот дозволяє подовжити строк зберігання головок капусти броколі
на 5-10 діб, а обробка розчином аскорутину – на 10-15 діб.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.63:631.527
О.V. Sergienkо, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
L.D. Solodovnyk, L.О. Radchenkо, Junior Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
PERSPECTIVE LINE OF CUCUMBER CORNICHONS TYPE
FOR HETEROSIS BREEDING CONDITIONS OF OPEN FIELD
Was covered the results of the assessment of parental lines of
cucumber gherkin type on the main agronomic characteristics to create
competitive heterosis hybrids for conditions of open ground.
Keywords: cucumber, line, early maturity, yield, marketability,
sustainability.
Introduction. Few vegetables are in Ukraine on many popular, like
cucumbers [1, 2]. In the open field grown short fruitful for pickles (large
tubercles, black thorn), salad, pickle (white thorn, small- or large tubercles,
without bitterness) and universal (large tubercles, black thorn, without
bitterness) type designation cucumbers. The best will always be considered
with cucumber open ground of universal significance that can
simultaneously use fresh, salting and pickling to [3, 4].
Leading position in the ranking varietal cucumber bee pollinate take
gherkins beam. Their main advantages are many and fruits ovary, small
fruits, gherkins pickles high quality, high yield. The nodes gherkins beam is
formed by an average of 2-3 to 5-8 or more ovaries. At one plant can grow
to 400-500 or more ovaries [5].
Currently, the market of Ukraine received foreign breeding hybrids
that draw appearance, most advanced foreign multifloral hybrids (2 to 5
flowers in the node). However, these hybrids do not fully meet the
requirements of Ukrainian consumers (not suitable for pickles, long fruitful,
with a simple pubescence, their fruit has a rough texture of the skin and
pulp, etc.). Therefore, an important issue is the establishment of hybrid
gherkin type: mature early (38-45 days), number of fruits in the node more
© Sergienkо О.V., Solodovnyk L.D., Radchenko L.О., 2014.
than 3, length 8-10cm fruit, pubescent complex large tubercles, leaves
green or dark green, thick fruit peel is thin or moderate resistant to downy
mildew and bacteriosis, hynoetsyoses high that requires parental valuable
source material forms that are consistent with the objectives of heterosis
breeding.
The aim of research: create of hynoetsyoses lines of cucumber
gherkin type for use in heterosis breeding of hybrids to create competitive
conditions for open soil.
The method of researches. Research conducted during the 2012-
2013 years at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS. The bases
for the creation of original material are varieties and hybrids of domestic
and foreign selection and proper breeding material. Breeding work carried
out in accordance with generally accepted methods [6, 7, 8]. Testing of new
genotypes was performed according to the methods of state testing crops
[9]. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance for
B. A. Dospekhov (1985) [10].
The results of researches. Research work was conducted in the
creation of new generations of paternal gherkin type: early mature, female
and predominantly female flowering type, with high marketability of fruit,
plastic to growing conditions, relatively resistant to bacteriosis and downy
mildew with further use when creating new competitive hybrids cucumber
which are suitable for recycling.
The results of the assessment was conducted 7 lines compared with
varieties-standard Dzherelo (Ukraine), which is marked with high fruit
quality characteristics to pickles. Following the evaluation by the complex
agronomic indicators were allocated a number of lines to be used in
heterosis breeding characteristics are given in Table 1.
From the analysis of the data table, it was determined those in terms
of total and marketable yield, distinguished line: F7І3 G 57/718-11
(20.8 t/ha) and F8I6P 57/745-11 (22.5 t/ha), which significantly exceeded
the standard variety Dzherelo on this basis. At the level of the standard, the
yield was line F6I2 R D 96/2-95. Marketability highest (92 %) was recorded
F9I7A line L2 and F8I5B1802. The lowest yield (11.2 t/ha), marketability
(71 %) and fruit weight (37 g) was F7I4CHP line. Marketability other
samples was 80-82 %. By early ripeness evolved line F7І3 G 57/718-11,
which for the first decade of fruiting provided yield 10.4 t/ha, accounting
for 50 % of the total yield that determines its value as a component of
improving early maturity in hybridization. The average weight of
marketable fruit in these samples ranged from 46-56 g.
Determined that all samples are early ripe (from mass germination
to first collect 37-42 days) and were morphologically aligned with the
attractive appearance of fruits with high taste (4.7-5.0 points).
1. – Characterization of samples cucumber of gherkin type for
agronomic characteristics (average 2012-2013 years)
The yield
total marketa-
bility
The total
yield for the
first decade
of fruiting Name of
sample
t/hа
%
for
St
t/hа
%
for
St
Marketa-
bility, %
t/hа
%
for
St
The
average
weight
of the
fruit, g
Dzherelо
St 18,7 100 16,1 100 86 4,9 100 58
F7I4CHP 11,2 60 7,9 49 71 5,4 110 37
F7І3 G
57/718-11 20,8 111 16,7 104 80 10,4 212 52
F6I2 R D
96/2-95 17,4 93 14,3 89 82 5,8 119 50
F9I7А L2 16,6 89 15,2 95 92 5,1 104 52
F8I5B1802 16,7 89 15,3 95 92 4,8 98 49
F9I5Fan 15,5 83 12,7 79 82 4,0 82 46
F8I6P
57/745-11 22,5 120 18,4 114 82 4,7 96 56
SSD05
2012 3,2 4,2 3,6
SSD05
2013 1,4 2,9 1,6
Weather conditions during the growing season of cucumber were
unfavorable for growth and development. This has a negative impact on
productivity and reduced fruit of fruiting period to 23-27 days.
On average for the years of research on complex agronomic traits
evolved three relatively stable (5, 7 points) line gherkin type: F7І3 G
57/718-11, F8I6P 57/718-11 and F6I2 R D 96 2-95 are recommended for use
of heterosis breeding to create new competitive hybrids of cucumber.
Here show characterization of these lines:
The line F7І3 G 57/718-11 – early ripe (the first 40 days of collection).
The total yield is 20.8 t/ha, heading 16.7 t/ha, in the first decade of fruiting 10.4
t/ha. Marketability is 80 %. In terms of overall yield line had excess over the
standard variety Dzherelo 11 %, commodity – 4 %, for the first ten days of
fruiting – 112 %. The content of soluble dry matter 4.1 %, total sugar 1.13 %.
Resistant are to downy mildew and bacteriosis (5 points on a CMEA scale).
Tasting fresh fruits rating is 4.5 points. Taste good (5 points). The plant is
predominantly female flowering type, with a bouquet female flower – three in
the node. The fruit is green cylindrical, short prolific (7 cm). The surface of the
fruit is large tubercles, complex white pubescence. The average weight of
marketable fruit is 52 g. Line characterized by female type of flowering
combined with marker signs: white spikes and lemon-yellow – mother plants
(rrC-) and complex agronomic traits.
The line F8І6 P 57/745-11 – early ripe (the first 42 days of
collection). The total yield is 22.5 t/ha, heading 18.4 t/ha in the first decade
of fruiting 4.7 t/ha. Marketability is 82 %. In terms of overall yield line has
exceeded over the standard variety Dzherelo 20 %, commodity – by 14 %.
During the first decade of fruiting line was at the standard. Resistant is to
downy mildew and bacteriosis (7 points on a CMEA scale). Tasting fresh
fruits rating is 4.8 points. Taste is excellent (5 points). The plant is
predominantly female flowering type, with a bunch of female flowers –
three in the node. Fruit is cylindrical, short prolific (8-9 cm). The surfaces
of the fruit with large tubercles, hairs are difficult black. The average
weight of marketable fruit is 56 g.
The line F6І2 R D 96 2-95 – early ripe (the first collection 41 days). The
total yield is 17.4 t/ha, heading 14.3 t/ha in the first decade of fruiting 4.8 t/ha.
Marketability is 82 %. For yield is than standard variety Dzherelo. Soluble dry
matter content is 4.5 %, total sugar 1.75. Relatively is stable against downy
mildew and bacteriosis (5 points on a CMEA scale). Tasting fresh fruits rating is
4.4 points. Taste is good (5 points). The plant is predominantly female flowering
type, with a bunch of female flowers – three in the node. Fruit is cylindrical,
short prolific (8 cm). The surface of the fruit is large tubercles, hairs complex
black. The average weight of marketable fruit is 50 g.
Conclusions. As a result of selective breeding had created a number of
lines hinoetsiynyh cucumber gherkin type of complex agronomic traits. They
have value as a parent form when creating heterosis hybrids of cucumber gherkin
type and is designed for use as the parent form while creating competitive bee
pollination heterosis hybrids of cucumber for open soil. They are included in the
selection process for the subsequent formation of competitive heterosis hybrids
of cucumber gherkin type. Based on the lines already established a number of
hybrid combinations of the first generation.
The line F8І6 P 57/745-11 was transferred in 2013 to NCGRPU
(Evidence for № 252 at 3 of December 2013 year).
Bibliography.
1. Yurina O. V. Оgurtsy / О. V. Yurina // Moskovskiy rabochiy. –
М., 1976. – 88 s.
2. Zolotarev V. Оgurtsy / V. Zolotarev // Moskovskiy rabochiy. – М.
– 1963. – 80 s.
3. Medvedev A. V. Geterosisnye gibridy ogurtsa s kompleksnoy
ustoychivostyu k zabolevaniyam [Теkst] / А. V. Medvedev,
А. А. Medvedev // materialy mizhnar. konf. «Optymizatsiya selektsiynogo
protsesu na osnovi genetychnykh moduliv». – Kh., 1999. – S. 98-101.
4. Yuldasheva L. М. Trudy po prikladnoy botanike, genetike I
selektsii [Теks] / L. М. Yuldashevа. – L. – 1971. – Т. 45. – V. 1. – S. 196.
5. Marchenko O. Z. Osoblyvosti selektsii partenokarpichnykh sortiv
ogirkiv / О. Z. Marchenko // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo. – К., 1972.
– Vyp.14. – S. 40-43.
6. Dosvid vyrobnytstva ta marketyngu ovochiv v Ukraini // [rezultaty
doslidzhen proektu agrarnogo marketyngu zа 2004-2005 rr.]. – К., 2006. – 396 s.
7. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po selektsii I semenovodstvu geterosisnykh
gibridov ogurtsa [Теkst] / [Pod red. О. V. Yurinoy]. – М., 1985. – 56 s.
8. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po selektsii оgurtsа [Теkst] / Yurina
О. V. , Korganova N. N., Ermolenko I. V. I dr. – М. : Аgropromizdat,
1985. – 54 s.
9. Suchasni metody selektsii ovochevykh I bashtannykh kultur / [Za
red. Т. К. Gorovoi, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh., 2001. – S. 311-356.
10. Metodyka Derzhavnogo sortovyprobuvannya silskogospodarskykh
kultur [Теkst] / [Pid red. V. V. Vovkodava]. – К., 2001. – S. 311-356.
11. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta [Теkst] /
B. А. Dospekhov. – М. : Коlоs, 1985. – 335 s.
О.В. Сергиенко, Л.Д. Солодовник, Л.А. Радченко
Перспективные линии огурца корнишонного типа для
гетерозисной селекции в условиях открытого грунта.
Резюме. Освещены результаты оценки родительских линий
огурца корнишонного типа по основным хозяйственно-ценным
признакам для создания конкурентоспособных гетерозисных гибридов
в условиях открытого грунта.
О.В. Сергієнко, Л.Д. Солодовник, Л.О. Радченко
Перспективні лінії огірка корнішонного типу для гетерозисної
селекції в умовах відкритого ґрунту.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати оцінки батьківських ліній огірка
корнішонного типу за основними господарсько-цінними ознаками для
створення конкурентноспроможних гетерозисних гібридів для умов
відкритого ґрунту.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.615:631.527:.635.006.015.5
Z.D. Sych, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
S.M. Kybrak, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Bilotserkivskiy National Agrarian University
BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND TASTE QUALITY
OF MELON FRUIT AT CULTIVATION IN FILM GREENHOUSES
ON SOLAR HEATING
The data on biochemical parameters and tasting score of melon fruit
collection nursery in growing conditions in film greenhouses on solar
heating. Allocated variety samples with high content of soluble dry matter,
sugars and low content of nitrates in fruits. These are as Roxolana F1,
Chajka, Uzhnaja zvezda, Uzhanka.
Keywords: melon, greenhouse, variety, hybrid, soluble dry matter,
ascorbic acid, nitrates, tasting score.
Introduction. Among melon crops in our country melon fruit are in high
demand after watermelon, thanks to its taste and nutritional value. This is a
valuable dietary foodstuff, which also has medicinal properties [1, 5].
Delicious fruit of melon should have 8-10 % or dry soluble
substances. [12] The content of easily digestible sugars (20 %) is higher
than in watermelon fruit, but unlike the sugar fructose is presented not
sucrose, which is less sweet.
Due to the seasonal nature of melon consumption currently there is a
partial transition of producers to cultivating her in buildings of closed
ground. To grow it are economically only in greenhouses without using
technical heating from early- maturing varieties and hybrids [9, 11].
However, the assortment of melons, listed in the "National Register of plant
varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine" for buildings of closed ground
is limited. Early-maturing varieties, which were grown in greenhouses and
hotbeds, contain less sugar and vitamins in fruits and are less tasty. This
product is not in high demand in the market [1, 2, 3]. So important is the
selection of varieties and hybrids of melon with high taste and low content
of nitrates in fruits for cultivation in film greenhouses without technical © Sych Z.D., Kybrak S.M., 2014.
heating, but on solar heating.
The aim of research was to choose the promising early ripening
varieties and hybrids for melon cultivation in film greenhouses on solar
heating with high content of dry soluble substances, sugars, ascorbic acid,
low levels of nitrates in fruits and their high taste.
The method of researches. Experimental work has been done during
2009-2011 years at the Kyiv Experimental Station IOB of UAAS on the
topic "Choose assortment of melons for film greenhouses and improve the
technology of its cultivation using rootstocks" (the number of state
registration 0106U005462).
The research laid in film greenhouses on solar heating with area of
500 m2. The predecessor is sweet pepper. The seedlings were grown in winter
and spring glass greenhouse. The seeds were sown in plastic pots 10x10 cm
during the second decade of April. Melon seedlings planted in greenhouse
when temperature of soil in the morning at a depth of 10cm was 14-15 °C.
Plants formed in part on the trellis according to the method of L. M. Shulgina
[8].
The samples in collectible nursery were evaluated according to the
"Method of studying the collection of melons" [6, 7]. It's been about 40
variety samples of melon. The control were: hybrid Rada F1 and variety
Titovka (for early-ripening and middle-ripening), Samarska (for middle-
ripening). The repeated in the nursery is single.
During the mass fruiting defined chemical composition and taste
quality of fresh fruits with optimum ripeness, when these figures are the
highest in these varieties and hybrids. For chemical analysis in biological
maturity phase were collected three fruits of every variety samples [6].
From each fetus was taken the segments from different parts (top and
bottom). The fruit was cut down from the stem through the middle of "spots" that
in each half in equal amounts entered and cleared the shadow of the fetus. These
segments were crushed, mixed and weighed for further analysis. Biochemical
analyzes were conducted in the laboratory of mass analyzes by the methods: the
content of soluble dry matter – refract metric method (GOST 28562-90);
sugar content – by Bertrand cyanide method (GOST 8756.13-87); the
content of ascorbic acid – by Murri (GOST 24556-89); the amount of
nitrates – potentiometrically ion selected electrode (GOST 29270-95).
Taste quality of pulp of varieties and hybrids evaluated tasting
commission composed of 10 persons by tasting fresh fruits [119]. Total
tasting score on a scale from one to nine defined as the total score of
appearance, texture, juiciness and taste of fruit.
The first and last fruit of melon harvested selectively, next – at
regular intervals. Maturity of fruit was determined by the ease of separation
the fruit from the stalk, softening their final parts, yellowing, the emergence
and strengthening of the hybrid inherent flavor.
Mathematical treatment of the data was performed according to the
method described in the works of B. A. Dospehov, Z. D. Sych [3, 10].
The results of researches. According to results of researches was
determined that variety samples of melon in collectible nursery differed on
biochemistry and tasting score (Table). Among varieties and hybrids were
allocated valuable with the high content of soluble dry matter, sugars,
ascorbic acid and the low levels of nitrates in fruits. The highest content of
dry matter and soluble sugars on the early ripening varieties had hybrid
Roxolana F1 – 12.1 and 6.2 % accordingly (Table 1).
1. – Biochemical composition and taste quality of melon hybrids in
collectible nursery (the average for 2009-2011 years)
Name of variety
or hybrid
Dry
soluble
matter, %
Sugar
(total),
%
Ascorbic
acid,
mg/100 g
Nitrates,
mg/kg
Taste
score,
point
Early-middle hybrid (70-80 days)
Rada F1 (control 1) 10,3 5,2 19,9 165 6,2
Assol F1 9,5 4,9 33,4 189 5,4
Spokusa F1 9,3 4,7 19,7 191 5,0
Roxolana F1 12,1 6,2 38,8 90 7,0
Goldi F1 9,3 4,7 25,6 127 6,0
Early-middle hybrid (80-90 days)
Titochka (control 2) 9,4 4,8 20,6 77 5,2
Goprynka 10,9 5,3 17,6 126 5,5
Chayka 11,5 5,4 27,6 157 6,3
Evdokiya 9,4 4,6 26,0 121 5,0
Yuzhnaya zvezda 11,6 5,5 27,8 153 5,8
Middle-ripening hybrid (90-100 days)
Samarska (control 3) 9,7 5,0 26,9 103 5,2
Yuzhanka 12,9 6,5 23,5 80 7,2
Alina 9,4 4,8 24,6 162 4,8
Valenciano 10,2 5,3 29,3 177 5,3
All other hybrids contained in fruit dry matter and soluble sugars
almost as much as the control Rada F1 10.3 % and 5.2 % accordingly. The
content of ascorbic acid in fruit of melon was negligible in control of
hybrid RadaF1 and Spokusa F1 – 19.9 and 19.7 mg/100 g. The highest
figures were in variety sample Roxolana F1 – 38.8 mg/100 g of wet weight.
The presence of nitrate, the levels of which were slightly higher
than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) 90 mg/kg, was almost
in all hybrids, except Roxolana F1 (90 mg/kg). This can be explained by
their accumulation in plants under the influence of low light shading film
provided. But their content is low, as it is recommended for the fruits that
come from open ground. MPC of nitrates in fruits of melons for
greenhouses is not regulated by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. For
example, in the fruit of cucumber and tomato allowable concentration is
respectively 400 and 300 mg/kg of wet weight, and in the open field – 200
and 150 mg/kg [6].
As a result of tasting evaluation was determining the samples with
the high score. These can include hybrid Roxolana F1 (7.0) and Goldi F1
(6.0), to the control hybrid Rada F1 tasting score was 6.2 points.
The content of dry soluble matter and sugars in the fruits of
middle-ripening varieties were not high enough.
The highest figures were characterized varieties Goprinka, Chayka,
and Yuzhnaya zvezda. The level of soluble dry matter ranged from 10.9 to
11.6 %, and sugar – 5.3-5.5 %.
The plants of melon in middle-early varieties accumulated in the
fruit rather small levels of ascorbic acid.
The highest it has been in varieties Yuzhnaya zvezda and Chayka
and were 27.8 and 27.6 % accordingly. The lowest level of ascorbic acid
was in fruits of Goprynka – 17.6 %.
The content of nitrates for middle-early ripening variety samples
was from 121 and 157 mg/kg. The lowest amount of nitrate accumulated in
the fruit of variety Titovka (control 2) – 77 mg/kg.
The best taste quality got variety Chayka (6.3 points), since this
variety samples had the highest content of sugar (5.4 %). Variety Yuzhnaya
zvezda, had lower tasting score (5,8 points), although the level of sugars in
the fruit was on level with variety Chayka – 5.5 %. This is due to the fact
that the fruits in variety Yuzhnaya zvezda were not very attractive.
In fruits of middle-ripening varieties the level of soluble dry matter
ranged from 9.4 (variety Alina) to 12.9 % (variety Yuzhanka). The most
high content of sugars accumulated in the fruit variety Yuzhanka – 6.5 %,
which led to the fairly high of tasting score – 7.2. This variety is
characterized by the least amount of nitrates in fruits – 80 mg/kg.
Conclusions. As a result of biochemical research were allocated
varieties and hybrids with high content of soluble dry matter (from 11.5 to
12.9 %), sugar (from 5.4 to 6.5 %), low levels of nitrate (90 mg/kg, or on
the level) and variety samples with high taste (from 5.8 to 7.2 points).
These include hybrid Roxolana F1 and varieties Chayka, Yuzhnaya zvezda,
Yuzhanka.
Bibliography.
1. Bobos I. M. Pidbir sortymentu ta agrobiologichne obgruntuvannya
elementiv tekhnologii vyroshchuvannya kavuna I dyni v plivkovykh teplytsyakh:
dis. kandydata s.-g. nauk : 06.01.06 / Bobos Iryna Makarivna. – K., 2003. – 253 s.
2. Derzhavnyy reestr roslyn, prydatnykh dlya poshyrennya v Ukraini
u 2005 rotsі / [gol. red. V. V. Volkodav]. – К. : Аlefа, 2005. – 243 s.
3. Dospekhov B. A. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. A. Dospekhov. –
M. : Kolos, 1979. – 415 s.
4. Catalog sortiv roslyn, prydatnykh dlya poshyrennya v Ukraini u
2006 rotsі / [pidgot. V. V. Volkodav ta in.]. – К. : Аlefа, 2006. – 355 s.
5. Kubrak S. М. Vyroshchuvannya dyni v plivkovykh teplytsyakh na
sonyachnomu obigrivi / S. М. Kubrak // Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Natsionalnogo
naukovogo tsentru «Instytut zemlerobstva UAAN». – 2006. – Vyp. 3-4. – S. 91-94.
6. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Х. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
7. Metodyka selektsiynogo protsesu ta provedennya polovykh doslidiv z
bashtannymy kulturamy: metodychni rekomendatsii / [tekst pidgot. Lymar А. О.,
Snigovyy V. S., Kashcheev O. Ya. ta in.]. – К. : Agrarna nauka, 2001. – 132 s.
8. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po vyrashchivaniyu bakhchevykh
kultur v usloviyakh ukrainy / [pod red. L. М. Shulginoy]. – К., 1990. – 26 s.
9. Sych Z. D. Klasyfikatsiya selektsiynykh zrazkiv dyni metodom
bagatomirnoi statystyky za umovy vyroshchuvannya v plivkovykh teplytsyakh
na sonyachnomu obigrivі / Z. D. Sych, S. М. Кubrak // Visnyk Bilotserkivskogo
derzhavnogo agrarnogo universytetu. – 2007. – Vyp. 46. – S. 75-79.
10. Sych Z. D. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po statisticheskoy
otsenke selektsionnogo materiala ovoshchnykh I bakhchevykh kultur /
Z. D. Sych. – Kh. : IOB UAAN, 1993. – 72 s.
11. Shulgina L. М. Spravochnik ogorodnika / L. М. Shulginа – Kh. :
Foliо, 2006. – 350 s.
12. Smaak onder zoek steeds professionaler aangepakt // Groenten en
Fruit. – 1990. –Vol. 45, № 35 – P 30-31.
З.Д. Сыч, С.М. Кубрак
Химический состав и вкусовые качества плодов дыни за
условий выращивания в пленочных теплицах на солнечном обогреве.
Резюме. Приведены данные о биохимических показателях и
дегустационной оценке плодов коллекционного питомника дыни при
условии выращивания в пленочных теплицах на солнечном обогреве.
Выделено сортообразцы с высоким содержанием сухого растворимого
вещества, сахаров и низким содержанием нитратов в плодах. Это
такие, как Roxolana F1, Чайка, Южная звезда, Южанка.
З.Д. Сич, С.М. Кубрак
Біохімічний склад та смакові якості плодів дині за вирощування
у плівкових теплицях на сонячному обігріві.
Резюме. Наведено дані про хімічні показники та дегустаційну
оцінку плодів колекційного розсадника дині за умови вирощування в
плівкових теплицях на сонячному обігріві. Виділено сортозразки з
високим вмістом сухої розчинної речовини, загального цукру та
низьким вмістом нітратів в плодах. Це такі, як Roxolana F1, Чайка,
Южная звезда, Южанка.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635:631.1:339.13
L.А. Теrekhinа, E.М. Іlinovа, Candidates of Agrarian Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
RESEARCH AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES
OF TRANSFER INNOVATION OF HORTICULTURE
IN AGRICULTURE
This article has highlighted scientific meetings of the increase in
innovation tools and their implementation in agricultural production.
Keywords: vegetable, innovation, product innovation, production
implementation.
Introduction. At the heart of innovation development of agro-
industrial areas are new knowledge and technologies, they are the main
source of economic growth. The innovative shaped by objective factors: the
availability of natural and human resources, geographic location of
features. Of particular importance is the formation of innovative climate
information channels and transmission infrastructure innovation in
agricultural production. This innovative activity of research institutions,
including the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS, is to design and
implement effective mechanisms for transforming organizational and
economic relations with scientists’ agrarian [1].
Difficult economic conditions prevailing in the agricultural sector,
significantly impede the development of the market of innovative products,
reduce the economic indicators of the use of new scientific knowledge, and
as a result, reduce returns stakeholders [2].
Innovation policy in agriculture is realized by developing and
implementing strategic programs using technologies in production and
processing of agricultural products, improvement of certification and
standardization and bringing them closer to international standards, increased
commercialization of research results and innovative products [3].
The purpose and objectives. Improve measures raising innovative
changes, effective use of scientific achievements in various fields of AIC
for introduction of completed scientific and transfer of innovation in © Ilinova E.M., Terekhina L.A., 2014.
agricultural production using marketing of intellectual research output
based on socio-economic situation of agricultural areas of the country.
The method of researches. As part of the research was used abstract
logical method, methods of scientific intuition, morphological analysis,
comparison, synthesis method and generalizations monographic method of
questioning.
The results of researches. Research carried out at the Institute of
Vegetables and Melons of NAAS during 2011-2014 years. Today the
institute plays an important role in the development of innovative products
in the agricultural sector. The activities are aimed at providing scientific
vegetable sector of agriculture as the Kharkiv region and Ukraine as a
whole. Break the links between research institutions and commodity
producers today are the main reason that manufacturers do not have the
capacity not only to apply scientific achievements fully in their practice,
but at all times to meet with them. Only the advertising and promotion of
scientific achievements and excellence allows you to change the situation at
this stage.
To promote innovation, scientific guidance of economic activity in
the region, and excellence are the scientists of the Institute at scientific
conferences, take part in round tables and seminars for managers and
specialists of agricultural enterprises, farmers read a series of lectures. So in
2014 the Institute participated in 46 exhibitions, 40 conferences, seminars,
symposiums and meetings. Was organized appearances on radio and
television – 18, published 227 articles in scientific journals of Ukraine, 8 –
in the CIS countries issued interdepartmental thematic of scientific
journals, 3 books, 2 collections of abstracts of scientific conferences.
At the Institute was established advisory group for advice on
cultivation and seed production of vegetable and melon plants. During the
year, scientists’ institution has provided over 800 consultations on
technology growing vegetables and melons, farming, plant protection,
fertilizing vegetable crop rotation systems, organizational and technological
measures to conduct field work, and so on.
Institute scientists work out methods accelerate research in plant
breeding and seed production, improve the modern energy-saving
technology of growing seedlings of commodity production in the open and
under glass and original seeds of vegetable and melon plants develop
methods for the intensification of economic relations in commodity
vegetable and seed production of elite seeds of varieties and hybrids of
vegetables and melon plants. Technologies include:
- use of modern high-yielding varieties and hybrids with high quality
products that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions;
- implementing of tillage in crop rotation, use of fertilizers, irrigation
water and other resources;
- integrated plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds;
- the use of machines with the highest performance indicators in the
performance of manufacturing operations.
The Institute cooperates with a network of basic facilities in Odessa,
Zhitomir, Khmelnitsky, Poltava, Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv regions with common
seed cultivation and trade of vegetables. In 2014 the Institute was signed 56
licensing agreements for the cultivation of vegetable production for the
2011-2014 years. Was created and submitted to the qualified examination
of 28 varieties and hybrids of vegetables and melons, listed in the State
register of plant varieties of Ukraine – 30 varieties breeding at institute with
good and excellent quality, they are technological, their products are
suitable for canning, pickles, jams and juice production, and most
importantly, they have adapted to local growing conditions.
In order to defend the market, expanding the application, advertising,
recruitment market vegetables seed breeding domestic selection, retrieval
and transfer of innovative consumer products in 2014 in different climatic
zones of Ukraine was launched 22 demonstration polygons vegetables. For
the Forest-steppe zone was set up in landfills regions: Kharkiv, Sumy,
Cherkasy, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi. For the zone of Polesie is in Chernihiv
region. For the zone of Steppe is in Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk and
Zaporizhia. This is where consumers can research products visually
verifying the effectiveness of the competitiveness of vegetable production.
Note that innovative activity means all, without exception,
innovation process, since the emergence of scientific and technical ideas
and completing spread scientific product. Therefore, to determine the
direction of new scientific and technological development and evaluation of
completed scientific researchers Institute of Intellectual using marketing
research products based on socio-economic situation of agricultural areas of
the country.
Conclusions. For the successful transfer of scientific development is
the most effective form of various ongoing communications, collaboration
of scientists from farming. Greater attention should be paid with the needs
of direct consumers research products and develop innovative products that
are in demand. After all, only the application of knowledge, professional
skills, recommendations scholars’ vegetable industry will enter the global
level.
Bibliography.
1. Makarenko P. М. Agrobiznea v ovocheproduktovomu
pidkompleksi Ukrainy / Маkarenkо P. М., Кryvoruchkо V. І.,
Кyrylenkо G. І. – К. : Nyvа, 1997. – 138 s.
2. Dyakonov N. P. Analiz sprosa, meropriyariya transfera razrabotok
I nauchnoe soprovozhdenie innovatsyy / Dyakonov N. P.,
Roztorguev V. А., Тymchuk V. М. // Ovochivnytatvo I bashtannytstvo :
mizhv. temat. nauk. zb. / Instytut ovochivnytstva I bashtannytstva. – 2009.
– № 55. – S. 273-280.
3. Terokhina L. А. Innovatsii dlya galuzi ovochivnytstva /
Terokhina L. А., Ruchkin О. V., Rudnytskа Т. О. // Ovochivnytatvo I
bashtannytstvo : mizhv. temat. nauk. zb. / Instytut ovochivnytstva I
bashtannytstva. – 2011. – № 57. – S. 225-230.
Л.А. Терёхина, Е.М. Ильинова
Научно-организационные основы трансфера инноваций
овощеводства в сельскохозяйственном производстве.
Резюме. В статье освещены научно-организационные
мероприятия по повышению уровня инновационных разработок и
инструментарий их внедрения в агропромышленное производство.
Л.А. Терьохіна, Є.М. Ільїнова
Науково-організаційні засади трансферу інновацій овочівництва
в сільськогосподарське виробництво.
Резюме. В статті висвітлено науково-організаційні заходи
підвищення рівня інноваційних розробок та інструментарій їх
впровадження в агропромислове виробництво.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.89:631.465.27:664.8.031
V.V. Harebа, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Academician of NAAS
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine
R.G. Melnik, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
V.А. Mikchaylichenko, Sciences Researcher
Institute of Horticulture of NAAS
PROCESSING METHODS AND ELEMENTS OF ACCELERATED
GROWTH MUSHROOM
The vesults of the application of the new method keking material
shows that it can significantly speed up the first way mushroom fruiting
and shortens the whole growing cycle of mushroom.
Keywords: casing-material, oyster pleurotus, covering soil substrate.
Introduction. Over the past 10 years, the production of mushrooms
in the world increased by 2 times and reached 12 million tons. Of these,
about 9 million tons are 75 % of the world cultivated mushrooms that are
grown in China. In Europe annually grow about 1 million tons of
mushrooms, of which one third is export and import volumes (44). Import
fungi in Ukraine in 2009 amounted to 1.63 ths. tons, down 58 % compared
to 2000, which strengthened the development of domestic mushroom
industry. Consumption of mushroom products during this period increased
from 0.2 kg to 1.1 kg per person. This rule must match 4-5 kg. This trend
gives reason to expect a further increase domestic production of edible
mushrooms in Ukraine since the proposal meets the needs of the market
less than 70 % [3].
Active development of mushroom in Ukraine formed all the
necessary conditions, including relatively cheap raw materials for the
preparation of the substrate, renting and reconstruction of existing facilities.
In addition, modern mushroom, which is separated into an independent
branch of agriculture, is rather profitable area of production activities. High
yields and the opportunity to spend four or more cycles per year growing of
mushrooms make attractive for manufacturers. The constant use in the
manufacture of new scientific and technological developments can increase © Khareba V.V., Melnik R.G., Mykhaylychenko V.А., 2014.
the yield of mushrooms, reduce manual labor, successfully execute
protection against diseases and pests of mushrooms, mushroom products
expand the range [1]. But you cannot notice the trend of recent years, which
is aimed at use in the first place, energy production technology. As the
global economic crisis, observed in recent years, it allows you to compete
in the market mushrooms, primarily due to lower production costs.
Many have developed energy saving technologies of items substrates
for growing edible mushrooms. So in Europe have become increasingly
popular substrates for growing oyster pleurotus of phase 3. It is colonized
substrate mycelium of the fungus and is ready to spray coating mixture.
Cycle growing at significantly reduced, decreasing the likelihood of defeat
diseases and pests [2].
There are known methods of obtaining rapid fruiting bodies of fungi
growing conditions for oyster pleurotus that involve the use of so-called
"casing-material".
Casing – CAC («Compost Added at Casing») this is the
technological production method, in which the already overgrown
mycelium is well made compost to the soil before applying the coating or
immediately after applying it to compost. For the first time this technology
has been used in Ireland in 1969. After that, most companies that grew
mushrooms on pallets and shelves were used casing method [4]. The idea
casing is more rapid and uniform development of mycelium in the soil for
cover. Without casing-mycelium invades the material covering the ground
with the top layer of compost. With casing-material incubation mycelium
covering soil is mainly of particles casing-material. In practice, the use
casing overgrowth topcoat mycelium usually happens for 2 days faster. The
main advantage of casing is to reduce the time of colonization topcoat, an
opportunity not to carry out its loosening and no recovery period after
loosening the mycelium, and as a result is to reduce the timing of fruiting.
The disadvantage of said method is that by traditional technology when
casing add content to cover ground the start of collecting mushrooms not
significantly reduced. Proceeds production speeds with no more than three
or four days.
The basis of the research has been tasked to significantly reduce the
time period of vegetative growth of oyster pleurotus by a new approach to
application casing. The main objective of these studies is to reduce the
cycle of growing mushrooms without loss of total crop output. This
technology will increase the number of culture changes a year and
significantly improve energy saving production. Besides getting fruiting
mushrooms in earlier periods allows you to adjust appearance of the
product at the right time (for the holidays, when demand for fresh
mushrooms biggest). The essence of the new technological method is
proposed not to casing making the coating layer and the surface of the
substrate, followed casing.
The aim of researches. Research work was performed in the
laboratory of mycology and mushroom processing of department selection
of vegetables Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian
Sciences of Ukraine for 2011-2013 years.
One of the tasks of research was to determine the yield of oyster
pleurotus culture and intensity depending on the timing of casing-material
to the substrate. In this case casing layer served as a "buffer zone" between
the substrate and cover the mixture. That made it possible to grow without
the "stress" of substrate mycelium and grow simultaneously in the coating
layer by accelerating the phase fruiting. Casing studied drawing and coating
mixes, 7th, 9th and 11th day from the start of cultivation. As a control are
set to welcome the traditional application of coating material on the
substrate in 14 days after inoculation. Equally important is to determine the
optimal number casing-material, because it affects the cost-effectiveness of
its application. Therefore, studying the intensity and appearance of the
product yield of oyster pleurotus at different heights are applied of casing.
Was the cost and economic assessment for the height of the layer deposited
of casing-compost from 2 to 5 cm.
For casing material of the highest quality were chosen, well covered
with mycelium blocks. Compost in these blocks is free from pests and
diseases. As casing used compost with a high degree of colonization
mycelium, its compost minimum daily 15-16 colonization is optimally 17-
19-daily. Already selected for casing-material composting units were
moved to the area and clean cut. Shredding (or loosening) was performed
manually. Compost crushed to single straw (2-5 cm long). It is also
possible using special compost shredder. The main requirement is a high
hygiene operation. Preparation of compost for casing is carried out on the
day of application.
The results of researches. With phenological observations we fixed
parameters that help to assess the growth of mycelium and oyster pleurotus
during both vegetative stage and reproductive (Table 1). The intensity of
the growth of mycelium growing period in the coating layer is slightly
different options for the experiment. This factor influenced the yield of
mycelium on the surface of the coating layer, the period of loosening, the
recovery of mycelium, consequently appearance primordia (primordia of
fruiting bodies), the beginning and the end of fruiting. Measurement of
vertical mushrooms mycelium growth showed that the rate of growing
substrate casing started distinguishable in some embodiments. In
embodiments of making it to the 7 day average measurement recorded
growths of mycelium in the smallest range – 30-35 mm respectively. It is
10-15 mm smaller in comparison with the control (without casing), where
the average measurement growths of mycelium was 40-45 mm. The most
ingrowths was achieved with the introduction of options casing on 9th and
11th day – 45-50 mm. Strong growth of mycelium, at this stage, and later
contributed to the release of mycelium on the surface of the coating
material, it’s full-fouling in these versions at an earlier period than other
and quickly recover from loosening. The first primordia formed on day 22
in the form of making casing on day 7 and fruiting started on day 28, which
is 8 days earlier than traditional technology. Growing cycle when making
casing reduced to 8-9 days.
Vintage grown mushrooms are key indicators in the study of the
effectiveness of the proposed measures are. Table 2 shows the results
would yield mushrooms depending on the duration of use casing-material.
In total crop yield was records held by waves of fruiting.
The results are presented in the table show that the highest rates of
productivity mushrooms on average by three waves of fruiting was
obtained on substrates made that adding casing 11 days – 25.7 kg/m2. This
is 1.2 kg/m2 more than control. Adding casing 7 nights based on research
findings led to a decrease in yield of 0.5 kg/m2 compared to the respective
control. Adding casing 9 days allowed obtaining crop at 25.6 kg/m2, which
is 1.1 kg/m2 more than control.
Conclusions. Add casing-material layer 3 cm to the substrate on 9th
day after inoculation allowed to 9 days to reduce the start gathering of
oyster pleurotus. The yield was 25.6 kg/m2, which is more than 1.1 kg/m
2
for the control (24.5 kg/m2). This cycle of cultivation has decreased by 8-9
days. Thus, a possible increase of changes culture growing of oyster
pleurotus from 4-5 to 5-6 for the year is energy is economical and cost
advantageous compared with traditional technology.
Bibliography.
1. Zakharenkо О. Ukrainskoe gribovodstvo: tendentsii razvitiya I
sovremennoe sostoyanie / О. Zakharenkо, А. Chunikhin //
Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2012. – № 6 – S. 78-83.
2. Kosyak О. А. Rozvytok svitovogo rynku grybiv і produktsii ikh
pererobky / О. А. Коsyak // Ekonomika APK. – 2010. – № 9. – S. 146-149.
3. Rynok grybiv Ukrainy. Potochna konyuktura ta prognoz
[Elektronnyy resurs] / R. Tomina. – Rezhym dostupu : http://agroprom-
ua.com/news/885/.
4. Fakhrutdinova F. Tekhnologicheskie stadia protsessa
vyrashchivaniya shampinonov. Vegetativnaya fazа / F. Fakhrutdinovа //
Оvoshchevodstvо. – 2010. – № 2 – S. 74-78.
В.В. Хареба, Р.Г. Мельник, В.А. Михайличенко
Технологические приёмы и элементы ускоренного выращивания
шампиньона двоспорового.
Резюме. Изложены результаты исследования по изучению
нового способа применения кекинг-материала, что позволяет
существенно ускорить время поступления грибов первой волны
плодоношения и сократить в целом цикл выращивания шампиньона
двоспорового.
В.В. Хареба, Р.Г. Мельник
Технологічні прийоми та елементи прискореного вирощування
печериці двоспорової.
Резюме. Викладено результати досліджень з вивчення нового
способу застосування кекінг-матеріалу, що дозволяє суттєво
прискорити час надходження грибів першої хвилі плодоношення та
скоротити в цілому цикл вирощування печериці двоспорової.
1. – The development of mycelium and fruiting of oyster pleurotus using
casing-material (average for 2011-2013)
V
aria
nts
Gro
wth
of
my
celi
um
in c
oat
ing
lay
er o
n d
ay
7, m
m
Fu
ll f
ou
lin
g t
he
coat
ing
lay
er, d
ays
Ter
m r
eco
ver
aft
er
loo
sen
ing
, d
ays
Th
e ap
pea
ran
ce o
f
pri
mo
rdia
, d
ays
Sta
rt o
f fr
uit
ing
, d
ays
En
d o
f fr
uit
ing
, d
ays
Without casing
(control) 40-45 8-9 3 32 36 65
Casing on day
7 after
inoculation
30-35 8-9 3 22 28 56
Casing on 9
days after
inoculation
45-50 7-8 2 22 27 55
Casing on 11
days after
inoculation
45-50 7-8 3 29 30 60
2. – Effect of timing of casing-material to yield of oyster pleurotus
The yield on the waves of
fruiting, kg/m2
Variants
І
wave
ІІ
wave
ІІІ
wave
The total
yield,
kg/m2
To increase
of control,
kg/m2
1 2 3 4 5 6
2011 year
Without casing (control) 11,2 8,4 3,4 23,0 -
Casing on day 7 after
inoculation 8,6 8,9 3,3 20,8 -3,8
Casing on 9 days after
inoculation 10,5 9,3 4,0 23,8 0,8
Casing on 11 days after
inoculation
SSD05
11,0 8,5 3,6
23,1
2,4
0,1
2012 year
Without casing (control) 13,2 9,5 3,1 25,8 -
Casing on day 7 after
inoculation 12,0 9,9 3,3 25,2 -0,6
Casing on 9 days after
inoculation 12,5 10,5 3,6 26,6 0,8
Casing on 11 days after
inoculation
SSD05
13,5 9,5 3,6
26,6
0,6
0,8
2013 year
Without casing (control) 13,4 9,7 1,8 24,9
Casing on day 7 after
inoculation 12,5 10,7 2,9 26,1 1,2
Casing on 9 days after
inoculation 13,1 9,8 3,6 26,5 1,6
Casing on 11 days after
inoculation 14,2 10,1 3,1 27,4 2,5
SSD05 (kg/m2) 0,8
Average for 2011-2013 years
Without casing (control) 12,6 9,2 2,8 24,5
Casing on day 7 after
inoculation 11,0 9,8 3,2 24,0 -0,5
Casing on 9 days after
inoculation 12,0 9,8 3,7 25,6 1,1
Casing on 11 days after
inoculation 12,9 9,5 3,5 25,7 1,2
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.648:631.5
V.V. Khareba, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine
A.A. Unuchko, Graduate Student,
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF OKRA SEEDLINGS
(HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS L.) ARE DEPENDING
ON AGE OF PLANTS
Considered is an influence plant age okra seedlings on biometric
parameters and survival rate of plants. Expounded performance of linear
height of plants, and also chart of seedling survival rate in the opened soil
for years researches. Rotined until then passing, of basic phenophases.
Keywords: okra, seedling age, phenological stage, height of plants,
survival rate of seedling.
Introduction. In the vegetable-growing of the opened soil of Ukraine
on the modern stage of development the search of cheap sources of
albumen, which okra exudes between, has the special interest (Hibiscus
esculentus L.). For wide introduction it in an agricultural production there
is a necessity of development of new elements technologies of growing,
which are directed on the receipt of the maximal productivity [5].
Okra is a valuable delicacy vegetable plant of monogynopaedium of
Mallow (Malvaceae). Earlier a common name was okra, but lately it often
called "hibisk table." Also in the literature there are names "abelmoshus",
"gumbo", "okra", "ladies' fingers". It is very widely widespread in the
world (countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and America). In Ukraine in this
time a plant is popular enough among vegetable growers and gardeners [2].
One of the main properties of okra is high concentration of fiber,
vitamins, minerals (for example calcium, iron, potassium and other) and
mucous substances. It is important that dietary fiber of plant absorb sugar
in the small intestine and regulate blood glucose levels. This plant removes
excess of water from the body, regulating kidney function and eliminating
edema, excess of bile, bad cholesterol, toxins, and therefore it is
recommended for patients with atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolic © Khareba V.V., Unuchko A.A., 2014.
disorders. Eliminates of okra constipation and bloating, strengthens blood
vessels and stimulates the production of probiotics in the small intestine, so
it contributes to the activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Okra is being
suggested to include in the diet of pregnant women, especially during the
period from 4 to 12 weeks of pregnancy when the neural tube is formed
fruit, as this fruit contains large concentration of folic acid [4].
There was created and included in the Register varieties of plant of
Ukraine two varieties of okra: Dibrova and Sopilka by the breeder
researchers at the station "Mayak" on the base of the Institute of Vegetables
and Melons of NAAS. The technology of okra cultivation adapted to
different soil – climatic conditions is absent in Ukraine. One of the main
tasks determination of optimum age of cassette seedlings of okra, and these
researches in Ukraine were not yet conducted Thus, the results of research
are important and relevant to science and industry [3].
The aim of research. Conduct a study of the peculiarities of growth
and development of all age’s of seedling plants of okra varieties Dibrova
and their subsequent impact on the biometric indicators.
The method of researches. The studies were been conducted in
2012-2013 years on the territory of educational and scientific production
laboratory "Test breeding achievements and environmental technology
assessment of growing fruit, vegetables, medicinal and ornamental plants"
(Kyiv), in the Forest-Steppe zone on soils according to the "Methods of
research in the case of Vegetables and Melons" [1]. Pumpkin was the
precursor of plants. Okra plants were been grown according to the
recommendations of the research station "Mayak" of the Institute of
Vegetables and Melons of NAAS. Area of accounting territory was
10,5 m2, repetition of the experiment was four times, accommodation of
options were rendomizations.
Hung seed were begun with 11 of April, from intervals 5-7 days
(with the increase of temperature stair of come in sight before). Since
germination was very high, it immediately plated cells in 4.7 x 5.5 cm at 1-
2 pcs. Cooked soil watered and covered agrofibre. Seedlings planted in the
second week of May when the danger of spring frosts has passed.
The results of researches. Every year in Ukraine is growing interest
to growers’ cassette technology growing seedlings of vegetable crops.
These technologies differ from traditional methods of growing seedlings
both in terms of technological and economic advantages. Seedlings grown
in cassettes, levelled, has a well-developed root system, which is
intertwined with the roots of neigh boring plants and consequently less
damaged during transplantation. Planted in open ground, it is characterized
by high survival rate, because the plants are initially in the same conditions
and at the same time developing.
Influence growing seedlings on the processes of growth and
development plants of okra before the explosing of them in the opened soil
it is possible to estimate the offensive of basic phenophases of plants as a
result of analysis (Table 1).
1. – Dates passage phenophases of growth and development plants of okra,
varieties Dibrova at sowing in cassettes (average for 2012-2013 years)
Age of seeding, days Seedtime Mass shoots
30 15.04 22.04
25 (C)* 20.04 28.05
20 26.04 3.05
15 1.05 8.05
*(C) – control
During a lead through the investigational were set that the offensive
of phenological phases depended of okra seedlings on the terms of sowing
of seed. At providing of seed the necessary amount of moisture and heat,
single stair of plants grown in cassettes on the average for year’s researches
appeared on 7 days.
It is set researches, that a short period of germination of seed of okra
was possible only then, when indexes of day's temperature and humidity
were optimum for the germination of seed. Seedlings of okra were grown in
a spring pellicle heifer on the sun heating.
Information, that we got testify that appearance of mass stair of okra
took place in 7-8 days depending on the term of sowing of seed. The stair
of more early age of seedling appeared before, than more late. We consider
that it can be related to that in an average daily temperature was the more
late timing of sowing higher, that in same queue resulted in more active
influence on the processes of germination of seed. Before in all appearance
of stair is marked on 8 of May, at the plants of seedling age 15 days.
The different terms of sowing of seed are predetermined by
differences between variants on the biometrical indexes of plants (Table 2).
It is possible to set after results, that the biometrical indexes of plants of
rose okra with the increase of amount of days from the date of sowing. In
middle for years researches in the day of landing of seedling in the opened
soil a most height of plants was 7,5 see at plants by age 30 days. It can be
explained the greater size of plants and terms of illumination.
2. – Biometric performance cassette of okra seedling in variety Dibrova of
greenhouses on the solar heating depending on age
(average for 2012-2013 years)
Age of
seedling,
days
Height, cm Number of true
leaves, pcs.
Diameter of
root-collar,
mm
Area of
sheets of
plant, cm2
15 6,0 1 1,9 18,2
20 6,7 2 2,0 23,7
25 (C)* 7,1 2 2,1 25,4
30 7,5 2 2,4 18,4
SSD0,5 0,3 - 0,2 2,6
*(C) – control
Seedling age 15 days was the least – 6.0 cm. Thus, by measuring the
length of the stems of plants aged 20 and 25 days was 6.7 and 7.1 cm,
respectively.
The very important index of quality seedling of okra is a diameter of
root-collar. The biometrical measuring testify to the difference in the
diameter of root-collar depending on age of seedling so they were scope
from 1.9 to 2.4 mm. Plants had the thickest and thinnest root-collar by age
15 and 30 days and it was evened 1.9 and 2.4 mm accordingly. At seedling
by age 20 days this sign made 2.0 mm. Consequently the study of influence
of age of seedling on the diameter of root-collar, that seedling had the
thickest root-collar age 30 days.
One of the main indicators of agricultural plants is the number of
leaves and leaf surface area. These data indicate that the number of leaves
in plants okra seedlings growing method ranged from 1 to 2 plants 15-30
days. Plants aged 20, 25 and 30 days per day transplanting formed by 2
leaves.
According to the number of layers and patterns were found in terms
of leaf surface seedlings of okra. The plants of age 15 days had an area of
sheets – 18.24 cm2. The size of this index grew with the increase of age of
plants. The seedling by age 20 and 25 days evened 23.7 and 25.38 cm2
accordingly. Plants 30 days had an area of sheets age – 18.35 cm2. Plants
had a most area of sheets by age 25 days – 25.38 cm2. The less area of
leaves of plants is 30 days explained age that in the moment of explosing
the sheets of seed-lobe died off unlike other variants.
Growing of plants in cassettes allows almost hundred-per-cent to
save the root age of plants, which from the first days of growth in the
opened soil can provide plant moisture and elements of feed which
positively influences on subsequent development of plants.
On the average for years researches of application of cassette
technology of growing of seedling of okra allowed to increase the percent
of survival rate plants to – 99.0 % (fig. 1).
Fig. 1 – Survival rate of seedling okra, depending on age, %
(average for 2012-2013 years).
Researches from influence of age of cassette seedling on its survival
rate' in the opened soil testify that most age of plants is more favourable, as
a percent of plants which got accustomed was higher comparatively with a
control variant on 1 % and was 99.0 % accordingly. By the lowest indexes
of quality – 96.7 % seedling was marked by age 15 days.
Conclusions. The best biometric parameters at the time of planting
in open ground in the third decade of May the plants aged 25 and 30 days,
which in turn allows you to get strong plants and increase survival rate of
plants. When planting seedlings aged 25 days was achieved rooting of
plants – 99 %.
Bibliography.
1. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenka]. – Kh., 2001. – 365 s
2. Zhumaniyazovа М. P. Rost, razvitie I produktivnost
netraditsyonnykh ovoshchnykh kultur v Uzbekistanе, 2008. – 419 s.
3. Maloposhyreni ovochevi roslyny / [Khareba V. V., Poznyak О. V.,
Unuchk О. О., Kharebа О. V]. – Ch. 1. – Vinnytsya : FOP Korzun D. Yu.,
2012. – 48 s.
4. Poznyak O. V. Bamiya (gibisk istivnyy) / Poznyak О. P.,
Kharytskyy М. V., Маlenkо А. М.. – Nizhyn : Aspekt-Poligraf, 2007. – 28 s.
5. Khareba V. V. Tekhnologiya vyroshchuvannya bamii /
V. V. Kharebaа, О. О. Unuchkо // Plantator. –2013. – № 3 (11) – S. 92-93.
В.В. Хареба, А.А. Унучко
Биометрические показатели рассады бамии (Hibiscus
esculentus L.) в зависимости от возраста растений.
Резюме. Рассматривается влияние возраста растений рассады
бамии на биометрические показатели и приживаемость растений.
Освещены показатели линейной высоты растений, а также график
приживаемости рассады в открытом грунте за годы исследований.
Показаны даты прохождения основных фенофаз.
В.В. Хареба, О.О. Унучко
Біометричні показники розсади бамії (Hibiscus esculentus L.)
залежно від віку рослин.
Резюме. Розглядається вплив віку рослин розсади бамії на
біометричні показники та приживлюваність рослин. Викладено
показники лінійної висоти рослин, а також графік приживлюваності
розсади у відкритому ґрунті за роки досліджень. Показані дати
проходження основних фенофаз.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 631.527; 635.132
V.К. Cherkasova, Sciences Researcher,
О.М. Shadetya, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
BIOCHEMICAL POTENTIAL VARIETAL SAMPLE OF
VEGETABLES FAMILY CELERY
Covered the results of studies 2010-2013 years biochemical
composition of samples of fresh produce varieties of vegetables celery
family, in dry matter content, total sugar, vitamin C, fiber, nitrate and
allocated resources for breeding.
Keywords: parsnips, fennel, parsley, chemical composition,
evaluation, selection, nitrates, quality.
Introduction. Vegetable plants of the family Celery (carrots, parsley,
parsnips and fennel) are dietary medicinal food. One of the important issues
of our research is to increase the quality of vegetable production due to the
selection of sources for breeding for the content of nutrients plants of the
family celery. Determination of biochemical substances gene pool
vegetables celery family is a major challenge in the selection process, the
new set of complex genotypes useful and productive characteristics. An
important objective was to analyze the content, dry matter, vitamin C, fiber,
total sugar, nitrates collection and selection of samples of fresh produce
plants of the family Celery, set parameters variability of chemical
components and identify sources for breeding for the content of nutrients
[1, 2].
The aim of research. To analyze the content of biochemical
components: dry matter, vitamin C, fiber, total sugar, production of nitrates
in fresh samples of high-grade plants of the family Celery, identify sources
of selection for each feature and their complex.
The method of researches. Experiments on the allocation of
resources to selection for biochemical composition (dry matter, fiber,
vitamin C, total sugar) in vegetable production plants of the family celery
conducted during 2010-2013 years [5, 6, 7]. © Cherkasova V.K., Shabetya O.M., 2014.
The work was carried out at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons
of NAAS under generally accepted methods and operating standards [3, 4].
Selective breeding ground consisted of ten samples dill, parsley ten
samples, four samples parsnips which were sown in early April in breeding
crop rotation at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons. The experiments
were conducted in the fields of the institute. Soil is medium loam humus.
In the laboratory using generally accepted methods of chemical analysis
products according to ISO at accredited laboratory (accreditation certificate is
№ 100-266/2012 from 18.10.2012) and statistically-mathematical variance
confidence interval for accuracy of the results [4, 5, 6, 7].
The results of researches. In 2011-2013 years was analyzed of
fragrant dill breeding nursery and laboratory of root and rare plants.
According to the research breeding nursery, which included of 10 samples
were drawn dill comparative characteristic biochemical parameters (Table
1). Standard grade is Kharkivskyy 85.
As a source for breeding in dry matter by years of research has been
allocated K-95 samples (15.66 %), K-97 (16.76 %), K-106 (16.14 %),
compared to the standard (15.07 %). In 2011 there was a slight increase in
dry matter content, which is caused by weather conditions year.
Total sugar over years of research has not significantly changed. The
best examples were: K-95 (2.32 %), K-97 (2.30 %), K-102 (2.44 %), K-105
(2.38 %), K-106 (2, 22 %) who were at the level of the standard and exceed
grade Kharkivskyy-85 (2.21 %).
For vitamin C, all samples were below the standard Kharkivskyy 85
(125.20 mg/100g), better than other sample proved to K-99
(118.35 mg/100 g).
For years of experiments the high fiber content is exposed samples
K-97 (9.39 %), K-99 (9.34 %), K-100 (9.75 %), K-106 (9.46 %) standard
Kharkivskiy 85 (9.00 %).
1. – Biochemical evaluation of fresh dill products, 2011-2013 years
Dry matter, % Total sugar, % Vitamin С, мг/100г Cellulose, %
№ of
cat.
2011
2012
2013
Х
2011
2012
2013
Х
2011
2012
2013
Х
2011
2012
2013
Х
К-175
Kh.
85 St
14,95 15,14 15,13 15,07 2,09 2,25 2,28 2,21 121,97 128,05 125,6 125,20 9,20 9,14 8,65 9,00
К-95 15,60 15,67 15,70 15,66 2,25 2,35 2,37 2,32 102,64 104,38 103,99 103,67 9,55 9,43 7,98 8,99
К-96 14,13 14,25 14,27 14,22 1,87 2,02 2,10 2,00 101,46 118,28 115,88 111,87 9,40 9,28 8,54 9,07
К-97 16,72 16,77 16,80 16,76 2,27 2,29 2,35 2,30 52,79 54,88 56,89 54,85 9,70 9,53 8,95 9,39
К-99 14,95 14,80 14,79 14,85 1,82 2,00 2,12 1,98 111,59 120,59 122,87 118,35 9,80 9,78 8,44 9,34
К-100 13,81 13,75 13,81 13,79 1,52 1,68 1,72 1,64 109,68 121,87 118,97 116,84 10,05 10,11 9,1 9,75
К-101 13,15 12,96 13,00 13,04 1,91 2,21 2,30 2,14 104,98 111,63 109,9 108,84 9,10 9,09 8,99 9,06
К-102 13,80 13,72 13,85 13,79 2,37 2,44 2,51 2,44 94,43 96,28 95,75 95,49 9,30 9,27 9,0 9,19
К-105 15,00 14,91 15,02 14,98 2,32 2,38 2,43 2,38 92,08 95,24 94,98 94,10 8,90 9,00 8,78 8,89
К-106 15,84 16,28 16,31 16,14 2,15 2,23 2,28 2,22 90,03 92,11 93 91,71 9,90 9,84 8,65 9,46
SSD 0,75 0,76 0,74 - 0,11 0,10 0,12 - 4,92 5,22 5,21 - 0,48 0,47 0,44 -
As a source for breeding of fragrant dill for biochemical signs can
recommend: K-97, K-95, K-99, K-106.
Analyzed parsley leaves breeding nursery and laboratory of root and
rare plants. According to the research breeding nursery, which included of
10 samples of parsley (Table 2) and 3 parsnips (Table 3, 4) was prepared
for comparative characteristic biochemical parameters.
For the dry matter content in the leaves of parsley allocated samples
K-275 (21.82 %), K-281 (22.05 %), K-251 (22.96 %), K-267 (23.71 %),
were higher than the standard variety Popelyushka (20.27 %).
The content of sugars allocated sample K-281 (1.92 %), other
samples were significantly below the standard (1.70 %), sample K-239
(1.72 %) was the same standards.
In terms of vitamin C sample K-238 (185.32 mg/100 g) was not
inferior to standard (189.65 mg/100 g), other samples were significantly
lower than 86.31 to 122.83 mg/100 g.
The content of β-carotene in leaves of parsley on years of research
was in parsley leaves (13.12-15.05 mg/100 g). It highlighted samples of
K-251 (14.22 mg/ 100 g), K-267 (14.02 mg/100 g), K-238
(14.66 mg/100 g), K-239 (15.05 mg/100 g), K-275 (14.84 mg/100 g),
K-281 (14.24 mg/100 g), which significantly exceeded the standard K-271
(13.80 mg/100 g).
As a source for selection for complex content of nutrients in the
leaves of parsley allocated samples of K-281, K-239, K-239, K-267, K-251,
K-275.
In 2011-2013 years was analyzed varietal selection parsnip of
samples (Table 3, 4). The analysis of vitamin C in samples was above
standard variety Petryk (8.63 mg/100 g).
Index of dry matter by 3 years is exceeded of standard (25.11 %) in
samples of K-28 and K-33, respectively (26.70 % and 27.53 %).
The content of total sugars in samples of roots parsnip was equally
standard (8.20 %).
The content of nitrates in samples parsnip was noted that they do not
exceed the MPC and just sample K-33 exceeded the standard (262 mg/kg)
to 43 mg.
2. – Biochemical evaluation of parsley leaves, 2010-2013 years
№ of
cataloge β- carotene, mg/100 g Dry matter, % Total sugar, % Ascorbic acid, mg/100 g
2011 2012 2013 Х 2011 2012 2013 Х 2011 2012 2013 Х 2011 2012 2013 Х
к-st271 13,4 14,01 13,98 13,80 20,03 20,00 20,78 20,27 1,77 1,64 1,82 1,70 172,56 197,2 199,2 189,65
к-251 12,99 14.65 15,02 14,22 22,99 22,86 23,02 22,96 1,19 1,08 1,16 1,17 78,27 89,3 96,3 87,96
к-267 13,44 14,12 14,43 14,02 23,68 23,70 23,74 23,71 1,57 1,62 1,58 1,59 113,53 117,5 120,3 117,11
к-269 12,76 13,45 13,16 13,12 20,12 20,19 20,22 20,18 1,48 1,43 1,52 1,48 160,59 181,3 1,79 114,56
к-238 14,15 14,89 14,93 14,66 20,63 20,58 20,70 20,64 1,35 1,28 1,37 1,33 173,74 192,8 189,5 185,35
к-274 13.45 13,76 13,90 13,70 20,33 20,34 20,42 20,36 1,48 1,56 1,53 1,52 116,58 127,2 124,7 122,83
к-239 15,02 14,90 15,23 15,05 20,20 20,26 20,31 20,26 1,65 1,74 1.70 1,72 97,09 103,7 112,4 104,40
к-3233 13,55 13,87 14,21 13,88 19,68 19,73 19,80 19,74 0,98 1,02 1,15 1,05 85,72 92,1 93,6 90,47
к-275 14,65 14,54 15,33 14,84 21,60 21,89 21,96 21,82 1,38 1,45 1.50 1,45 81,82 88,6 88,5 86,31
к-281 13,74 14,20 14,78 14,24 21,85 22,03 22,26 22,05 1,86 1,93 1.90 1,92 90,27 98,4 97,86 95,51
SSD05 0,32 0,34 0,34 - 0,63 0,67 0,68 - 0,07 0,07 0,08 - 2,07 2,21 2,18 -
3. – the content of vitamin C and dry matter in roots of parsnip,
2010-2013 years*
Vitamin С, mg/100 g Dry matter, %
№ of
cat.
2010
2011
2012
2013
Х
2010
2011
2012
2013
Х
К-29
st
8,47 8,53 8,35 9,17 8,63 25,26 24,88 25,31 24,98 25,11
К-28 9,14 9,23 9,22 9,30 9,22 26,68 26,53 26,78 26,80 26,70
К-33 8,91 9,07 9,10 9,02 9,03 27,37 27,54 27,61 27,83 27,59
SSD 0,08 0,09 0,09 0,10 - 0,60 0,62 0,65 0,66 -
4. – The content of total sugar and nitrate in roots of parsnip,
2010-2013 years*
Total sugar, % NO3-, mg/kg
№ of
cat.
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Х
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Х
К-29 st 7,39 7,51 8,24 8,20 7,84 260 218 273 297 262
К-28 7,81 7,93 8,04 8,23 8,00 227 243 258 300 257
К-33 7,96 8,07 8,19 8,18 8,10 244 220 309 450 305
SSD 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,14 - 11,3 10,8 12,6 13,6 -
As a source for selection is the recommended K-28 in total sugar
(8.23 %), vitamin C (9.30 %), dry matter (26.70 %) and nitrates
(257 mg/kg).
Conclusions.
As a source for breeding dill for biochemical signs can recommend:
K-97, K-95, K-99, K-106.
As a source for selection for complex content of nutrients in the
leaves of parsley is recommended samples K-281, K-239, K-239, K-267,
K-251, K-275.
As a source for breeding are recommended in roots of parsnip K-28
in total sugar (8.23 %), vitamin C (9.30 %), dry matter (26.70 %) and
nitrates (257 mg/kg).
Bibliography.
1. Kretovych V. А. Osnovy biokhimii rasteniy / V. А. Кretovych. –
М. : Vysshaya shkola, 1980. – 448 s.
2. Sazonova L. V. Korneplodnye rasteniya: morkov, selderey,
petrushka, pasternak, redis, redka / L. V. Sazonova, E. А. Vlasova. –
Leningrad : Аgropromizdat, 1990. – S. 260-267.
3. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvі / [Zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
4. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. А. Dospekhov. –
М. : Agropromizdat, 1985. – 351 s.
5. Produkty pererabotki plodov I ovoshchey // Metody opredeleniya
vitamina C : GOSТ 24556-89 (mezhgosudarstvennyy standart). – [Data vvedeniya
v deystvie – 1990-01-01]. – M. : IPК Izdatelstvo standartov, 2003. – 10 s.
6. Produkty pererabotki plodov I ovoshchey // Metody opredeleniya sukhikh
veshchestv I vlagi: GOSТ 28561-90 (mezhgosudarstvennyy standart). – [Data
vvedeniya v deystvie – 1991-07-01]. – M . : IPК Izdatelstvo standartov, 2003. – 9 с.
7. Zagalnyy tsukor – metodika MOZ-2001.
8. Ermakov A. I. Metody biokhimicheskogo issledovaniya rasteniy /
А. I. Ermakov / – Л. : Аgropromizdat, 1972. – S. 107-109.
В.К. Черкасова, О.H. Шабетя
Биохимический потенциал сортообразцов овощных растений
семейства Сельдерейных.
Резюме. Высветлено результаты исследований 2010-2013 гг.,
биохимического состава свежей продукции сортообразцов овощных
культур семейства зонтичных, по составу сухого вещества, общего
сахара витамина С, клетчатки, нитратов и выделено источники для
селекции.
Черкасова В.К., Шабетя О.М.
Біохімічний потенціал сортозразків овочевих рослин родини
Селерових.
Резюме. Висвітлено результати досліджень 2010-2013 рр.
біохімічного складу свіжої продукції сортозразків овочевих рослин
родини Селерові, за вмістом сухої речовини, загального цукру,
вітаміну С, клітковини, нітратів та виділено джерела для селекції.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.6:006.83:[631.526.3+631.527.5] (477-292.485)
V.M. Chernetskyi, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Fruit and Vegetable Production,
farm produce storage and processing technology,
Academician of Academy of Higher Education of Ukraine,
O.А. Kostyuk, Assistant,
R.V. Kostyuk, Mechanic at Private Company,
O.O. Vlasyik, Student
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
CHANGES OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF PRODUCT
QUALITY VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF COMMON
BEAN VEGETABLE FABA VULGARIS MILL. FOREST
CONDITIONS IN UKRAINE
The results of investigation of customer value formation of green
bean varieties and hybrids of vegetable bean. It is established that the
conditions of right-bank Forest-steppe Ukraine sort Karadag and hybrids
Green lowland F1 and Bacchus F1 characterized by a high content of green
beans biologically active substances.
Keywords: consumption value, green bean, protein content.
Introduction. In the world there is the problem of supplying
population with food products during the year. One of the means to solve
this problem is growing vegetable plants, vegetable bean, in particular. The
vegetable bean (Faba vulgaris Mill.) is a valuable bean plant [1]. Beans
contain large amount of protein and fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron,
magnesium, carotene, as well as vitamins A, B1, B2, C, Е. Bean does
contain cholesterol, and therefore it is advised to use at diseases of
circulatory system. It also regulates activity of digestion system – due to
fiber it significantly accelerates the process of metabolism, thus it is widely
used in diets.
Given bean plant is important for people food, thanks to high content
© Chernetskyy V.M., Kostyuk O.O., Kostyuk R.V., Vlasyuk O.O., 2014.
of protein and complex of irreplaceable amino acids. Main components of
dry matter are sugar, protein, fiber; ash contains mineral salts of calcium,
potassium, phosphorus, iron, manganese etc. In recent years vegetable bean
began to be used for getting structural plant proteins, which in their turn,
are meat substitutes [2]. It should be mentioned that vegetable bean plays
one of the most important roles in the structure of cultivated area of
vegetable plants in countries of North America, Poland, Germany, and
Portugal [3]. In Ukraine bean is spread mostly at household plots. Such
economically-valuable indicators as high yield capacity, long storage life
and high transportability lead to its spreading. Bean is an essential raw
material in processing industry.
In Ukraine many leading specialists studied elements of vegetable
bean growing technology, among them O. Y. Barabash, who described the
importance of bean production and its food value in farming. Among
modern domestic and foreign scientists, amateur farmers, O.S. Bolotskikh
is the one, who describes bean varieties [4].
Modern approach in the development of growing technology of the
given plant is used by Z.D. Sytch and V.B. Kutovenko [5] and other
scientists. Among foreigners the most popular articles wrote D.A. Bond,
studying bean plants [6].
The aim of research – in terms to establish the impact of the varietal
characteristics of bean vegetable on quality indicators for the formation of
green beans at the right bank of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
The method of researches. The research was carried out in 2010-
2012 years on the experimental field of Botanical garden “Podillya” of the
department of fruit and vegetable production, farm produce storage and
processing technology of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. It should
be mentioned that in general for the years of the research, optimal
temperature conditions for the vegetable bean plant development during the
sowing period have formed – full sprouts (+ 8,6..+ 9,6 оС); full sprouts –
budding (+ 13,2…+ 16,8 оС); budding –formation of green beans
(+ 15,6…+ 18,9 оС). During the experiment varieties and hybrids of
vegetable bean were studied:
1. Karadag (standard)
2. Ukrainski slobidski
3. Karmazin F1
4. Zeleni nyzynni F1
5. Bahus F1
Varieties and hybrids refer to the average group of ripening. Variety
Karadag was taken for the standard. The seed during the experiment was sown
in the 2nd
decade of April, using the row method with the inter-row spacing of
45 cm. Field experiments were carried out in accordance with training manuals
in vegetable growing and agronomy [7-9]. Beans were stored at the technical
rate of ripening with the further determining of content of chemical
components by the generally-accepted methods [10-13].
The results of researches. In order to determine the adaptability of
varieties and hybrids to certain soil and climatic conditions, besides
determining the level of plant productivity, it is essential to account the
important indicators of product quality, the main of which are product
marketability and the content of valuable substances. At the same time, an
advantage should be taken not only for highly productive varieties and
hybrids, but also those, which are characterized by high content of valuable
substances in the products.
In the result of the research, characteristics of vegetable bean
varieties and hybrids by the content of main biochemical indicators in the
products in conditions of their growing in Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine
are determined (Table 1).
In average for the years of the research, hybrid Bahus F1 stands out
by protein content in beans (24.0 %). But given hybrid didn’t differ much
from Karadag variety and hybrids Zeleni nyzynni F1 and Karmazin F1, in
which the content of protein in beans was 23.4-23.7 %. Protein content in
beans of Ukrainski slobidski variety was 22.7 %, which was the lowest
among the researched varieties and hybrids.
High content of fat in beans was also noted in hybrid Bahus F1
(1.20 %). Hybrid Zeleni nyzynni F1, varieties of Karadag and Ukrainski
slobidski were characterized by the increased content of fat in beans (1.13-
1.16 %), which didn’t differ much from hybrid Bahus F1 by the given
indicator.
1. – Biochemical indicators of vegetable bean products of different varieties
and hybrids (average for 2010-2012 years)
Content in green beans, % Variety, hybrid
pro
tein
fat
fib
er
caro
ten
e,
mg
/100
g
hydro
scop
i
c m
ois
ture
ash
Karadag (st) 23,4 1,13 21,6 6,6 11,1 5,73
Ukrainski slobidski 22,7 1,13 19,4 6,5 10,6 5,40
Zeleni nyzynni F1 23,4 1,16 21,7 6,5 10,7 5,57
Bahus F1 24,0 1,20 22,1 7,2 10,5 5,60
Karmazin F1 23,7 1,11 20,9 6,7 11,1 5,40
SSD0,95 by the years
2,34
2,12
2,24
0,12
0,11
0,10
2,11
2,04
1,93
0,43
0,51
0,58
0,96
0,86
0,81
0,44
0,47
0,49
By the content of starch in beans hybrid Bahus F1 (22.1 %), hybrid
Zeleni nyzynni F1 (21.7 %) and variety Karadag (21.6 %) are allocated.
Variety Ukrainski slobidski and hybrid Karmazin F1 are characterized by
low content of starch in beans (19.4 and 20.95 accordingly).
Significantly higher content of carotene in comparison with the
standard is noted only in hybrid Bahus F1; at the same time, in average
beans contained 7.2 mg/100 g of carotene with the values of the given
indicator of other varieties and hybrids being 6.5-6.7 mg/100 g.
Beans contained 10.5-11.1 % of hydroscopic moisture, which didn’t
depend much on the variety and hybrid. Ash content in beans also didn’t
change significantly, but a positive trend to raising of the given indicator of
variety Karadag (5.73 %), hybrids Zeleni nyzynni F1 (5.57 %) and Bahus F1
(5.60 %) was noted.
Conclusions. Thus, the variety of Karadag and hybrids Zeleni
nyzynni F1 and Bahus F1 are allocated by indicators of content of valuable
substances in beans in conditions of growing vegetable bean varieties and
hybrids in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.
Bibliography.
1. Bolotskikh А. S. Nastolnaya kniga ovoshchevoda /
А. S. Bolotskikh. – 2005. – 28 s.
2. Barabash O. Yu. Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo / [Barabash O. Yu.,
Tsyz О. М., Leontev O. P., Gontar V. Т.]. – К. : 2000. – 152 s.
3. Cubero J. I. Evolutionary trends in Vicia faba. / J. I. Cubero //
Theoretical and Applied Genetics. – 1973. – P. 59-65.
4. Bolotskikh А. S. Boby ovoshchye / А. S. Bolotskikh //
Ovoshchevodstvо. – 2006. – № 11. – S. 32-35.
5. Sych Z. D. Novyy vysokoproduktyvnyy vykhidnyy material bobu
ovochevogo dlya oderzhannya zelenogo goroshku / Z. D. Sych,
V. B. Kutovenkо // Informatsiynyy lystok: Kyivskyy derzhavnyy tsentr
naukovo-tekhnichnoi і ekonomichnoi informatsii (КyivTSNТЕІ). – 2010. – 4 s.
6. Bond D. A. Steuckardt Production of pea, faba bean and chickpea
in Europe / D. A. Bond, L. Monti. – 1988. – Р. 1065-1080.
7. Moyseychenko V. F. // Osnovy naukovykh doslidzhen v agrokhimii /
V. F. Moyseychenko, V. О. Eshchenkо. – К. : Vyshcha shkola, 1994. – 334 s.
8. Dospekhov B. А. Metodika polevogo opyta (s osnovami
statisticheskoy obrabotki rezultatov issledovaniy) / B. A. Dospekhov. – М. :
Аgropromizdat, 1985. – 351 s.
9. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Za
red. G. L. Bondarenka, К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Kh. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
10. Коrmа, коmbikormа, коmbikormovое syre. Metody
opredeleniya syroy kletchatki : GOSТ 13496.2-91. – [Vzamen GOST
13496,2-80 ; vved.01.01.92.]. – М. : Goskomstandart SSSR, 1991. – 8 s.
11. Kormy dlya tvaryn. Vyznachennya vmistu azotu: obchyslennya
vmistu syrogo bilka metodom К'eldalya : DSTU ISO 5983-2003. –
[Rozroblenyy vpershe; vved. 01.01.04.] – К. : Derzhspozhyvstandart
Ukrainy, 2003. – 18 s. – (Natsionalnyy standart Ukrainy).
12. Kormy dlya tvaryn. Vyznachennya vmistu zhyru : DSTU ISO
6492 – 2003. – [Na zaminu GOST 13496.15-97; vved. 01.01.2004.]. – К. :
Derzhspozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 2003. – 19 s. – (Natsionalnyy standart
Ukrainy).
13. Kormy dlya tvaryn. Vyznachennya vmistu syroi zoly: DSTU ISO
5984: 2004. − [Rozroblenyy vpershe; vved. 01.01.2006] − К. :
Derzhspozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 2005. – 4 s. – (Natsionalnyy standart
Ukrainy).
В.М. Чернецкий, А.А. Костюк, Р.В. Костюк, О.О. Власюк
Изменение биохимических показателей качества продукции
сортов и гибридов боба овощного Faba Vulgaris Mill. в условиях
Лесостепи Украины.
Резюме. Приведены результаты исследования формирования
потребительской ценности зеленых бобов сортов и гибридов боба
овощного. Установлено, что для условий правобережной Лесостепи
Украины сорт Карадаг и гибриды Зеленые низменные F1 и Бахус F1
характеризуются высоким содержанием в зеленых бобах
биологически активных веществ.
В.М. Чернецький, О.О. Костюк, Р.В. Костюк, О.О. Власюк
Зміна біохімічних показників якості продукції сортів і гібридів
бобу овочевого Faba Vulgaris Mill. в умовах Лісостепу України.
Резюме. Наведено результати дослідження формування
споживчої цінності зелених бобів сортів та гібридів бобу овочевого.
Встановлено, що для умов правобережного Лісостепу України сорт
Карадаг та гібриди Зелені низинні F1 і Бахус F1 характеризуються
високим вмістом в зелених бобах біологічно активних речовин.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635.649:631.527
О.М. Shabetya, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
E.V. Zinchenko, Sciences Researcher
Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
THE COMPOSITION AND VALUE BREEDING OF
GENETIC FUND OF EGGPLANT
The results were to determine the composition and breeding values
genetic fund of eggplant. It was found variability of commercial signs in the
collections of samples and correlations between quantitative characteristics
that allow evaluating and maintaining selection by indirect indicators.
Keywords: genetic resources, genetic fund, collection, structure of
genetic fund, sample collection, eggplant, volatility, correlation.
Introduction. Collection and preservation of genetic diversity of plants is
crucial both for individual countries and for mankind as a whole. The
implementation of breeding programs, whose ultimate goal is primarily solve
food, general economic and even social problems is impossible without reliable
sources of original material, which are banks of plant genetic resources.
Collections of genetic resources are of great scientific and educational and
informative value. Currently of Ukraine breeders face the challenge to create
varieties and hybrids of vegetable plants with complex agronomic traits, the
main ones: high efficiency, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, high quality
of product and competitive ability in market conditions. The solution of such
problems is impossible without a diverse, well-rounded knowledge of the
material studied inheritance and variability features [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. It is
therefore important to conduct analysis of existing genetic fund of eggplant by
category and origin of collection of samples, identification of breeding values of
the samples.
The aim and objectives of the research. In Ukraine, the formation of
the National genetic bank of vegetable and melon plants was started in
1992. In order to optimize the composition and volume of the National
genetics bank, purposeful replenishment, efficient use and conservation of
valuable genetic fund of collections are formed gene fund. In our studies © Shabetya О.М., Zinchenkо E.V., 2014.
was the goal is a comprehensive assessment of collection material,
determine its adaptive potential breeding value and selection of sources with
a set of business features, the most important of which are: high
performance, precocity, disease resistance, high quality of products and high
adaptivity.
The method of researches. Experiments were laid by methods «The
plots and schemes of seeding selection of variety testing and primary seed
of vegetable crops» [8], «Methods of experimental work in Vegetables and
Melons» [9], «Methods of field experience in Vegetables and Melons» [10].
Assessment of samples of collections of biological and morphological
characteristics was performed according to the «Methodology of guidelines
for the study and the maintenance of the collection», «Methods of
examination grades on uneven, uniformity and stability (UUS)» [11].
Technology of collection samples, soil tillage and care of eggplant plants
was carried out according to agreed guidelines for the agricultural region.
The results of researches. The composition of collection of eggplant.
The research was formed eggplant basic collection, which includes
344 sample collections. The collection is represented by botanical species:
Solanum melongena L., Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam., Solanum
aethiopicum L., Solanum linnaeum L., Solanum anguivi Lam., Solanum
ovigerum L. (Solanum melongena primitive form); and subspecies:
Solanum melongena ssp. orentale Fil., Solanum melongena ssp. occidentate
Haz., Solanum melongena ssp. subspotanum Fil. We have defined the
collection by category of samples (Fig. 1). It was found that the largest
group by number of breeding varieties of foreign countries is 142 samples.
The interest for breeding for early maturity and cold resistance are
examples of east-asian subspecies of Japanese and Chinese selection. The
second largest group is breeding lines are mainly of Ukrainian origin.
Fig. 1. The composition of collection of samples of
eggplant by category (data prior to 2012 year)
On the whole variety of samples eggplant was conducted
comprehensive three-year evaluation fully analyzed, compiled "Product of
eggplant gene fund" and included in the passport database 344 sample of
collections from 31 countries (Table 1).
Research has found that in our gene pool eggplant formed the largest
group in number of samples of Ukrainian origin; it is 28.5 % of the total
sample of collection. The second largest group of n sample selection is 21
%. Enough is widely represented in the gene pool of eggplant samples
selection Japan is 13.5 %. Collection samples from China is 20 pcs., which
is about 6 %; examples of Italian origin (17 pcs.) – ~ 5 %; samples from
Germany (16 pcs.) – 4.5 %; samples from France (13 pcs.) – ~ 4.0 %. The
total collection up 1 to 2 % of features samples from India, Spain,
Moldova, Netherlands, Romania and the United States. Collectible samples
of other 15 countries are about 5.5 % and with less than 0.5 % of each
country.
2-28 samples, 9 % 5-6 samples, 2 % 4-87 samples, 28 %
1 – Breeding varieties of foreign countries
2 – Breeding varieties of Ukraine
3 – Local varieties and forms
4 – Selection lines
5 – Wild species
1. – The composition of collection of origin eggplant
(data prior to 2012 year)
Country-originator № p/p code names
Number of collection of
samples
% of the total number
1 AFG Afghanistan 1 <0,5
2 ARM Armenia 1 <0,5
3 AZE Azerbaijan 1 <0,5
4 BDI Burundi 1 <0,5
5 BGR Bulgaria 4 ~1,0
6 CAN Canada 4 ~1,0
7 CHN China 20 ~6,0
8 COL Colombia 1 <0,5
9 DEU Germany 16 ~4,5
10 EGY Egypt 1 <0,5
11 ESP Spain 4 ~1,0
12 FRA France 13 ~4,0
13 GBR Great Britain 1 <0,5
14 GEO Georgia 1 <0,5
15 HUN Hungary 1 <0,5
16 IND India 11 ~3,0
17 ITA Italy 17 ~5,0
18 JPN Japan 47 ~13,5
19 MDA Moldova 4 ~1,0
20 MYS Malaysia 1 <0,5
21 NLD Netherlands 6 ~2,0
22 PAK Pakistan 1 <0,5
23 PRT Portugal 1 <0,5
24 PSE Palestine 1 <0,5
25 ROU Romania 3 ~1,0
26 RUS Russia 72 ~21,0
27 TKM Turkmenistan 1 <0,5
28 TUR Turkey 3 ~1,0
29 UKR Ukraine 98 ~28,5
30 USA USA 5 ~1,5
31 YUG Serbia 2 0,5
Breeding value of collection of eggplant.
We have conducted a comprehensive assessment of gene fund
eggplant. Given the morphological characteristics of bio culture of eggplant
and the results of the experimental data points were identified targeted
introductions collection of samples for the valuable economic grounds. The
analysis of the origin of early maturity of sources found that early ripe
eggplant samples, and with the highest manifestation of this property by 56
% originate mainly from the Far East – Japan, China and India, which are
centers of early mature forms and several of other crops. Of early examples
single ripe of these five plants are originating from other countries with
traditionally high levels of horticulture – Moldova, Hungary, Netherlands,
France, Italy, USA and others. To expand the genetic basis of economic
evidence varieties and hybrids of eggplant is most effectively involve
related species – Solanum dulcamara L., Solanum macrocarpon L., Solanum
sisymbriifolium Tam, Solanum aethiopicum L., Solanum dulcamara, Solanum
sodomaeum, Solanum Incanum L., which are concentrated in genetics bank in
Germany, the Netherlands and other countries. According to the results of a
comprehensive evaluation was isolated sources of economic evidence on
productivity (stable signs "yield" of about 30 t/ha); for early maturity (duration
"and technical maturity ladder" to 105 days); for resistance to fading; heat
resistance.
For the duration of interphase period "ladder-technical maturity" sample
collection of eggplant we were divided into 5 groups: early ripe (100-110
days); medium early (111-120 days), medium ripe (121-130 days), medium
late (131-140 days) and late mature (over 141 days). For breeding for early
maturity, we have the selection of the earliest examples, the length of the
ladder and technical maturity which has not exceeded 100 days (Fig. 2).
5 samples, 1 %
12 samples, 4 %
31 samples, 10 %
44 samples, 14 %
52 samples, 17 %
210 samples, 67 %
0 50 100 150 200 250
Very early
Еarly ripe
Medium early
Medium ripe
Medium late
Late mature
to 100 days 101-110 days 111-120 days
121-130 days 131-140 days >141 day
Fig. 2. Distribution of sample collection eggplant groups of maturity
Analysis of the gene fund already conducted on the basis of eggplant
"The growing season" proved that most variability (in years) period "stairs
and technical maturity" is noted in samples belonging to the group of early
ripe, while the coefficient of variation in samples of group did not exceed
13 %, and in later – 5 %. Overall, the impact of external factors on the basis
of "early maturity" is negligible. We already designed rank correlation
coefficient equal to 0.97, thereby reducing the preliminary assessment of
breeding material on this feature.
As a result of our research most of the analyzed samples had already
unstable display of signs "yield" signs manifestation of this nature provided
a set of complex environments and genetic factors, and unstable climatic
conditions in the Kharkiv region influence factors on sign of "productivity"
was so great that sometimes superior gene type effects and complicated the
assessment and selection of reliable source material for breeding. Already
reveal the existence of different regulations on reaction conditions, the
cultivation.
We have made collection of eggplant distribution in terms of
productivity. Yields have analyzed of samples of eggplant distinguished by
high variability. According to the research collection of in eggplant
majority of samples (82 samples collection, 26 %) were stable with low
productivity. Samples with low and unstable unstable average yield were
around 63 samples (20 %). Samples with unstable high and stable yield
high levels were 38 collection samples – 12 % and 16 collection samples –
5 % respectively of the total number of samples collection of.
Traditionally used in Ukraine fruits of eggplant, which are cylindrical
(or close to it) form of black and purple, dark purple, violet fetus with bright,
white or creamy-white dense fruit pulp. The collection of eggplant is almost
any color of fruits, black and purple, dark purple, green and violet (and with
increasing degree of light intensity increases violet), white and purple, white
and purple striped, white and pink, white, gray, red (in wild species) and green
striped. The latter is usually responsible small oval fruit some examples of
semi wild species of flesh have green color and bitter taste. Specific features of
eggplant are bitter fruit, which accumulates in the fruit during full ripeness.
Currently, most existing varieties and hybrids are not bitter, and are suitable for
use in any of the phases of maturity. A substance that gives the bitterness is
solanine M consists of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, S31N51NO12. It
was found a direct link between the presence of solanine M and green color
fruit pulp. Lack of solanine M can be determined by bright - color white fruit
pulp that is not dark in furthering some time after cutting. According to our
observations it was shown that an increase in fruit solanine M results of high
temperature (over 30 °C) and lack of moisture in the soil.
According to the analysis of complex estimation 314 collection
samples of eggplant, we have defined the basic features of variability
(Table 2).
2. – Variability major signs collection samples of
gene fund of eggplant, (2001-2010 years)
The coefficient of variation,%
Indicator Vmin±Sv Vmax±Sv
The duration "stairs-technical maturity", days 4,0±0,2 13,0±0,9
The yield, t/ha 18,9±1,1 71,5±6,2
The weight of the fetus, g 10,3±0,9 31,9±2,1
The number of fruits per plant, pcs. 14,8±0,7 23,9±1,8
The dry matter content, % 7,4±0,4 17,2±0,5
We have determined that the variability of characteristics such as
"duration of stairs-technical maturity" and "Dry matter content" is not
significant. Therefore, the preliminary assessment is sufficient to reliably
determine the level of manifestation of these attributes.
Has conduct analysis of correlations between different characteristics
of eggplant proved the existence of medium and weak conjugation between
of them. On the one hand it allows selection by circumstantial evidence; on
the other hand, this does not preclude the creation of forms that combine
various desirable characteristics (Table 3).
3. – The correlation coefficients between traits eggplant,
(average of 3 years of studies)
Indicator
Indicator 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. The duration "stairs-technical maturity"
2. Productivity of 1 plant
0,19±0,15
3. The weight of the fruit
0,32±0,16 0,59±0,16
4. Number of fruits per plant
0,38±0,17 0,58±0,17 -0,42±0,20
5. Cold resistance
-0,62±0,14 0,15±0,10 -0,19±0,16 0,15±0,12
6. Heat resistance
0,18±0,15 0,21±0,11 0,37±0,11 0,18±0,15 0,14±0,12
7. Content of
dry matter
0,17±0,12 0,39±0,18 -0,29±0,16 0,41±0,14 0,49±0,17 0,54±0,21
Note: significantly of level to 0.95 %
Conclusions. Classic metrics combined with system analysis has
helped to organize the variety of eggplant genetic fund of. According to the
results of a comprehensive evaluation of collection samples in terms of the
Left-bank of Forest-steppe of Ukraine was defined breeding value of gene
fund of eggplant. It was found variability of commercial signs in the
collection and display of signs influence on abiotic factors. Were
determined correlations between quantitative characteristics that allow
evaluating and maintaining selection by indirect of indicators.
Bibliography.
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О.Н. Шабетя., Е.В. Зинченко
Состав и селекционная ценность генофонда баклажана.
Резюме. Представлены результаты анализа состава коллекций
овощных и бахчевых растений генофонда Украины. Определён состав
коллекционных образцов по категориям и по происхождению.
Предложены пути целенаправленного пополнения и эффективного
использования генофонда.
О.М. Шабетя, Є.В. Зінченко
Склад і селекційна цінність генофонду баклажана.
Резюме. Представлені результати по визначенню складу та
селекційної цінності генофонду баклажана. Встановлено мінливість
цінних господарських ознак у колекціях зразків та кореляційні
залежності між кількісними ознаками, які дозволяють оцінювати та
вести добір за непрямими показниками.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635. 611:631.5
K.M. Shevchuk, Job Seeker
Uman National University of Horticulture
STUDDING RANGE OF VARIETIES OF MELON
FOR GROWING IN CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN
STEPPE OF UKRAINE
It is present the results of studding the rangeof varieties of melon in
conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine usingthe drip irrigation. It is
proved that for high yields, economic and energy efficiency it is necessary
to grow hybrids Konstanta F1 and Roksolana F1, and varietyTitovka.
Keywords: melon, varieties, hybrids, plant biometrics, assimilation
surface, yield, quality of fruits.
Introduction.The vegetables contain antioxidants that affect
intracellular fat content and thereby keep the cells and the entire body from
premature wear, aging and disease [1]. Special place belongs
togroundsamong the vegetables in this regard and especially watermelons,
melons and pumpkins.
Melon is valued by the subtlety of flavor and sugar content of the fruit.
The pulp of the fruit contains 6-18,5 % dry matter, 18-21 % sugar, 3-7 %
cellulose and hemicelluloses, 1-4,5 % pectin, vitamins C, B1, B2, PP, carotene,
pantothenic and folic acid. The fruit is rich by mineral elements [2].
The variety have from 30 % to 50 % of influence among the different
elements of growing technology and in extreme weather conditions
(drought, disease epiphytotics) to variety is given a crucial role [3].
Proper selection of the range of varietieslets increase productivity,
improve the quality of the receiving product, extend its income to the
consumer [3]. The necessarily is present for varieties and hybrids study and
select better ones for Southern Steppe of Ukraine since range of varieties
always renovate.
The aim of research. To determine the characteristics of growth and
yield formation of melon depend of variety or hybrid in conditions of
Southern Steppe of Ukraine. © Shevchuk K.M., 2014.
The method of researches. Research was conducted during 2005-
2007 years on the fields of the village Tarasivka Tsurupinskyi district,
Kherson region.
The soil of research field is dark brown, and slightly salty, sandy.
The humus content is 0.8 %. The reaction of soil solution is close to neutral
(pH 6.7). Content of available nutrition in soil are 0.6 mg/100 g of soil
nitrogen, 5.9 and 32.5 mg/100 g of soil phosphorus and potassium
respectively.
The climate is warm, moderately continental. According to Kherson
CMC during the studies the average temperature was 10.3-12.2 оC, and the
sum of effective temperatures above 10 оC is 1672.2-1989.2
оC with higher
rates in 2007.
The average sum of rainfall is 441 mm. Most of them accounted for
the period May-September – 214 mm or 48.5 %. Annual sum of rainfall in
2005-2007 was 466,8 mm, 321,2 mm and 318,9 mm respectively.
The research was conducted according to the "Methods of Research in
Vegetables and Melons" [4]. The leaf surface was determined using a log
scale, measuring the length and width of the leaf and using a shape coefficient.
The coefficient was determined for each variety. For variety Beregynya it was
1,25, for variety Lada it was 1,30; for variety Titovka it was 1,29; for hybrid
Konstanta F1 it was 1,14 and for hybrid Roksolana F1 it was 1,18 [5].
The yield accounting was conducted selectively while fruit ripening
from each plot separately. The lab trials includes definition of brix,
titratable acidity calculated as hydroxysuccinic acid, total contain of sugar
and vitamin C.
The received data were treated statistically by dispersive and correlation
analysis [6]. The economical melon growing efficiency was calculated in
accordance with the technological maps, which were compiled according to
the material costs of crop growing. Bioenergy assessment was conducted
according to the method of O. S. Bolotskikh and M. M. Dovgal.
The trial of study of the range of varieties includesnext variants:
varieties Beregynya, Lada, Titovka (control) and hybrids Konstanta F1,
Roksolana F1, which were incorporated4 repetitions. The accounting plot
surface is 40.32 m2.
In the trial plants were grown by seedlings method. Seedlings were
grown in the cassette with size of cells 4.5 x 4.5 cm. The age of seedlings
before planting was 30 days. The scheme of planting in soil was
0.4 + 2.4 х 0.7 m. Black plastic was used for the mulching. Irrigation was
done by using drip irrigation.
The results of researches. It is observed consistent patternof
influence of research range of varieties due to the average plant biometrics.
The varieties had smaller length of the main stem. 30 days from planting of
seedlings it was 0.72-0.83 m, 90 days it was 1.20-1.22 m. The hybrids had
next numbers: 0.92-0.96 m and 1.41 m accordance, which are significantly
higher than control (SSD05 = 0.04 and 0.09 accordance) (Table 1).
The variety Beregynya has 8.74 m and the hybrid Roksolana F1 has
9.73 m what were significantly differed from other varieties due to the total
length of shoots in the first period (30 days from planting).The consistent
pattern was remained in second period in varieties Beregynya and Titovka
was 36.46 m and 35.72 min accordance, in hybrid Roksolana F1was
36.93 m. The numbers were significantly lower in variety Lada (28.69 m)
and hybrid Konstanta F1 (24.05 m). The root collar was thicker in hybrids.
It was 13.2 mm and 13.4 мм in the first period and 17.3 mm and 17.1 mm
in second one.
It is was found that plants of melon is producing the shoots during
vegetation period from first to third ranges due to the result of assigning of
branching structure (2007). Grade of branching was different in research range
of varieties. Titovka had 98 shoots per plant what was highest. The hybrid
Konstanta F1 with longer main stem had the lowest grade (98 shoots per plant).
In grade Lada also marked by weak branching shoots – their number
by 35% compared to control, especially first-order branching. Of the
studied hybrids stronger branching and growth of shoots was observed in
hybrid Roksolana F1. The variety Lada had low shoots branching. Their
number was 35 % less compared to control. It is observed higher shoots
branching in hybrid Roxolan F1 among research range of varieties.
It if found that variety Titovka and hybrid Roksolana F1had more
intensive growth of plants. It was fixed that variety Ladaweaker vegetative
growth and assimilation surface was smaller as result of forming less
number of leaves. Average leaf area was significantly lower with the
increase in the number of leaves within 90 days from the date of
transplanting (Table 2).
The number of leaves per plant 30 days from planting time in hybrid
Konstanta F1 was 98 pcs due to the average numbers. It was the smallest
number among the research variants, but this hybrid the biggest leaf area
(75.9 cm2). The hybrid Roksolana F1 had the biggest total assimilation surface
8.8 ths. m2/ha what significantly higher than control. It also had the biggest
leaves number (118 pcs.) and surface ofleaf (70.5 cm2).
The number of leaves was 107 pcs./plant due to the variety
Beregynya, it was 116 pcs/plant due to the variety Lada and it was
105 pcs/plant due to the variety Titovka. The surface of leaf was equal to
67.5 cm2 63.4 cm
2 and 69.7 cm
2 accordance and assimilation surface per 1
hectare was 7.6 ths. m2; 8.0 ths. m
2 and 7.5 ths. m
2 accordance.
The number of leaves was increased during next 60 days and it was
from 368 pcs. to 439 pcs. depended from research variant. It is observed
decreasing of leaf surface at 51.2-55.3 % with bigger number due to the
hybrid Konstanta F1 (36 cm2). The total leaf surface per 1 hectare was
13.3 ths. m2 due to the variety Beregynya, it was 10.9 ths. m
2 due to the
variety Lada, it was 14.8 ths. m2
due to the variety Titovka. It was
13.7 ths. m2
due to the hybrid Konstanta F1, it was 13.0 ths. m2
due to the
hybrid Roksolana F1.
Decreasing of leaf surface in second half of vegetation period was
related with increasing their number and increasing load of fruits per plant. The
influence of varietal features was observed in second period of research.
The strong direct correlation dependence recorded between the total
length of shoots and the root collar diameter and length of main stem
according to the correlation pleiades. Dependence between the total length
of shoots and length of main stem was 1.0 due to the hybrid Konstanta F1
after 90 days from planting time.
The bigger dependence was determined for numbers 90 days after
planting time due to the variety Lada and hybrid Roksolana F1. The strong
direct correlation dependence recorded between the assimilation surface
area and leaf number with stronger showing of dependence after 90 days
from planting time, except variety Lada, which had the same figures.
The yield of hybrids Konstanta F1 (44.7 t/ha) and Roksolana F1
(51.7 t/ha) was exceed the trial varieties, especially the hybrid Roksolana F1
where exceeding to control variant was 12.8 t/ha on the average in three
years’ time. The yield of varieties Beregynya(38.7 t/ha) and Lada(35.6 t/ha)
was less from variety Titovka(38.9 t/ha) at 0.5 % and 8.6 % in accordance.
The yield of melon has strong direct dependence from the average
weight of fruits, the load of fruits per plant, the total length of shoots, the
length of main stem, the root collar, the surface of leaf, the leaves number
and the assimilation surface according to the correlation analysis.
Accordant dependences were with the average weight of fruits. The
varieties Beregynya, Lada and hybrid Roksolana F1had average connection
for numbers in 30 days after planting. The variety Titovka had average
dependence of yield from number of fruit per unit of land.
It is fixed mightily gayness in dynamic of fruits ripening during
2005-2007 years. It was depended from variety (hybrid) and weather
conditions. The hybrid Roksolana F1 was characterized faster fruits
ripening (81.8 % of yield during 3 first harvest from total weight) on the
average in three years’ time. 51.9 % of yield was received during third
harvest due to the variety Beregynya (Fig. 1).
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 harvest 2 harvest 3 harvest 4 harvest
Beregynya; Lada;
Titovka (control); Constanta F1;
Roxolana F1.
Sh
are
of
yie
ld,
t/h
a
The variety Lada had later fruits ripening. 45.6 % of yield was
received during last harvest, what at 17 % less than control. The yield of
variety Lada was the lowest among researched varieties during first, second
and third harvest, but increasing of share of yield was inchmeal from 4.9 %
to 40 %. The rest of varieties shaved lecreasing share of yield due to the
last harvest (28.6-29.6), it depended from variety. The smallest share of
yield had hybrid Roksolana F1 it was 18.2 %.
The brix in fruits of hybrid Roksolana F1 was 14.4 %, what was the
biggest number among study range of varieties on the average in three
years’ time. The brix was 13.1 % due to the variety Lada and hybrid
Konstanta F1 what was less from variety Titovka at 0.2 %. The smallest
number was fixed due to the variety Beregynya it was 11.3 % (Table 3).
Fig 1. The dynamic of produce income in dependence variety
(hybrid) and stage of development, average for 2005−2007 years:
The content of sugar in fruits was 8.5-13.6 % and 2.1-5.9 sucrose during
the research years. The bigger content of sugar was 11,7 % due to the fruits of
hybrid Roksolana F1 nevertheless content of sucrose was only 3.3 % what was
the lowest number on the average in three research years. The content of sugar
was equal (10.8%) due to the varieties Lada and Titovka but content of sucrose
was higher due to the variety Titovka (4.1 %). The fruits of Beregynya had the
smallest level of sugar it was 9.6 %. The percent of sugar was the biggest due
to the hybrid Konstanta F1 but it was depended from year it was 5.9 % in 2005,
5.0 % in 2006 and 4.5 % in 2007.
By high content of sugar (11.7 %) the share of sucrose was only
3,3 % due to the fruits of hybrid Roksolana F1, the titratable acidity was
only 1,2 % and at 0,1-0,5 % more due to the rest of varieties. It is not
observed clear dependence between titratable acidity and weather
conditions but was observed fluctuations of numbers due to the varieties
during research years. The biggest number oftitrable acidity was fixed in
fruits of variety Lada in 2006 it was 2.1 %.
The varieties Lada and Titovka had the highest content of ascorbic acid
it was 13.6 mg/100 g and 13.46 mg/100 g in accordance. The fruits of hybrid
Roksolana F1 were characterized lower content of ascorbic acid. More align
content of ascorbic acidamong studied range of varieties was in 2007.
The fruits of hybrid Konstanta F1 had pronounced flavor due to the
degustation, they had very gentle and fleshy meat.
The fruits of variety Lada and hybrid Roksolana F1 were less
flavored but also had gentle and fleshy meat. The fruits of variety
Beregynya were low-gentle and low-flashy and also the lowest overall
score it was 3,5 points with coefficient sugar-acid equal 7. The fruits of
Konstanta F1 were declared the best with overall score equal 4.6 points.
The fruits of varieties Lada, Titovka and hybrid Konstanta F1 had average
overall score it was 4.1 points, 4.2 points and 3.9points in accordance.
The conducted calculation of economic efficiency and bioenergetics
evaluation of growing of selected range of varieties of melon showed that
necessary is growing of hybrids Konstanta F1, Roksolana F1 and variety
Titovka in zone of trial conducting. It related with higher yield. He highest
cost of received yield per hectare was observed due to the hybrids
Konstanta F1 and Roksolana F1 it was 142.45 ths. uah/ha and
130.42 ths. uah/ha in accordance. Present hybrids were characterized the
highest expenses per one hectare, but received cost from yield was
exceeded the cost of expenses.
Cost of fruits per harvest was depended from price and quantity of
harvested fruits inasmuch as the fruits were ripening not at the same time.
The hybrid Roksolana F1 had the lowest cost of production of one
ton of fruits (0.96 ths. uah). It was 120 uah less than control. The variety
Lada had the highest cost of production of one ton of fruits (1.17 ths. uah).
The hybrids Konstanta F1 and Roksolana F1 had the highest profit
91.63 ths. uah/ha and 80.63 ths. uah/ha and level of profitability 180.2 %
and 162,0 % in accordance. The control variant, variety Titovka, had
current characteristics on the level 62.78 ths. uah/ha and 149.1 %.
The hybrids Konstanta F1 and Roksolana F1showed the highest
numbers of coefficient of bioenergetics efficiency they were 2.15 and 2.35
in accordance. The lowest current characteristic was 1.84 due the variety
Lada and control variant had 1.99.
Conclusions. Thus the most developed vegetative mass of plants
was characterized the varieties Beregynya and Titovka on the years of
research. The Roksolana F1 showed bigger growth among the hybrids. The
hybrids Konstanta F1 (38.9 t/ha) and Roksolana F1 (51.7 t/ha) and variety
Titovka (44.7 t/ha) were characterized the highest yield. The fruits of
hybrid Konstanta F1 had the highest degustation rate (4.7 points). It was
related with more balanced content of sugar (10.4 %) titratableacidity
(1.49) and higher content of sucrose (5.1 %).
Thus it is rational to grow the hybrids Konstanta F1, Roksolana F1and
variety Titovka in conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine due to the
advantage of complex of biological characteristic, phyto metric parameters,
yield and quality of fruits.
Bibliography.
1. Gorodniy N. М. Plodoovoshchnye resursy I ikh medico-
biologicheskaya otsenka / Gorodniy N. М., Gorodnyaya М. Ya.,
Volkodav V. V. – К. : Аlfа, 2002. – 448 s.
2. Vavilov N. I. Bakhchevye kultury / N. I. Vavilov. − М. – L. : Izd-
vо АN SSSR, 1960. – S. 292-329.
3. Bobos I. М. Formirovanie sortovogo genofonda v Ukraine /
I. М. Bobos // Nastoyashchiy khozyain. – 2012. – № 3. – S. 24-32.
4. Metodyka doslidnoi spravy v ovochivnytstvi I bashtannytstvi / [Zа
red. G. L. Bondarenka і К. І. Yakovenkа]. – Х. : Оsnovа, 2001. – 369 s.
5. Nichiporovich А. А. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po uchetu I
kontrolyu vazhneyshykh pokazateley protsesov fotosinteticheskoy
deyatelnosti rasteniy v posevakh / Nichiporovich А. А , Kuzmin Z. Е.,
Polozovа L. Ya. – М. : Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1969. − 94 s.
6. Dospekhov B. A. Metodika polevogo opyta / B. A. Dospekhov. –
M . : Kolos, 1979. – 415 s.
К.Н. Шевчук
Подбор сортимента дыни для выращивания в условиях Южной
Степи Украины.
Резюме. Наведено результаты исследований по изучению
сортимента дыни в условиях Южной Степи Украины при
использовании капельного орошения. Доведено, что для получения
высокого урожая, экономической и энергетической эффективности
целесообразно выращивать гибриды Константа F1 и Роксолана F1, а
также сорт Титовка.
К.М. Шевчук
Підбір сортименту дині для вирощування в умовах Південного
Степу України.
Резюме. Наведено результати досліджень з вивчення
сортименту дині в умовах Південного Степу України за використання
краплинного зрошення. Доведено, що для отримання високої
урожайності, економічної і енергетичної ефективності доцільно
вирощувати гібриди Константа F1 і Роксолана F1, а також сорт
Тітовка.
1. – Plant biometric of melon in dependence of variety (hybrid) and stage
of development, average for 2005-2007 years
30 days after transplanting
into the soil
90 days after transplanting
into the soil
Variety
(hybrid) le
ng
th o
f m
ain
stea
m, m
/pla
nt
tota
l le
ng
th
of
sho
ots
,
m/p
lan
t
roo
tco
llar
di
amet
er, m
m
len
gth
of
mai
n
stea
m, m
/pla
nt
tota
l le
ng
th
of
sho
ots
,
m/p
lan
t
roo
tco
llar
di
amet
er, m
m
Beregynya 0,72 8,74 11,9 1,22 36,46 14,8
Lada 0,83 8,43 12,7 1,20 28,69 16,6
Titovka
(control) 0,80 8,18 12,8 1,21 35,72 16,6
Konstanta F1 0,96 7,54 13,2 1,41 24,05 17,3
Roksolana F1 0,92 9,73 13,4 1,41 36,93 17,1
SSD05 0,04 0,39 0,6 0,09 1,48 0,8
2. – The dynamic of left surface growth in dependence variety (hybrid) and
stage of development, average for 2005-2007 years
30 days after transplanting
into the soil
90 days after transplanting
into the soil
Variety
(hybrid)
nu
mb
er o
f
leav
es, p
cs/p
lan
t
leaf
su
rfac
e,
sq. cm
assi
mil
atio
n
surf
ace,
tho
usa
nd
sq
.
nu
mb
er o
f
leav
es, p
cs/p
lan
t
leaf
su
rfac
e,
sq. cm
assi
mil
atio
n
surf
ace,
tho
usa
nd
sq
.
Beregynya 107 67,5 7,6 439 30,2 13,3
Lada 116 63,4 8,0 368 29,4 10,9
Titovka
(control) 105 69,7 7,5 434 34,0 14,8
Konstanta F1 98 75,9 7,6 373 36,0 13,7
Roksolana F1 118 70,5 8,8 403 31,9 13,0
SSD05 6 3,0 0,5 18 1,4 0,8
3. – The content of main components of chemical composition of fruits of melon in dependence variety
(hybrid) and stage of development, average for 2005-2007 years
Variety
(hybrid) brix, % total sugar, %
sucrose,
% titrated acid, %
ascorbic acid,
mg/100 g SAC*
overall score,
point
Beregynya 11,3 9,6 2,2 1,45 11,8 7 3,5
Lada 13,1 10,8 3,8 1,44 13,6 8 4,1
Titovka
(control) 13,3 10,8 4,1 1,30 13,4 8 4,2
Konstanta F1 13,1 10,4 5,1 1,49 12,9 7 4,6
Roksolana F1 14,4 11,7 3,3 1,19 10,3 10 3,9
SSD05 0,03 0,1 0,1 0,02 0,2 1 −
*− sugar-acid coefficient.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: 635:631.145
N.М. Shcherbynа, О.М. Yurlakovа, Sciences Researchers Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS
DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN THE MARKET OF HORTICULTURE
Analysis and implementation of certified seed base for the institute
and studied the demand and supply of vegetable seeds.
Keywords: marketing, supply, demand, market, certified seeds, seed base.
Introduction. The market is the exchange of goods, formed under the laws of commodity-money relations in accordance with the law of supply and demand, competition law and the laws of money. Economic category of "market" acts as a set of relations that arise in circulation as a result of sale of goods.
Marketing is a key element of the market economy mechanism, in which the main role in shaping and planning production and sales of businesses and organizations in agricultural production belongs to consumers [1].
The process of market operation mechanism seeds is the relationship and interaction between the three elements of the market: supply, demand and prices. Market essence of this mechanism is that each element is closely linked to the price, which is the main instrument of influence on supply and demand. The essence of competitiveness seeds define indicators, which are based on production costs, a measure of market saturation in this type of product, purchasing power of consumers [2].
It is known that with an increase in the price of goods demand is typically reduced and vice versa, that demand is inversely depending on the price, which in the vegetable seed usually depends on the quality of seed, its varietal composition and reproduction [3].
In the highly competitive, especially for seed production market always win is the one who manages to quickly identify new needs to resolve the issue of new varieties and hybrids, the required number of seed production and to offer them. So today begins vegetable marketing. © Shcherbynа N.М., Yurlakovа О.М., 2014.
The basic principle of marketing approach is that, above all, consumers want.
In modern conditions only through the selection and implementation – seeds may keep the yield of vegetable and melon plants at a high level and make products that would meet the needs of the population in an environmentally safe and biologically valuable food. Well-established seed provides a 20 % increase in yield of vegetable and melon plants.
High-quality seed is one of the most important conditions of production, which largely depend on the results of agricultural plant species. Also, it is one of the factors increasing food security.
The aim of research. Conduct the analysis of implementation of base seed and certified to the Institute and to examine the demand and supply of vegetable seeds.
The method of researches. Source of the information acting as statistical reports, primary documents and research methods, including a system of statistical and economic methods combined with theoretical aspects of the field of Horticulture.
The results and discussion. Market conditions put high demands on an innovative product that is created by scientists. First, we study the supply and demand for specific types of goods, and the next step is a detailed specification of the parameters of an innovative product which is created that becomes the basis of scientific models of competitive goods.
In order to determine of bestsellers seed weight at the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS analyzed the implementation seeds for 2013-2014 years. The analysis showed that in 2014 was sold 1.5 tons of certified seeds of vegetables and melons in the amount of 229.2 ths. uah., which is 18 % more than in 2013 year.
The most proceeds from the sale of certified seeds were obtained from the sale of watermelons 40 ths. uah. Bestselling are varieties Ogonok, Borchanskyy, Shyroninskyy. The second highest revenue is table beet. It was realized in the amount of 35.4 ths. uah. Bestselling are sort of table beet Bordo Kharkivskyy. The third step takes zucchini variety Chaklun – 32.9 ths. uah. Next is the onion – 32.9 ths. uah. (varieties Globus, Tkachenkivska, Amfora). Sweet pepper – 12.7 ths. uah. (varieties Druzhok, Valyusha, Veleten) (Fig. 1).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
beet zucchini w atermelon cabbage dill carrot sw eet
pepper
radish onion
ths.uah.
2013 2014
Fig. 1. The implementations of certified seeds in 2013-2014 years, ths. uah.
Analysis of the implementation of base seed showed that in 2014
was sold 0.3 tons of seeds in the amount of 138.6 ths. uah., 38 % compared to 2013. Among the most base seed proceeds received from the sale of onion varieties Globus. It was realized in the amount of 50.8 ths. uah. The second position is occupied with parsley root Kharkovchanka (13.5 ths. uah.). The third step takes late cabbage – 9.3 ths. uah. This is a variety of Yaroslavna, Kharkivska zymova, Ukrainska osin. Next comes the carrot – 8,6 ths. uah. (variety Olenka). From the seeds of sweet pepper received 8.2 ths. uah. (varieties Pioner, Snigur, Lada, Poltavskyy). Tomato seeds sold in the amount of 7.9 ths. uah., of varieties Lyubymyy, Altey, Chayka, Zolotoy potok, Malynove vikante and Malynovyy dzvin (Fig. 2).
To ensure the sustainable economic development of the Institute of Vegetables and Melons of NAAS business should be directed to the production of seeds with the highest ratings of vegetables and melons. First of all it is necessary to produce annually 10-20 kg of tomato seeds of each variety. The rate should be placed on varieties of Chayka, Eleonora, Klondayk, Dama, Altey, Udavchik. Especially are varieties Globus, Amfora, Mavka and Lyubchik up to the 100 kg of onion seeds. For carrot seeds should be with varieties Olenka and Yaskrava least 100 kg each class. By late cabbage for successful commercialization should produce 30
kg of seed varieties such rating as Kharkivska zymova, Bilosnizhka and 5-10 kg of other varieties.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
w atermelon cabbage dill carrot cucumber sw eet pepper parsley radish tomato onion
ths.uah.
2013 2014 2013 2014
Fig. 2. The implementations of base seed in 2013-2014 years, ths. uah
Thus, the need to constantly improve and create new varieties of
vegetables that have advantages over existing on the market, creating varieties and hybrids with higher yield and manufacturability adapted to adverse weather conditions and increased resistance to pests and diseases.
Conclusions. The activities of agricultural enterprises in the market economy should be based on profit, competition and fluctuations in stock prices. Only using the principles of marketing, you can create enterprise focused on a real and a potential consumer of goods, constantly introducing innovative design and use of scientific advances in the production of vegetable production.
Bibliography.
1. Marketyng v ovochivnytstvi : [monogr.] / [Kornienko S. І., Romanova L. V., Rud V. P, Gumenyuk A. V.]; za red. S. І. Коrnienkа. – Vinnytsya : TOV «Nilan-LTD», 2014. – 288 s.
2. Terokhina L. А. Innovatsii dlya galuzi ovochivnytstva / Terokhina L. А., Ruchkin O. V., Rudnytskа Т. О. // Ovochivnytstvo I bashtannytstvo : mizhvid. temat. nauk. zb. – Kh. : Pleyadа, 2011. – vyp. 57. – S. 225-231.
3. Shmorgun L. G. Elastychnist popytu і propozytsii na osnovni vydy silskogospodarskoi produktsii na suchasnomu agrarnomu rynku Ukrainy / L. G. Shmorgun // Visnyk agrarnoi nauky. – 2001. – № 8. – S. 70-73.
Н.Н. Щербина, О.Н. Юрлакова Спрос и предложения на рынке овощеводства. Резюме. Проведен анализ реализации сертифицированных и
базовых семян на базе института, изучен спрос и предложение семян овощных культур.
Н.M. Щербина, О.M. Юрлакова Попит і пропозиціЇ на ринку овочівництва. Резюме. Проведено аналіз реалізації сертифікованого та
базового насіння на базі інституту та вивчено попит і пропозиції на насіння овочевих культур.
ISSN 0131-0062. Vegetable and melon growing. 2014. Vol. 60
UDC: [635.63:631.544.4]:58.032
G.І. Yarovyy, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
O.F. Maryutin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences State phytosanitary inspection in Kharkiv region
EPIPHYTOTYOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
HYDROTHERMICAL FACTOR OF AIR
It was found the meaning of hydrothermal factor in
epiphytotyological character of cucumber plant diseases that are
predominant pathogens, fungal etiology. Was generalized and
complemented by ecological and biological parameters of their
development in greenhouse agrocenoses.
Keywords: epiphytotics, humidity, air temperature, hydrothermal conditions, greenhouse farmland, cultivation facilities, dominant pathogens, plants cucumber.
Introduction. Intensification of vegetable significantly changed the traditional approaches to protect plants from pests, especially glass. Along with modern public health requirements for vegetable production function specifications that limit, and in some cases prohibit the use of acaricides, insecticides and fungicides during fruiting plants.
In this regard, has formed a new direction in environmental protection products, which includes not absolute destruction of pests and regulation of their population that is below the economic threshold of harm (ETHH) through integrated application of existing methods and crop protection. The main objective of this protection is minimizing the use of pesticides, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the safe level of their negative effects, to ensure environmental, economic and economic advantages over traditional methods of growing vegetables [8].
Modern greenhouses in Ukraine are represented by traditional types, new and modified greenhouse cultivation facilities. Depending on the type of facilities they formed greenhouse microclimate. In block greenhouses all its parameters are formed artificially in film greenhouses – mediocre influence of environmental factors. To cover the greenhouse film structures © Yarovyy G.І., Maryutin O.F., 2014.
using different translucent plastics. In these greenhouses formed microclimate, which is caused by the spectral characteristics of polimaterial, construction of buildings, their orientation, the presence or absence of artificial heating and weather conditions that are characteristic for each climatic zone. In film structures without artificial heating only heat source is sunlight. In these greenhouses temperature condition is characterized by large amplitude fluctuations during the day. The flow temperature ranges from +25 to +40 °C, which is fundamental for the growth, development and productivity of cucumber plants [7].
The aim of research – determine the influence of hydrothermal factor on epiphytotyological nature of pathogens fungal etiology of cucumber plants that dominate in greenhouse agrocenoses.
The method of researches. In making the research methods used commonly found in vegetable production, mycology and plant pathology in particular: the study of infectious pathogens of cucumber structures, the impact of environmental factors on the development unisexual spores clarify the dynamics of their germination [2, 6].
The results and discussion. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of phytopathological [1, 3, 4, 5, 9] show that epiphytotyological development of infectious diseases depends on the ecological and biological characteristics of their pathogens. These findings are summarized and we supplemented their results (Table 1).
An analysis of generalized ecological and biological parameters of development, the dominant pathogens of cucumber in the hothouse agrocenoses shows that the vast majority of them intensively at high relative humidity – 90 %. Of particular importance is the presence epiphytotyological on plant organs drop moisture in the form of dew. It was established that in fact all but powdery mildew, infectious structures can grow only in droplets of water followed by penetration of the pathogen in cells of plant-owner. The causative agent of downy mildew has a passive type of infection, all the rest – is active.
1. – Ecological and biological parameters of pathogens fungal etiology of cucumber plants
that are dominate in greenhouse agrocenoses
Title Optimal hydro parameters of
air Type of greenhouses
of disease
pathogen of pathogen
relative humidity,
%
tempe-
rature, оС
The
incubi-
tion
period,
days block of film
Ascochytosis Asсochyta cucumеris Fautr. et Roum > 90 20-22 3-5 + -
Anthracnosis Colletotrichum laqenarium Ell et
Holsted. > 90 22-27 3-4 - +
Oidium Erysiphe сithoraceurum D.C. 80-90 20-25 4-5 + +
Cladosporisis Cladosporicum сucumerinum Ell et
Arth. > 90 20-22 6-7 + +
Corinesporosis Corinespora melonis (Cke) Gussow > 90 20-22 4-5 - +
Downy mildew Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostow. > 95 22-28 3-7 + +
Botrytiniosis Botrytis cinerea Fr. > 90 20-25 3-4 + +
Sclerotiniosis Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (dBy) Korf et
Dumont > 90 20-22 5-7 + +
The optimum temperature range of all pathogens is between
20 ... 27 ° C. In such hydrothermal conditions incubation period lasts three
pathogens to seven days, causing intense accumulation of infectious spore
load propaganda in cultivation facilities, mass infection of cucumber plants.
Therefore, the detection of the first symptoms to epiphytoties its
development is very little time. In an analysis of the state of cucumber
plants phytopathological noted that in the second half of the growing
season, regardless of the type of cultivation facilities it is mixed, causing
the plant-owner prominent infectious load. In such cases, epiphytoties
prevent their development can only use fungicides.
Our experiments, observations have been made in the open and
closed ground, showed that in the absence of optimal hydrothermal
conditions for pathogens of cucumber plants, symptoms fade diseases have
largely uncharacteristic symptoms, pathogen sporulation limited
pathological process is protracted. This disease does not become
epiphytotics character development is of limited economic value.
Over the past decade downy mildew on pumpkin crops in the open
and closed ground gained mostly epiphytotics development [9]. Given the
biological characteristics of the pathogen, it is advisable to study it in
different soil and climatic zones and types of greenhouse cultivation
facilities. As the infectious agent is able to grow only in a drop of water
was studied the effect of temperature on germination intensity
zoosporangia. Table 2 shows the results of our research.
Analysis of the table shows that, unlike spores, most pathogens of
cucumber plants develop in conditions of relative humidity of 90 % or in
the case of liquid bodies of drip-dry. Conidia of Erysiphe cichoracearum
able to germinate if the humidity is much lower – 70-85 %, the incubation
period is three to six days. In water droplets germination does not occur. It
was found that conidia are able to germinate after conidiaholder and then
form the primary exogenous mycelium, which formed the next generation.
For optimal hydrothermal conditions the development of the disease can be
epiphytoties character.
2. – Assessing the impact of temperature on germination of dynamics
fungus zoosporangia of Psеudoperonospora cubensis Rostow
Dynamics of germination of zoosporangia h., % Variants of
experiment,
temperature
of the air, °C 1 3 5 7 9
15-16 0 38 47 60 40
18-20 0 62 80 90 55
20-25 0 25 36 44 18
25-30 0 0 6 0 0
3. – Assessing the impact of hydrothermal factor for germination of
unisexual spores powdery mildew pathogen
(fungus – Erysiphe sithoraceurum DC, f cucurbitacearum Pot)
and duration of incubation period
The variant
germination of conidia relative
humidity of
air, %
temperature
of air, о
С hours quantity,%
the duration of
the incubation
period, days
drops of
water 22-24 is missing 0,0
95-100 22-24 2-3 2,4-3,0 6-9
90-95 22-24 1-2 4,5-5,0 7-9
80-85 22-24 0,2-0,5 7,5-8,5 3-6
70-75 22-24 0,5-1,0 7,0-8,0 3-6
As is seen from the table, regardless of temperature zoosporangia
germinate only after 2.5-3.0 hours while they were in the water drops. The
greatest intensity of their germination is 80-90 % and observed after 5-7 h
at 18-20 °C. In such circumstances, the development of the disease can be
epiphytoties character. In the Table 3 is presented similar research on
powdery mildew pathogen.
Сonclusions.
1. Germination and development of infection structures of the
majority of pathogens of cucumber plants fungal etiology is closely related
to the hydrothermal conditions in greenhouses agrocenoses.
2. No sexual disputes pathogens of cucumber plants formed
throughout their growing season, creating massive and infectious load,
causing epiphytotics disease development under optimal hydrothermal
conditions.
3. Conidia of powdery mildew pathogen of cucumber plants
Erysiphe cichoracearum DC grow most rapidly in the range of 80-90 %
humidity. If the humidity rises above 90 %, their viability significantly
reduced.
4. The temperature factor for greenhouse agrocenoses in infectious
process has indirect value. This is due to the fact that they constantly
supported 22 ... 24 °C, which has a positive effect on the duration of the
incubation period.
5. Significant impact on epiphytotyological process produce stress
factors: sharp fluctuations in day and night temperatures during the
growing season and other suboptimal Agrotechnological activities that
adversely affect the genetic disease resistance of plants cucumber.
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Г.И. Яровой, А.Ф. Марютин
Эпифитотиологическое значение гидротермического фактора
воздуха при выращивании огурца в тепличных агроценозах.
Резюме. Уточнено значение гидротермических условий для
эпифитотиологического характера развития доминирующих болезней
растений огурца грибной этиологии. Обобщены и дополнены
экологические и биологические параметры развития возбудителей
болезней в тепличных агроценозах.
Г.І. Яровий, О.Ф. Марютін
Епіфітотіологічне значення гідротермічного фактора повітря.
Резюме. З’ясовано значення впливу гідротермічного фактора на
епіфітотіологічний характер розвитку домінуючих збудників хвороб
рослин огірка, грибної етіології. Узагальнені і доповнені еколого-
біологічні параметри їхнього розвитку в тепличних агроценозах.