NguyÔn Quúnh Hoa

Lª ThÞ Thu TrangPh¹m Thu Thñy

Group 8

Tense shows the time of the action or state expressed by the verb: the past/present/future There are 12 different tenses in English, considered traditionally.

Simple PresentSimple Past

Simple Future⇒

Present PerfectPast Perfect

Future Perfect

⇓ ⇓Present

Progressive Past Progressive

Future Progressive

⇒

Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

Future Perfect Progressive2.1. Tense

2.2. Aspect

shows whether the action happen

once or repeatedly,

is completed or still continuing.

2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect

Perfect Aspect

Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect

Perfect Aspect

Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states

whether or not the action occurs.

Eg: She lives in Hanoi.

2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect

Perfect Aspect

Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

Aspect views the action as having been completed

before another point in time. The action is finished

but may influence what follows it.

Eg: Trang has already seen Titanic.

2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect

Perfect Aspect

Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

Aspect views the action in the process of happening,

being in the middle of things and not having

completed it.

Eg: We are studying grammar at the moment.

2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect

Perfect Aspect

Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

Aspect views the action aswhat has been going on

until a certain point in time and having been completed up to that point. They may

influence what follows.Eg: The baby had

already eaten breakfast by the time the

high chair collapsed.

Aspects of the present tense

Perfect

Not perfect

Progressive

Not progressive

Example

Present simple

X X I like him.

Present progressive

X X

He is reading book at the moment.

Present perfect

X X

I have learned English for years.

Present perfect progressive

X X

It has been raining all today morning.

Aspects of the past tense

PerfectNot perfect

Progressive

Not progressive

Example

Past simple

X X I ate.

Past progressive

X XI was eating.

Past perfect

X X

I had eaten before he came.

Past perfect progressive

X X

I had been eating all the evening.

ComparisonAspects

o Relating the time of the action such as duration, frequency, completion

o Referring to temporally how

o Indicating the texture of the time in which the situation occurs

Tenses o Relating the time of the

situation to the time of speaking

o Referring to temporally when

o Indicating the location in time

Ex 1: Identify tenses and aspects in following

sentences1. I has been learning English for 10 years.Present perfect progressive2. I need you.Present simple3. They had left by the time she arrived.Past perfect4. It had been raining all yesterday.Past perfect progressive5. She was reading a newspaper at that time.Past progressive

3. Mood

…regards the relationship of the verb with reality and intent

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

…regards the action as actually occurring

in reality, as a matter of fact.

Eg: He was there on time.

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

…states requests, orders, and strong

suggestions.

Eg: Be quiet!

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

…brings up only the possibility

that something might occur

Present Conditional Eg: If I won the lottery, I would go on a trip around the world.

Past Conditional Eg: If you had told me about the

party, I would have come with you

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

…expresses something contrary to fact, and it used in sentences after an imperative.

Eg: Joe would agree with me if he were here.

Subjunctive Mood

Mandative SubjunctiveFomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

Subjunctive Mood

Mandative SubjunctiveFomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

The professor recommended that she buy the book.

The professor recommended that she should buy the book.

The professor recommended her to buy the book.

Subjunctive Mood

Mandative SubjunctiveFomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

God bless you!

If need be, I’ll rent a car.

Far be it from me to complain, but it’s not here.

Subjunctive Mood

Mandative SubjunctiveFomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

If only I were (was) a man for one short hour!

I wish it were (was) summer.

3. Mood

Indicative Mood

Imperative Mood

Conditional Mood

Subjunctive Mood

Ex1: Which type of mood do these

sentences belong to?1. It is unlikely that Nam come

today. Mandative subjunctive2. Look at the board! Imperative subjunctive3. He adores Lego. Indicative subjunctive4. There is all likelihood that we

have a small test next week. Formulaic subjunctive5. I wish he were there. Subjunctive were

Example:

Ms. Thuy ate the apple.The apple was eaten by Ms. Thuy.

Example:

Ms. Thuy ate the apple.The apple was eaten by Ms. Thuy.

Active Voice Passive Voice

The Object receive theaction of the Verb

The Subject receive theaction of the Verb

Active Voice Passive Voice

The Object receive theaction of the Verb

The Subject receive theaction of the Verb

ApplicationVerbs and verb

phrases in business and love letters

Business Letters

Dear Mr. Hardy,

Many thanks for your fax detailing the problems that two of your customers experienced with their Swooper boards. Meancrittur snowboards are built for enthusiasts by enthusiasts, so we take all customers complaints, however rare, seriously.

Although the cracks you describe do not affect the performance, we appreciate that much of the pleasure of possessing a Swooper comes from its looks. This problem, which affected a small number or early boards, was due to an unsuitable coating. We can assure you that this problem has now been solved by using a more flexible substance.

Nevertheless, we fully accept your clients’ dissatisfaction. Accordingly, I have already sent each one a top of the range Swooper Super Pro as a replacement. We hope that they find this an acceptable expression of our wish to put things right and that it meets with your approval.

Your feedback is extremely valuable to us. As a token of our appreciation, I would like to invite you and a guest to our winter event and a VIP dinner with three- times champion Paolo Wagner. I very much hope that you canjoin us and look forward to meeting you personally.

Yours sincerely, Susan CoeMarketing Director

Dear Ms. Jones:

I am seeking a position in your engineering department where I may use my training in computer sciences to solve Taylor's engineering problems. I would like to be a part of the department that developed the InternetSelection System but am unsure whether you have a current opening.

I expect to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from North Carolina State University in June and by that time will have completed the Computer Systems Engineering Program. Since September 2000, I havebeen participating, through the University, in the Professional Training Program at Computer Systems International in Raleigh. In the program I was assigned to several staff sections as an apprentice. Most recently, I have been a programmer trainee in the Engineering Department and have gained a great deal of experience in computer applications. Details of the academic courses I have taken are included in the enclosed resume.

If there is a position open at Taylor Inc., please let me know whom I should contact for further information. I look forward to hearing from you soon. I may be reached at my office (919-866-4000 ext. 232) or via email (Brock@aol.com).

Sincerely,Rebecca Brock

Dear Ms. Rowling:

As per our telephonic conversation, I am delighted to accept the position of Sales Manager in your esteemed company. I am sure my tenure in G Soft IT Solutions will be a learning experience. I am ready to contribute to the success of the organization.

As discussed earlier, my salary will be $40,000 with life insurance benefits. I will be on probation for four months. I agree to all the terms and conditions of the company.

I will join the company on May 20, 2009 after completing my commitments at the current job. If you want me to complete other formalities, just let me know. I will complete the procedure according to your policies.

Thanks a lot! I look forward to be a part of a young team in a developing organization. Yours sincerelyMichelle Douglas ( 16v, 16 active verbs, 0 passive verbs)

Dear Human Resources Director:

I just read an article in the News and Observer about Taylor's new computer center just north of Durham. I would like to apply for a position as an entry-level programmer at the center.

I understand that Taylor produces both in-house and customer documentation. My technical writing skills, as described in the enclosedresume, are well suited to your company. I am a recent graduate of DeVry Institute of Technology in Atlanta with an Associate's Degree in Computer Science. In addition to having taken a broad range of courses, I served as a computer consultant at the college's computer center where I helped train users to work with new systems.

I will be happy to meet with you at your convenience and discuss how my education and experience match your needs. You can reach me at my home address, at (919) 233-1552, or at krock@devry.alumni.edu.

Sincerely,Raymond Kroc

Love Letters

Love,

I have always heard that beaten sentence that states: one good turn deserves another. It’s really good to like someone indeed, the laughter, the sex, the love we share everyday... And you are so full of attitude! You lavish love with such great enthusiasm and rapture that I’m beginning to think I’m in debt with you.I feel like I’m not affording everything that I can offer to you. I apologize for not having been loving and responsive as you have, your love is always like a breakfast in bed, and I never get tired of it. But I am who I am, and you know very well that I’ve never been prone to public displays of affection.But I’m considering changing. I want to be your king because you are undoubtedlya queen, but also a slave when it comes down to your desires. I want to be your boyfriend, your passionate lover and companion for years to come. I’ll start acting as I was supposed to be acting by now, paying double forevery act of love I owe you.I want you to notice the change, I want you to feel how much I love you. I’ll never answer coldly again or throw cold water on your hopes. I will be an enthused manfor loving you back, I wish I can embrace you and kiss you warmly again, knowingthat I make you feel as happy as you can be.Our relationship will be sincere and passionate, a thousand times hotter than it is nowadays. I’ve still got my best to offer you: do not be surprised at the new boyfriend you are gonna get, for this new boyfriend just wants to love you as you deserve to be loved.

Kisses.

My darling,It feels great to start the day by looking at your sweet face and listening to your soft voice. I know that by the time I usually hear your "good morning", most of the people are out in the streets, facing the traffic or being surrounded by a multitude of problems.Yet, your morning greeting gives me the strength to face any Goliath. You wishing me a good day gives me the motivation to decipher any enigma and to face any giants because it fills me with love and courage. And that’s why it feels so great to find you by my side every morning.You are, the reason of my worries and at the same time the source of my courage. Without you around I would be more indifferent to adversities. But you give me the motivation to look ahead with confidence and determination in the pursuit of the options that will give us more tranquility to enjoy the affection we share.Even when my days don’t run as smoothly as I would like, I don’t get mad, because I know I will be coming home to your caresses and to be greeted by your warm smile. Even when I face some problems during the day, I always keep in mind your morning wish, your “good morning“ and I try to overcome every obstacles just so that I can see you again soon and enjoy true peace in the peaceful island of your arms.I love your “Good morning!”, just as I love every night and every hour we spend together.Love.

Dear Julie,On one hand it’s really terrible having you with me just ´sometimes`; but on the other hand, when we meet and touch my desire explodes in pleasure with so much force that I couldn’t describe in words such sensation.This whole thing about ´prohibited` is really strange and exciting, for me anyway... Sometimes I feel a bit indecent and “wrong” but I don’t know what happens to my body when I think about you. Often, when it’s takes a while for us to meet, I spend hours just thinking about the delicious moments we’ve lived.The fact that we meet, kiss and touch each other, totally hiding and secretly, all the pleasure possible, makes everything more dangerous, more delicious, and definitely more romantic. And there’s more this feeling of secret and cheating makes me even more excited!I love all of this. I like being secretly desired by you, and desire you secretly. I like hearing and saying all those indecencies we exchange by e-mail, or on the telephone, and whenever possible I like giving myself to you in the most complete and indecent possible way... I don’t know how this is going to end up. I don’t know how we will administer this desire. But from me, I hope this story never ends, and I also wish we have ability to maintain this strange relationship, this awkward attraction; real far away from other people’s eyes; or anyway I hope no one ever finds out about us so we can always have some fun!I’m missing you,... so show up soon!Kisses.

Active and Passive Verbsin Love Letters and Business

Letters

98

73

46

4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Verbs in loveletters

Verb in businessletters

Passive Verbs

Active Verbs

Why active verbs are used more than

passive verbs in business letters? Active verbs show the writer’s intention and sincerity, so they are the best used in letters. Especially, business letters offer the formal language with expectation, strictness and activeness.Language in love letters is more comfortable and free and it offers the show of feelings, so passive verbs are used more than in business letters.

14 71 3

98

25

716

0102030405060708090

100

Subjunct ive

Indicat ive

Imperat ive

Infinit ive

in love letters

in business letters

Verb Mood in Love Letters and Business Letters

Verb Mood in Love Letters and Business

LettersSubjunctive mood shows politeness, so it is used in business letters more than love letters.Imperative mood shows commands so it is suitable for language in business lettersInfinitive mood shows the non- finite form of verb, so it is more informal.Indicative mood shows the finite or conjugated form of the verb, indicates a statements of fact, so it is used for both of two types of letters