verb with patient in prepositional phrase
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Studies
Language, as a tool of communication, plays important roles in human life
whether it is verbal or written language. In fact, there are many languages over the
world. They have their own systems which are different from one another. Thus, we
need translation to transfer the content of a text in source language to our language,
for example from English into Indonesia.
Translation is a process to convey the message of the source language text into
target language. It is not as simple as we think because in translating a text, translators
should discover the meaning and find the equivalent words in target language. As
Larson said that to do effective translation one must discover the meaning of the
source language and use receptor language forms which expresses this meaning in
natural way. (Larson, 1984: 6)
Translators should consider many aspects in order to produce an effective
translation. As Larson stated Translation, then, consists of the studying the lexicon,
grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source
language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and the reconstructing
this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate
in the receptor language and its cultural context. (Larson, 1984:3)
Studying the lexicon means translator should find the equivalent words in
target language that seem natural. It is important to the translator to mark the meaning
which is suitable to the context then find the equivalent word in target language.
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Hence, translators must be aware of this then by which mismatching of meaning and
ambiguity can be avoided.
The writer is going to investigate the techniques of translation used by
translator in translating the intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP
Intrans V/Patient in PP) from Source language (SL) to target language (TL) in Sidney
Sheldons novel entitles Bloodline and the Indonesian version Garis Darah which is
translated by Threes Susilastuti.
1.2. Identification of the Problem
The writer purposes two research questions:
1. What are the techniques used by translator to translate the intransitive verbs
with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) from source
language to target language?
2. Do the techniques applied by the translator produce the idiomatic translation
as proposed by Larson?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The aim of the analysis is to identify the translation techniques of the
intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) in
novel Bloodline by Sydney Sheldon which has been translated into Indonesian as
Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti. Then the writer will identify the translation
whether idiomatic translation or not.
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1.4. Scope of the Study
Syntactically, verb has two types; they are intransitive and transitive verb.
Both of them are very common for student in studying English language. There are
four types of intransitive verb according to their semantic classes, they are: Verb of
Existence, Verb of Appearance, Disappearance,and Occurance, Verb of Motion, Verb
With Patient in Prepositional Phrase (Disterheft 2004). In this study, the writer only
concerns to the intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans
V/Patient in PP). In Bahasa Indonesia it is recognized as Verba Berpreposisi.
The writer identifies the techniques of translation as proposed by Nida they are
addition, exchanging position, deletion and replacement which is used by the
translator to translate the intransitive verbs in the novel entitled Bloodline by Sydney
Sheldon and the translated version Garis darah by Threes Susilastuti. Then the writer
also identifies the level of idiomatic translation into Indonesian version Garis Darah.
The writer applies the theory to twenty intransitive verbs which been choosed
randomly from the novel.
1.5. The Method of the Research
There are three steps in conducting the research, they are: collecting the data,
analyzing the data, and presenting the result of the analysis.
1. Collecting the data
The writer uses the data collected from Sidney Sheldons novel entitled
Bloodline and the Indonesian version which is translated by Threes Susilastuti entitled
Garis Darah. In collecting the data, the writer applies observational method
(Sudaryanto, 1993: 5) and conducts note taking technique (Sudaryanto, 1993: 6).
There are 20 data that choose randomly. The 20 data are taken from the novel entitled
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Bloodline by Sydney Sheldon and the translated version Garis darah by Threes
Susilastuti. They are chosen based on the frequency of occurrence in the novel. The
data are the sentences which have intransitive verb that often occur in novel. There
are 58 chapters in the novel; the writer chooses 1 sentence from every 5 chapter and
so on.
In collecting the data the writer follows some steps; it is started with reading and
rereading both versions to comprehend the novel, next finding out the sentences
which use intransitive verbs and identifying them. Data are listed according to English
and Bahasa Indonesia, source language and target language written as they are.
Finally, the writer will analyze the data as required by the research.
2. Analyzing the Data
After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data by using pragmatic
identity method and translational identity method as proposed by Sudaryanto
(1993:14).
3. Presenting the Result of Analysis
The result of the analysis will be presented by two ways, they are formal and
informal. In formal ways, the writer presents the result of analysis descriptively in the
form of table or diagram while in informal ways the writer will present the result of
analysis by using verbal language
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
2.1 Review of the Previous Study
There are some studies conducted related to translation with different
discussions and data resources. In this previous study, the writer mentions some
researches dealing with verb.
2.2. Definition of Key Terms
The writer defines some terms which are used in this writing in order not to
make confuse, they are: translation and intransitive verbs.
2.2.1. Translation
Larson (1984:3) stated translation consists of transferring the meaning of the
source language into the receptor language.
Newmark (1981:7) stated translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to
replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message
and/or statement in another language.
Catford (1965: 20) stated translation is the replacement of textual material in
one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
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2.3. Theoretical Framework
2.3.1. The Concept of Translation
Larson (1984: 2) stated that Translation is a change of form or transferring
the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. While Nida (1984:
12) used the term equivalent that translation consist of reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms
of meaning and secondly in terms of style. The quotations explain that in translation
discovering the meaning or the message is the important part of translation. A
translator should transfer the meaning of source language text to receptor language.
Thus, translation is a process to find the synonymous meaning from target language
into receptor language.
Larson (1984: 4) described the process into diagram, as seen in below:
SOURCE LANGUAGE
RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Discover Re-express
The meaning the meaning
Diagram 1. The Process of Translation
In his diagram Larson stated three main points in describing translations
process, they are: text to be translated, meaning, and translation. In doing the
translation, a translator must analyze the text of source language and discover the
meaning. As Larson (1984: 3) explained that translation consists of studying the
lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the
6
Text to be
translated
MEANING
Translati
on
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source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then
reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which
are appropriate in receptor language and its cultural context. By discovering the
meaning, then a translator expressing the meaning in to receptor language form. Thus,
we understand that translation is a process discovering the meaning of source
language then expressing it naturally into receptor language.
2.3.2. Literal Translation
Literal translation is also known as form based translation which attempts to
follow the form of the source language. This translation forces the forms and lexical
choice of the source language into receptor language so that it produces a nonsensical
result or garbage translation. The readers of target language may be difficult to
understand such translation for it holds little communicative value even though the
lexical forms are all naturally acceptable. Literal translation may be very useful for
purposes related to the study of the source language.
2.3.3. Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation is also known as meaning based translation which makes
effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in natural forms of the
receptor language. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It
sounds like it was written in the receptor language originally. Thus, translator
sometimes adds, omits some certain parts of the sentence to make the translation
clear, acceptable, and understandable.
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Larson (1984:17) shows the gradation of translation on a continuum line from
very literal literal modified literal- inconsistent mixture near idiomatic
idiomatic - unduly free.
Very Modified Inconsistent Near Undully
Literal Literal Literal Mixture Idiomatic Idiomatic Free
TRANSLATORS GOAL
It is clear that idiomatic translation is the goal of translators for what Larson
(1984:17) said An idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the source
language that is, the meaning intended by the original communication, in natural form
of the receptor language. Translator tries to communicate the message of the source
language equivalence with the target language by using the natural lexical and
grammatical choices of the receptor language.
According to Larson (1984:6) the best translation is the one which, first uses
the normal language forms of the receptor language, second communicates to the
receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of
the source language, third, maintains the dynamics of the original source language
text.
2.3.4. The Techniques of Translation
Nida (1969: 226) proposed four techniques of translation they are: addition,
exchanging position, deletion, and replacement. The four techniques are needed to
produce the clear meaning. Besides, every language has uniqueness. A meaning in
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source language may be formed in a word but in target language may be formed more
than one word.
1. Technique of addition
Technique of addition is a technique used for restoring the elliptical head noun
into its original position so that it will be easier for a translator to grasp the meaning.
2. Technique of exchanging position
Technique of exchanging position is the position shift between two or among
component of the word or phrase due to the grammatical adjustment into the receptor
language.
3. Technique of deletion
Technique of deletion is reducing a part of component in the noun phrase
construction by deleting it or them due to grammatical adjustment into the receptor
language.
4. Technique of replacement
The technique of replacement is the way of replacing the internal construction
modifying the head of complex noun phrase with the same or another kind of
structure that carries the appropriate meaning. This replacement may happen from
idioms to non-idioms, from idiom to idiom, from non-idioms to idiom. The technique
is the ultimate tool; a translator can ever use in reconstruction the new form into an
acceptable idiomatic outcome of the receptor language.
As an addition, the writer also put translation techniques that has outlined by
Gabriella Bosco who has been translating professionally for over 15 years now. She
outlined the technique to two main list direct translation techniques and oblique
translation techniques.
1. Direct translation techniques
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Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual
elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct
translation techniques include:
1.1. Borrowing
Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another
without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for
example software in the field of technology and funkin culture. Borrowed words are
often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".
1.2. Calque
A calque or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language
and translated literally word-for-word.it is often seem in specialized or
internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad,
assurance qualit taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into
English include standpointand beer garden from German Standpunktand Biergarten;
in Qubec). Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as
standpoint, beer garden and breakfast. The meaning other calques can be rather
obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects
such as science and law. An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can
cause unwanted humor, often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the
translator in the target language.
1.3. Literal Translation
A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others
dependent on the sentence structure: Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not.
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For example in English sentence I eat banana in Bahasa Indonesia is translated
literally with saya memakan pisang . Bosco said that one sentence can be translated
literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally.
2. Oblique translation technique
Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual
elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering
meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.
Oblique translation techniques include:
2.1. Transposition
This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are
translated like: blue ballbecomes bola biru in Bahasa Indonesia. It is in a sense a shift
of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. This
requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the
target language without altering the meaning of the source text, for example: English
blue ball (adjective + noun) becomes Indonesia language bola biru ( noun +
Adjective).
2.2. Modulation
Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target
languages to convey the same idea: I dont have my eyes on you means literally saya
tidak punya mataku padamu but translates better as Saya tidak mengingatmu. It
changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through
modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message
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without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader
of the target text. It is often used within the same language.
2.3. Reformulation or Equivalence
Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for
example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but
not always easy.
2.4. Adaptation
Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is
expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language
cultsure. It is a shift in cultural environment. Should pincho (a Spanish restaurant
menu dish) be translated as kebab in English? It involves changing the cultural
reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (for
example France has Belgian jokes and England has Irish jokes).
2.5. Compensation
In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be
translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated
text. Peter Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that
could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of
translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish
informal t and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German du and sie into English
which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways.
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2.3.5. Verbs with Patient in Prepositional Phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP)
Some verbs have an intransitive structure, that is, they have no NP2 (Noun
Phrase that can be used as subject in passive sentence). However, they do have a
patient, but the patient is in a prepositional phrase. For example:
I looked at the painting.
I listened to the music.
the paintingand the music are not objects of the verb because they are inside
prepositional phrases (PPs). A verb doesnt have a direct object if the patient is in PP
(Disterheft 2004: 156). Although the meaning of the sentence is transitive, their
syntax is not. Thus, these sentences are intransitive verb even though they have
patient.
2.3.6. Transitive Verb in Bahasa Indonesia
A transitive verb takes a direct object and the object can be used as subject in
passive voice. Hasan (2000; 91-92) divided transitive verb in to three :
2.3.6.1. Verba Ekatransitif
Verba ekatransitif is a transitif verb which is followed by one object. The
function of an object in the sentence can be changed as subject in passive voice.
For example: Ibu akan membeli baju baru
(Hasan 2000; 91)
2.3.6.2. Verba Dwitransitif
Verba dwitransitif is an verb which can be followed by two noun in active
voice, one is an object and other is compliment in the sentence.
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For example: Ibu akan membelikan kakak baju baru.
(Hasan 2000;92)
From the example above, membelikan is verba dwitransitif, kakakis object, and baju
baru is a compliment in the sentence.
2.3.6.3. Verba Semitransitif
Verba semitransitif is a verb that can be followed by object or not.
For example: (1) Ayah sedang membaca koran
(2) Ayah sedang membaca
(Hasan 2000; 93)
From the first and second sentence we can see that membaca is verba semitransitif. It
can be followed by object (koran) but it also can stand alone without followed by an
object.
2.3.7. Intransitive Verb in Bahasa Indonesia
Hasan (2000; 93) defined the intransitive verb, verba tak transitif adalah
verba yang tidak memiliki nomina di belakangnya yang dapat berfungsi sebagai
subjek dalam kalimat
For example:
Maaf,Pak, ayah sedang mandi
Kami harus bekerja keras untuk membangun negara.
(Hasan 2000; 93)
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The verbs mandi and bekerja is intransitive language in Indonesian since they
are not followed by noun as objects
Hasan (2000; 93-94) divided intransitive verbs in to three, they are Verba
Taktransitif yang Tak berpelengkap, Verba Takransitif yang Berpelengkap Wajib,
Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Manasuka. In his book he also involved Verba
Berpreposisi
2.3.7.1. Verba Taktransitif yang Tak berpelengkap
Verba taktransitif yang tak berpelengkap is an intransitive verb which is not
followed by compliments in the sentence. For example:
Gadis itu tersipu-sipu
Bibit kelapa itu sudah tumbuh
(Hasan 2000; 93)
2.3.7.2.Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Wajib
Verba taktransitif yang berpelengkap wajib is an intransitive verb which
must be added by compliments in the sentence.
For example:
Rumah orang kaya itu berjumlah dua puluh buah.
Anak itu kedapatan merokok.
(Hasan 2000; 93)
The verbs berjumlah and kedapatan are intransitive verbs that must be
followed by compliments dua puluh buah and merokokto make them acceptable.
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2.3.7.3. Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Manasuka
Verba taktransitif yang berpelengkap manasuka is transitive verb which does
not determine whether it is followed by compliments or not. The sentences will keep
acceptable.
For example:
Makin tua makin menjadi.
Pikiran yang dikemukakannya bernilai.
(Hasan 2000; 93)
2.3.7.4. Verba Berpreposisi
In Bahasa Indonesia Verbs with Patient in Prepositional Phraseis called Verba
berpreposisi in Bahasa Indonesia. Hasan (2000; 95) defined Verba berpreposisi ialah
verba tak transitif yang selalu diikuti oleh preposisi tertentu. It means intransitive
verbs which is followed by particular preposition. For example:
Kami belum tahu akan/tentanghal itu.
Sofyan berminat pada music
Saya berbicara tentanghal ini
(Hasan 2000: 95)
hal itu,hal ini and musikare not object but compliment in the sentences.
Some verba berpreposisi has the same meaning with verba transitif. Such as:
Berbicara tentang = membicarakan
Cinta pada/akan = mencintai
Suka akan = menyukai
Tahu akan/ tentang = mengetahui
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Bertemu dengan = menemui
Hasan (2000) said that there are two things that should be concerned in using
verba berpreposisi. The first is it is wrong if people use verba transitif but put the
preposition still, for example:
The wrong sentence: Saya tidakmengetahui tentangsoal itu
The correct sentence: Saya tidakmengetahui soal itu.
The second is people informally omit the preposition when used verba berpreposisi.
For example:
Informal sentence: Saya bertemu tetangga saya.
Formal sentence : Saya bertemu dengan tetangga saya.
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CHAPTER III
Analysis
3.1. Introduction
In this chapter the writer presents the analysis of technique of translation of
sentences which contain intransitive verb with patient in preposition phrase. The data
are taken from Sydney Sheldons novel Bloodline and its translation in Bahasa
Indonesia. In analyzing the data, the writer compares them with their translation, and
analyzes them by using related theory in the previous chapter. There are twenty data
that chosen from 58 chapter in the novel. They are chosen based on the frequency of
occurrence of intransitive verb in the novel the 20 data have intransitive verbs that
often occurs in the novel. After analyzing the technique of translation, the writer
identifies whether the translator produces the idiomatic translation or not.
3.2. Analysis
Datum 1
SLT : She looked at him with an expression of such hatred on her face that for a
moment Ivo thought he must have entered the wrong apartment. (p.58)
TLT : Perempuan itu memandangnya dengan raut penuh kebencian di wajah,sehingga
sejenak Ivo mengira salah masuk apartemen. (p.66)
As we found above, the intransitive verb with preposition (NP Intrans
V/Patient in PP) we found in SLT is looked at him. As the definition explained in
previous chapter, him is not classified as object. It is clearly translated in Bahasa as
melihat kepadanya. melihat has many equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia like
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memandang, menatap, melirik thus looked at him may also translated as memandang
kepadanya/melirik kepadanya/menatap kepadanya.
In translating the verb, the translator has omitted the preposition kepada in TL
that means she applied technique of deletion as proposed by Nida. The technique of
deletion has changed the intransitive verb to transitive verb. Transitive verbs need
object, the translator deleted preposition atand changed the function of patient nya
to be an object in the sentence.
In Bahasa Indonesia perempuan itu memandang kepadanya is classified as
Intransitive verb with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) and
perempuan itu memandangnya that is (Transitive verb/verba transitif) ) has same
meaning. They are also common used in sentence in Bahasa. Hasan (2000) said it is
wrong if we use verba transitif but put the preposition still. The translator has
followed that in which she deleted preposition kepada when he translated the verb
into transitive form. Therefore, we can conclude she has translated SLT to TLT
idiomatically.
Datum 2
SLT : He learned about fermentation and pruning, and grafting. (p.78)
TLT : Dia belajar tentang peragian dan pemangkasan dan pencangkokan. (p.89)
From the datum above, the sentence contains with NP Intrans V/Patient in PP
or verb with patient in prepositional phrase he learned about fermentation, and
pruning, and grafting. She translated the SLT directly to TLT it means that she has
applied literal translation as Gabriella Bosco outlining. Though the meaning of SLT is
as same as meaning in TLT, Bosco said that sometimes it works and sometimes it
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does not. The process of translation also not make any changing or shifting in verb
with patient in prepositional phrase, the form in TLT also used verba berpreposisi and
classified as intransitive verb.
Datum 3
SLT:He told about his mother dying in the streets, an about his father, about his first
visit to Krakow and his frustration at being locked inside the ghetto walls at night like
an animal. (p.122)
TLT : Dia bercerita tentang ibunya yang mati di jalanan, dan tentang ayahnya,
tentang kunjungan pertamanya ke Krakov dan keputusasaanya terkurung pada malam
hari seperti binatang di dalam dinding-dinding geto. (p.143)
As seen in the datum above, the sentence uses verb with patient in
prepositional phrase told about his mother dying in the streets, an about his father,
about his first visit to Krakov and his frustration. In translating the intransitive verb,
the translator has done some techniques especially in translating the patient to TL.
The first is his mother dying; she applied technique of exchanging position. Bahasa
Indonesia uses DM rule (Diterangkan Menerangkan) (Head Modifier). This is surely
contrast to English structure of modification whose single head-modifier arrangement
is prescribed to be M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or (Modified-Head).
his is modified (Menerangkan) and mother is head (Diterangkan) while in
Bahasa Indonesia translated to ibu as Head noun (Diterangkan) and nya as
modified noun (Menerangkan). Therefore, his mother is translated to ibunya in TL.
his mother dying is translated as kematian ibunya in TL that means there is an
exchanging position, his mother as modified noun and dying as head noun. By
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following the technique of exchanging position, the translator applies DM rule. Thus,
the translation to verb with patient in prepositional phrase in He told about his
mother dying in the streets become Dia bercerita tentang kematian ibunya.
The same technique is also applied to the second and third patient. In SLT,
his father follows modified-head rule (menerangkan-diterangkan), when translator
transfer it to TLT she must follow DM rule, not translated as -nya ayah but it should
be ayahnya. It means that the translator has applied technique of exchanging position
as proposed by Nida. She also applied the technique of exchanging position to his
first visit become kunjungan pertamanya. Here, the translator has done some
adjustment by following Bahasa Indonesia rule so that the translation is acceptable
and understandable.
Datum 4
SLT : Alec thought of Vivian as he had left her that morning, still sweetly asleep.
TLT : Pikirannya melayang kepada Vivian yang masih tertidur pulas pagi tadi, ketika
dia tinggalkan.. (p.97)
In SLT we can see that intransitive verb classified as verb with patient in
prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) Alec thought of Vivian that can be
transferred literally to Alec berpikir tentang Vivian in TLT. The sentence Alec
berpikir tentang Vivian is understood in Bahasa Indonesia, translator surely tries
another form but it still has same meaning; she must do some adjustments therefore.
The first technique used by translator is technique of exchanging position, not
in case of DM rule but subject-predicate shift in the sentence. In SLT Alec is subject
and thought is predicate and the form in TLT will become Alec berpikir tentang
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Vivian. In translation, translator changed the position of predicate as subject, which
means there is shift from verb to noun from berpikir to pikiran. Alec is changed to
possessive adjustment nya not as subject but as modified noun to pikiran. Thus the
subject becomes pikirannya.
Widyamartaya (1989) said that to produce an effective sentence the translator
must try to make subject/predicate clearly and explicitly in the sentence. Thus, in
order to make the sentence complete, translator should add the predicate, by using
technique of addition as proposed by Nida, she added verba berpreposisi melayang
kepada. Hence the translation becomes Pikirannya melayang kepada Vivian. The
translator has done some adjustments with following technique of translation as
proposed by Nida resulted the changing of structure of sentence without losing the
meaning SLT. Thus, we can conclude that the translator has applied the idiomatic
translation.
Datum 5
SLT : Samuel stared at itunbelievingly, then raced into the house to find his father.
(p.139)
TLT : Samuel memandangdengan mata tak percaya, lalu berlari ke dalam rumah
mencari ayahnya. ( p.164)
The datum above used verb with patient in prepositional phrase in the
sentence. stare at it can be translated as menatap in TLT. In Bahasa Indonesia
menatap has some equivalent verb like memandang, melihatbut in this translation,
the translator choosed memandangas an equivalent translation. In translation SLT to
TLT translator used technique of deletion, he omitted prepotional phrase kepada itu
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from the sentence Dia memandang kepada itu dengan tak percaya. It is because that
the use of preposition after the verb will make the sentence heard strange.
Besides the translator added a noun mata to the adverb dengan tak percaya. It
means that she has used technique of addition by Nida. Thus the translation would be
Samuel memandang dengan mata tak percaya. The deletion technique has changed
the (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) or verba berpreposisi to verba semitransitif. Verba
semitransitif is can be followed by an object or not. In this case the TL sentence did
not followed by an object, but the reader can understand that there is an object in the
sentence put implicitly. From the translation Samuel memandang dengan mata tak
percaya, it means that Samuel see something, something is the object but the
translator did not put it in the sentence. It might be explained in the previous sentence
in the novel.
Hence we can conclude that the translator has applied an idiomatic translation.
Since the translation is understood in TL.
Datum 6
SLT : She had thought of this moment so often, and now that it was actually
happening, she was in panic. (p.175)
TLT : Dia sering membayangkan saat- saat ini, namun ketika benar-benar terjadi dia
kebingungan. (p.211)
As seen in the datum above, the sentence uses verb with patient in
prepositional phrase she had though of this moment. In translating the intransitive
verb, the translator has done some techniques. Simply, it can be translated to TLT as
berpikir tentang saat ini. First technique used by translator is technique of deletion;
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she omitted the preposition tentang. berpikir saat ini in the sentence in TLT will
express different meaning or will be ambiguous, thus the translator replaced berpikir
to membayangkan by following technique of replacement as proposed by Nida. The
translation becomes Dia sering membayangkan saat-saat ini.
The techniques applying has changed the classification of verb,
membayangkan saat saat ini. According to Hasan (2000; 91) the verb is not verba
berpreposisi but verba ekatransitif which is followed by one object in the sentence,
saat-saat ini is an object in the sentence.
Datum 7
SLT : Elizabeth glanced at the papers lying before her. (p.210)
TLT : Elizabeth melirik pada kertas-kertas yang terletak di hadapannya. (p.254)
In SLT, we can see glanced at the papers as verb with patient in prepositional
phrase. the papers is not an object, thus the verb is intransitive. In translating the
verb with patient, the translator translated it directly. The translator might think that
the translation will be still understood by the reader.
There is other alternative translation; the verb with patient can be translated by
using technique of deletion as proposed by Nida. pada as preposition in melirik pada
kertas-kertas is very possible omitted and it will be melirik kertas-kertas this kind of
translation is also acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia. Nevertheless, the translator has
applied the idiomatic translation since she tried to make the translation sounds natural
in target language.
Datum 8
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SLT: She looked at the set of intercom buttons on the console. (p.217)
TLT : Dia memandangi deretan tombol intercom di meja control. (p.261)
As in the datum above, looked at the set of intercom buttons is intransitive
verb that Disterheft (2004) classified as verb with patient in prepositional phrase. the
set of intercom buttons is not an object but a patient in prepositional phrase at the set
of intercom buttons. Literally she looked at the set of intercom buttons is translated to
Bahasa Indonesia melihat pada deretan intercom tombol-tombol. Bahasa Indonesia
has many equivalent word to look like : menatap, memandang, melihat.
The translator has translated SLT to memandangi deretan tombol intercom.
In SLT Bahasa Indonesia memandangi is classified as transitive verb (verba transitif)
and deretan intercom as following object because transitive verb needs an object. In
translating the verb phrase, translator has done some adjustment. Here, the translator
uses technique of deletion, she omits the preposition pada.
The patient the set of intercom buttons is literally translated as deretan
intercom tombol-tombolwhile the translator is translated into TLT as deretan tombol
intercom, here the translator has applied technique of exchanging position.
Bahasa Indonesia uses DM rule (Diterangkan Menerangkan) (Head Modifier).
This is surely contrast to English structure of modification whose single head-
modifier arrangement is prescribed to be M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or
(Modified-Head). In SLT intercom is head noun and tombol-tombol is modified
noun. The translator translated the phrase into TLT by following DM rule, it means
that she changed the position become tombol-tombol intercom.
In, Bahasa Indonesia plural form in English is not always translated with
reduplication. buttons in intercom buttons means many bottons. It can be
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translated as tombol-tombol but the word deretan in deretan tombol intercom
refers to many that is why the translator does not use reduplication in the sentence .
Thus, the equivalent translation to verb with patient in prepositional phrase in datum 8
become Dia memandangi deretan tombol intercom. We can conclude that the
translator has applied the idiomatic translation as proposed by Larson.
Datum 9
SLT : Sam had known about this project. (p. 269)
TLT : Sam tahu tentang proyek ini.(p.329)
known about this project in the datum above is classified as verb with patient
in prepositional phrase. this project in prepositional phrase is not an object In
translating the verb, translator did some adjustment in order to make the natural
translation in TLT. Literally, known about this project is translated into tahu
tentang ini proyek.
Here, the translator applies technique of exchanging position as proposed by
Nida. In translating the phrase ini proyek she followed DM rule in Bahasa Indonesia
and it became proyek ini. The translation become Sam tahu tentang proyek ini.
The translator has applied the idiomatic translation which has followed the form
Bahasa Indonesia as TL.
Datum 10
SLT : They talked about their mutual problems. (p. 283)
TLT : Mereka membicarakan berbagai kesamaan masalah. (p.340)
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The datum above contains verb with patient in prepositional phrase talked
about their mutual problems. The verb is directly transferred into berbicara tentang
mereka sama masalah-masalah. Translator has translated the verb to membicarakan
berbagai kesamaan masalah. It means that the translator has applied some techniques
of translation to produce such kind of translation.
The first technique used by translation is technique of deletion proposed by
Nida. She deleted the preposition tentang, the deletion technique has changed the
classification of verb from verba berpreposisi into verba ekatransitif. Hasan said that
verba ekatransitif is a verb which is followed by one object in the sentence. The
translator did not use berbicara tentangbut used membicarakan which is classified as
verba ekatransitif , however it does not change the meaning of the sentence.
In translating the patient mereka sama masalah-masalah translator omits
mereka that function as possessive pronoun in SLT by using technique of deletion as
proposed by Nida. There is also happened a shift from adjective to noun from sama to
kesamaan. Besides masalah-masalah means many, as explained in previous datum
than in Bahasa there is some word that can be function as a plural marker that means
many. By using technique of addition she added berbagai as a plural marker to
masalah. Thus, it becomes kesamaan masalah and the translation from SLT into TLT
is mereka membicarakan berbagai kesamaan masalah.
Idiomatic translation followed TLT rule thus the translation sounds natural in
TLT. In this case the translator has done some adjustment to make the translation does
not sound strange to reader or hearer of novel by followed some techniques proposed
by Nida. Hence, the translation is idiomatic translation.
Datum 11
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SLT: He looked atherin shock. (p.299)
TLT: Dia melihat kepadanya dengan mata terperanjat. (p.358)
Looked at herin the datum above is classified as intransitive verb with patient
in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly translated look
at her into melihat kepadanya. It means that the translator did literal translation as
outlined by Gabriella Bosco.
Does the translator apply idiomatic translation? Larson said that a truly
idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written in
the receptor language originally. In this point, the translator has done idiomatic
translation because melihat kepadanya is understandable in TLT.
There is also another alternative of translation to verb with patient in
prepositional phrase. By applying technique of deletion as proposed by Nida, it will
be melihatnya , preposition kepada is omitted then the sentence becomes Dia
melihatnya dengan mata terperanjat . In this case, the intransitive verb change from
intransitive verb to transitive verb that needs object in use in the sentence.
According to Larson principle about idiomatic translation that a translator
should make a translation as natural as their TL we can conclude that the translator
has applied idiomatic translation.
Datum 12
SLT : Now Rhys straightened up, stretched and glanced at his watch. (p.308)
TLT : Kini Rhys mendongak, merentang dan melirik jam tangannya. (p.370)
In translating glanced at his watch as intransitive verb with patient in
prepositional phrase, the translator used technique of deletion. Literally, it can be
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translated as melirik pada jam tangannya. In this case, she omitted the preposition
pada from melirik pada jam tangannya. It becomes melirik jam tangannya. The
technique of deletion as proposed by Nida has changed the class of verb from
intransitive verb to transitive verb or verba berpreposisi to verba ekatransitit that is
followed by one object.
Besides, other technique is also applied technique of exchanging position in
translating the patient in prepositional phrase. his watch is translated as dia jam
tangan. It needs adjustment to make the phrase acceptable and understandable in
Bahasa Indonesia. English structure followed M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or
(Modified-Head). While Bahasa Indonesia usually followed D-M rule (Diterangkan-
Menerangkan) or (Head-Modified).
his watch as patient in prepositional is literally translated as dia jam tangan. It
is followed MD rule dia is head noun and jam tangan is modified noun. By using the
technique of exchanging position, the structure has changed to DM rule which is more
acceptable and understandable in Bahasa Indonesia. The translation becomes jam
tangan.
In this case, the translator has done some adjustments to produce
understandable translation. Thus, we can conclude that the translator has applied
idiomatic translation as proposed by Larson.
Datum 13
SLT: Detective Max Hornung looked at Inspector Schimied in genuine surpose.
(p.330)
TLT: Detektif Max Hornung memandang Inspektur Schmieddengan heran. (p.394)
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From the datum above, we can see that the translator applied some techniques
of translation as proposed by Nida. Looked at inspector is literally translated
memandang pada Inspector Schimied. look has many equivalent verb in Bahasa
Indonesia. It can be translated as melihat, memandang, menatap but in this case the
translator used memandang. In translating the verb, the translator omitted the
preposition pada from prepotional phrase because the using memandang pada
Schimied in TLT is not common in TLT though the reader can understand what it
means. The translator applied the technique of deletion to omit he preposition. It
becomes Detektif Max Hornoung memandang Inspector Schmied. The adjustment did
in the translation have changed the type of verb from intransitive verb to verba
ekatransitif that is followed by one object. Inscpectur Schmiedfunctions as an object
in the TLT not a patient in prepositional phrase as in SLT.
Referring to Larson definition to idiomatic translation, it can be concluded that
the translator has did the idiomatic translation.
Datum 14
SLT: Elizabeth thought aboutthe Emil Joeppli and the culture he was working on but
she said nothing (p.337)
TLT: Elizabeth terpikir akan Emil Joeppli dan percobaan kultur yang sedangdikerjakannya, tetapi dia tidak mengatakan sepatahkata pun. (p.403)
In the datum above, the intransitive verb with patient thought aboutis literally
translated in to Bahasa Indonesia berpikir tentang. But the using in Bahasa Indonesia
the translation has done some modification to use of prefix ber to ter. According to
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Hasan (2000), the use of prefix ter- has meaning as an activity which happens
unintentionally.
In translating verb with patient in prepositional phrase, the translator applied
direct translation technique or literal translation as outlined by Gabriella Bosco. She
said that sometimes literal translation works in translation process. In this case, the
translator has applied the idiomatic translation, as proposed by Larson that idiomatic
translation is clear, acceptable, and understandable.
Datum 15
SLT : There was a pause, and then Alec said, Im not talking about The Wall Street
Journal.
TLT: Diam sejenak, kemudian Alec berkata,Aku tidak bicara tentang The Wall
Street Journal. (p.423)
talking about the Wall Street in the datum above is classified as intransitive
verb with patient in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly
translated talking about The Wall Streetinto bicara tentang The Wall Street Journal.
It means that in this point the translator do literal translation or direct translation
technique as outlined by Bosco in order to translate the verb with patient in
prepositional phrase. Does the translator apply idiomatic translation? Larson said that
a truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was
written in the receptor language originally. In this point, the translator has done
idiomatic translation because the translation of Intransitive verb is understandable in
TLT.
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Datum 16
SLT: Elizabeth thought about the phone calls, the bankers, her cousins, the press .
(p.355)
TLT: Elizabeth berpikir tentang telepon-telepon itu, para bankir, saudara-saudara
sepupuya, dan kalangan pers. (p.424)
The verb in the datum above is classified as verb with patient in prepositional
phrase. thought about the phone calls, the bankers, her cousins, the press is also
translated as verba berpreposisi berpikir tentang telepon-telepon itu, para banker,
saudara-saudara sepupunya, dan kalangan pers.
In translating the verb with patient in prepositional phrase, the translator
applied techniques of translation, especially to translate the patient in prepositional
phrase. There are many patient in SLT they are: the phone calls, the bankers, her
cousins, the press. The phone calls is literally translated telepon panggilan, its
translation is not common in Bahasa Indonesia, thus by applying the technique of
exchanging position. English structure followed M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or
(Modified-Head). While Bahasa Indonesia usually followed D-M rule (Diterangkan-
Menerangkan) or (Head-Modified).
telepon panggilan as patient in prepositional is followed MD rule. telepon is
head noun and panggilan is modified noun. By using the technique of exchanging
position, the structure has changed to DM rule which is more acceptable and
understandable in Bahasa Indonesia. The translation becomes panggilan telepon.
The bankers is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as para banker, it means that
the translator has used direct translation technique which is called borrowing
translation as outlined by Gabriella Bosco in her articles. It is the same technique
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applied to the press, the translator translated directly which is called borrowing
translation. Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another
without translation. The translator also applied technique of addition as proposed by
Nida to para bankerand kalangan pers. She added kalangan dan para in the phrase
as a plural marker in TL, the translator is tend to use plural marker than use
reduplication.
Some adjustment has applied to the translation to produce understandable an
natural translation. Hence, it can be concluded that the translator has applied idiomatic
translation.
Datum 17
SLT : He talked to the people who hold in their hands the secrets of citizens of
France. (p.373)
TLT: Dia berbicara dengan orang-orangyang memegang rahasia penduduk Prancis.
(p.433)
Talked to the people in the datum above is classified as intransitive verb with
patient in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly translated
talked to people into berbicara dengan orang-orang. It means that in this point the
translator do literal translation or direct translation technique in order to translate the
verb with patient in prepositional phrase. Does the translator apply idiomatic
translation? Larson said that a truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a
translation. It sounds like it was written in the receptor language originally. In this
point, the translator has done idiomatic translation because the translation of
Intransitive verb is understandable in TLT.
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Datum 18
SLT : Rhys looked at herin quick surprise, then rose to his feet. (p.400)
TLT: Rhys memandang kepadanya dengan kejutan mendadak, kemudian bangkit
berdiri. (p.475)
looked at her is the verb. Literally, it can translated as melihat kepadanya. In
Bahasa Indonesia the verb melihat has many equivalent verbs that can be used as a
alternative verb like : memandang, melihat, menatap, memandang. In this case, the
translator chooses memandang, thus translation become memandang kepadanya. It
means that she has followed direct translation technique as outlined by Bosco.
Larson said that a good translation is transferring the meaning in TL form;
Rhys memandang kepadanya sounds natural in Bahasa Indonesia. That means that the
translator has applied idiomatic translation.
Datum 19
SLT : He was thinking of something that there was an army of men infiltrating the
garden (p. 421)
TLT: Dia memikirkan sesuatu yang dikatakan Mayor Wageman kepadanya beberapa
menit yang lalu. (p.503)
The datum above contains with verb with patient in prepositional phrase.
thinking of something is literally translated into berpikir tentang sesuatu. In
translating the verb into Bahasa Indonesia, she did adjustment by omitting the
preposition tentang. The translator does not use preposition berpikir tentanghas same
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meaning with membicarakan but the class of verb is different. membicarakan is verba
ekatransitif that is followed by an object. Thus, sesuatu in the sentence is an object
now. The translation becomes memikirkan sesuatu. berpikir tentangand memikirkan
referred to the same meaning in this sentence.
When the translator does not use preposition in verb with patient in
prepositional phrase, the translator uses transitive verb which is equivalent to
translation. Hence, it can be said that translator has applied the idiomatic translation.
Datum 20
SLT : He was staring at his wife with an expression of utter hopelessness. (p.423)
TLT: Lelaki itu menatap istrinya dengan pandangan tak berdaya. (p. 405)
In datum above, staring at his wife is literally translated into TLT menatap
pada istrinya. The translator has translated it into menatap istrinya, it means that the
translator has done adjustment by applying technique of deletion as proposed by Nida.
Here, the translation deleted preposition pada. The deletion caused the changing of
class of verb from verb berpreposisi which is intransitive into verba ekatransitif that is
followed by an object in sentence
In Bahasa Indonesia, both menatap pada istrinya and menatap istrinya can be
used, they have same meaning. Both of them are acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia.
Thus we can conclude that the translator has applied the idiomatic translation.
3.3. Findings
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