chapter 5: the phrase part 1: prepositional phrases- the adjective & adverb phrase
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5: The Phrase
Part 1: Prepositional Phrases-The Adjective & Adverb Phrase
What is a phrase?
• A group of words that is missing a verb, a subject, or both
• Examples:– in the kitchen (no subject or verb)– could have been hiding (no subject)– to go with them (no subject)
Practice…Are these phrases or not• when you know
– NP• in the garden
– P (missing subject and verb)• is sleeping
– P (missing subject)• how she remembered
– NP• smiling brightly
– P (missing subject)• to the supermarket
– P (missing subject and verb)
Kinds of Phrases
• 1) Prepositional Phrase:
– Begins with a preposition (remember your song…because now you really need it!!!)
– Ends with a noun or pronoun
Example Prepositional Phrases
• during the day– Preposition: during– Noun/pronoun: day
• with us– Preposition: with– Noun/pronoun: us
Kinds of Phrases cont’d
• 1A) The Adjective Phrase– A prepositional phrase that describes a noun or
pronoun – So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a noun or pronoun• Charles Dickens wrote many tales {about poverty}.
– about poverty = the adjective phrase (begins with about, ends with poverty)
– tales = the noun it is giving extra information about
Adjective Phrase cont’d
• Answers the questions:– What kind?– How many?– Which one?– How much?
**TIP** Adjective phrases usually follow the word or words they describe
Adjective Phrase cont’d
• You try…– Easy-----The store with the neon sign is open.– Harder----Here’s a gift for you from Mr. B.– Hardest-----A majority of the animals in the world
sleep during the day.
Adjective Phrase Answers:– Easy-----The store {with the neon sign} is open.
• with the neon sign = adjective phrase• store = noun it is describing (answers: which one?)
– Harder----Here’s a gift {for you} {from Mr. B}.• for you = adjective phrase• from Mr. B = adjective phrase• gift = noun that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: which one?)
– Hardest-----A majority {of the animals} {in the world} sleep during the day.• of the animals = adjective phrase• majority = noun it is describing (answers: how many?)• in the world = adjective phrase• animals = noun it is describing (part of the 1st adjective phrase)
(answers: what kind?)
Kinds of Phrases cont’d• 1B) The Adverb Phrase– A prepositional phrase that describes a verb,
adjective, or adverb– So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a verb, adjective, or adverb• The Ford Motor Company was founded {by Henry Ford}
{in 1903}.– by Henry Ford = adverb phrase– in 1903 = adverb phrase–was founded = verb they are giving extra info about
Adverb Phrase cont’d
• Answers the questions:– When?– Where?– How?– Why?– How often?– How long?– To what extent?
• **TIP** like adverbs, adverb phrases can move around in the sentence. Adjective phrases usually only follow the word or words they describe.
Adverb Phrase cont’d• You try…– Easy----We got our new puppy at the animal
shelter.– Harder----She drove for hours through the storm.– Hardest----The boat landed on the island near the
coast.
Adverb Phrase Answers – Easy----We got our new puppy {at the animal shelter}.
• at the animal shelter = adverb phrase• got = verb it is describing (answers: where?)
– Harder----She drove {for hours} {through the storm}.• for hours = adverb phrase• through the storm = adverb phrase• drove = verb that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: how
long? and where?)
– Hardest----The boat landed {on the island} {near the coast}.• on the island = adverb phrase • landed = verb it is describing (answers: where?)• near the coast = adjective phrase • island = noun it is describing (part of the adverb phrase)
(answers: which one?)
Chapter 5: The Phrase
Part II: Verbal Phrases-The Participle & Infinitive Phrases
What is a Participle?• A verb form that can be used as an adjective
(describes a noun or pronoun)• 1) Present Participle = ends in “ing”• 2) Past Participle = ends in “d” or “ed”– Some past participles are irregular and do not
have this ending• For example: frozen • I went ice skating on the frozen pond.
– Frozen = past participle– Pond = noun it is describing
Practice: pg 99-100• Find the participles and nouns/pronouns they describe:– Annoyed, I went inside to watch TV.
• Annoyed = past participle • I = pronoun it is describing
– I woke my sleeping father to ask about mosquitoes.• Sleeping = present participle• Father = noun it is describing
– Sucking blood for food, mosquitoes survive in many different cultures.• Sucking = present participle• Mosquitoes = noun it is describing
– Bites make the skin swell, and the swollen skin itches.• Swollen = past participle• Skin = noun it is describing
Participle Phrase
• Participle phrases are used as adjectives (describes a noun/pronoun)
• Begins with a participle and contains all describing words– Examples: • Stretching slowly• Predicted by the meteorologist• Reading the assignment
Participle Phrases
• Tips:– Look for words that end in “ing” or are past tense– Ask: Who or What is that word talking about?– Check to make sure the who or what is a noun– **Many times, these phrases have commas after
them!
You Try…• Cheering for the team, we celebrated the
victory.– Cheering for the team (uses present participle)
• Shown here, his design for the newest fighter jet was the first one in history. – Shown here (uses past participle)
• Have you ever heard of International Left-Hander’s Day, celebrated on August 13?– Celebrated on August 13 (uses past participle)
What is an infinitive?
• A verb form that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
• Most infinitives begin with the preposition “to”• **They are ALWAYS followed by a VERB**• Examples:– To remain– To meet– To dream
You Try…• My first stop would be to visit the Statue of
Liberty.– To visit = infinitive
• France gave the statue to the U.S. in 1884.– None
• It was a gift to express the friendship between the two nations.– To express = infinitive
Infinitive Phrases
• An infinitive phrase begins with the infinitive (to + a verb) and contains all describing words & prepositional phrases
• Examples:– To be a good gymnast– To fly over both the North and South Poles– To go to the gym now
You Try…
• A bird sings to claim its territory.– To claim its territory
• Human beings learned to build aircraft by carefully studying the way birds fly.– To build aircraft
• To recognize the songs of different birds takes many hours of practice.– To recognize the songs of different birds
• Birds use their feathers to push their bodies through the air.– To push their bodies through the air
Part III: Phrases
Appositive Phrases
What is an appositive?
• It is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to describe or give more information about it.
• Most often, they are surrounded by commas.• Example:– My teacher, Mr. Craig, enjoys books by Jane
Austen.• Mr. Craig = appositive• Teacher = noun it is describing
Appositive Phrase• A phrase that is giving more information about
a noun or pronoun.• Examples:– Frankie, a goodhearted and intelligent girl, is a
pleasure to teach.• Set off by commas & can be taken out
– Trevor’s friend Mike sometimes gives Trevor poor advice. • Not set off by commas because Trevor has more than
one friend, so Mike’s name is important in the sentence
You Try…• My sister Alyssa is a hard worker.
– Alyssa = appositive– Sister = noun it is describing
• Chris, my next door neighbor, is a carpenter.– My next door neighbor = appositive phrase– Chris = noun it is describing
• Will your cousin Tiffany visit you this summer?– Tiffany = appositive– Cousin = noun it is describing
• Gino is playing with his favorite toy, the Thomas train set.– The Thomas the train set = appositive phrase– Toy = noun it is describing
• Jackson Square, a landmark in New Orleans, has a statue of Andrew Jackson on it.– A landmark in New Orleans = appositive phrase– Jackson Square = noun it is describing