vermont motorcycle manual 2011

8/2/2019 Vermont Motorcycle Manual 2011

1/87

V E R M O N T M A N U A L

M O T O R C Y C L E

20 11

P e t e r S h u m li n , GovernorState of Vermont

B r i a n S e a r le s , SecretaryAgency of Transportation

R o b e r t I d e , CommissionerDepartment of Motor Vehicles


2/87


3/87

A MESSAGE FROMTHE COMMISSIONER OF MOTOR VEHICLES

The motorcycle is a popular and powerful machine which demands skilland attention. As motorcyclists we must exercise extra caution in

preparing to ride and while riding. The motorcyclist is exposedthroughout the entire ride and is subjected to the hazards of weather, roadconditions and the actions of other drivers.

This manual will help you become a more knowledgeable rider, makeyou aware of your limits and those of your motorcycle and increase yoursafety awareness.

To learn to be a safe, defensive driver I would encourage all riders,

especially beginners and those riders who havent ridden in some time, totake the State-sponsored Vermont Rider Education Program (VREP).VREP is a 15-hour comprehensive rider-training program designed toteach the basic skills necessary for safe motorcycle operation. VREP alsohas a program for advanced or experienced riders. This course will helpbuild upon your experience and hone skills that you may already have.Both programs follow nationally recognized safety and training standardsand involve both classroom and on-cycle training. Upon successfulcompletion of the 15-hour course, the DMV skills test is waived and a

motorcycle endorsement is provided by the Department. For courseinformation please call 800.529.2535 (Vermont only), or check theVermont DMV website at: dmv.vermont.gov.

Robert IdeCommissioner

This manual was produced by the Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles, and printed inVermont at a cost of$0.484 per copy. Please help reduce the cost of state government byreturning this manual or passing it on to another future rider.

THIS MANUAL MAY NOT BE USED DURING THE TEST

TA-VN-07a INTERNET 08/2010 MTC


4/87

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Part I

23 V.S.A. 202 and 203 1

Vermont State Holidays 3

Motorcycle Examination Locations 4

Skills Tests 5

Appointments 6

Motorcycles Defined 7

Motorcycle Learner Permit 8

Motorcycle Endorsement 10

Motorcycle Rider Training Program 11

Motorcycle Awareness Classroom Training 13

Vermont Regulations 13

Hand Signals 14

Motorcycle Care and Maintenance 14

Annual Inspection 15

Vermont Motorcycle Skills Tests 15

Liability Insurance Requirements 16

Two-Wheel Motorcycle Test Course Layout 17

Two-Wheel Motorcycle Exercises 18

Three-Wheel Motorcycle Test Course Layout 22

Three-Wheel Motorcycle Exercises 23

Sample Rider Skill Test Score Sheet (motorcycle) 27

Sample Rider Skill Test Score Sheet (three wheel) 28

Eye and Face Protection 29

Helmet Required in Vermont 29

Deer and Moose on Vermont Highways 30

Part II

MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR MANUAL from theMotorcycle Safety Foundation

32


5/87

Part I - 1

23 V.S.A. 202 - Impersonating another in an application, oraiding an applicant by false representation:

A person who falsely impersonates another in an application foroperator license or learner permit, or in an application for a non-

driver identification card, or in an application for motor vehicleregistration, all terrain vehicle, snowmobile or motorboatregistration, or vessel validation, or who obtains a learner permit ornon-driver identification card by false representation, or who obtainsa motor vehicle registration or a registration for any other type ofvehicle or vessel by false representation, or who uses an assumedname or name not his or her own in an application for operatorslicense, or learner permit or in an application for non-driveridentification card, or in an application for motor vehicle registration,

or registration for any other type vehicle or vessel, or who knowinglyaids an applicant in obtaining such a license, permit, registration ornon-driver identification card by false representation as to the age oridentity of such applicant, shall be fined not more than $1,000 orimprisoned not more than two years, or both and shall have his or herprivilege to operate suspended for 90 days.

23 VSA 203 ~ Counterfeiting or Misusing Number Plates,

Registration Certificates or Operating License:

100A person shall not:(1) Counterfeit or cause to be counterfeited or have in his or her

possession any counterfeit number plate, validating sticker,marker, inspection sticker, registration certificate, learnerspermit, nondriver identification card, insurance identificationcard, or operator license, or alter or have in his or herpossession any altered number plate or marker; or

(2) Display or cause or permit to be displayed, or have in his orher possession, any fictitious or fraudulently altered operatorlicense, learners permit, nondriver identification card, orregistration certificate, or display for any fraudulent purpose,an expired or counterfeit insurance identification card orsimilar document; or

(3) Lend his or her operator license to any other person orknowingly permit the use thereof by another; or


6/87

Part I - 2

(4) Display or represent as his or her own any operator license,permit, or nondriver identification card not issued to him orher; or

(5) Permit any unlawful use of an operator license, permit, ornondriver identification card issued to him or her by the

commissioner; or(6) Obtain or attempt to obtain a registration plate, validation

sticker, registration certificate, operators license, learnerspermit, nondriver identification card, or duplicate copy ofany of such documents by the use of fraudulently obtained,fictitious, or altered identity documents or by the use ofidentity documents not his or her own; or

(7) Obtain or attempt to obtain a registration plate, validationsticker, registration certificate, certificate of title, operators

license, learners permit, nondriver identification card,duplicate copy of any of these documents, or obtain orattempt to obtain any other permit, license or specialprivilege from the department of motor vehicles through thesubmission of an application containing false or fictitiousinformation; or

(8) Lend his or her identity documents to aid an applicant in hisor her attempt to fraudulently obtain or actually obtain a

registration plate, validation sticker, registration certificate,operators license, learners permit, nondriver identificationcard, or duplicate copy of such documents.

(b) A violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be a trafficviolation for which there shall be a penalty of not more than$1,000.00. If a person is found to have committed the violation,the persons privilege to operate motor vehicles shall besuspended for 60 days.


7/87

Part I - 3

VERMONT STATE HOLIDAYS

New Years Day January 1

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 3rd Monday in January

Washingtons Birthday 3rd Monday in February

Town Meeting Day 1st Tuesday in March

Memorial Day Last Monday in May

Independence Day July 4

Bennington Battle Day August 16

Labor Day 1st Monday in September

Veterans Day November 11

Thanksgiving Day 4th Thursday in November

Day After ThanksgivingState offices are usually closed theday after Thanksgiving.

Christmas Day December 25

Any legal holiday which falls on a Saturday shall be observed on the

preceding Friday. Any legal holiday which falls on a Sunday shall beobserved on the following Monday.

At times only one individual may staff our offices. The examiner maynot always be present due to road testing. Please be patient. Theexaminer will assist you as soon as possible.

On occasion it may be necessary to cancel or postpone driver testing dueto poor road conditions. Call Central Scheduling at 802.828.2085 for

information and to reschedule, if necessary.


8/87

Part I - 4

MOTORCYCLE EXAMINATION LOCATIONS

PLEASE NOTE THAT WE HAVE ONE CENTRAL NUMBER FOR

SCHEDULING EXAMS - 802.828.2085

BENNINGTON

120 Depot St

Monday Friday

7:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

802.447.2756

NEWPORT

100 Main Street

Monday Friday

7:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

802.334.3363

BURLINGTON

1193 North Avenue

Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday7:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

Wednesday 7:45 a.m. 6:00 p.m.

802.863.7292

RUTLAND

101 State Place

Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday7:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

Wednesday 7:45 a.m. 6:00 p.m.

802.786.5815

MONTPELIER

120 State Street

Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday

7:45 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.

Wednesday 7:45 a.m. 6:00 p.m.802.828.2000

SPRINGFIELD

100 Mineral St Suite 103

Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday

7:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

Wednesday 7:45 a.m. 6:00 p.m.802.885.5273

MOBILE UNITSDMV operates two mobile units that make scheduled visits in the followingcommunities:

DummerstonMiddlebury

St. AlbansSt. Johnsbury

White River Jct.

(Cash is NOT accepted at the mobile office locations)

For further information relative to dates, times and a list of services, please call802.828.2000 or check the Vermont DMV Web Site at: dmv.vermont.gov

Practice driving at DMV skill testingcourses is NOT permitted. These areas

are to be used only when tests are beingconducted by an examiner.


9/87

Part I - 5

SKILLS TESTS

Skills Tests are given at the following locations:

Bennington: AOT Facility, Bowen Road

Colchester: AOT Facility, Barnes Avenue, Fort Ethan Allen

Montpelier: AOT Facility, Industrial Lane, Berlin, VT

Rutland: State Office Complex, 101 State Place

St. Johnsbury: State Office Building, Route 5

Springfield: Southern State Correctional Facility, Charlestown Rd

Motorcycle examination dates and times are determined by demand.

Location of the skills test may be subject to change. Testing is usuallyconducted April through October, weather permitting. Skills tests are notavailable from the first of November through the end of March.

VERMONT MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST:

Upon satisfactory completion of the knowledge exam each applicant fora motorcycle endorsement will then be required to take and pass an off-road skills test before the endorsement will be issued.

The applicant taking the skills test must be wearing an approved helmetand have eye protection, an Insurance Identification Card, and amotorcycle which is registered and (if required) inspected.

The Vermont motorcycle skills test is designed to test a person's abilityto balance, shift, maneuver, and stop his cycle under normal conditions.This test also checks one's ability for making a quick stop and a quickturn.

GENERAL INFORMATION SKILLS TESTS:

The examiner may stop the test at any point during any of the skills testif you:

Fall or drop your motorcycle.

Commit an unsafe act (wheelies, excessive speed, etc.).

Stall the motorcycle four (4) times.

Fail to follow instructions.

If, in the opinion of the examiner, testing time has exceeded areasonable limit.

Lose enough points to fail (11).


10/87

Part I - 6

In addition, you can stop the test. If you do not feel comfortableattempting any exercise and do not feel you can perform it safely, tell theexaminer. He or she will end the test at that point. You can come backafter you have taken more time to practice and have gained moreconfidence in handling your motorcycle. In the event that you terminate

the test, the entire test must be administered when re-testing. (This alsoapplies when an examiner stops a test).

YOU WILL NOT BE GIVEN THE SKILLS TEST IF YOU:

Arrive at the testing area illegally.

Don't have proper eye protection (face shield, goggles, etc.).

Don't have a DOT approved helmet.

Cannot show a valid insurance card.

Have an unregistered cycle. Have an uninspected cycle (if required).

Have a cycle with defective or improper equipment.

Have a motor-driven cycle to use for the test.

Ride the motorcycle at the skills test location before testing beginsunless you have a Motorcycle Learner Permit, or while others arebeing given the test.

NOTE: Refer to the following pages for skills test setup, course

dimensions, skills test diagrams and score sheet.

While use of the following is not required, it is recommended: leathergloves, long-sleeved shirt or jacket, over-the-ankle boots or shoes(sneakers are not acceptable) and pants of denim or other heavy material.

APPOINTMENTS

The Department of Motor Vehicles recommends that each personapplying for a Motorcycle Learner Permit or motorcycle endorsementmake an appointment. Making an appointment ensures that you willreceive service in the least amount of time possible.If you choose not to make an appointment, when you appear at theexamination office you will be processed as a walk-in. This means thatall persons with appointments will be serviced first. If, after allappointments are done, there is sufficient time to administer the test youwant, you will be tested. Motorcycle SKILLS TESTS are administered

ONLY on certain days at the examination offices listed on the previouspage. You will be able to apply for a skills test as a walk-in ONLY onthe days the skills test is offered.


11/87

Part I - 7

MOTORCYCLES DEFINED

23 V.S.A. 4(18) defines what a motorcycle is. The operator ofany vehicle that is considered a motorcycle must have amotorcycle endorsement on their driver's license.

Motorcycles: Motorcycle shall mean any motor driven vehiclehaving a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and designed totravel on not more than three wheels 1 in contact with the ground,but excluding motor-driven cycles, golf carts, track drivenvehicles, tractors, electric personal assistive mobility devices, andvehicles on which the operator and passengers ride within anenclosed cab, except that a vehicle which is fully enclosed, hasthree wheels in contact with the ground, weighs less than 1,500pounds, has the capacity to maintain posted highway speed limits,and which uses electricity as its primary motive power shall beregistered as a motorcycle but the operator of such vehicle shallnot be required to have a motorcycle endorsement nor to complywith the provisions of section 1256 of this title (motorcycles-headgear) in the operation of such a vehicle.

Motor-driven cycles (Includes vehicles previously defined asMopeds): Motor-driven cycle means any vehicle equipped withtwo or three wheels, a power source providing up to a maximum oftwo brake horsepower and having a maximum piston or rotordisplacement of 50 cubic centimeters if a combustion engine isused, which will propel the vehicle, unassisted, at a speed not toexceed 30 miles per hour on a level road surface, and which is

equipped with a power drive system that functions directly orautomatically only, not requiring clutching or shifting by theoperator after the drive system is engaged. As motor vehicles,motor-driven cycles shall be subject to the purchase and use taximposed under chapter 219 of Title 32 rather than to a general sales

13-Wheeled Motorcycles: operators of 3-wheeled motorcycles are required to take the motorcyclelearner's permit examination and the motorcycle skills test. After passing the required exams,operators will receive a motorcycle endorsement (M) with a restriction limiting them to operation of3-wheeled motorcycles only.


12/87

Part I - 8

tax. An electric personal assistive mobility device is not a motor-driven cycle.

Do I have a Motorcycle or a Motor-driven cycle? If all four ofthe following statements are true, you have a Motor-driven

cycle. If any of the following statements are NOT true, you have aMotorcycle.

1. The vehicle has a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and isdesigned to travel with not more than three wheels in contactwith the ground.

2. The vehicle is designed to travel at 30 miles per hour or less ona level road surface.

3. The vehicle has a combustible engine that is 50ccs or less.4. The vehicle shifts automatically.

OBTAINING A MOTORCYCLE LEARNER PERMIT

HOW TO OBTAIN A MOTORCYCLE LEARNER PERMIT:

A Vermont licensed resident who does not possess a motorcycle

endorsement may obtain a Motorcycle Learner Permit to learn how tooperate a motorcycle.

To obtain a Motorcycle Learner Permit you must successfully complete a4-hour Vermont Motorcycle Awareness Program (VMAP) trainingcourse (more information and a schedule of VMAP courses available onour website at dmv.vermont.gov).

OR

1. Make an appointment for an examination at a motor vehicle officenear you. At the examination, 20 of the 25 questions must beanswered correctly. If the knowledge test is failed, there is a waitingperiod of at least one day before the exam may be taken again.

2. If you are 16 or 17 years old you MUST have a parent or legalguardian sign the Motorcycle Learner Permit application as well ashave a valid Junior Operator License.


13/87

Part I - 9

3. The fee for each knowledge examination is $7.00. The fee for aMotorcycle Learner Permit is $17.00.

4. After the permit is issued you may call 802.828.2085 to schedule anappointment for your skills test. The permit is valid for 120 days

from the date of issue. If the appointment is not made or you do notfeel confident to take the skills test at the end of the 120 days, youmay renew your permit. The fee for the renewal is $17.00. You mayrenew by mail. Renewal forms are available at all Department ofMotor Vehicle offices and on the Vermont DMV website atdmv.vermont.gov.

5. A Motorcycle Learner Permit may be renewed only twice. If, duringthe original permit period and two renewals, the Motorcycle Learner

Permit holder has not taken the skills test nor successfully completedthe Motorcycle Rider Training Course, (s)he may not obtain anotherMotorcycle Learner Permit for a period of 12 months from theexpiration date of the last permit.

The Motorcycle Learner Permit will allow you to ride a motorcycle onany public highway to become familiar with actual in-traffic operation.There are certain restrictions:

A motorcycle may be operated during daylight hours only.

The Motorcycle Learner Permit holder is NOT ALLOWED to carryany passengers.

The Motorcycle Learner Permit is valid in VERMONT only.Ignoring the restrictions will VOID the Motorcycle Learner Permit.

If you hold a valid Motorcycle Learner Permit you may ride themotorcycle to the skill test area on the day of your appointment. If youfail the skills test and your permit has not expired you will, under mostcircumstances, be allowed to ride away. If the permit is due to expire,you may renew it for 120 days. If it has already been renewed twice, youmust take the knowledge test again to be issued a new permit, providedat least 12 months has passed from the expiration of the last permit.

If you fail the skills test a one-week practice period is required beforeanother skills test may be taken.

Remember, whenever you operate your motorcycle you must have yourvalid Vermont Driver License, Motorcycle Learner Permit, registrationand insurance card in your possession.


14/87

Part I - 10

OBTAINING A MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT

HOW TO OBTAIN A MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT ON AVERMONT DRIVER LICENSE:

Every Vermont resident who operates a motorcycle on the highway inVermont must hold a valid Vermont Operator, Commercial DriverLicense or Junior Operator License with the proper motorcycleendorsement. The Commissioner may, upon request, issue a restrictedendorsement for the operation of a 3-wheel motorcycle

NOTE: DMV motorcycle endorsement knowledge and skills testswill be waived to anyone who has successfully completed the VREPBasic Motorcycle Course, Intermediate Course or ExperiencedRider License Waiver Course

Any Vermont licensed individual with a Motorcycle Learner Permit isrequired to successfully complete a skills test before the endorsementwill be issued. There is a fee of $2.00 per year for the motorcycleendorsement. An explanation of the skills test, complete with diagrams,is contained in Part I of this manual.

You will not be permitted to take the skills test unless the motorcycleyou furnish for this purpose is properly equipped, registered, inspected(if required), insured, and in good mechanical condition. If an applicantfails the skills test a one-week practice period is required before anotherskills test may be taken.

Any motorcycle used for the skills test portion of the exam must belegally transported to the exam site. For example, you can have anotherlicensed motorcycle operator ride the bike to the exam location for you.In this instance that operator would be required to show a valid licensethat is endorsed for motorcycle operation to the examiner. If you have aMotorcycle Learner Permit you may ride the bike to the exam location.You may also transport the bike in another registered and insured vehiclesuch as a trailer, truck or van.

Any applicant using a three-wheeled motorcycle when taking themotorcycle skills test will receive a motorcycle endorsement restricted to

three-wheeled operation only upon successful completion of the test.


15/87

Part I - 11

All applicants applying for a motorcycle endorsement must hold a validVermont license. The fee for the knowledge test is $7.00. There is nofee for the skills test.

Remember, no tests will be given unless you hold a valid Vermont

Operator License, Junior Operator License or Commercial DriverLicense.

MOTORCYCLE RIDER TRAINING PROGRAM

The Vermont Rider Education Program was established in 1990. TheVermont Rider Education Program (VREP) is a comprehensive rider-training program. The program is designed to provide the trainingnecessary to enhance operator safety and reduce injuries that occur inmotorcycle crashes.

VREP encourages people who are interested in riding motorcycles totake this training. The training provided through VREP is highlyeffective for novice as well as the most experienced riders.

The program is voluntary until such time as the Commissioner of MotorVehicles determines the program shall be mandatory. After that date, all

applicants for a Motorcycle Learner Permit or Operator Licenseendorsement for operating a motorcycle shall successfully complete thetraining course.

The training program follows nationally recognized safety and trainingstandards and involves both classroom and on-cycle training. Themaximum tuition per student is set annually by the Department of MotorVehicles.

For information on the Vermont Rider Education Program or to locatethe nearest training site, you may call 800.529.2535 (Vermont only) orcheck the Vermont DMV website at: dmv.vermont.gov. Four courses areoffered:

1. Basic Rider Course (BRC): This 15-hour course is for novice ridersand those with limited riding experience, as well as riders whohavent ridden for some time. The course, which includes a

combination of riding exercises and classroom discussions, teachesthe basic skills needed to operate a motorcycle in traffic.


16/87

Part I - 12

The course begins by familiarizing students with the location andoperation of controls. Students learn riding skills by practicing onsmall motorcycles. Students must demonstrate they have thestrength, balance and coordination to perform straight-line riding,shifting, turning and stopping exercises.

The course then introduces students to the strategies needed forriding on the street and sharing the road with other vehicles. Skillstaught include emergency braking, swerving and proper corneringtechniques.

Motorcycles, textbooks and helmets, if needed, are provided for thiscourse. All exercises are conducted on a protected range.Students successfully completing the Basic Rider Course will be

exempt from taking the Vermont motorcycle knowledge and skillexaminations to obtain their motorcycle endorsement.

2. Intermediate Rider Course (IRC): This one-day course is designedfor students who have completed the Basic Rider Course within thelast 12-months and wish more range practice time on the motorcycle.Emphasis is placed on the skill requirements of the student.Motorcycles and helmets, if needed, are provided for this course.

3. Experienced Rider License Waiver Course (ERC-LicenseWaiver): This one-day course is designed for riders who do notpossess a drivers license with a motorcycle endorsement. Thecourse includes riding exercises and discussions on motorcyclesafety. Exercises practiced help riders hone their motorcycle skillsincluding emergency braking, swerving, proper cornering techniquesand slow speed maneuvers.

This course is not designed to teach the basic skills of straight-line riding, shifting, turning and stopping. Students must becapable of performing these basic motorcycle skills (which aretaught in the BRC) prior to attending this course.

Students may bring their own street legal motorcycle. Students notwishing to use their own motorcycle may use a program motorcyclefor an additional fee.


17/87

Part I - 13

Students successfully completing the ERC License Waiver will beexempt from taking the Vermont motorcycle skill examination toobtain their motorcycle endorsement.

4. Experienced Rider Skills Plus Course (ERC-Plus): This one-day

course is designed for riders who are already licensed and frequentlyride. This course includes riding exercises and discussions onmotorcycle safety. Exercises practiced help riders hone theirmotorcycle skills including braking, swerving, proper corneringtechniques and slow speed maneuvers.

MOTORCYCLE AWARENESS CLASSROOM TRAINING

A bill passed by the General Assembly gave the Commissioner of Motor

Vehicles the discretion to require any applicant to successfully completean approved classroom training curriculum before a Motorcycle LearnerPermit or motorcycle endorsement may be issued.

The Motorcycle Awareness Program is a 4 hour classroom course thathas been developed in partnership with the Motorcycle SafetyFoundation. A pilot course has been implemented. The pilot coursewill initially run on a voluntary basis, but once is has been tested and

proven to be effective, it is planned to make the course mandatory foranyone wishing to obtain a Motorcycle Learner Permit or motorcycleendorsement.

Information about where you can take a Vermont Motorcycle AwarenessProgram course is available on the DMV website at dmv.vermont.gov.

VERMONT REGULATIONS:

Owners and operators of motorcycles or motor-driven cycles are subjectto all laws regulating motor vehicles. The operator of a motorcycle musthave a valid Vermont operator license with a motorcycle endorsement.The operator of a motor-driven cycle must have a valid Vermontoperator license.

If you operate a motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle on the highway, youare granted all privileges and are subject to all of the rules applicable to

the driver of any other type of motor vehicle. You must obey all trafficregulations, stop signs and signal lights. You have full use of the traffic


18/87

lane, but two motorcycles or motor-driven cycles shall not be operatedbeside each other in the same lane of traffic.

HAND SIGNALS:

The law requires that all operators signal their intentions, either with ahand signal or with a mechanical or lighting device approved by theCommissioner, before slowing down, stopping or making a turn, pullingout of a parking place or changing traffic lanes. When hand signals areused, the following are prescribed by law:

To Make A Left Turn:

Extend left hand and arm

straight out horizontally,keeping hand and armstationary.

To Make A Right Turn:

Extend left hand and arm

upward, keeping hand andarm stationary.

TO STOP OR REDUCESPEED:

Extend left hand and armdownward, keeping hand andarm stationary.

MOTORCYCLE CARE AND MAINTENANCE:

General Care and Maintenance:

Pre-ride inspections help insure a trouble free ride and provideconfidence that your motorcycle will respond properly. The primarysource of information about how a motorcycle should be inspected and

maintained is its owners manual. Be sure to absorb all of its importantinformation. A motorcycle will continue to ride like new if it is properlymaintained and routine inspections become part of its maintenance cycle.

Part I - 14


19/87

Part I - 15

A pre-ride inspection of the motorcycle should be as routine andautomatic as checking the weather forecast before heading out for theday. Its quick and easy to check the critical components, and aconvenient reminder is T-CLOCS. It is recommended that you followthe T-CLOCS inspection before every ride.

T Tires and Wheels

Air pressure Tread Cracks, dents, loose

spokes Bearings Brakes

C Controls Levers Switches Cables Hoses Throttle

L Lights and Electrics

Working condition

O Oil and Other Fluids

Levels Leaks

C Chassis

Suspension Drive components

(chain, belt, or driveshaft)

S Stands

Side stand Center stand

A pre-ride inspection shouldnot take more than a fewminutes. If done before everyride, it can help you identifychanges before they become aproblem.

Annual Inspection:

Your motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must be inspected once each yearby an authorized motorcycle or motor-driven cycle inspection station. Alluninspected motor vehicles, including motorcycles and motor-drivencycles, must be inspected within 15 days from the date of registration.The inspection decal shall be attached in one of the following places onall motorcycles and motor-driven cycles: to the left outer side of thewindscreen as low as possible, the left front fork leg located so it iseasily visible, or a metal tag securely attached to the left side of theframe

Your motorcycle or motor-driven cycle will be required to have anadequate headlight, rear view mirror, horn, adequate hand and foot


20/87

Part I - 16

brakes, adequate exhaust system, rear number plate bracket, numberplate light, adequate tires and fenders and hand holds are necessary if apassenger is to be carried. High-rise handlebars with the hand grips over15 inches above the saddle are not permitted.

A sidecar attached to any motorcycle shall be equipped with an approvedlight showing either a white or amber beam to the front and securelymounted on the right side of the sidecar.

You will be required to show your registration and proof ofinsurance at the time of inspection.

LIABILITY INSURANCE IS REQUIRED

It is unlawful for any owner or operator to operate or permit theoperation of a motor vehicle on the highways of Vermont without apolicy of liability insurance that is in effect.

A minimum coverage of $25,000 for death or injury to one person;$50,000 for death or injury of two or more persons; and $10,000 forproperty damage is required.

Proof of liability insurance coverage must be carried in the vehicle. Ifyou are stopped by a law enforcement officer you will be requested toshow proof of insurance to the officer. If you cannot, you may be subjectto a fine, points on your driving record and the requirement that you fileFinancial Responsibility Insurance (SR-22) with the Vermont DMV for 3years. If, at the time you are stopped, you have insurance but cannotshow proof, you have 15 days to produce the proof to the officer.

An automobile insurance identification card is required by Vermont law.

The card must contain the name of your insurance carrier, the effectiveand expiration dates of coverage, the name of the insured and adescription of the vehicle (including the identification number). It alsomust include limits of liability or a statement that the policy provides theminimum insurance required by Vermont law.

Practice driving at DMV skill testing courses isNOT permitted. These areas are to be used onlywhen tests are being conducted by an examiner.


21/87

Two-Wheel Rider Skill Test Course Layout

Part I - 17


22/87

Two-Wheel Motorcycle Exercises

Exercise # 1 ~ Cone Weave & Normal Stop:

From the start point ride to the right of the first cone, to the left of thesecond, and so on.

After passing the last cone turn left and ride toward the opposite sideof the course. Make a smooth, non-skidding stop with your front tireinside the box.

You will lose points if you:

Stall during the exercise.

Put a foot down or hit/skip a cone during the weave.

Skid when coming to a stop.

Fail to stop with your front tire within the borders of the box.

Part I - 18


23/87

Exercise # 2 ~ Turn From a Stop & U-Turn:

From the start point make a right turn between the boundary lines.

After completing the turn, diagonally cross to the opposite side of thecourse and make a left U-Turn inside the painted box at the far end

of the course. Do not touch the solid (24) line for motorcycles 600ccor more, or the dashed (20) line for motorcycles less than 600cc

Stop with your front tire inside the box.



Put a foot down.

Touch or cross a boundary line.

Part I - 19


24/87

Exercise # 3 ~ Quick Stop:

From the start point accelerate straight up the path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 20 m.p.h. by the time you reach the first line.Maintain a steady speed.

When your front tire crosses the second line, stop as fast as yousafely can using both brakes.

This test will be timed in order to determine your speed.



Fail to stop within the established guidelines.

Part I - 20


25/87

Exercise # 4 ~ Obstacle Swerve:

From the start point accelerate straight up the path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 20 m.p.h. by the time you reach the first line.Maintain a steady speed.

When your front tire passes the second line, swerve to the left orright as directed.




Touch or cross the obstacle line or sideline with either tire.

Swerve in the wrong direction.

Part I - 21


26/87

Three-Wheel Rider Skill Test Course Layout

Part I - 22


27/87

Three-Wheel Motorcycle Exercises

Exercise # 1 ~ Left Turn & Normal Stop:

From the start point ride straight ahead and make a sharp left turnbetween the boundary lines and the single cone marker.

Then ride toward the opposite end of the course. Make a smooth,non-skidding stop with your front tire inside the box. (Left front tireon vehicles with two front tires.)



Touch or cross a boundary line.

Hit or skip the boundary cone.

Skid when coming to a stop. Fail to stop with your front tire within the borders of the box.

Part I - 23


28/87

Exercise # 2 ~ Cone Weave & Turn From a Stop:

From the start point ride to the left of the first cone, to the rightof the second and to the left of the third.

After passing the last cone turn right at the end of the course and stopat the Start T facing the other side of the course. Then make a righthand turn between the boundary lines and the cone.

Make a smooth, non-skidding stop with your front tire inside thebox.


Stall during the exercise. Hit or skip a cone during the weave.

Touch or cross a boundary line. Hit or skip the boundary cone.

Part I - 24

Exercise # 3 Quick Stop:


29/87

Exercise # 3 ~ Quick Stop:

From the start point accelerate straight up the path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 20 m.p.h. by the time you reach the first set ofcones. Maintain a steady speed.

When your front tire crosses the second set of cones, stop as fast asyou safely can using both brakes. This test will be timed in order todetermine your speed.



Fail to stop within the established guidelines.

Part I - 25



30/87


From the start point accelerate straight up the path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 20 m.p.h. by the time you reach the first set ofcones. Maintain a steady speed.

When your front tire passes the second set of cones, swerve to theleft or right as directed.




If a tire touches or crosses the obstacle line or sideline.

Swerve in the wrong direction.

Part I - 26


31/87

Part I - 27


32/87

Part I - 28

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION (CLARIFICATION OF


33/87

HELMET USE SECTION IN PART II OF THIS MANUAL):

In the Helmet Use section (in PART II of this manual) reasons aregiven why a face shield on a helmet gives the most eye and faceprotection while riding a motorcycle when compared with a windshield

alone, goggles, or sunglasses.

A face shield does provide the most eye and face protection;however, Vermont law does not require a face shield or other eyeand face protection if a windshield is present.

23 V.S.A. 1257:

If a motorcycle is not equipped with a windshield or screen, the operatorof the motorcycle shall wear either eye glasses, goggles, or a protectiveface shield when operating the vehicle. The glasses, goggles, or faceshield shall have colorless lenses when the motorcycle is being operatedduring the period of 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunriseand at any other time when due to insufficient light or unfavorableatmospheric conditions, persons and vehicles on the highway are notclearly discernible at a distance of 500 feet ahead.

HELMET REQUIRED IN VERMONT:

23 V.S.A. 1256:

A person may not operate or ride upon a motorcycle upon a highwayunless he or she properly wears protective headgear of a type thatconforms to the federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards contained in 49C.F.R. part 571.218 and any amendment or addition to the regulationsthat may be adopted by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation.

Part I - 29

DEER AND MOOSE ON VERMONT HIGHWAYS:


34/87

Part I - 30

Moose and deer also share our roadways.

Their presence is most likely during the late evening, nighttimeand early morning hours.

Deer are easiest to spot because their fur and eyes reflect light

from vehicle headlights. Moose are harder to see because their fur is dark and their eyes

are usually above vehicle headlight level, so, they do not reflectthe light.

Deer may freeze if looking directly into light or may bolt atspeeds of up to 40 m.p.h. in the direction of their habitat whenstartled.

Driving at speeds of less than 35 m.p.h. on secondary roadways

and at speeds that do not overextend the distance of headlightson interstates allows a driver more time to react and stop if adeer or moose is spotted.

Notes


35/87

Part II


36/87

MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR

MANUAL

Published by the

Motorcycle Safety Foundation

The following Motorcycle Operator Manual should be studied in

addition to Part I of this manual.

a n m s f manual


37/87

Motorcycle

operator

Manual

a n m s f manual

2

Preface


38/87

Operating a motorcycle saelyin trac requires special skills andknowledge. The Motorcycle SaetyFoundation (MSF) has made this manualavailable to help novice motorcyclistsreduce their risk o having a crash. The

manual conveys essential sae ridinginormation and has been designedor use in licensing programs. Whiledesigned or the novice, all motorcyclistscan benet rom the inormation thismanual contains.

The original Motorcycle OperatorManual was developed by the NationalPublic Services Research Institute (NPSRI)under contract to the National HighwayTrac Saety Administration (NHTSA)and within the terms o a cooperative

agreement between NHTSA and theMSF. The manual and related testswere used in a multi-year study oimproved motorcycle operator licensingprocedures, conducted by the CaliorniaDepartment o Motor Vehicles under

contract to NHTSA.The purpose o this manual is to

educate the reader to help avoid crasheswhile saely operating a motorcycle. Forthi diti th MSF h d t d d

These revisions refect:

Thelatestndingofmotorcycle-saety research.

Commentsandguidanceprovidedby the motorcycling, licensing and

trac saety communities.Supplementaryinformationfor

Three-Wheel vehicles

In promoting improved licensingprograms, the MSF works closely withstate licensing agencies. The Foundationhas helped more than hal the statesin the nation adopt the MotorcycleOperator Manual or use in theirlicensing systems.

Improved licensing, along with high-quality motorcycle rider education andincreased public awareness, has thepotential to reduce crashes. Sta at theFoundation are available to assist state,private and governmental agencies ineorts to improve motorcycle saety.

Tim Buche

contents 3

contents


39/87

PREPARING TO RIDE

Wear the Right Gear 4

Know Your Motorcycle 6

Know Your Responsibilities 9

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

Basic Vehicle Control 10

Keeping Your Distance 12

SEE 17

Intersections 18

Increasing Conspicuity 21

Crash Avoidance 24

Handling Dangerous Surfaces 27

Mechanical Problems 30

Animals 31

Flying Objects 32

Getting Off the Road 32Carrying Passengers

and Cargo 32

Group Riding 34

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE

Why This Information IsImportant 36

Alcohol and Other Drugs inMotorcycle Operation 36

Alcohol in the Body 37

Alcohol and the Law 38

Minimize the Risks 38

Step in to Protect Friends 39

Fatigue 39

EARNING YOUR LICENSE 40

THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT

Supplementary Informationfor Three-Wheel Vehicles 42

Know Your Vehicle 42

Basic Vehicle Control 44

Carrying Passengers and Cargo 47

4 PreParInG to rIDe


40/87

What you do beore you start a trip goes a long way toward determining

whether or not youll get where you want to go saely. Beore taking o onany trip, a sae rider makes a point to:

1 Wear the right gear

2 Become familiar with the motorcycle

3 Check the motorcycle equipment

4 Be a responsible rider

Wear the right gear

When you ride, your gear is righti it protects you. In any crash, you havea ar better chance o avoiding seriousinjury i you wear:

ADOTcomplianthelmet.

Faceoreyeprotection.

Protectiveclothing.

Helmet UseCrashes can occur particularly

among untrained, beginning riders.And one out o every ve motorcyclecrashes results in head or neck injuries.Head injuries are just as severe as neck

injuries and ar more common. Crashanalyses show that head and neckinjuries account or a majority o seriousand atal injuries to motorcyclists.Research also shows that with ew

ADOTcomplianthelmet letsyou see as ar to the sides asnecessary. A study o more than900 motorcycle crashes, where

40% o the riders wore helmets,did not nd even one case in whicha helmet kept a rider rom spottingdanger.

Mostcrasheshappen on shorttrips (less than ve miles long), justa ew minutes ater starting out.

Mostriders are riding slower than30 mph when a crash occurs. Atthese speeds, helmets can cut boththe number and the severity o headinjuries by hal.

No matter what the speed, helmetedriders are three times more likely tosurvive head injuries than those notwearing helmets at the time o thecrash. The single most important thing

5


41/87

IsdesignedtomeetU.S.Department o Transportation(DOT) and state standards. Helmetswith a label rom the Snell MemorialFoundation also give you an

assurance o quality.Fitssnugly, all the way around.

Hasnoobviousdefectssuch ascracks, loose padding or rayedstraps.

Whatever helmet you decide on, keepit securely astened on your head whenyou ride. Otherwise, i you are involvedin a crash, its likely to fy o your headbeore it gets a chance to protect you.

Goggles protect your eyes, thoughthey wont protect the rest o your acelike a aceshield does. A windshieldis not a substitute or a aceshield orgoggles. Most windshields will notprotect your eyes rom the wind. Neitherwill eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasseswont keep your eyes rom watering,and they might blow o when you turnyour head while riding.

To be eective, eye or aceshieldprotection ust:

Befree o scratches.

Beresistant to penetration.

Helmets


42/87

7


43/87

At a iniu, your street-legal

otorcycle should have:Headlight,taillightand

brakelight

Frontandrearbrakes.

Turnsignals.

Horn.Twomirrors.

Borrowing and Lending

Borrowers and lenders o motorcycles,beware. Crashes are airly common

among beginning riders especiallyin the rst months o riding. Ridingan unamiliar motorcycle adds to theproblem. I you borrow a motorcycle,get amiliar with it in a controlled area.And i you lend your motorcycle to

riends, make sure they are licensed and

know how to ride beore allowing them

out into trac.No matter how experienced you

may be, ride extra careully on anymotorcycle thats new or unamiliarto you. More than hal o all crashesinvolve riders with less than ve months

o experience on their motorcycle.Get Familiar with theMotorcycle Controls

Make sure you are completely amiliarwith the motorcycle beore you take

it out on the street. Be sure to reviewthe owners manual. This is particularlyimportant i you are riding a borrowedmotorcycle.

I you are going to use an unamiliarmotorcycle:

motorcycle controls

Light Switch (high/low)

Choke (varies)

Turn-Signal

Switch Ignition Key(varies)

Engine Cut-OffSwitch

ElectricStart

Button

8 PreParInG to rIDe


44/87

Make all the checks you would on

your own motorcycle.Findoutwhereeverythingis,

particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, uel-supply valveand engine cut-o switch. Find andoperate these items without having

to look or them.Knowthegearpattern. Work the

throttle, clutch and brakes a ewtimes beore you start riding. Allcontrols react a little dierently.

Rideverycautiously and be aware

o surroundings. Accelerate gently,take turns more slowly and leaveextra room or stopping.

Check Your Motorcycle

A motorcycle needs more requent

attention than a car. A minor technicalailure in a car seldom leads to anythingmore than an inconvenience or thedriver.

I somethings wrong with themotorcycle, youll want to nd out

about it beore you get in trac. Makea complete check o your motorcyclebeore every ride.

Beore ounting the otorcycle,

lights are working properly.

BrakeLight Try both brakecontrols, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.

Once you have mounted themotorcycle, complete the ollowingchecks beore starting out:

ClutchandThrottle Make surethey work smoothly. The throttleshould snap back when you let go.The clutch should eel tight andsmooth.

Mirrors Clean and adjust both

mirrors beore starting. Its dicultto ride with one hand while youtry to adjust a mirror. Adjust eachmirror so you can see the lanebehind and as much as possible othe lane next to you. When properlyadjusted, a mirror may show the

edge o your arm or shoulderbutits the road behind and to the sidethats most important.

Brakes Try the ront and rearbrake levers one at a time. Makesure each one eels rm and holdsthe motorcycle when the brake isully applied.

Horn Try the horn. Make sure itworks.

F l S l V l M k

9


45/87

KNOW YOUr

reSPONSiBiLitieS

Accident implies an unoreseenevent that occurs without anyones aultor negligence. Most oten in trac, thatis not the case. In act, most peopleinvolved in a crash can usually claim

some responsibility or what takes place.

Consider a situation where someonedecides to try to squeeze through anintersection on a yellow light turningred. Your light turns green. You pull intothe intersection without checking or

possible latecomers. That is all it takesor the two o you to tangle. It was thedrivers responsibility to stop. And it wasyour responsibility to look beore pullingout. Neither o you held up your endo the deal. Just because someone else

is the rst to start the chain o eventsleading to a crash, it doesnt leave anyo us ree o responsibility.

As a rider you cant be sure that otheroperators will see you or yield the righto way. To lessen your chances o a

crash occurring:

Bevisible wear proper clothing,

use your headlight, ride in the bestlane position to see and be seen.

Communicateyourintentionsuse the proper signals, brake lightand lane position.

Maintainanadequatespace

cushion when ollowing, beingollowed, lane sharing, passing andbeing passed.

Searchyourpath o travel 12seconds ahead.

Identifyandseparate multiplehazards.

Bepreparedtoact remain alertand know how to carry out propercrash-avoidance skills.

Blame doesnt matter when someone

is injured in a crash. There is rarely asingle cause o any crash. The ability toride aware, make critical decisions andcarry them out separates responsibleriders rom all the rest. Remember, it isup to you to keep rom being the cause

o, or an unprepared participant in, anycrash.

10 rIDe wItHIn your abIlItIes


46/87

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.

Thats something you can learn only through practice, preerably in a ormalcourse o instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowingyour abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the ruleso the road.

BaSiC VehiCLe CONtrOL

Body Position

To control a otorcycle well:

Posture Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcycle ratherthan to hold yoursel up.

Seat Sit ar enough orward sothat arms are slightly bent whenyou hold the handlegrips. Bendingyour arms permits you to press onthe handlebars without having tostretch.

Hands Hold the handgripsrmly to keep your grip over roughsuraces. Start with your rightwrist fat. This will help you keeprom accidentally using too muchthrottle. Also, adjust the handlebars

so your hands are even with orbelow your elbows. This permitsyou to use the proper muscles orprecision steering.

Knees Keep your knees against

the gas tank to help you keep yourbalance as the motorcycle turns.

Feet Keep your eet rmly on theootrests to maintain balance. Dontdrag your eet. I your oot catcheson something, you could be injured

and it could aect your control othe motorcycle. Keep your eet nearthe controls so you can get to themast i needed. Also, dont let yourtoes point downward they mayget caught between the road andthe ootrests.

Shifting Gears

There is more to shiting gears thansimply getting the motorcycle to pickup speed smoothly. Learning to use thegears when downshiting, turning or

starting on hills is important or saemotorcycle operation.

Shit down through the gears withthe clutch as you slow or stop. Remain

11


47/87

It is best to change gears beoreentering a turn. However, sometimesshiting while in the turn is necessary.I so, remember to do so smoothly. Asudden change in power to the rearwheel can cause a skid.

Braking

Your motorcycle has two brakes: oneeach or the ront and rear wheel. Useboth o them at the same time. Theront brake is more powerul and canprovide at least three-quarters o yourtotal stopping power. The ront brake is

sae to use i you use it properly.Reeber:

Usebothbrakes every time youslow or stop. Using both brakes oreven normal stops will permityou to develop the proper habit orskill o using both brakes properlyin an emergency. Squeeze theront brake and press down on therear. Grabbing at the ront brakeor jamming down on the rear cancause the brakes to lock, resulting in

control problems.

Ifyouknowthetechnique,using both brakes in a turn ispossible although it should be done

Somemotorcycles have integratedbraking systems that activate theront and rear brakes togetherwhen applying the rear brakepedal. (Consult the owners manualor a detailed explanation on theoperation and eective use o thesesystems.)

Turning

Riders oten try to take curves or turnstoo ast. When they cant hold the turn,they end up crossing into another laneo trac or going o the road. Or, they

overreact and brake too hard, causing askid and loss o control. Approach turnsand curves with caution.

Use our steps or better control:

SLOW Reduce speed beore theturn by closing the throttle and, inecessary, applying both brakes.

LOOK Look through the turnto where you want to go. Turn

just your head, not your shoulders,and keep your eyes level with thehorizon.

PRESS To turn, the motorcyclemust lean. To lean the motor-cycle, press on the handgrip inth di ti th t P l t



48/87

In normal turns, the rider and themotorcycle should lean together at thesame angle.

slow, tIGHt turns

When riding, you should:

A. Turn your head and shouldersto look through turns.

B. Keep your arms straight.

C. Keep your knees away romthe gas tank.

D. Turn just your head and eyesto look where you are going.

test yourself 3

Answer - page 41

normal turns

KeePiNg YOUr DiStaNCeThe best protection you can have is

distance a cushion o space allaround your motorcycle. I someone elsemakes a mistake, distance permits you:

Timetoreact.

Spacetomaneuver.

Lane Positions

In some ways the size o themotorcycle can work to your advantage.Each trac lane gives a motorcyclethree paths o travel, as indicated in theillustration.

Your lane position should:

In slow, tight turns, counterbalance byleaning the motorcycle only and keepingyour body straight.

13


49/87

In general, there is no single bestposition or riders to be seen and tomaintain a space cushion around themotorcycle. No portion o the lane needbe avoided including the center.

Position yoursel in the portion othe lane where you are most likely tobe seen and you can maintain a space

cushion around you. Change positionas trac situations change. Ride in path2 or 3 i vehicles and other potentialproblems are on your let only. Remainin path 1 or 2 i hazards are on your

Following Another Vehicle

Following too closely could be aactor in crashes involving motorcyclists.In trac, motorcycles need as muchdistance to stop as cars. Normally, aminimum of two seconds distanceshould be maintained behind the vehicleahead.

To gauge your ollowing distance:

Pickoutamarker, such as apavement marking or lamppost, onor near the road ahead

lane PosItIons



50/87

than normal to stop. I the pavementis slippery, i you cannot see throughthe vehicle ahead, or i trac is heavyand someone may squeeze in ront oyou, open up a three-second or moreollowing distance.

Keep well behind the vehicle aheadeven when you are stopped. This will

make it easier to get out o the wayi someone bears down on you rombehind. It will also give you a cushion ospace i the vehicle ahead starts to backup or some reason

Being Followed

Speeding up to lose someoneollowing too closely only ends up withsomeone tailgating you at a higherspeed.

A better way to handle tailgatersis to get them in ront o you. Whensomeone is ollowing too closely,change lanes and let them pass. I youcant do this, slow down and open upextra space ahead o you to allow roomor both you and the tailgater to stop.

followInG

15


51/87

Passing

1 Ride in the left portion o thelane at a sae ollowing distanceto increase your line o sight andmake you more visible. Signaland check or oncoming trac.Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look or trac behind.

2.Whensafe, move into the letlane and accelerate. Select a laneposition that doesnt crowd thecar you are passing and providesspace to avoid hazards in yourlane.

3 Ride through the blind spot asquickly as possible.

4.Signalagain, and completemirror and headchecks beorereturning to your original laneand then cancel the signal.

Remember,passesmustbecompleted within posted speedlimits,andonlywherepermitted.Know your signs and road markings!

Being Passed

When you are being passed rombehind or by an oncoming vehicle,stay in the center portion o your lane.Riding any closer to them could put youin a hazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:

Theothervehicle A slightmistake by you or the passing drivercould cause a sideswipe.

Extendedmirrors Some driversorget that their mirrors hang outarther than their enders.

Objectsthrownfromwindows Even i the driver knows yourethere, a passenger may not see youand might toss something on you orthe road ahead o you.

Blastsofwindfromlargervehicles They can aect yourcontrol. You have more room orerror i you are in the middle portionwhen hit by this blast than i youare on either side othe lane.

Do not move into the portion o thelane arthest rom the passing vehicle. It

might invite the other driver to cut backinto your lane too early.

PassInG beInG PasseD



52/87

Lane Sharing

Cars and motorcycles need a ull laneto operate saely. Lane sharing is usuallyprohibited.

Riding between rows o stopped ormoving cars in the same lane can leaveyou vulnerable to the unexpected. A

hand could come out o a window;a door could open; a car could turnsuddenly. Discourage lane sharing byothers. Keep a center-portion positionwhenever drivers might be temptedto squeeze by you. Drivers are most

tempted to do this:Inheavy, bumper-to-bumper

trac.

Whenthey want to pass you.

Whenyou are preparing to turn atan intersection.

Whenyou are moving into an exitlane or leaving a highway.

Merging Cars

Drivers on an entrance ramp maynot see you on the highway. Give them

plenty o room. Change to another lanei one is open. I there is no room or alane change, adjust speed to open upspace or the merging driver.

Cars Alongside

Do not ride next to cars or trucks inother lanes i you do not have to. You

might be in the blind spot o a car in thenext lane, which could switch into yourlane without warning. Cars in the nextlane also block your escape i you comeupon danger in your own lane. Speedup or drop back to nd a place clear o

trac on both sides.

merGInG

blInD sPots

17


53/87

See

Good experienced riders remainaware o what is going on around them.They improve their riding strategy byusing MSFs SEESM strategy, a three-step process used to make appropriate

judgments, and apply them correctly in

dierent trac situations:Search

Evaluate

Execute

Lets examine each o these steps.

Search

Search aggressively ahead, to thesides and behind to avoid potentialhazards even beore they arise. Howassertively you search, and how muchtime and space you have, can eliminateor reduce harm. Focus even more onnding potential escape routes in oraround intersections, shopping areasand school and construction zones.

Search or actors such as:

Oncomingtrafc that may turnlet in ront o you.

Trafccoming rom the let andright

Roadandsurfacecharacteristics Potholes, guardrails, bridges,telephone poles and trees wontmove into your path but mayinfuence your riding strategy.

Trafccontroldevices Look ortrac signals, including regulatorysigns, warning signs, and pavementmarkings, to help you evaluatecircumstances ahead.

Vehiclesandothertrafc Maymove into your path and increasethe likelihood o a crash.

Think about your time and spacerequirements in order to maintaina margin o saety. You must leaveyoursel time to react i an emergencyarises.

Execute

Carry out your decision.

To create more space and minimizeharm rom any hazard:

Communicate your presence withlights and/or horn.

Adjustyourspeed by accelerating,stopping or slowing.

Adjustyourposition and/or



54/87

iNterSeCtiONS

The greatest potential or confictbetween you and other trac is atintersections. An intersection can bein the middle o an urban area or ata driveway on a residential street anywhere trac may cross your path o

travel. Over one-hal o motorcycle/carcrashes are caused by drivers entering ariders right-o-way. Cars that turn let inront o you, including cars turning letrom the lane to your right, and cars onside streets that pull into your lane, arethe biggest dangers. Your use o SEE[p. 17] at intersections is critical.

There are no guarantees thatothers see you. Never count on eyecontact as a sign that a driver willyield. Too oten, a driver looks right at amotorcyclist and still ails to see himor her. The only eyes that you can counton are your own. I a car can enter yourpath, assume that it will. Good ridersare always looking or trouble notto get into it, but to stay out o it.

Increase your chances o beingseen at intersections. Ride with yourheadlight on and in a lane position thatprovides the best view o oncomingtrac Provide a space cushion around

To reduce your reaction time, youshould:

A. Ride slower than the speedlimit.

B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.

C. Shit into neutral when slowing.D. Pull in the clutch when turning.

In potential high-risk areas, such asintersections, shopping areas and schooland construction zones, cover the clutchand both brakes to reduce the time youneed to react.

test yourself 5

Answer - page 41

19


55/87

When approaching an intersectionwhere a vehicle driver is preparing tocross your path, slow down and selecta lane position to increase your visibiityto that driver. Cover the clutch lever andboth brakes to reduce reaction time. Asyou enter the intersection, move awayrom the vehicle. Do not change speedor position radically as drivers might

In this picture, the rider has moved tothe let portion o the lane awayrom the parked car so the driver onthe cross street can see him as soon aspossible.

Remember, the key is to see as muchas possible and remain visible to otherswhile protecting your space.

larGe IntersectIons



56/87

I you have a stop sign or stop line,stop there rst. Then edge orwardand stop again, just short o where thecross-trac lane meets your lane. Fromthat position, lean your body orwardand look around buildings, parked carsor bushes to see i anything is coming.Just make sure your ront wheel stays

out o the cross lane o travel whileyoure looking.

Passing Parked Cars

When passing parked cars, staytoward the let o your lane. You

can avoid problems caused by doorsopening, drivers getting out o carsor people stepping rom betweencars. I oncoming trac is present, it

checking or trac behind. Even i hedoes look, he may ail to see you.

In either event, the driver might cut

into your path. Slow down or changelanes to make room or someonecutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn arethe most dangerous. They may cutyou o entirely, blocking the whole

roadway and leaving you with noplace to go. Since you cant tell what adriver will do, slow down and get thedrivers attention. Sound your horn andcontinue with caution.

Parking at the RoadsideI parking in a parallel parking space

next to a curb, position the motorcycleat an angle with the rear wheel to the

stoP sIGns ParkeD cars

21


57/87

iNCreaSiNg

CONSPiCUitYIn crashes with motorcyclists, drivers

oten say that they never saw themotorcycle. From ahead or behind, amotorcycles outline is much smallerthan a cars. Also, its hard to see

something you are not looking or,and most drivers are not looking ormotorcycles. More likely, they arelooking through the skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search o cars thatmay pose a problem to them.

Even i a driver does see you coming,you arent necessarily sae. Smallervehicles appear arther away and seemto be traveling slower than they actuallyare. It is common or drivers to pull outin ront o motorcyclists, thinking they

have plenty o time. Too oten, they arewrong.

However, you can do many things tomake it easier or others to recognizeyou and your motorcycle.

Clothing

Most crashes occur in broad daylight.Wear bright-colored clothing to increaseyour chances o being seen. Remember,

b d h l h bl

coming rom the side to spot you.Refective material can also be a big helpor drivers coming toward you or rombehind.

Headlight

The best way to help others see yourmotorcycle is to keep the headlight on

at all times (new motorcycles soldin the USA since 1978 automaticallyhave the headlights on when running).Studies show that, during the day, amotorcycle with its light on is twice aslikely to be noticed. Use low beam at

night and in og.Signals

The signals on a motorcycle are similarto those on a car. They tell others whatyou plan to do.

sIGnalInG



58/87

However, due to a riders addedvulnerability, signals are even moreimportant. Use them anytime you planto change lanes or turn. Use them evenwhen you think no one else is around.Its the car you dont see thats going togive you the most trouble. Your signallights also make you easier to spot.

Thats why its a good idea to use yourturn signals even when what you planto do is obvious.

When you enter a reeway, driversapproaching rom behind are more likelyto see your signal blinking and make

room or you.

Turning your signal light on beoreeach turn reduces conusion andrustration or the trac around you.Once you turn, make sure your signal iso or a driver may pull directly into your

path, thinking you plan to turn again.Use your signals at every turn so driverscan react accordingly. Dont make themguess what you intend to do.

Brake Light

Your motorcycles brake light is usuallynot as noticeable as the brake lights ona car particularly when your taillightis on. (It goes on with the headlight.)

Youslowwhere others may notexpect it (in the middle o a block orat an alley).

I you are being ollowed closely, itsa good idea to fash your brake lightbeore you slow. The tailgater may bewatching you and not see somethingahead that will make you slow down.This will hopeully discourage them romtailgating and warn them o hazardsahead they may not see.

Using Your Mirrors

While its most important to keep

track o whats happening ahead, youcant aord to ignore situations behind.Trac conditions change quickly.Knowing whats going on behind isessential or you to make a sae decisionabout how to handle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks should be parto your normal searching routine. Makea special point o using your mirrors:

Whenyouarestopped at anintersection. Watch cars coming uprom behind. I the drivers arent

paying attention, they could be ontop o you beore they see you.

Beforeyouchangelanes.Makei b t t

23


59/87

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide a widerview o the road behind than do fatmirrors. They also make cars seemarther away than they really are. Iyou are not used to convex mirrors,get amiliar with them. (While you are

stopped, pick out a parked car in yourirror For a ental iage o how

usInG mIrrorsHead Checks

Checking your mirrors is not enough.Motorcycles have blind spots likecars. Beore you change lanes, turn yourhead, and look to the side or othervehicles.

On a road with several lanes, check

the ar lane and the one next to you. Adriver in the distant lane may head orthe same space you plan to take.

Frequent head checks should beyour normal scanning routine, also.Only by knowing what is happening

all around you are you ully preparedto deal with it.

Horn

Be ready to use your horn to getsomeones attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quick beepbeore passing anyone that may moveinto your lane.

Here are soe situations:

Adriver in the lane next to you

is driving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

Aparkedcar has someone in thedrivers seat.


Riding at Night CraSh aVOiDaNCe


60/87

Riding at Night

At night it is harder or you to seeand be seen. Picking your headlightor taillight out o the car lights aroundyou is not easy or other drivers. Tocompensate, you should:

ReduceYourSpeed Ride evenslower than you would during theday particularly on roads youdont know well. This will increaseyour chances o avoiding a hazard.

IncreaseDistance Distancesare harder to judge at night thanduring the day. Your eyes rely upon

shadows and light contrasts todetermine how ar away an objectis and how ast it is coming. Thesecontrasts are missing or distortedunder articial lights at night.Open up a three-second ollowingdistance or more. And allow more

distance to pass and be passed.UsetheCarAhead The

headlights o the car ahead can giveyou a better view o the road thaneven your high beam can. Taillightsbouncing up and down can alertyou to bumps or rough pavement.

UseYourHighBeam Get all thelight you can. Use your high beamwhenever you are not ollowingor meeting a car Be visible: Wear

CraSh aVOiDaNCe

No matter how careul you are, therewill be times when you nd yoursel in atight spot. Your chances o getting outsaely depend on your ability to reactquickly and properly. Oten, a crashoccurs because a rider is not prepared orskilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop orswerve, two skills critical in avoidinga crash. It is not always desirable orpossible to stop quickly to avoid anobstacle. Riders must also be able toswerve around an obstacle. Deter-mining which skill is necessary or thesituation is important as well.

Studies show that ost crash-involved riders:

Underbrake the ront tire and

overbrake the rear.Didnot separate braking rom

swerving or did not chooseswerving when it was appropriate.

The ollowing inormation oerssome good advice.

Quick Stops

To stop quickly, apply both brakesat the same time. Dont be shy about

25

straight and maximum brake pressure


61/87

Always use both brakes at the sametime to stop. The ront brake can

provide 70% or more o the potentialstopping power.

I you must stop quickly while turningor riding a curve, the best technique isto straighten the bike upright rst andthen brake. However, it may not always

be possible to straighten the motorcycleand then stop. I you must brake whileleaning, apply light brakes and reducethe throttle. As you slow, you canreduce your lean angle and apply morebrake pressure until the motorcycle is

straight and maximum brake pressureis possible. You should straighten

the handlebars in the last ew eet ostopping. The motorcycle should thenbe straight up and in balance.

Swerving or Turning Quickly

Sometimes you may not have enough

room to stop, even i you use bothbrakes properly. An object might appearsuddenly in your path. Or the car aheadmight squeal to a stop. The only way toavoid a crash may be to turn quickly, orswerve around it.

A swerve is any sudden change indirection. It can be two quick turns, ora rapid shit to the side. Apply a smallamount o pressure to the handgriplocated on the side o your intendeddirection o escape. This will cause themotorcycle to lean quickly. The sharperthe turn(s), the more the motorcyclemust lean.

Keep your body upright and allowthe motorcycle to lean in the directiono the turn while keeping your knees

stoPPInG DIstance

swerve, tHen brake brake, tHen swerve


against the tank and your eet solidly on Cornering


62/87

against the tank and your eet solidly onthe ootrests. Let the motorcycle move

underneath you. Make your escaperoute the target o your vision. Presson the opposite handgrip once youclear the obstacle to return you to youroriginal direction o travel. To swerve tothe let, press the let handgrip, then

press the right to recover. To swerve tothe right, press right, then let.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, SEPARATEIT FROM SWERVING. Brake beore orater never while swerving.

Cornering

A primary cause o single-vehiclecrashes is motorcyclists running wide ina curve or turn and colliding with theroadway or a xed object.

Every curve is dierent. Be alert towhether a curve remains constant,

gradually widens, gets tighter orinvolves multiple turns.

Ride within your skill level and postedspeed limits.

Your best path may not always ollowthe curve o the road.

constant curves multIPle curves

27

Change lane position depending on haNDLiNg DaNgerOUS


63/87

Change lane position depending ontrac, road conditions and curve o

the road. I no trac is present, start atthe outside o a curve to increase yourline o sight and the eective radius othe turn. As you turn, move toward theinside o the curve, and as you pass thecenter, move to the outside to exit.

Another alternative is to move to thecenter o your lane beore entering acurve and stay there until you exit.This permits you to spot approachingtrac as soon as possible. You can alsoadjust or trac crowding the center

line, or debris blocking part o your lane.

haNDLiNg DaNgerOUS

SUrFaCeSYour chance o alling or being

involved in a crash increases wheneveryou ride across:

Unevensurfacesorobstacles.

Slipperysurfaces.

Railroadtracks.

Groovesandgratings.

Uneven Surfaces andObstacles

Watch or uneven suraces such asbumps, broken pavement, potholes orsmall pieces o highway trash.

Try to avoid obstacles by slowing orgoing around them. I you must goover the obstacle, rst determine i it is

possible. Approach it at as close to a 90angle as possible. Look where you wantto go to control your path o travel. Iyou have to ride over the obstacle, youshould:

Slowdown as much as possible

beore contact.Makesure the motorcycle is

straight.

The best way to stop quickly is to:

A. Use the ront brake only.

B. Use the rear brake rst.

C. Throttle down and use the ront

brake.D. Use both brakes at the same time.

test yourself 8

Answer - page 41


Rise slightly o the seat with your lever gradually to avoid locking the


64/87

Riseslightly o the seat with yourweight on the ootrests to absorb

the shock with your knees andelbows, and avoid being thrown othe motorcycle.

Justbeforecontact, roll on thethrottle slightly to lighten the rontend.

I you ride over an object on thestreet, pull o the road and check yourtires and rims or damage beore ridingany arther.

Slippery Surfaces

Motorcycles handle better whenridden on suraces that permit goodtraction. Suraces that provide poortraction include:

Wetpavement, particularly justater it starts to rain and beore

surace oil washes to the side o theroad.

Gravelroads, or where sand andgravel collect.

Mud,leaves,snow,andice.

Lanemarkings(paintedlines),

steel plates and manhole covers,especially when wet.

To ride saely on slippery suraces:

R d S d Sl d

lever gradually to avoid locking theront wheel. Remember, gentle

pressure on the rear brake.

Thecenterofalane can behazardous when wet. When it startsto rain, ride in the tire tracks let bycars. Oten, the let tire track willbe the best position, depending on

trac and other road conditions aswell.

Watchforoilspotswhen you putyour oot down to stop or park. Youmay slip and all.

Dirtandgravel collect along the

sides o the road especially oncurves and ramps leading to androm highways. Be aware o whatson the edge o the road, particularlywhen making sharp turns andgetting on or o reeways at highspeeds.

Raindriesandsnowmeltsfasteron some sections o a road thanon others. Patches o ice tend todevelop in low or shaded areas andon bridges and overpasses. Wetsuraces or wet leaves are just asslippery. Ride on the least slippery

portion o the lane and reducespeed.

Cautious riders steer clear o roadscovered with ice or snow I you cant

29

For track and road seams that run


65/87

RailroadTracks,TrolleyTracksand Pavement Seams

Usually it is saer to ride straight withinyour lane to cross tracks. Turning to taketracks head-on (at a 90 angle) can bemore dangerous your path may carryyou into another lane o trac.

crosstracksrIGHt

crosstrackswronG

Parallel tracksrIGHt

Grate crossInGsrIGHt

Grate crossInGswronG

For track and road seams that runparallel to your course, move ar enough

away rom tracks, ruts, or pavementseams to cross at an angle o at least45. Then, make a deliberate turn.Edging across could catch your tires andthrow you o balance.

Grooves and Gratings

Riding over rain grooves or bridgegratings may cause a motorcycle toweave. The uneasy, wandering eeling isgenerally not hazardous. Relax, maintaina steady speed and ride straight across.Crossing at an angle orces riders tozigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is

ar more hazardous than the wanderingeeling.


MeChaNiCaL PrOBLeMS Stuck Throttle


66/87

MeChaNiCaL PrOBLeMS

You can nd yoursel in an emergencythe moment something goes wrongwith your motorcycle. In dealing withany mechanical problem, take intoaccount the road and trac conditionsyou ace. Here are some guidelinesthat can help you handle mechanicalproblems saely.

Tire Failure

You will seldom hear a tire go fat.I the motorcycle starts handlingdierently, it may be a tire ailure. This

can be dangerous. You must be able totell rom the way the motorcycle reacts.I one o your tires suddenly loses air,react quickly to keep your balance. Pullo and check the tires.

I the ront tire goes fat, the steering

will eel heavy. A ront-wheel fat isparticularly hazardous because it aectsyour steering. You have to steer well tokeep your balance.

I the rear tire goes fat, the back othe motorcycle may jerk or sway romside to side.

I either tire goes fat while riding:

Hold handgrips rmly ease o the

Stuck Throttle

Twist the throttle back and orthseveral times. I the throttle cable isstuck, this may ree it. I the throttlestays stuck, immediately operate theengine cut-o switch and pull in theclutch at the same time. This will removepower rom the rear wheel, thoughengine sound may not immediatelydecline. Once the motorcycle is undercontrol, pull o and stop.

Ater you have stopped, check thethrottle cable careully to nd the sourceo the trouble. Make certain the throttleworks reely beore you start to rideagain.

Wobble

A wobble occurs when the rontwheel and handlebars suddenly start

to shake rom side to side at anyspeed. Most wobbles can be traced toimproper loading, unsuitable accessoriesor incorrect tire pressure. I you arecarrying a heavy load, lighten it. I youcant, shit it. Center the weight lower

and arther orward on the motorcycle.Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks and dampers are at thesettings recommended or that much

31

Trying to accelerate out o a Engine Seizure


67/87

y gwobble will only make the motorcycle

more unstable. Instead:

Gripthehandlebarsrmly, butdont ght the wobble.

Closethethrottlegraduallyto slow down. Do not apply thebrakes; braking could make the

wobble worse.

Moveyourweight as ar orwardand down as possible.

Pullofftheroad as soon as youcan to x the problem.

I your motorcycle starts to wobble:

A. Accelerate out o the wobble.

B. Use the brakes gradually.

C. Grip the handlebars rmly and closethe throttle gradually.

D. Downshit.

test yourself 10

Drive Train Problems

The drive train or a motorcycle useseither a chain, belt, or drive shat totranser power rom the engine tothe rear wheel. Routine inspection,adjustment and maintenance makes

Engine Seizure

When the engine locks orreezes it is usually low on oil. Theengines moving parts cant movesmoothly against each other, and theengine overheats. The rst sign may bea loss o engine power or a change inthe engines sound. Squeeze the clutchlever to disengage the engine rom therear wheel. Pull o the road and stop.Check the oil. I needed, oil should beadded as soon as possible or the enginewill seize. When this happens, the eectis the same as a locked rear wheel. Let

the engine cool beore restarting.

aNiMaLS

Naturally, you should do everythingyou saely can to avoid hitting ananimal. I you are in trac, however,

remain in your lane. Hitting somethingsmall is less dangerous to you thanhitting something big like a car.

Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. Iyou are chased, downshit and approachthe animal slowly. As you approach it,

accelerate away and leave the animalbehind. Dont kick at an animal. Keepcontrol o your motorcycle and look towhere you want to go.

Answer - page 41


FLYiNg OBJeCtS CarrYiNg PaSSeNgerS


68/87

FLYiNg OBJeCtS

From time to time riders are struckby insects, cigarettes thrown rom carsor pebbles kicked up by the tires othe vehicle ahead. I you are wearingace protection, it might get smearedor cracked, making it dicult to see.Without ace protection, an objectcould hit you in the eye, ace or mouth.Whatever happens, keep your eyeson the road and your hands on thehandlebars. When sae, pull o the roadand repair the damage.

gettiNg OFF the rOaDI you need to leave the road to check

the motorcycle (or just to rest or awhile), be sure you:

Checktheroadside Make surethe surace o the roadside is rm

enough to ride on. I it is sot grass,loose sand or i youre just not sureabout it, slow way down beore youturn onto it.

Signal Drivers behind might notexpect you to slow down. Give a

clear signal that you will be slowingdown and changing direction.Check your mirror and make a headcheck beore you take any action.

CarrYiNg PaSSeNgerS

aND CargO

Only experienced riders should carrypassengers or large loads. The extraweight changes the way the motorcyclehandles, balances, speeds up and slowsdown. Beore taking a passenger or a

heavy load on the street, practice awayrom trac.

Equipment

To carry passengers saely:

Equipandadjustyour motorcycle

to carry passengers.Instructthepassengerbeore you

start.

Adjustyourriding technique orthe added weight.

Equipent should include:

Aproperseat large enough tohold both o you without crowding.You should not sit any artherorward than you usually do.

Footrests or the passenger.Firm ooting prevents your

passenger rom alling o andpulling you o, too.

Protectiveequipment the sameprotective gear recommended or

33

Instructing Passengers Ridealittleslower, especially


69/87

Even i your passenger is a motorcyclerider, provide complete instructionsbeore you start. Tell your passenger to:

Geton the motorc

vermont motorcycle manual 2011

Documents