veterinary investigation guide on mammary gland … · jean-philippe roy dmv, m.sc. canadian bovine...
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VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND HEALTHFarm
Phone
Address
Postal code
Breed
Date
Veterinarian
Authors: Simon Dufour DMV, Ph.D. candidate
Luc DesCôteaux DMV, M.Sc., ABVP Dipl. (Dairy)
Jean-Philippe Roy DMV, M.Sc.
Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte,
St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6
Collaborators: Jérôme Carrier, DMV, M.Sc., Ph.D., Association des Médecins Vétérinaires Praticiens du Québec
Guy Séguin, P. Eng., Dairy Farmers of Ontario
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1. Review of procedures performed during milking (milking visit)
1.1 Items to verify during milking
1.1.1 Milking system
Type of system:• Milking parlour yes no
• Pipeline yes no
Pipeline diameter:
End of milking indicator yes no
Automatic takeoff device yes no
Number of milking units:
Number of active units per slope:
Milk forms slugs in the pipeline(splashing visible in receiver jar) yes no
1.1.2 Cow preparation
Milkers wear gloves during milking yes no
Milkers wash their hands or gloves during milking yes no
Milker fore strip each teat yes no
Foremilk is checked for abnormalities yes no
Foremilk is stripped:• Into a strip cup yes no
• On the floor where the cow is standing yes no
• In the hands of the milker yes no
• In the gutter yes no
• Other:
Use of a pre-milking teat dip before milking yes no
• Product used:
• The product has a DIN code (approved product). yes no
Application method:
• Dipping yes no
• Spraying yes no
• Foam yes no
• At least 2/3 of the teat is covered by the teat dip. yes no
• Wait at least 30 seconds before wiping teat. yes no
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All teats were cleaned prior to milking. yes no
Cleaning method:
• Dry wipe yes no
• Teat dip before milking yes no
• Cleaned with water yes no
• Water with disinfectant yes no
• Alcohol pad (ex: Ready-wipe) yes no
• Other:
The water used is clean and hot yes no
Use of single service paper towels yes no
Use of reusable cloth towels yes no
Same towel used to dry the teats of different cows during the same milking. yes no
Teats dried before attaching milking yes no
Teats and teat ends are clean yes no
Unit attached between 60 and 90 seconds after first stimulation. yes no
Teat cleaning effectiveness test:
After teat preparation, just before attaching the milking unit, scrub the teat end with
an alcohol pad.
1 Clean
(no teat dip solutionor manure)
2 Clean
(teat dip solution, no manure)
3Dirty
(traces of manure on teat)
4Very dirty
(teat is covered with manure)
Acceptable preparation Inadequate preparation
Note! Presence of the evaluator may strongly impact results!
1.1.3 Handling milking units
Units are attached with little air loss. yes no
Units are aligned with the udder. yes no
Hoses are supported. yes no
One operator is responsible: units
Slipping or squawking teat cups are corrected within 20 seconds. yes no
Units are removed quickly once milk flow stops. yes no
Vacuum is shut off at the claw prior to removing the unit. yes no
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1.1.4 Milking techniques
Most cows are milked between 5 to 7 minutes. yes no
The udder is rarely massaged to milk out the cow. yes no
The claw is rarely handled to milk out the cow. yes no
Use of a post-milking teat dip immediately after milking unit is removed. yes no
• Product used:
• The product has a DIN code (approved product) yes no
Application method:
• Dipping yes no
• Spraying yes no
• At least 2/3 of the teat is covered by the teat dip. yes no
Cows under treatment are clearly identified. yes no
Cows treated for mastitis are milked last. yes no
Milking units are disinfected correctly (see Appendix 1) after milking infected cows.
yes no
Comments about the milking techniques observed:
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Preparation
time
Teat
stimulation
time
Pre-milking
teat dip
application
time
60 - 90 s
> 15 s
> 30 s
5 - 7 min
~1 kg / min
Milking
time
Flow
rate at
removal
Farm
:#
of m
ilker
s:Pr
e-m
ilkin
g pr
oced
ures
use
d:
Her
d si
ze:
# of
milk
ing
units
:Pr
e-m
ilkin
g te
at d
ip a
pplic
atio
n
Milk
ing
frequ
ency
(circ
le):
2x
3xTe
at d
ip p
rodu
ct(s
):Fo
rest
rippi
ng
Type
of m
ilkin
g sy
stem
: Pr
e-m
ilkin
g:
Clea
ning
Post
-milk
ing:
Dry
ing
teat
s
Asse
ssm
ent a
nd a
naly
sis
of m
ilkin
g ro
utin
e w
ith L
ACTO
CORD
ER®
LACTOC
ORDE
R®Pre-milking procedures (com
plete b
elow
)Un
itattach-
ment
Unit
removal
Comments (double letdown
peaks, low flow
, etc.)
Goals
Timing
Sourc
e:
Corn
ell
Univ
ers
ity,
adapte
d b
y J
odi W
alla
ce,
DM
V,
Orm
sto
wn V
ete
rinary
Hospital, a
nd b
y J
ean-P
hili
ppe R
oy,
DM
V,
Univ
ers
ité d
e M
ontr
éal
Cow #
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1.2 Additional questions for the producer after milking
1.2.1 Milkers
How many different attendants milk the cows on your farm?
Do all milkers always use the same milking technique? yes no
Do you have a written milking procedure posted for all milkers? yes no
How often are milkers on your farm trained? times/year
Milkers have:• Attended a course on mastitis yes no
• Read about mastitis control yes no
1.2.2 Equipment
How often do you clean the teat dip container? times/week
If reusable cloth towels are used, are they washed correctly (see Appendix 2) after every milking? yes no
What is the pulsation rate of milking units?
If automatic take-offs are used, at what milk flow are they set? kg/min
When (date) was the last complete verification of your milking system performed?
Do you have a written copy of the verification report? yes no
Teat cups are replaced:
• Every day(s) or every milking(s)
Manufacturer’s recommendation for teat cup replacement:
• Every day(s) or every milking(s)
1.2.3 Milking sequence and culling
Do you milk cows that have clinical mastitis (e.g.: clots in milk, abnormal milk, etc.) last or with a designated milking unit? yes no
Do you milk cows that have a chronic infection (e.g.: Staph. aureus) last or with a designated milking unit? yes no
Do you visually mark cows that must be milked last? yes no
Are chronic intramammary infections (e.g.: Staph. aureus) an important factor in culling decisions for your herd? yes no
Number Number
Number Number
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1.3 Assessment of teat condition
Use illustrated fact sheets:
• Teat Abnormalities
• Teat Condition Evaluation Table
Milking Section – Comments and items requiring attention
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2. Analysis and Maintenance of the milking system
Dealers who supply milking equipment can conduct a complete analysis and adjustment of the systemthey install. You should make sure that a detailed written report is prepared following an analysis. Askto see the written report as needed.
In Quebec, milking system analysis can be conducted by an independent agency such as Valacta. TheVerification of Milking Equipment and Methods (VMEM) service offers an analysis of milking equip-ment performances against guidelines established by the National Mastitis Council (NMC). They canalso conduct a thorough evaluation of the milking routine to detect possible deficiencies. In theAtlantic Provinces, private advisors and producer associations offer equipment analysis and milkingmanagement services.In other provinces, analysis services are conducted by the respective producerassociations, veterinarians, independent milking equipment specialists, or a combination of serviceproviders.
Inspection of the milking equipment should include the following components:
• Pulsation;• Vacuum regulator response and effectiveness;• Vacuum reserve capacity;• Air consumption of claws and pulsators, air leaks;• Pith of milkline;• Measurement of claw vacuum during milking• Measurement of claw vacuum fluctuations;• Vacuum variations in the milkline and pulsation line.
Milking system section – Comments and items requiring attention
(Include detailed verification report)
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3. Treatments and monitoring
3.1 Treating lactating cows
How many cows have had an episode of clinical mastitis during:• The last month?
• The last year?
What proportion of mastitis cases (abnormal milk) do you take milk samples for culturing prior to initiating treatment? %
What proportion of cows with mastitis (abnormal milk) is treated with antibiotics? %
What product do you first use to treat mastitis?
How often and for how many days do you usually treat infected quarters?
Frequency: Number of days:
How many tubes of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis have you purchased over the last 12 months?
Do you clean and dry the teats before infusing antibiotics? yes no
Do you disinfect the teat end with an alcohol pad before infusing antibiotics? yes no
Do you use the partial insertion method (short cannula)? yes no
Do you apply a teat dip after infusing antibiotics? yes no
Do you have written records for:• All mastitis cases? yes no
• The cows and quarters that were treated? yes no
• The products used? yes no
3.2 Treating dry cows
Cows are dried off:• Abruptly yes no
• By intermittent milking yes no
Over how many days?
What proportion of cows do you treat with antibiotics at drying off? %
If you do not treat all dry cows, how do you select those that will be treated?• Positive CMT yes no
• High SCC yes no
• Clinical mastitis yes no
• Other:
�9
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What product do you use as an antibiotics infusion at dry off?
Do you clean and dry the teats before infusing antibiotics? yes no
Do you disinfect the teat end with an alcohol pad before infusing antibiotics? yes no
Do you use the partial insertion method (short cannula)? yes no
What proportion of cows receives teat sealant at dry off? %
Do you apply a teat dip after infusing antibiotics and/of and/of applying a teat sealant? yes no
Are dry cows visually marked and/or segregated from lactating cows? yes no
Do you have written records for the date of treatment and the products used? yes no
3.3 Monitoring udder health
How often do you check the SCC report of individual cows?• Every month, the same day I receive my report. yes no
• Every month, as soon as I have some time to do it. yes no
• When I have mastitis problems. yes no
• Never check the report yes no
• Other:
Do you use the CMT (California Mastitis Test) on a regular basis to detect subclinical mastitis? yes no
Do you take milk samples for bacterial culture from:• All cows at the beginning of lactation? yes no
•Cows that have a positive CMT result? yes no
• Cows exceeding a SCC threshold (e.g.: 200,000)? yes no
Do you have written records of milk culture and/or CMT results? yes no
Do you take regular samples from your bulk tank for bacterial culture? yes no
Over the past year, referring to your milk pay, what was:The somatic cell count (SCC):
• Average for the year • Maximum for the year
The total bacteria count:
• Average for the year • Maximum for the year
The number of:
• Notifications • Penalties
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Treatments and monitoring section – Comments and items requiring attention
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4. Review of the environment
4.1. Cow cleanliness assessmentUse the illustrated factsheet
4.2. Housing condition assessmentUse the Housing condition assessment questionnaire(TACTIC Veterinary Kit, Udder Health, Segment 5 – Resistance and transition period.)
Environment section – Comments and items requiring attention
Housing Condition Assessment questionnaire
SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
* See stall dimensions and recommended distance for electric trainers on page 18.
Dimension of stalls (free-stall housing)
cm or in Heifers near Post-Partum Early Mid/end of calving Standard* Dry Transition (0-15 DIM ) lactation lactation Standard*
Width
Length up to adjustable rail
Height of adjustable rail
* See stall dimensions on page 19.
Dimension of stalls (tie-stall housing)
cm or in Heifers near Post-Partum Early Mid/end of calving Standard* Dry Transition (0-15 DIM ) lactation lactation Standard*
Width
Length up to tie-rail
Height of tie-rail
Lengthof neck chain
Presence of electric trainers: Yes No If yes, distance forward of the gutter curb: _____ cm or in.
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e Mastitis Research Network
www.mast i t isnetwork .org TACTIC Udder Health | Veterinary Kit
SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
Bedded pack pens*:Square feet per cow: ________
Calving pens*:Square feet per cow: ________
*standard: minimum 125 ft2 per cow (Dairy Practices Council, 2009, Guidelines for Planning Dairy Freestall Barns, USA)
Free-stall housing: Are there more animals than stalls for... heifers near calving? Yes No Specify _______________
dry cows? Yes No Specify _______________
cows in transition? Yes No Specify _______________
post-partum cows (0-15 DIM)? Yes No Specify _______________
cows in early lactation (>15 DIM)? Yes No Specify _______________
cows in mid/end of lactation? Yes No Specify _______________
Number of rows of stalls per feed bunkHeifers near calving 1 2 3 Other______
Dry cows 1 2 3 Other______
Cows in transition 1 2 3 Other______
Post-partum cows 1 2 3 Other______
Lactating cows 1 2 3 Other______
Type of tie-stall floorSand Concrete Rubber mat Mattress
Type of free-stall floorSand Concrete Rubber mat Mattress
Type of beddingStraw Wood shavings Sawdust Sand Other__________________
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e Mastitis Research Network
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SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
Cleaning frequency of tie-stalls or free-stallsHeifers about or near calving X per day
Dry cows X per day
Cows in transition X per day
Post-partum cows X per day
Lactating cows X per day
Cleaning frequency of bedding pack areasX per day
Cleaning frequency of feed bunk area Inside X per day
Outside X per day
Cleaning frequency of alleywaysX per day Cows in the pen during cleaning? Yes No
Type of surface on alleywaysGrooved Smooth Other______________________
VentilationHeifers Natural Forced transverse Tunnel Other______________________
Cows Natural Forced transverse Tunnel Other______________________
PastureGeneral condition Dry Muddy
Area around water trough Dry Muddy
Area around feed bunks Dry Muddy
Shaded and covered areas Acceptable Non acceptable© 20
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e Mastitis Research Network
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SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
Stall dimension for cows (tie-stall housing)4
Dimension of stalls*Weight of Length up to tie-rail Width Height of tie-rail
Breed animals (kg) m (in.) m (in.) m (in.)
Holstein 515 2.10 (83) 1.23 (48) 1.09 (43)
590 2.10 (83) 1.29 (51) 1.10 (43)
635 2.13 (84) 1.37 (54) 1.17 (46)
725 2.18 (86) 1.45 (57) 1.22 (48)
815 2.28 (90) 1.52 (60) 1.27 (50)
Ayrshire 450 1.66 (65) 1.17 (46) 1.04 (41)
510 1.68 (66) 1.23 (48) 1.05 (41)
575 1.73 (68) 1.30 (51) 1.09 (43)
650 1.77 (70) 1.37 (54) 1.14 (45)
700 1.83 (72) 1.45 (57) 1.19 (47)
Jersey 370 1.56 (61) 1.08 (43) 0.98 (38)
415 1.61 (63) 1.12 (44) 1.01 (40)
460 1.60 (63) 1.12 (44) 1.07 (42)
500 1.65 (65) 1.19 (47) 1.12 (44)
550 1.75 (69) 1.27 (50) 1.42 (56)
Length of tie chain: 86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 in.) + snap(must not extend beyond the height of the feed bunkcurb).
Height from tie-rail to water trough: minimum 60 cm (24 in.).
Electric trainers**:
For platforms that are 1.78 - 1.83 m (70 – 72 in.), thetrainer should be 1.22 m (48 in.) (range 1.19 – 1.24 mor 47 – 49 in.) forward of the gutter curb.
For platforms that are 1.57 – 1.68 m (62 – 66 in.), thetrainer should be 1.06 m (42 in.) (range 1.04 – 1.10 mor 41 – 43 in.) forward of the gutter curb.
* Adapted from:
1. CRAAQ, Les bovins laitiers 2008, p. 233-234, Source: Leblanc and Dussault.
2. AAFC, Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Dairy Cattle 2009, Appendices C and D, p. 54-55.
3. Nigel B. Cook MRCVS, 2005, Dimensions and Design Tips for Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
4. Ken Nordlund and Nigel B. Cook, 2008, Flowchart for Evaluating Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
** Neil Anderson, January 2008, Tie Stall Dimensions for Dairy Cows, OMAFRA.See also: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/info_cowbehave.htm
Notes :
1. These standards have been established to promote cow comfort. However, it is possible that animal cleanliness will be more difficult to maintain than in case of reduced dimensions. This effect may be alleviated by implementing frequent cleaning and attention to bedding management.
2. In tie-stall housing, the use of electric trainers may be recommended to foster animal cleanliness.
4 Refer to tie-stall diagrams on page 20.
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e Mastitis Research Network
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SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
Stall dimension for cows (free-stall housing)5
Dimension of stalls *Weight of Length up to neck-rail Width Height of neck-rail
Breed animals (kg) m (in.) m (in.) m (in.)
Holstein 515 1.74 (69) 1.14 (45) 1.22 (48)
590 1.76 (69) 1.22 (48) 1.22 (48)
635 1.78 (70) 1.22 (48) 1.19 (47)
725 1.83 (72) 1.30 (51) 1.24 (49)
815 1.93 (76) 1.37 (54) 1.29 (51)
Ayrshire 450 1.66 (65) 1.09 (43) 1.04 (41)
510 1.68 (66) 1.14 (45) 1.05 (41)
575 1.73 (68) 1.14 (45) 1.12 (44)
650 1.77 (70) 1.22 (48) 1.17 (46)
700 1.83 (72) 1.30 (51) 1.22 (48)
Jersey 370 1.56 (61) 1.02 (40) 0.98 (38)
415 1.61 (63) 1.04 (41) 1.01 (40)
460 1.61 (63) 1.04 (41) 1.09 (43)
500 1.65 (65) 1.04 (41) 1.14 (45)
Note:
These standards have been established to promote cow comfort. However, it is possible that animal cleanliness will be moredifficult to maintain than in case of reduced dimensions. This effect may be alleviated by implementing frequent cleaning andattention to bedding management.
5 Refer to free-stall diagrams on page 20.
*Adapted from:
1. CRAAQ, Guide bovins laitiers 2008, p. 252-253, Source: Leblanc et Dussault.
2. AAFC, Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Dairy Cattle 2009, Appendices C and D, p. 54-55.
3. Nigel B. Cook MRCVS, 2005, Dimensions and Design Tips for Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
4. Ken Nordlund and Nigel B. Cook, 2008, Flowchart for Evaluating Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison
See also: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/info_tsdimen.htm
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SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period
Free-Stall:Not to scale
Tie-Stall: Not to scale
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Source: DFO Udder Health Management Program, January 2003
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5. Summary and Plan of Action
1. Milking
2. Milking Equipment
3. Treatments and Monitoring
4. Environment
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Appendices
1. Milking unit disinfection protocol
After milking a cow with a suspect udder health status, shut off the vacuum and rinse the liners threetimes - one pair at a time - in hot water (85 °C). Make sure the water passes through the liners andreaches the interior of the claw, and drain thoroughly afterwards. Change the water after each rinse.
CAUTION: This technique has proven effective only when performed correctly. Misuse can promotethe propagation of pathogens. Check your milking unit rinsing technique, where applicable.
Note: Some milking parlours are equipped with a back-flushing system to clean out milking unitsbetween groups of cows. This type of system is more reliable than manual rinsing of milking units.
2. Udder cloth towel disinfection
• Include in the washing procedure at least two of the following three steps:
• Machine wash in hot water;
• Use bleach;
• Machine dry at high temperature.
• If you elect to wash in hot water, ensure that the water temperature is at least 70 °C (160 °F).
• Use an efficient high-capacity washing machine.
• Do not exceed the loading capacity of the washing machine, otherwise:
• Towels will not circulate freely in the wash tub when the machine is overloaded, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the wash cycle;
• The rinse water volume will be insufficient to adequately evacuate all organic matter (manure) outside of the machine, thereby compromising the complete disinfection of the fabric.
• Consult a recognized milking product supplier for correct detergent that will be effective and adapted to the water quality on your farm.
• The addition of bleach is an effective method to disinfect towels. However, it can interact with the detergent. Adding bleach during the rinse cycle may also be considered.
• Machine dry towels at high temperature to complete disinfection. A dry towel will absorb the solution used for teat disinfection more readily.
• Ensure that the container used to store towels after washing and drying is clean. An unhygienic storage site may lead to recontamination of towels.
• Clean towels should not smell bad. If they do, review your disinfection procedure.
(Adapted from the TACTIC Veterinary Kit – Udder Health, Segment 4 - Milking)
Teat Abnormalities
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Teat abnormalities visible right AFTER milking
Excessive canal dilationOrifice the size of the tip of a match after milking
Excessive congestionTeat wall thickening and red or blue coloration
Compression ringSwollen circular mark around the base of the teat
HemorrhageAccumulation of blood under the skin
Causes • Excessive vacuum
• Defective pulsator
• Overmilking
• Inadequate or worn teat cup liners
• Hypersensitive teats
Prevention • Regular and complete analysis of the milking system.• Verification of proper milking procedure.
Causes and prevention of abnormalities that are visible AFTER milking
This document may be reproduced in its entirety only, for educational purposes, without obtaining permission, if credit is given to CBMRN.Photo credit: Teat Condition Portfolio (2002) by Eric Hillerton and Nicola Middleton, with permission by NMC.
Teat Condition Evaluation Table
Compression ring Red or blue teat (congestion)Rough ring
Other lesions (hemorrhage/chapping/etc.)Da
te :
Cow ID LF LR RF RR
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
LF LR RF RR
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
LF LR RF RR
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
LF LR RF RR
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
LF LR RF RR
Examine teat condition immediately after the milking unit is removed and before teat dipping.
Record the condition of each teat in the table. If the herd has more than 100 cows, examine 25% of the herd selected at random.
Record the following in the appropriate box: 0 (zero) = normal / 1 = abnormal / No entry = teat not assessed
Farm
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Very rough ring
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Subtotal abnormal
01/0
9/10
Herd result = (total of cows with at least 1 abnormal teat divided by the total of cows examined) X 100
Total
of ab
norm
al tea
ts pe
r qua
rter
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Cow ID LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR
Total of cows with at least 1 teat with very rough ring:
Total of cows with at least 1 teat with compression ring:
Total of cows with at least 1 red orblue teat:
Total of cows with at least 1 type of teat lesion:
Standard
< 10%Standard
< 10%Standard
< 5%
Herd result: Herd result: Herd result: Herd result: Herd result:
Total of cows with at least 1 teat with rough andvery rough ring:
Total
of co
ws ex
amine
d:
Add total ofcows with rough ring and very rough ring
Standard
< 2%%
(number of ) (number of )
% % % %
This document may be reproduced in its entirety only, for educational purposes, without obtaining permission, if credit is given to CBMRN.
Photo credits: Teat Condition Portfolio (2002) by Eric Hillerton and Nicola Middleton with permission from NMC.Adapted from: University of Wisconsin – “2003 Teat Scoring Statistics” and “Teat Condition and Scoring-an Effective Diagnostic Tool” by J.Eric Hillerton, NMC Regional Proceedings (2005).
Date
:
Farm
:
Standard
< 20%
(number of ) (number of ) (number of )
Compression ring Red or blue teat (congestion)
Other lesions (hemorrhage/chapping/etc.)
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Rough ring
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Very rough ring
Cow
with
at l
east
1
abno
rmal
teat
Cow Cleanliness AssessmentThe cleanliness of cows has a significant impact on udder health and more particularly on the rate of environmentalmastitis. Maintaining a clean udder and legs helps reducing the spread of environmental pathogens to the teat canal.Depending on what part of the cow is soiled, it is possible to determine what areas of the barn have an inadequatelevel of cleanliness, therefore appropriate corrective action can be taken.
Udder cleanliness(back and sides)
is an indicator of thecleanliness of stalls and bedding.(Examine right before milking)
If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of stalls• Amount of bedding• Need to shave/singe udder hair• Manure consistency
Hind legs cleanlinessis an indicator of thecleanliness of alleywaysand the length of tiestalls.If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of alleyways and
exterior areas• Cleanliness of holding area• Dimension of stalls• Manure consistency
Flanks and hipscleanlinessis an indicator of thecleanliness of stalls and bedding.If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of stalls• Amount of bedding• Manure consistency
Photo credits: «Less Mastitis, Better Milk» (Pierre Lévesque, 2004), distributed by Hoard’s Dairyman (www.hoards.com).
Adapted from fact-sheets produced by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, and Pfizer Animal Health. Most photos courtesy of Pfizer Animal Health.
Udde
rHi
nd le
gsFl
anks
and
hip
s
This
doc
umen
t may
be
repr
oduc
ed in
its
entir
ety
only,
for e
duca
tiona
l pur
pose
s, w
ithou
t obt
aini
ng p
erm
issi
on, i
f cre
dit i
s gi
ven
to C
BMRN
.
01/0
9/10
Cow
Clean
lines
s As
sess
men
t1-
Ass
ess
all t
he c
ows
with
in th
e he
rd.
If th
e he
rd is
larg
er th
an 1
00 h
ead:
as
sess
25%
of h
erd.
2- E
xam
ine
each
of t
he a
reas
des
crib
ed
on th
e ph
otos
and
pro
vide
a s
core
on a
cle
anlin
ess
scal
e of
1 to
4.
3- R
ecor
dth
e co
w ID
in th
e co
lum
n of
the
appr
opria
te s
core
. Add
up
the
cow
s an
d ca
lcul
ate
the
% fo
r eac
h le
vel o
f cl
eanl
ines
s (1
to 4
).
Nam
e of
farm
:
Date
:He
rd s
ize:
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
____
____
____
cow
s%
Scor
e1
23
4
Udde
r
Tota
lSc
ore
12
34
Hind
le
gs
Tota
lSc
ore
12
34
Flan
ks/
hips
Tota
l#
of c
ows
asse
ssed
:#
of c
ows
with
hin
d le
gs s
core
of 3
and
4:
=...
......
......
..% (s
tand
ard:
<15
% ti
e st
all)
(sta
ndar
d: <
50%
free
sta
ll)
# of
cow
s w
ith u
dder
sco
re o
f 3 a
nd 4
:=
......
......
...%
(sta
ndar
d: <
10%
)#
of c
ows
with
flan
ks/h
ips
scor
e of
3 a
nd 4
:=
......
......
.....%
(sta
ndar
d: <
20%
tie
stal
l) (s
tand
ard:
<10
% fr
ee s
tall)
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