veterinary public health and zoonoses
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Friends! Veterinary medicine is a highly respected and compassionate profession. However, its contributions are largely unappreciated because our colleagues have been too busy serving the public to publicize their contributions to animal and human health, animal welfare, food safety and food security
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Veterinary Public Health andZoonoses
Dr. Nicole Seng Lai Giea
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Recent zoonoses
BSE Hendra virus Nipah virus Menangle viral infection SARS RVF ( never seen outside Africa
before 2000, outbreaks in Arabian peninsula in 2000)
HPAI
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Important zoonoses in Malaysia Rabies JE Nipah virus Brucellosis Contagious ecthyma Meliodosis tuberculosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasmosis Salmonellosis Staphylococcal
infection
Ornithosis Cat scratch disease Dermatomycosis Erysipelothrix Campylobacteriosis Dirofilariosis Sporothrichosis Q-fever influenza monkeypox
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Veterinary Public Health
Is seen by WHO “ as a linkage between veterinary medicine and human health
Aim: promote the well being, protect and improve the quality of life
Human health
Veterinary public health
Veterinary medicine
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VPH
“ the contribution to the complete physical, mental and social well being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary medical science ”(WHO, 1999)
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What can we do for you?
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Food production
Transportation & Working activities
Animal products eg: clothing
Recreation
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Zoonoses
Those infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animal and man
Animals act as reservoir for causative agents
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Zoonoses impacts
Affect well-being of man – morbidity, mortality, and anxiety
Loss of animals—dead, culled, destroyed
Loss of productivity – prevent eficient production of food
Obstacles to international trade in animals and animal productsSocial and economic losses
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Man and animal relationship
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Anthropozoonosis A zoonotic disease maintained in
nature primarily by animal to animal transmission of the infectious agent
rabies bovine tuberculosis cat scratch disease brucellosis
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Zooanthroponosis• an infectious disease in which a disease
causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animals
• It may cause the same disease or a different disease in other animals
• It can also be defined as a human-to-human infection with no animal vector
Zooanthroponosis
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Zooanthroponosis the zoonoses include infectionn transmitted from
humans to animals human
tuberculosis
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Amphixenosis
zoonotic disease maintained in nature both by animal to animal and human to human transmission
staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, influenza
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Classification of zoonoses based on transmission mode1. Direct zoonoses Require one vertebrate species to propagate
V1 ---------------------V1 No developmental change or propagation of the
organism occurs during the transmission eg: rabies, brucellosis
2. Cyclozoonosis Require at least two (2) vertebrate species, no
invertebrate speciesV1----------V2----------V1
eg: taeniasis,
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3. Metazoonosis Require a vertebrate and an invertebrate species ,
agents multiplies and/or develops in an invertebrate host before transmission
V1---------iv---------V1 eg: babesiosis
4. Saprozoonosis Requires a vertebrate species and an in inanimate
object or a non-animal development site such as plants, soil, and foods
V1---------O---------V1 Mycotic diseases
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Components of infectious disease process Infectious agents Reservoirs Portal of entry Mode of transmission Host immunity
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Infectious agents: an organism that is capable of producing infection
Infection: entry, development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals, the result may be inapparent (subclinical) or shows clinical manifestation (infectious disease)
Inapparent infection: the presence of infection in the host without recognizable clinical signs or symptoms, they are usually detected through diagnostic test (host=carrier)
Infectious disease: a clinical manifest disease o man or animal resulting from an infection
Communicable disease: an infectious disease transmissible ( as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual’s discharges or by direct means (as by a vector)
Contagious disease : an infectious disease communicable by contact with one who has it, with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an object touched by such a patient or bodily discharge (indrect means)
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Infectious agents
Bactria--anthrax, brucellosis Virus—rabies and influenza Parasit--Cysticercosis/Taeniasis Rickettsia Fungus--sporotrichosis. Chlamydia--psittacosis Prion -- variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease (vCJD)
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Modes of transmission of infectious agents Direct Indirect Air-borne
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Modes of transmission of infectious agents Direct transmission: immediate transfer of an organism
to receptive portal of entry in man through which infection may take place
a. Direct contact– touching, biting, scratching
b. Direct projection – projection of droplet spray onto conjunctiva or mucous membrane or mouth
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Modes of transmission of infectious agents Indirect transmission: transmission of infectious organism from the
source/reservoir through contaminated materials or objects or vectors
a. vehicle-borne – by any non-living(inanimate) or objects (fomites) which serves as intermediate
means by which the organism are transmitted to susceptible host
b. vector-borne- by living arthropod, such as insects , mites, ticks, fleas which transmit the infective form of agent to susceptible host
b. I mechanical host b. II biological host
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Vector-borne Mechanical host: Infectious agents are carried through its
soiled feet or proboscis or by the passages o the agents in the GIT
Biological host: Infectious agents undergo propagation/ multiplication ,cyclic development or a
combination to become infective forms before they are transmitted
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Airborne Dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable
portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract Microbial aerosols suspensions of particles in the air or a long
periods of time consisting of partially or wholly of
microorganisms, some retaining and other losing virulence
Small size (1-5µm) are easily drawn into the alveoli
a. Droplet nucleib. dust
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Modes of transmission
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Reservoir ( of an infectious agent) Is the normal habitat in which the
infectious agent lives, multiplies and grows that can be transmitted to a susceptible host
Types of carrier Inapparent carrier Incubatory carrierConvalescent carrier
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Portal of entry
Six portals in the bodyRespiratory tractConjunctivaUrogenital tractGITSkin (intact, broken, abraded)placenta
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Host immunity
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Host immunity
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Animals and meBeneficial or hazardous??
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What can you do?
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Functions of veterinarians and personals in VPH Control and prevention of zoonoses Safety of foods of animal origins Disposal of animal waste Comparative medicine Laboratory animal Hazardous/toxic animal
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Functions of veterinarians and personals in VPH Diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control,
prevention and elimination of zoonoses Food protection,meat inspectation Management of health aspects of laboratory animal
facilities and diagnostic laboratories Biomedical research Health education and extension; and production and
control of biological products and medical devices Other VPH core domains may include management
of domestic and wild animal populations, protection of drinking-water and the environment, and management of public health emergencies
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Conclusion
We, the Vets, through our remit to facilitate and encourage veterinary development and services, we can improve the health and welfare of both human and animals