Western Imperial-EastPresented By: Josephine V. Hanrath

Brief Background

Marco Polo - Italian merchant

Asia “land of opportunities & luxuries”

They saw themselves as rulers in their “manifest destiny” and as missionaries taking on the “white man’s burden”.

The Emperialist Approach

1.) Divide and Conquer. Took advantage of the political conflicts, manipulate local rulers.

2.) Enculturation. Adapt Western Culture (thru education)

3.) Cross. Convert Christian religion

4.) Sword. Control by military conquest.

Colonial Policies and Effects

1.) Exploitation of Natural and Human Resources

2.) Forced Labor

3.) Monopolistic Economic Policies

4.) Curtailment of Rights and Freedom

5.) Racial and Gender Discrimination

European Colonization also brought in positive changes:

The Propagation of Christianity

The consolidation and delimitation of territorial boundaries

And the development of Nationalism (would not have been possible without colonization)

Nationalist & the Indian National Congress Leaders

The development of nationalism in the region can be attributed to the ff. circumstances & Events:

1. ) Suez Canal Opening. Nov. 17, 1869. influx of foreign influences &development of outside awareness.

2..) World Trade. Enable natives to improve their economic status.

3. ) Intellectual Revolution. The rise of intellectuals &professionals among the natives became leaders of change.

4.) Liberalization. Introduction & exposure to European liberal policies

5.) Racial Discrimination. The treatment of the natives made them develop pride.

In 1858, British government ruled India directly with Queen Victoria proclaimed as “ Empress of India.”

Indian Resistance

Sepoy- counter-part soldier were the 1st to resist their British oppressor in the “Sepoy mutiny” in May 10, 1857.

Nationalist causes took stride w/ Indian reformist & protests by boycotts & civil disobedience led by Gandhi.

Rowlatt Act of 1919- anti-sedition law (to deter insurgency by curtailing many civil liberties & imprisoning suspected instigators).

Mohandas Gandhi (reformist-lawyer)

Was the prime moving spirit of the Nationalist cause and the Indian National Congress w/c had the agenda for independence.

Indian Independence

The granting of Indian Independence was thought to be Britain’s graceful exit from the negative publicity it received from the Dharasana salt factory incident.

Web Miller- American journalist

August 15, 1947- Indian Independence

India was partitioned on August 14, 1947 w/ the inception of a new state of Pakistan for the Muslim.

Both Jinnah&Gandhi became the “father of Independence” for their respective nation.

British Rule in Malacca

British Rule in Malacca

1786, Francis Light established the 1st British colony of Georgetown in Penang, Malacca, now Malaysia

1819,Thomas Stamford Raffles became the 1st European British, explored what is now island of Singapore

Francis Light Thomas Stamford Raffles

Transition to Independence Malayan Union April 1, 1946 was

made by the British

United Malays National Organization (UMNO) was formed by Onn Jaafar in a reaction to the Malayan Union.

The British replaced the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya on February 1, 1948

Malayan Independence on Aug. 31, 1957

Sabah, Sarawak,&Singapore joined the federation to form Malaysia on Sept 16, 1963.

Dutch Spice Island

DUTCH RULE

In 1619, 1st Dutch colony was established by Jan Pieterzoon Coen in Batavia w/c is now Jakarta in Indonesia.

Moluccas (Spice Island) was administered at 1st by the East India Company.

In Lieu of land taxes, the Dutch government introduced a “Cultivation System” w/c required native farmers to devote one-fifth of their land for export crops.

Nationalist Movement

The 1st Nationalist organization, the “Budi Utomo” (Noble Endeavor) was organized Wahidin Sudirohusodo on May 20, 1908.

The date has been designated as a “Day of National Awakening.”

Indonesian Independence

2 Leading activist, Ahmed Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta founded the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI)

Declared Indonesian Independence on August 17, 1945 with Sukarno President and Hatta Vice President.

Netherlands only recognized Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949

French Rule in Indo-China

French Rule in Indo-China

Saigon was invaded on Feb. 17, 1859 by order of the French King Napoleon III.

The French then pursued expansionist policy that in 1887, Cambodia, Laos&Vietnam were consolidated under what was called Indochine Francaise(French Indochina)

Spanish Rule in the Philippines

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the 1st Spanish Colony at Cebu in 1565.

“Encomienda System” entrusted parcel of land to certain Spaniards

Polo y servicio, or a period of forced labor in government projects.

Resistance to Spanish Rule

“Propaganda Movement” from 1880 to 1895 w/ Jose Rizal as one of its prominent active and influential members.

He was executed on Dec. 30, 1896 & recognized later as “National Hero” of the Philippines and the “Pride of the Malay Race”.

The Philippine Revolution led by Andres Bonifacio broke-out on Aug. 26, 1896 & ended in Emiilio Aguinaldo’s declaration of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898

Benevolent Assimilation US in a war against Spain.

By virtue of “Treaty of Paris”, Spain ceded the Philippines to the US after 333 yrs. of rule in the country.

US President William McKinley proclaimed his so called “Benevolent Assimilation” to justify US occupation in the disguise of American design for the country.

Nov. 15, 1945, inauguration of Commonwealth government& initiation of the 1st Filipino President in the country.

Nationalista Party succeeded in securing from the US Congress.

July 4, 1946, definite date for Philippine Independence.

Foreign Incursions in China

To overcome their trade deficit& intentionally flooded the market w/opium to ensure the demand from Chinese addiction.

Around 2,000 tons of opium was being exported to China yearly & addiction reaching 10million Chinese.

British insistence to continue exporting opium into China against Chinese government prohibition led to the so-called “Opium Wars”, ending w/ China’s defeat.

OPIUM WAR

Boxer’s Rebellion

Anti-foreign sentiments heightened in the “Boxer Rebellion” instigated by the Chinese Empress Tzu-hsi/Cixi.

The Empress called upon the Chinese people to expel all foreigners from China.

Nationalist Revolution Nationalist Physician Dr. Sun Yat Sen

(1866-1925) founded the Nationalist party “Koumintang” (KMT) & led the nationalist revolution against the Manchu dynasty on Oct. 10, 1911.

His revolution was based on the “Three Principles of the people”: (1) Nationalisms, (2) Democracy and (3) Socialism.

The boy Emperor Pu-yi was forced to abdicate on Feb. 12, 1912, ending the dynasty rule in China in place of a republic.

Foreign Incursion in Japan

Meiji Restoration

Japan seclusion period ended on July, 1853 when the US navy led by Mathew Perry forced open Japan’s port to world trade.

The daimyos were dismayed w/ the dictatorship govt. for its weak response to foreign incursions, the dictator was forced by the daimyos to resign.

Imperial rule was fully restored on January 3, 1868 to the Emperor Meiji.

General Conclusion…

The process of colonization’s seems to follow a pattern where the European countries start out by looking for strategic trading post in Asia, followed by expansion of their activities to such a level that they need increasing control over the territory for business and trade, for some colonizers combined with their policy to impose their culture and conversion to their religion/Christianity. The need for more control then leads to imperialism/building dominion and state control often with violence and military intervention, repression of the local population, causing exploitation, depletion of raw materials, forced labor and disrupting local culture, local economy, creating local poverty. This evokes resentment among the local population and the birth of nationalism and the cry for independence, which in the end the colonizers can no longer control.

That it….Thank you for listening