viability of producing lignocellulosic biomass in the cape
TRANSCRIPT
I
VIABILITY OF PRODUCING LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS IN THE
CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY FOR BIOENERGY
GENERATION
by
Clemens Cornelius Christian von Doderer
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
M.Sc. Agric
at the
Department of Agricultural Economics
Stellenbosch University
Promoter: Professor T.E. Kleynhans March 2009
II
DECLARATION
I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously, in its entirety or in part, submitted it to any university for a degree.
Signature: ______________________________ Date: _________________
Clemens von Doderer
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ABSTRACT
VIABILITY OF PRODUCING LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS IN THE CAPE
WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY FOR BIOENERGY GENERATION
By
Clemens Cornelius Christian von Doderer
Degree: MSc Agric
Department: Agricultural Economics
Promoter: Prof. T.E. Kleynhans
The growing scarcity of fossil energy, expressed by rising real prices, justifies an investigation into the
viability of utilising alternative, sustainable energy sources. Another motivation is to mitigate CO2 pollution
resulting from using fossil fuels, causing climate change. Biomass has the potential to become a major
global primary energy source during the next century. In South Africa, a limited amount of land is suitable
for high‐potential biomass energy sources like sugar cane or grain. Large areas of South Africa are,
however, dry and more suitable for woody biomass production. Cultivating trees in short‐rotation‐system
plantations provides a sustainable and effective way of producing biomass.
The first part of this study investigated the physical capacity of the Cape Winelands District Municipality
(CWDM) for woody biomass production in short‐rotation systems, based on a land availability assessment
using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The CWDM comprises about 2.3 million hectares, of which
about 175 000 ha with a slope of less than 35% have been identified as suitable for woody biomass
production. Within the CWDM, the following land use classes were excluded: nonagricultural land, such as
urban areas, bare rock and mines; ecologically sensitive areas; as well as areas with slope gradients that are
too steep for biomass production, due to limited accessibility and trafficability. This was followed by an
assessment of suitable tree species and their productivity rates – also using GIS with climate data (i.e.
temperature extremes, frost and mean annual precipitation) and terrain data. By combining the identified
biomass production sites with the productivity rates of the identified species, an annual supply of woody
biomass for energy generation at a medium productivity of about 1 412 000 tonnes of fresh biomass is
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expected, using exotic species like Eucalyptus claducalyx ( and about 1 306 000 tonnes, using indigenous
species like Acacia karoo).
The second part of this study examined the potential for producing lignocellulosic biomass in the CWDM
from a financial and economic perspective, using farm modelling. Three scenarios are assessed.
The first scenario describes woody biomass production as a single production activity on fynbos/
uncultivated land, not competing with other agricultural activities. Provision was made for four levels of
land productivity and resultant land values. The only capital expense provided for was land; no other capital
investments made were included. All biomass‐producing activities were assumed to have been undertaken
by contractors to minimise fixed costs. The return on investment is positive, and the highest for medium
priced land and medium productivity levels, compared with more productive but more expensive land, or
cheaper but more marginal land.
In the second scenario, biomass production is introduced as an additional enterprise on a dryland winter‐
grain farm, typically in the rainfed grain‐ and livestock‐producing Gouda/Hermon farming area. The return
on investment is barely positive at current electricity rates based on ‘cheap’ coal prices.
The third scenario describes biomass production in an intensive farming environment. The return on
investment is negative, showing that biomass production cannot compete with high‐value crops on
expensive land at current electricity tariffs.
V
OPSOMMING
Die toenemende skaarste aan fossielbrandstowwe soos getoon deur stygende reële pryse, verg ‘n
ondersoek na die lewensvatbaarheid van gebruik van alternatiewe, volhoubare energiebronne. ‘n Verdere
motivering is die dringende bekamping van CO2 besoedeling weens die gebruik van fossielbrandstowwe
wat klimaatverandering bevorder. Biomassa het die potensiaal om as globale primêre energiebron ‘n
beduidende bydrae gedurende die volgende eeu te lewer. Slegs ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid grond in Suid‐
Afrika is geskik vir die produksie van hoë potensiaal biomassa energiebronne soos suikerriet en graan. Suid‐
Afrika het egter groot droë streke wat meer geskik is vir die produksie van houtagtige biomassa.
Houtproduksie deur kort rotasie plantasie stelsels is ‘n volhoubare en effektiewe wyse van biomassa
produksie.
Die eerste gedeelte van hierdie ondersoek evalueer die fisiese kapasiteit van die Kaapse Wynland Distrik
Munisipaliteit (KWDM) vir houtagtige biomassa produksie deur kort rotasiestelsels deur middel van
landgeskiktheidbepaling deur ‘n Geografiese Inligtingstelsel (GIS). Die CWDM beslaan omtrent 2.3 miljoen
hektaar, waarvan rofweg 175 000 ha ‘n helling minder as 35% het, wat as geskik vir houtagt‘ge biomassa
produksie beskou word. Die volgende grondgebruik klasse is geëlimineer: nie‐landbougrond, soos stedelike
gebiede, berge en myne; ekologies sensitiewe areas en areas met hellings wat te steil is vir biomassa
produksie weens beperkte toeganklikheid en begaanbaarheid.
Die volgende deel van die ondersoek het die identifisering van geskikte boomspesies en hul onderskeie
produktiwiteit in verskillende produksiegebiede behels – weer eens deur middel van GIS met klimaatdata
(bv temperatuur ekstreme, ryp en die gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslag en terreindata). Deur die toepassing
van die produktiwiteitspeile van die geïdentifiseerde spesies op die geïdentifiseerde biomassa
produksiegebiede kon ‘n jaarlikse potensieel beskikbare hoeveelheid houtagtige biomassa vir energie‐
opwekking teen ‘n medium produktiwiteitsvlak van om en by 412 000 ton vars biomassa bereken word. In
hierdie geval word uitheemse spesies soos Eucalyptus claducalyx (1 306 000 ton) en inheemse spesies
Acacia karoo) geproduseer.
Die tweede helfte van hierdie ondersoek het die finansiële en ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die
produksie van lignosellulose biomassa in die CWDM deur middel van tipiese plaas modellering bepaal. Drie
scenarios is ontwikkel:
Die eerste scenario bespreek houtagtige biomassa produksie as ‘n enkel produksie aktiwiteit op
onbewerkte grond fynbos sonder mededinging met ander gewasse. Voorsiening is gemaak vir vier grond
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produktiwiteit vlakke en meegaande grondpryse. Die enigste kapitaaluitgawe was vir grond. Alle biomassa
produksie aktiwiteite was veronderstel om deur kontrakteurs verrig te word om vaste kostes te beperk. Die
opbrengs op investering is positief en die hoogste vir medium grondwaardes en medium
produktiwiteitvlakke in vergelyking met meer produktiewe, maar duurder grond, of goedkoper maar meer
marginale grond.
In die tweede scenario is biomassa produksie ingevoeg as ‘n bykomende aktiwiteit in ‘n droëland
wintergraan plaas soos gevind word in die Gouda/Hermon omgewing. Die opbrengs op investering is
beswaarlik positief teen heersende elektrisiteit tariewe wat voortspruit uit lae steenkoolpryse.
Die derde scenario beskryf biomassa produksie in ‘n intensiewe boerderygebied. Die opbrengs op
investering is negatief. Dit toon dat biomassa produksie nie met hoëwaarde gewasse op duur grond teen
heersende elektrisiteitstariewe kan meeding nie.
VII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this study would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of the following people – in alphabetical order:
Mr Pierre Ackerman1 Dr Dirk Längin2
Mr Rudolf Andrag Dr Christo Marais3, Mr Don Bands4 Mrs Thea Roberts Mr Theuns Dirkse van Schalkwyk5 Mr Joel Syphus6, Dr Freddie Ellis7 Mr Ben du Toit8
Mr Abraham Joubert Mr Karel du Toit Mr. Don Kirkwood Mr Angus Wilson9
I would also like to acknowledge the following people: Professor Theo Kleynhans10 for his patience, excellent supervision and guidance, and for providing tremendous support and motivation;
Professor emeritus Klaus von Gadow11, who opened the door for me to Stellenbosch University and to South Africa; Dr emeritus Kobus Theron12 for his great support and with whom to work with is always a pleasure;
Mr Willem Hoffmann13 for being willing to share his knowledge and experience, and for his great support and friendship; Mr Russell de la Porte for his excellent support and effort revising this study; Ms Yvette de Wit for her courageous support and patience; My parents, without whom this all would not have been possible and who always support me tremendously – thank you;
1 Senior lecturer and head of the Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 2 Senior lecturer, Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 3 Acting head: operations support; Working for Water, on fire and woodlands, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 4 Former acting director for forestry and conservation at the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry,Umtata, Transkei South Africa. 5 Senior lecturer in the Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 6 Extension forester in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Wolseley, South Africa. 7 Senior lecturer, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 8 Senior lecturer, Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 9 Former regional director of the Western Cape region of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 10 Senior lecturer and study leader, Department of Agricultural Economics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 11 Senior lecturer emer., Department of Silviculture, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. 12 Senior lecturer, Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 13 Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... III
OPSOMMING..................................................................................................................................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS........................................................................................................ X
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. XI
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. XII
LIST OF ANNEXURES ....................................................................................................................................... XIII
1 CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction and background............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem statement and research questions ..................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research approach and methodology............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Study area.......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Chapter layout ................................................................................................................................... 4
2 CHAPTER: LITERATURE OVERVIEW............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Bioenergy considerations .................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Land suitability assessment ............................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Farm modelling.................................................................................................................................. 6
2.5 Biomass production........................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 Biomass harvesting............................................................................................................................ 7
2.7 Biomass transport.............................................................................................................................. 7
2.8 Biomass conversion ........................................................................................................................... 8
3 CHAPTER: LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................. 9
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Subdivision of CWDM...................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Area availability assessment............................................................................................................ 11
IX
3.4 Productivity assessment.................................................................................................................. 19
3.5 Volume availability .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.6 Conclusions...................................................................................................................................... 28
4 CHAPTER IV: PROFITABILITY OF WOOD PRODUCTION FOR GENERATING BIOENERGY.......................... 29
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 29
4.2 Farm model layout .......................................................................................................................... 30
4.3 Biomass sole‐production model ...................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Dryland farming scenario ................................................................................................................ 45
4.5 Intensive farming scenario .............................................................................................................. 49
4.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 55
5 CHAPTER: CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 56
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 56
5.2 Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 61
ANNEXURES ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AI Aridity Index CCP Cape Conversion Process CWDM Cape Winelands District Municipality DEM Digital Elevation Model DOA‐WC Department of Agriculture of the Western Cape (Elsenburg) ECS Electricity conversion system Exot. exotic FA Farming Area GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information Systems GM Gross Margin ha hectare ind. indigenous IRR Internal Rate of Return LAI Leaf Area Index LM Local Municipality MAI Mean annual increment MAP Mean Annual Precipitation max maximum MC Moisture content MCA Mountain Catchment areas min minimum MMP Mean Monthly Precipitation MPB Multi‐Period Budget MPET Monthly Potential Evapotranspiration MW Megawatt PET Potential Evapotranspiration RFHA Relatively Homogeneous Farming Area SADC Southern African Development Community SANERI South Africa’s National Energy Research Institute SATBVC South African states: Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei) SRS Short rotation systems SRWC Short rotation woody crop WISDOM Wood‐fuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping
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LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 01: Local municipalities within the CWDM 3
Table 02: Current land use types in the CWDM 11
Table 03: An adapted terrain classification system for biomass production, based on the
national terrain classification system for forestry
12
Table 04: Slope classification for biomass production, showing area distribution in the CWDM
and biomass production suitability
13
Table 05: Areas available for biomass production, subdivided into landuse types and slope
classes
18
Table 06: Climate data for the CWDM, subdivided in Relatively Homogeneous Farming Areas
(RHFA) groups
22
Table 07: Suitable indigenous and exotic tree species for biomass production in the CWDM 24
Table 08: Suitable tree species for biomass production in RHFA Group 01 25
Table 09: Selected tree species and their productivity rates per RFHA group 26
Table 10: Total availability of lignocellulosic biomass for generating bioenergy in the CWDM 27
Table 11: Technical and cost information on investment and running costs of Carbo Consult CCE‐SJG Gasifier
37
Table 12: Transport cost changes with increasing distances 39
Table 13: Farm gate price of wet woody biomass for conversion to bioenergy, derived from different electricity tariff levels
40
Table 14: Variable costs for biomass sole‐production businesses 42
Table 15: Profitability of biomass sole‐production scenario versions, based on IRR 44
Table 16: Total annual overhead costs for dryland farming scenario 46
Table 17: Land and fixed improvements for dryland farming scenario 47
Table 18: Profitability of dryland farming business scenario producing biomass, based on IRR 48
Table 19: Annualised variable costs of producing biomass per rotation and ha for intensive farming scenario
51
Table 20: Total annual overhead costs for intensive farming scenario 51
Table 21: Land and fixed improvements for intensive farming scenario 52
Table 22: Profitability of an intensive farming business scenario producing biomass, based on IRR
53
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LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 01: General map of the CWDM and its local municipalities 3
Figure 02: Schematic outline of factors taken into account in determining the total mass of
woody biomass that can potentially be produced in the CWDM
10
Figure 03: Slope map of the CWDM 14
Figure 04: Land available for agriculture under rainfed or dryland conditions using the AI 16
Figure 05: Mean annual precipitation in the CWDM 21
Figure 06: General structure of a farm‐level model 30
Figure 07: Multi‐period budget (MPB) model structure 31
Figure 08: Schematic overview of the farm gate price of biomass, derived from the price of electricity
32
Figure 09: Basic structure of MPB sheet 34
Figure 10: Schematic diagram of Carbo Consult CCE‐SJG Gasifier 37
Figure 11: Transport costs per km with increasing distance 39
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LIST OF ANNEXURES
Page
Annexure 1 Ground condition classification system A‐1
Annexure 2 The CWDM subdivided in RHFA and slope classes A‐2
Annexure 3 Revised future landuse for Cape Conversion Process areas within the CWDM A‐4
Annexure 4 Extremes (1955‐2000) of maximum temperatures (°C) in February A‐5
Annexure 5 Extremes (1955‐2000) of minimum temperatures (°C) in July A‐6
Annexure 6 Standard deviation of number of occurrences of heavy frost A‐7
Annexure 7 Potentially available land per RHFA and land use (subdivided in slope classes) A‐8
Annexure 8 Factorised available land per RHFA and land use (subdivided in slope classes) A‐14
Annexure 9 Tree species performance per RHFA‐group in the CWDM A‐20
Annexure 10 Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (minimum MAI, in t/ha) A‐24
Annexure 11 Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (medium MAI, in t/ha) A‐29
Annexure 12 Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (maximum MAI, in t/ha) A‐34
Annexure 13 Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (minimum MAI, t/ha) A‐39
Annexure 14 Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (medium MAI, t/ha) A‐44
Annexure 15 Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (maximum MAI, t/ha) A‐49
Annexure 16 Cost structures of the proposed bioenergy system per kWh and t A‐54
Annexure 17 Assumptions for biomass sole‐production model scenario (i.e. version 4) A‐55
Annexure 18 Gross margin for biomass sole‐production model scenario (per ha, i.e. version 4) A‐57
Annexure 19 Multi‐period budget for biomass sole‐production model scenario (i.e. version 4) A‐58
Annexure 20 Assumptions for dryland farming scenario A‐63
Annexure 21 Inventory for dryland farming scenario A‐66
Annexure 22 Gross margin for woody biomass production for dryland farming scenario (per ha) A‐69
Annexure 23 Multi‐period budget for dryland farming scenario (total) A‐70
Annexure 24 Assumptions for intensive farming scenario A‐76
Annexure 25 Inventory for intensive farming scenario A‐79
Annexure 26 Gross margin for woody biomass production for intensive farming scenario (per ha) A‐81
Annexure 27 Multi‐period budget for intensive farming scenario (total) A‐82
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1 CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION
1.1 Introduction and background
Climate change is considered by many to be one of the most serious environmental problems. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN 1992, Article 2) calls for a “stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Concentrations of CO₂ in the atmosphere will continue rising unless major changes are made in the way fossil fuels are used to provide energy (Hoffert et al., 1998).
By substituting fossil fuels with a renewable energy source such as lignocellulosic biomass, anthropogenic interference with the climate system can be reduced. Woody biomass has been identified as one of the major primary global energy sources of the future, and could replace non‐renewable energy sources such as oil and coal.
In South Africa, a limited amount of land is suitable for high‐potential biomass energy sources such as sugarcane and grain, both of which can be used for bioenergy production. Large areas of South Africa are dry and more suitable for woody biomass production. High demand for timber and pulp wood reduce the availability of current forest plantations for biomass production. Additionally, the previous and expected scheduled power cuts by the national energy supplier, ESKOM, together with increasing costs of energy, are great incentives for commercial timber and pulp wood producers to use harvesting residues for generating their own energy for their own consumption.
The use of invader plant species, such as Black Wattle, can also be ruled out as they are distributed over wide areas, and in many cases, in difficult terrain, resulting in high procurement costs. Furthermore, woody biomass sourced from invaded areas, after having been harvested, would not comprise a sustainable supply of biomass for generating electricity. Invasive alien plants pose a direct threat to South Africa’s biological diversity, to water security, the ecological functioning of natural systems and the productive use of land. Hence a clearance of invaded areas and no re‐establishment of such alien plants are desired.
This study will also contribute to South Africa’s National Energy Research Institute (SANERI) study to develop a decision support tool for bioenergy development projects. Furthermore, Stellenbosch University was approached by representatives of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM) to investigate the viability of woody biomass production for generating bioenergy, in order to identify suitable areas for biomass production and to estimate biomass production potential. This study forms part of a chain of investigations of the entire bioenergy generation system, using the CWDM as the area of study. It incorporates various research fields such as agricultural economics, forest science, and process and industrial engineering.
The study determines the physical capacity for woody biomass production in short‐rotation systems in the study area, by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), based on a land availability assessment. It also determines the financial and economic viability of biomass production by means of farm modelling.
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Social‐institutional considerations such as land ownership have been ignored, because if woody biomass production is shown to be profitable, private land owners may exploit this opportunity and produce wood.
In this study, the term biomass production refers to the production of woody biomass in a short‐rotation system.
1.2 Problem statement and research questions
In the previous section an introduction into the study has been given. Limitations have been indicated, as well as the context of the study has been defined. The following research questions are the base of this study and will be answered in due course.
Research questions:
1. Where and in what quantities can woody biomass in short‐rotation systems be grown, taking the impact of various factors such as climate, terrain, and species variability into account?
2. What will the financial and economic viability of woody biomass production in short‐rotation systems be in different areas with different production potentials and under different production conditions?
1.3 Research approach and methodology
Areas suitable for biomass production are determined by means of GIS as a decision support tool in excluding various limitations, such as nonagricultural land or ecologically sensitive areas. Suitable tree species for biomass production in short‐rotations systems (SRS) are identified, and their productivities for the determined production areas are estimated. By combining proposed areas with their expected productivity rates, the total annual biomass can be determined.
Various scenarios, which differ according to location, site productivity and production conditions, are simulated by means of farm modelling, in order to determine the profitability of biomass production.
1.4 Study area
The Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM), with a total area of 22 300 km³ (2.23 million hectares), is one of five district municipalities (DMs) in the Western Cape. In the north, it borders the Northern Cape; in the west, it extends to the West Coast district municipality; in the south, it reaches the Overberg district municipality; and in the east, it stretches to the Eden and Central Karoo district municipalities.
Five local municipalities are potentially suited to the production of woody biomass in short‐rotation systems in the CWDM (see Table 1 and Figure 1).
Table 1: Local municipalities within the CWDM
Name of local municipality Major towns Size (ha)
Breede Rivier Ashton, Bonnievale, McGregor, Montagu, Robertson
332 982
Breede Valley De Doorns, Rawsonville, Touwsrivier, Worcester
299 332
Drakenstein Paarl, Wellington 153 772 Stellenbosch Stellenbosch, Pniel, Franschhoek 83 113
Witzenberg Ceres, Nduli, Op‐die‐Berg, Prince Alfred’s Hamlet, Tulbagh, Wolseley
1 360 762
Total: 2 229 961 Source: Department of Agriculture: Western Cape, 1999
Figure 1: General map of the CWDM and its local municipalities (Source: Department of Agriculture: Western Cap (1999)
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1.5 Chapter layout
This study is presented in five chapters, followed by a list of references and annexures.
The first chapter serves to structure and orientate the study and as a general introduction.
It is followed by Chapter 2, the ‘Literature Overview’, which reviews scientific articles and books relating to the scope of this study. Firstly, it gives a general introduction to the literature on the bioenergy field, followed by sections covering the literature on land suitability assessment and farm modelling. Further literature reviews are presented concerning biomass production, harvesting, transportation, and conversion.
Chapter 3 gives, firstly, the algorithm applied to determine the total volume of woody biomass potentially available per hectare, RHFA, and landuse type. It also identifies physically suitable areas for woody biomass production. Included here is a land data assessment, the land suitability assessment methodology used, and a presentation of results relating to the aforesaid. Secondly, the chapter focuses on identifying suitable tree species for woody biomass production in a short‐rotation system, and thirdly, a combination of the previous two sections is given: the total annual volume of potential woody biomass production in the CWDM.
In Chapter 4, the financial and economic feasibility of woody biomass production is assessed by means of farm modelling. Various scenarios, which differ by location and site productivity, as well as in terms of production conditions, are simulated in order to determine the profitability of biomass production, and to determine where biomass production will be financially and economically feasible.
The last chapter comprises of the conclusions and a summary.
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2 CHAPTER: LITERATURE OVERVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The goal of this chapter is to give an overview of the literature on bioenergy production and, more specifically, lignocellulosic biomass production. The methodology of assessing land suitability using GIS to identify suitable areas for lignocellulosic biomass production receives specific attention. This is followed by an overview of the literature on farm modelling to determine the financial and economic viability of woody biomass production. An overview of the literature on biomass production, from the effects of land treatment to the pre‐processing of woody biomass, follows thereafter.
2.2 Bioenergy considerations
The growing evidence of climate change resulting from the continuing increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere has made it a powerful political, social, and trade issue. In response to climate change threats, interest in increasing carbon stocks in trees and the use of tree biomass as a substitute for fossil fuel, in order to minimise the increase in atmospheric carbon concentrations, has been growing among scientists, policymakers and governments (Guha, 2004).
The potential is recognised for biomass to contribute to reductions in GHG emissions, improved energy security, and rural diversification and development (Elghali et al., 2007). Berndes et al. (2003) predict that biomass has the potential to become one of the major global primary sources of energy during the next century, and modernised bioenergy systems are postulated to become important contributors to future sustainable energy systems and development in both industrialised and developing countries.
2.3 Land suitability assessment
Using GIS, various land suitability assessment studies were carried out in order to identify suitable areas for annual or perennial crops. An inventory of land resources was compiled for the South African Development Community (SADC) region and a land suitability model developed to simulate the growth requirements of maize as an annual crop. The land suitability assessment was based mainly on calculated soil nutrient availability and the water satisfactory index. Mean decadal climate data was obtained through the cooperation of the SADC ‘Early Warning Network’ members (Kleynhans et al., 2001). In a follow‐up study, a land suitability assessment was combined with transport modelling to incorporate both land quality and accessibility considerations in order to determine optimal maize production and distribution patterns for the SADC region (Kleynhans & Kunneke, 2002). A land suitability assessment for a perennial crop, namely, citrus crops, was undertaken for the SADC (Houben, 2004), and a land suitability assessment together with transport modelling was also done for a variety of agricultural crops in the Western Cape in order to
6
investigate institutional factors causing production patterns to deviate from optimal production and distribution patterns (Pretorius et al., 2000).
DeHeegher (2001) attempted to develop an algorithm simulating the growth performance of Pinus patula and Eucalyptus grandis as part of a forestry land suitability assessment for the SADC region. The calibration of the model was not successful due to a coarse spatial dataset of 11 km by 11 km pixels.
Elmore (2008) assessed the spatial distribution of another biomass source, agricultural residue from rice, for potential biofuel production in China, which was further used in a case study using remote sensing and GIS to evaluate the feasibility of setting up new biomass power plants and optimising the locations of these plants for the Guangdong Province in China (Shi et al., 2008).
Various land suitability and availability assessments have been undertaken concerning the availability of lignocellulosic biomass as a biofuel. Ranta (2005) analysed the availability of logging residues from regeneration fellings for biofuel production in Finland by means of GIS. Ghilardi (2007) used the so‐called Wood‐fuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) approach to assess the residential wood‐fuel supply and demand patterns in Mexico, based on a spatial analysis. By using a spatial bio‐economic afforestation viability model, the economic viability of biomass for bioenergy from fast‐growing hybrid poplar plantations on agricultural land in Canada was explored by Yemshanov (2008).
2.4 Farm modelling
Various South African studies on farm‐model development and application have provided valuable guidelines for the development of the structure of the general farm model applied in this study. As early as 1987, Van der Westhuizen and Kleynhans used linear programming to develop a typical farm model for grain farming in the Swartland (Van der Westhuizen & Kleynhans, 1987). This study was followed by the application of typical farm modelling to assess the impact of underutilisation of combine harvester capacity on the profitability of grain farms (Van der Westhuizen & Kleynhans, 1988). The use of a spreadsheet for the development of typical farm models for various winter grain production areas in the southern Cape was demonstrated by Van Eeden et al. (Van Eeden et al., 2002). Typical farm modelling was also applied to determine the impact of scale of production on the profitability of deciduous fruit farms in the Langkloof (Conradie et al., 1996). Another application of farm modelling was implemented as a decision‐making support by Strauss (2005), the objective being to identify and construct a type of farm‐level model in order to quantify the likely impact of changes in markets and policies on the financial viability of a representative farm in the Reitz District of the Orange Free State.
2.5 Biomass production
The effect of land preparation at the re‐establishment stage of fast‐growing hardwoods under eastern–South African conditions has been assessed by Smith et al. (2000). Wiseman et al. (2006) investigated the effects of pruning and fertilising on branch size and decay in two Eucalyptus nitens plantations in Tasmania, Australia. A previous study on Eucalyptus nitens investigated the effects of fertiliser on leaf area index (LAI)
7
using different treatments (Smethurst et al., 2003). The effects of fertilisation and irrigation treatments on five tree genotypes (sweetgum, loblolly pine, sycamore, and two eastern cottonwood clones) were tested, focussing particularly on soil carbon change after three years (Sanchez et al., 2007). The performance of Eucalyptus species as coppices used for biomass energy in New Zealand has been assessed by Sims et al. (1999).
A general description of the steps in producing poplar and willow trees in a short‐rotation system is given in Chapter 12 of the book Energiepflanzen (Energy plants), published by KTBL in 2006 (Eckel, 2006). Walle et al. (2007) determined the biomass produced over four years by birch, maple, poplar and willow trees in a short‐rotation forestry regime in Flanders, Belgium.
2.6 Biomass harvesting
Valuable guidelines have also been provided by various studies on biomass harvesting and biomass pre‐processing. As early as 1986 a study on two harvesting methods for utilising understory biomass was tested against a conventional harvesting method in order to determine the relative costs (Watson et al., 1986). Harvesting systems were also assessed for so‐called Short‐Rotation Woody Crops (SRWC) for production conditions in the USA (Seixas et al., 2006). Another study in Japan examined the feasibility of a harvesting and transport system for logging residues, including the cost, energy and carbon dioxide effectiveness of substituting fossil energy with logging residues (Yoshioka et al., 2006). Various biomass harvesting systems were also discussed in a report on the in‐field demonstrations of the Kuratorium für Waldarbeit und Forsttechnik (German lumber industry and technique board) in Germany (Kuratorium‐für‐Waldarbeit‐und‐Forsttechnik‐e.‐V., 2008).
Current conditions and the prospects for using wood fuel in Belarus have been analysed by Semyonovich & Vekentievich (2008), focussing on equipment and technologies required for the combined procurement of merchantable wood and cutting wastes to be utilised for producing energy. The potential costs of utilising four short‐rotation silviculture regimes for producing energy in Chile were determined in a study by Faúndez (2003). The development of short‐rotation willow trees in the North‐Eastern United States for bioenergy in the context of agroforestry was determined by Volk et al. (2006).
The harvesting and supply of wood chips has been assessed, looking particularly at short‐rotation plantations (SRP) of poplar and willow trees (Grosse, 2008). Estimating the productivity of chipping operations and the modelling of various conditions under which the chipping takes place were investigated in a study by Spinelli and Magagnotti (2008). Spinelli et al. (2007) also described their experiences of recovering logging residues in the Italian Eastern Alps.
2.7 Biomass transport
A variety of biomass transport scenarios have been assessed by Hamelinck (2005), looking particularly at international transport costs and the related energy balance. Applying the life‐cycle inventory method, the environmental load of selected bioenergy transport chains were investigated, indicating that biomass can
8
be transported from Scandinavia to the Netherlands without losing its environmental benefits (Forsberg, 2000).
2.8 Biomass conversion
Bioenergy conversion systems have been assessed in various studies, such as by Fung et al. (2002), Hofbauer et al. (2005) or Velden et al. (2008). State‐of‐the‐art technologies such as gasification, combustion and co‐firing of modern derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass for the production of electricity have been assessed by Faaij (2006).
De Lange (2007) discusses these technologies in his study looking particularly at chemistry, processes and economics involved in converting lignocellulose.
A general assessment of the commercial development of bioenergy globally, with the focus on crop‐based energy projects, has been done by Wright (2006).
9
3 CHAPTER: LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, suitable land for biomass production in the CWDM, identified by means of GIS, is presented. Within the boundaries of the CWDM, non‐agricultural land, such as urban areas, bare rock and soils, water bodies, mines, and ecologically sensitive areas were excluded. Areas with slopes that are too steep were also eliminated due to their limited accessibility and trafficability. Existing forest plantations were also excluded.
Suitable tree species for woody biomass production were identified. The productivity of these species in different areas of the CWDM, as affected by temperature extremes, frost and mean annual precipitation was assessed.
By applying each area’s productivity to areas suitable for production, the potentially available annual biomass volume in the CWDM is estimated. Limitations taken into account in determining suitable areas, the productivity assessment and the determination of potentially available annual biomass volume, are listed in Figure 2 below.
10
Area availability assessment Biomass productivity assessment
Cape Winelands District Municipality Cape Winelands District Municipality
Total current land use Sub‐
division into
RHFA groups
Less
Non‐suitable land use − Urban areas − Others (bare rock, bare soil,
mines, etc.)
Less
Areas with terrain limitations − Ground conditions − Ground roughness − Slope (areas that are too
steep)
Based on
Relatively homogeneous farming areas ‐ Agricultural reasons ‐ Relative homogeneity
o Climate o Terrain o Soil o Resultant farming
pattern
Less
Forest plantations − Existing state‐owned forest
plantation land (Cape‐Conversion‐Process areas)
− Private forest land
Based on
Relevant climate criteria − Extreme temperatures − Days of frost − Mean annual precipitation − Potential
evapotranspiration
Less Areas with water limitations − Aridity index =
Selection of suitable species per RHFA group
Less
Ecologically sensitive areas − Protected areas, e.g. nature
reserves, national parks, etc.
− Critical biodiversity areas − Water catchment areas − Waterbodies and wetlands − Other sensitive areas from
ecological and aesthetical points of view, as identified by an expert group
plus
Silvicultural assumptions ‐ Mean annual increment
(MAI) ‐ Rotation/cycle length ‐ Number of trees or
stems/hectare (sph)
= Land available
= Expected productivity of selected species per RFHA group
Total volume of woody biomass potentially available ‐ Per ha ‐ Per RHFA ‐ Per landuse type
Figure 02: Schematic outline of factors taken into account in determining the total mass of woody biomass that can potentially be produced in the CWDM.
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3.2 Subdivision of CWDM
3.2.1 Relatively homogeneous farming areas
A Relatively Homogeneous Farming Area (RFHA) is a spatial unit with relative homogeneity in terms of climate, terrain, soils and resulting farming pattern (Landbou‐Ontwikkelingsinstituut, 1990a, 1990b, 1991). Due to the availability of climate, terrain, and soil data for each of the 41 RHFAs within the CWDM, the RHFA is used as the appropriate spatial unit for determining tree species’ suitability and productivity. Furthermore, based on the RHFAs, the total volume of biomass available is determined by combining the results from the area availability assessment and the biomass productivity assessment.
3.3 Area availability assessment
As indicated in Figure 2 above, the algorithm applied for the area availability assessment contains variables which require various spatial datasets. The land availability assessment starts with the current land usages in the CWDM, from which areas not available or not suitable for woody biomass production – such as areas with terrain limitations, forestry plantations, ecological sensitivity, and water bodies – are subtracted.
3.3.1 Current landuse
The current national land use 2000 dataset (CSIR‐ARC‐Consortium, 2000) provides standardised baseline data with enhanced spatial detail and information content, providing information on the nature, extent and location of current land resource utilisation. The dataset is derived from seasonal (two seasons’ satellite imagery), ortho‐rectified, standardised, high‐resolution digital imagery from a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), which was acquired principally during 2000‐2002, in conjunction with ancillary data (Majeke et al., 2008).
In the CWDM, the following land use types were identified:
Table 2: Current landuse types in the CWDM
No. Description Land use area
(ha) Land use (% of total)
1 Intensive permanent and temporary farmland 143 286 6.4 2 Extensive dryland and improved grassland 161 305 7.3 3 Forest plantations 11 922 0.5 4 Fynbos, shrubland and bushland 1 867 363 83.7 5 Water bodies and wetlands 22 387 1.0 6 Urban areas 12 032 0.6 7 Others (bare rock and soil, mines, etc.) 11 400 0.5 Total 2 229 695 100.0
Source: CSIR‐ARC Consortium, 2000.
12
Urban areas, bare rock and soil, as well as mines are excluded a priori. Land use types 1, 2 and 4 are identified as being most suited for biomass production.
3.3.2 Terrain limitations
Some areas were excluded due to terrain limitations in terms of slope, ground condition and ground roughness, since these factors determine accessibility, manoeuvrability and trafficability, and thus the cost of woody biomass production. Furthermore, unfavourable terrain conditions limit plant growth and survival rates. Terrain specific spatial datasets for the CWDM were only available for the slope criterion, but by combining the land use dataset with the slope dataset, conclusions could be drawn about ground condition and roughness. Steep slopes are the least stable of all terrain types, and coupled with low soil‐clay content (less than 15%), disturbance in such areas carries potentially high environmental costs (Forestry‐Industry Environmental Committee, 2002). Agricultural production takes place mainly on fairly level ground with good and smooth ground conditions, whereas forestry plantations using common forestry equipment can be found in areas with up to 35% steepness, as well as in areas with moderate and uneven ground conditions (Refer to Annexure 1 which shows a ground condition classification system).
Generally, terrain can be classified as follows:
Table 3: An adapted terrain classification system for biomass production, based on the national terrain classification system for forestry (Forestry Industry Environmental Committee, 2002)
Ground conditions (trafficability on the stand)
Ground roughness slope
1. Very good 1. Smooth 1. Level (< 10%) 2. Good 2. Slightly uneven 2. Gentle (11‐20%) 3. Moderate 3. Uneven 3. Moderate (21‐30%) 4. Poor 4. Rough 4. Steep 1 (31‐35%) 5. Very poor 5. Very rough 5. Steep 2 (36‐60%)
6. Very steep (> 60%)
From a forestry perspective, a maximum slope of up to 35% is recommended for afforestation. Slopes of 35‐60% can only be considered if the soils are more than 60cm deep (the greater the depth, the more stable the slope and the lower the erodibility). Slopes of greater than 60% require specialist input, adherence to road requirements, and other restrictions (Forestry‐Industry Environmental Committee, 2002). The upper limit of the first slope class (< 10%) has been derived from the assumption that a CLAAS combine harvester with a biomass harvesting head (Regione‐Lombardia, 2008) could be utilised for fully mechanised harvesting. This machine requires a gradient of less than 10%, since a slope greater than 10% constrains its manoeuvrability, thereby limiting its effectiveness (Grosse, 2008).
13
Table 4: Slope classification for biomass production, showing area distribution in the CWDM, and biomass production suitability
Slope class
Slope (%)
Area (ha)
Area (%)
Suitability for biomass
production Applicable machinery
1 < 10% 1 210 164 54 Very suitable Standard agricultural and forestry machinery
2 10‐20% 308 169 14 Very Suitable to suitable
Specialised agricultural machinery, standard forestry machinery (wheeled)
3 21‐30% 203 600 9 Suitable Wheeled and tracked forestry machinery
4 31‐35% 86 268 4 Restricted Tracked (wheeled) forestry machinery
5 36‐60% 282 706 13 Very restricted Tracked forestry machinery, cable yarders, animals, manual extraction
6 > 60% 138 786 6 Not suitable Cable yarders, animals, manual extraction
Purely from a slope perspective, 81.1% (1.81 m ha) of the CWDM area is potentially available for biomass production. Slope classes 5 and 6 (421 492 ha of land) can be ruled out since these areas are too steep for such production.
Figure 3: Slope map of the CWDM
Based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dataset provided by Van Niekerk (2002)
3.3.3 Forest plantations
Various developments in the South African forestry industry in recent years, such as strong and continued growth in demand for wood and wood products, termination of timber production at some State plantations due to low productivity, particularly in the Southern and Western Cape (VECON Consortium, 2006), as well as the increased use of logging residues by existing sawmills for generating their own energy, has led to forest plantation residues not being available in the CWDM for generating bioenergy. The total area under State‐owned forest plantations in the CWDM comprises 7 985 hectares (refer to Annexure 3 for a map and table indicating the location and extent of State‐owned forestry plantations in the CWDM).
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3.3.4 Precipitation limitations
Besides the abovementioned physical and technical limitations, agricultural or forestry production is limited inter alia by the net availability of water, which is determined by mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The so‐called Aridity Index (AI) was developed in order to identify areas suitable for rainfed or dryland agriculture in the SATBVC states (South African states: Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei) (Scotney et al., 1991). In a dryland farming context, the AI can be described as follows (formula 1):
Formula 1
AIx Aridity index (true/ false)
MMP Mean Monthly Precipitation (in mm)
MPET Monthly Potential Evapotranspiration (in mm)
x limit of MMP/MPET ratio (in decimals)
m minimum number of months per year in which MMP/MPET equals or exceeds x
Jan January
Dec December
Given monthly information on mean precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, a monthly ratio of the net availability of water can be determined. An MMP/MPET ratio of 0.3 is seen as the lower limit and 0.5 as the medium limit for rainfed, dryland farming. Areas where the MMP/MPET ratio exceeds this limit for at least five months per year can be seen as suitable for agricultural production under rainfed/dryland farming conditions. The lower limit describes areas where rainfed/dryland farming is generally possible, but where the risk of longer periods of drought is still a possibility. The medium limit implies that longer drought periods affecting rainfed/dryland farming are not expected.
The figure below shows the application of the AI in the CWDM, indicating suitable areas for dryland farming. The hatched areas indicate an AI of at least 0.5 for a minimum of at least five months per year, the blue areas indicate an AI of 0.3, whereas the white areas identify areas with an AI of less than 0.3 in more than 5 months per year which makes them unsuitable for dryland farming.
15
Figure 4: Land available for agriculture under rainfed or dryland conditions using the AI
Based on climate data provided by Schulze et al. (2006)
The AI method has its limitations because it does not incorporate water surface flow. Relatively homogeneous farming areas such as the Overhex/Moordkuil and Breeriviervallei areas, of which the majority is not suitable for dryland farming according to the AI, receive water predominantly from the surrounding mountains and are, therefore, still suitable for agricultural production.
16
17
3.3.5 Ecologically sensitive areas
Further exclusions are required to meet ecological conservation criteria. Three main types of environmental protection areas were identified as needing to be excluded from the potential biomass production land: protected areas, critical biodiversity areas, and water catchment areas (including water bodies and wetlands). These are further specified below:
1. Protected areas. a. Provincial nature reserves.
Cape Nature Conservation controls conservation areas proclaimed under various statutes, viz. the wilderness areas – Forest Act No. 122 of 1984; the nature reserves – Forest Act No. 122 of 1984; the demarcated state forests – Forest Act No. 122 of 1984 (Section 10); the marine reserves – Sea Fisheries Act No. 12 of 1988, etc. Source: Cape Nature (de Klerk, 2001/2006).
b. Local authority nature reserves of the Western Cape. These nature reserves are proclaimed in terms of the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 19 of 1974 (Article 7). The reserves are owned and managed by local authorities (municipalities, transitional councils and regional councils). Source: Cape Nature (de Klerk, 1987/2007).
c. Mountain catchment areas (MCA) of the Western Cape. These are areas defined as important for conservation planning and management by the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board. MCAs are proclaimed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act No. 63 of 1970. Source: Cape Nature (de Klerk, 1999/2006).
d. National parks of the Western Cape. These areas are proclaimed as national parks under the National Parks Act No. 57 of 1976. Source: Cape Nature (Holness, 2002).
e. Private nature reserves of the Western Cape. These areas are proclaimed as private nature reserves registered with the Cape Nature Conservation Board. Source: Cape Nature (de Klerk, 2001/2006).
f. World Heritage Sites of the Western Cape. Source: Cape Nature (de Villiers, 2001/2004).
2. Critical biodiversity areas. Source: Cape Nature, integrated biodiversity layer (Kirkwood et al., 2007) a. Likely critical biodiversity areas. b. Known critical biodiversity areas.
These areas have been identified as likely or known critical biodiversity areas by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in cooperation with various other organisations such as Cape Nature, CSIR‐Environmentek, the Botanical Society of South Africa, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, etc. (Driver et al., 2005).
3. Water catchment areas, water bodies and wetlands. Source: Cape Nature, integrated biodiversity layer and NLC 2000 (Kirkwood et al., 2007, CSIR‐ARC Consortium, 2000)
a. Wetlands. b. Rivers.
The Western Cape Nature Conservation board recognises areas along rivers and other water bodies as important ecological support areas (CESA) which are protected by the
18
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act No. 43 of 1983 (RSA, 1983) and the National Water Act No. 36 of 1983 (RSA, 1998). In order to protect these water catchment areas, buffer zones along the water bodies have been applied: for large rivers, a 100m buffer and for small rivers, a 32m buffer. Wetlands are buffered differently (depending on the rank and size of the wetland) in order to ensure minimal impact around the buffer zone (Kirkwood et al., 2007).
In addition to the above mentioned ecologically sensitive areas, which have been excluded mainly for conservation reasons, other sensitive areas have been identified by an expert group (Marais et al., 2008) as being not suitable from ecological, socio‐economic and aesthetic points of view. Based on the above mentioned area availability limitations, preliminarily results of potentially available areas have been revised, and a table indicating these revised potentially available biomass production areas in the CWDM, subdivided into RHFAs and slope classes, together wit an availability factor in this regard is attached (refer to Annexure 7).
3.3.6 Net area availability
By applying the above‐mentioned limiting factors, it is possible to identify areas which are suitable for biomass production. In total, about 175 000 ha with slope gradients of less than 35% are assumed to be potentially available for biomass production. In 61% of the identified areas, conventional agricultural machinery can be employed, due to a gradient of less than 10%.
Most of the available land comprises fynbos, shrubland and bushland land use types, making up about 64% (112 410 ha) of total available land where biomass production would not compete with current agricultural or forestry activities (refer to Annexure 8).
Table 5: Areas available for biomass production, subdivided into land use types and slope classes
Slope classes No. Land use – description (ha)
≤ 10% 11‐20% 21‐30% 31‐35% 36‐60% ≤ 35% ≤ 60%
I Intensive permanent and temporary farmland
3 028 328 34 4 7 3 394 3 401
II Extensive dryland and improved grassland
53 842 5 329 631 121 252 59 923 60 175
III Forest plantations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IV Fynbos, shrubland and bushland
51 147 31 320 21 125 8 818 27 053 112 410 139 463
V CCP agricultural land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0VI CCP forest plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0VII CCP exit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total (ha) 108 017 36 976 21 790 8 943 27 313 175 726 203 039 Total (%) 61% 21% 12% 5% 16% 100% 116%
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3.4 Productivity assessment
Similar to the area availability assessment, the relatively homogeneous farming areas are used as spatial planning units to identify suitable tree species and their productivity levels in order to assess the potential productivity of the area within the CWDM.
3.4.1 Climate factors
Prior to identifying suitable tree species for biomass production, a detailed examination of major climate factors, such as extreme minimum and maximum temperatures, days of frost, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) was required. This examination was also done to reduce the number of area units by grouping RHFAs, since similar climatic conditions in the RHFAs are expected to result in similar growth performances of the selected tree species.
Long‐term average climate data from 1955 to 2000 was used (Schulze et al, 2006).
3.4.1.1 Extremes in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures (°C)
To identify suitable tree species, the hottest month (February) and the coldest month (July) are most significant in determining plant suitability, since during these months, tree species are particularly exposed to heat or cold stress. In general, photosynthesis in agricultural crops increases slowly from a leaf temperature of about 5°C to an optimum when leaf temperatures are about 30‐35°C. Then it drops rapidly to zero at 45‐50°C, when optimum temperatures are exceeded. Longer periods of extreme temperatures combined with water stress or frost can result in reduced photosynthetic activity, causing productivity losses or even losses of whole plants.
The Western Cape is a winter rainfall area with a Mediterranean climate – cold, rainy winters, and hot, dry summers. In the valleys of the mountainous areas of the CWDM, the vegetation has to endure extreme minimum temperatures in July (less than minus 13.3 °C). Extreme maximum temperatures in February can rise up to 44.6 °C, measured in the Ceres Karoo (refer to Annexure 4 and 5 for maps indicating the extreme maximum and minimum temperature distribution within the CWDM). Therefore, potential tree species have to be adapted to local temperature conditions.
3.4.1.2 Standard deviation of number of occurrences of heavy frost
Another critical factor in determining suitable tree species for biomass production is heavy frost, which when it occurs, influences productivity and, in particular, the survival rate of perennial crops. Frost can result in various forms of damage to plant tissue, depending on tolerance factors (e.g. solute content of the
20
cells). A frost event becomes a freeze event when extracellular ice forms inside the plant, which can result in freeze injuries, irreversible physiological conditions that are conducive to the death or malfunction of plant cells (Snyder and Paulo‐de‐Melo‐Abreu, 2005).
In the western part of the CWDM, little or no frost can be expected, whereas in areas of the Ceres Karoo, on more than 20 days per year heavy frost can be experienced (refer to Annexure 6 for a map indicating the standard deviation of numbers of occurrences of heavy frost in the CWDM). Hence, a variety of tree species had to be selected, suitable for local conditions with no, little (< 4 days per year), frequent (4‐8 days per year), or very frequent (> 8 days per year) occurrences of frost.
3.4.1.3 Mean annual precipitation
MAP is the long‐term average annual amount of water available to an area for hydrological and agricultural purposes. Under rainfed conditions, the MAP puts an upper limit on a region’s sustainable biomass production potential if other factors such as temperature, topography and soils are not limiting (Schulze et al., 2006).
Similar to other climatic factors, the CWDM shows a wide variation of expected MAP, from as little as 74 mm at a location in the Ceres Karoo to more than 2000 mm in the Franschhoek/Simonsberg farming area (Robertsvlei has an MAP of 2088mm).Figure 5 shows the MAP distribution for the CWDM. The spatial data was obtained using South African daily rainfall statistics for the last 15 years (Schulze et al., 2006; Lynch, 2004).
As indicated the net water availability for plants under rainfed conditions is determined by the MAP and potential evapotranspiration (PET) of an area. Perennial crops such as trees for biomass production generally develop deep rooting systems, resulting in higher stress resistance and tolerance and lower mortality rates, even under harsh conditions, given the assumption that the appropriate tree species have been planted. The expert group for the tree species assessment concluded that based on the available information no further investigation of PET was necessary in order to determine suitable tree species for biomass production.
Figure 5: Mean annual precipitation in the CWDM
Based on climate data provided by Lynch (2004)
21
22
3.4.2 RHFA groups based on climate and proximity
Due to the large number of relatively homogeneous farming areas within the CWDM, they are grouped into a manageable number of nine groups. The RFHAs are grouped according to site productivity, ranging from relatively high productivity (Group 1) to low productivity (Group 8). Site productivity is evaluated mainly in terms of MAP, minimum and maximum temperatures, and the occurrence of heavy frost, measured in days per year. The grouping of RHFAs was done by an expert group. Table 06 below shows the original RHFAs and groups created.
Group 4b ‘Berge’, comprises all the mountainous areas in the CWDM, irrespective of local climate or topography differences from other RHFAs. Overall, this group has climate conditions similar to that of Group 4.
Table 06: Climate data for the CWDM subdivided in RHFA groups
Mean annual precipitation
(mm)
Extreme maximum
temperatures (°C)
Extreme minimum
temperatures (°C)
Occurrences of heavy frost
(days per year)Group RHFAs (Relatively homogeneous
farming areas) Min
max
mean
min
max
mean
min
max
mean
min
max
mean
Drakenstein/Groenberg 613 952 746 38.2 42.3 40.8 ‐2.8 0.8 ‐0.8 0.0 3.1 0.5
Eersteriviervallei 475 1635 752 36.6 39.6 38.1 ‐2.5 2.5 0.9 0.0 2.3 0.1
Franschhoek/Simonsberg 681 2028 1007 37.4 40.3 39.2 ‐2.7 0.9 ‐1.2 0.0 3.9 0.8 1
Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 892 892 892 38.2 38.2 38.2 ‐0.8 ‐0.8 ‐0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
Goudini/Breërivier 271 926 632 31.7 41.2 39.5 ‐3.3 ‐0.2 ‐1.0 0.3 6.1 1.0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 450 785 620 29.3 41.5 39.5 ‐5.8 ‐0.4 ‐1.9 0.2 12.8 2.0 2 Winterhoek 527 878 667 36.5 41.0 39.7 ‐1.5 ‐0.2 ‐0.7 0.1 1.5 0.4
Agter‐Paarl 416 1029 569 39.2 41.7 40.6 ‐2.1 1.7 0.8 0.0 1.1 0.1
Bergrivier/Paarl 459 882 690 40.2 42.2 40.9 ‐2.1 1.2 ‐0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2
Bottelary 486 667 581 37.5 40.0 39.1 0.8 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gemengde Boerderygebied 509 609 546 38.6 39.7 39.1 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gouda/Hermon 206 706 530 35.8 41.9 39.2 ‐1.8 1.9 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.1
Hoe Reenval Saaigebied 404 599 518 37.5 41.0 39.6 0.8 1.9 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hottentotsholland 553 656 593 36.7 37.8 37.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied 549 561 555 37.8 38.3 38.1 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
3
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 451 648 544 37.2 40.2 39.4 ‐0.8 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1
Bergplase 227 487 309 32.4 43.2 40.4 ‐4.2 0.1 ‐2.2 0.0 10.0 2.9
Breëriviervallei 205 362 275 36.8 43.1 41.1 ‐3.0 ‐0.4 ‐2.0 0.2 5.2 2.5
Langeberg Saaigebied 449 449 449 39.0 39.0 39.0 ‐3.8 ‐3.8 ‐3.8 7.2 7.2 7.2
Overhex/Moordkuil 171 643 282 36.0 42.2 39.9 ‐4.1 0.4 ‐1.4 0.0 4.0 1.6
4
Ruens 351 353 352 40.8 41.4 41.1 ‐0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1
(4b) Berge 150 3198 490 20.4 42.8 35.4 ‐11.3 1.2 ‐4.4 0.0 24.6 7.3
Hexvallei 250 355 304 28.0 39.7 36.4 ‐8.1 ‐3.7 ‐5.8 4.0 14.7 7.3
Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte 275 465 376 31.2 37.0 35.1 ‐5.8 ‐4.0 ‐4.6 5.8 9.3 7.1
Montagu‐Bergplaas 156 430 293 30.5 43.7 39.2 ‐6.1 ‐2.2 ‐3.7 2.0 8.1 4.6
Montagu‐Kom 170 366 272 33.7 43.7 39.2 ‐5.7 ‐1.9 ‐3.6 1.3 7.6 4.5
Montagu‐Rivierplaas 179 341 250 39.9 43.8 42.3 ‐4.1 ‐2.3 ‐3.1 2.2 5.6 3.9
Stockwell 280 517 389 41.2 42.8 42.1 ‐3.2 ‐2.0 ‐2.6 1.7 3.9 2.8
5
Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 1 251 455 377 39.4 40.2 39.7 ‐3.2 ‐2.3 ‐2.8 2.5 4.1 3.1
23
Koue Bokkeveld 222 879 441 29.0 40.0 35.1 ‐10.0 ‐2.1 ‐5.7 2.2 20.2 10.6
Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 222 345 265 36.0 40.3 38.6 ‐5.6 ‐4.1 ‐4.9 5.5 7.9 6.5
Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied 344 352 348 34.2 36.7 35.5 ‐4.4 ‐3.3 ‐3.9 6.1 10.7 8.4 6
Warm Bokkeveld 329 1194 525 31.7 39.9 37.2 ‐8.8 ‐3.5 ‐5.5 7.1 14.7 10.5
Langeberg Voetheuwels 314 624 460 40.7 41.8 41.2 ‐2.0 ‐1.3 ‐1.7 0.8 1.9 1.2
Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 177 426 276 25.0 40.4 34.3 ‐9.5 ‐3.4 ‐6.1 3.6 15.1 8.5
Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 183 458 315 38.8 41.2 40.4 ‐3.3 ‐1.7 ‐2.5 2.7 6.2 4.2
Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 92 836 235 30.2 42.2 38.3 ‐7.4 ‐1.5 ‐4.2 1.9 8.8 5.4
7
Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 2 176 814 399 39.1 41.3 40.6 ‐3.5 ‐2.0 ‐2.6 3.0 6.7 4.4
8 Ceres Karoo 72 414 198 35.1 44.6 42.0 ‐8.8 ‐1.2 ‐3.3 0.8 27.0 4.3
3.4.3 Tree species selection
After reducing the number of RHFA areas into nine relatively homogeneous climate groups, suitable indigenous and exotic tree species were selected. Criteria for selection were inter alia tree productivity, site adaptability, frost and drought resistance, species origin, invasiveness and ease of cultivation. This was done by involving experts (Theron et al., 2008) who were acquainted with the local climate and topographical conditions in the CWDM and were recognised for their silvicultural and dendrological knowledge.
The following table shows the recommended indigenous and exotic tree species, with associated information concerning the origin and invasiveness of species, as environmental factors; form of regeneration; ease of cultivation and adaptability; site conditions, as silvicultural factors; and wood density, as an important physical property for the bioenergy conversion process.
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Table 07: Suitable indigenous and exotic tree species for biomass production in the CWDM
Re‐generation
Genera Species Common name
Origin a
technique
coppicing
Ease of cultivation c
Invasiveness d
Adaptability to site
conditions
Density
(in kg/m3; oven dry)
karoo Sweet Thorn ind. se No ‐ 1 5 710 e
mearnsii Black Wattle ex. se No ‐ 5 5 680 e
Acacia
saligna Port Jackson ex. se Yes 1 4 5 596 f
cunninghamiana Beefwood ex. se ‐ 1 3 5 769 g Casuarina
glauca Swamp She‐Oak ex. se ‐ 1 3 5 897 g
albens White Box ex. se Yes 1 3 3 1 100 h
camaldulensis Red River Gum ex. se Yes 1 3 5 850 i
cladocalyx Sugar Gum ex. se Yes 1 3 5 880 i
globulus Blue Gum ex. se Yes 1 3 5 850 i
gomphocephala Tuart ex. se Yes 1 3 3 910 i
melliodora Honey‐scented Gum
ex. se Yes 2 3 3 930 i
Eucalyptus
polyanthemos Red Box ex. se Yes 1 3 5 830 i
halepensis Aleppo Pine ex. se No 2 4 3 560 i Pinus
radiata Monterey Pine ex. se No 1 3 5 480 i
lancea Karree ind. se/ cu Yes 1 0 5 860 i Rhus
pendulina White Karree ind. se/ cu Yes 1 0 5 860 i
Schinus molle Pepper tree ex. se Yes 4 4 2 610 j
Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo Thorn ind. se/ cu Yes 4 4 2 645 k
Notes:
a ind. = indigenous; ex. = exotic b se = seedling; cu = cutting c Ease of cultivation (1 easy, 2 easy‐medium, 3 medium, 4 medium‐difficult, 5 difficult) d Invasiveness (0 none, 1 low, 2 low‐medium, 3 medium, 4 medium‐high, 5 high)
Sources:
e (Wickens et al., 1995) f (Wendl, 2004) g (Chudnoff, 1996) h (Boland et al., 1984) i (Schoeman et al., 1973) j (Immelman et al., 1973) k (Van Wyk, 1994)
Not included are new tree hybrids, which in most cases are expected to outperform the species listed above. Particularly Eucalyptus hybrids are expected to have higher productivity and adaptability levels.
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Results from current studies in this field, undertaken at the Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, are expected to be released at the beginning of 2009.
3.4.4 Tree species productivity
The aim of assessing suitable tree species for biomass production in the CWDM is to identify species which have adapted to the specific site conditions and are highly productive in the various areas (RHFA groups) of the CWDM. Hence, silvicultural production indicators, such as mean annual increment (MAI), the number of stems per hectare (sph) and rotation/cycle length (in years) needed to be shown for the identified tree species in accordance with the RHFA groups (Theron et al., 2008).
Traditionally, commercial forest plantations are aimed at timber production. This type of production is characterised by long rotation cycles in order to produce high quality and dimension timber. Biomass production has far fewer requirements in terms of wood quality and more emphasis on the maximisation of volumetric production per time and area units. Hence, trees will be harvested when reaching the maximum MAI, which can be influenced inter alia by the number of trees planted per hectare and the applicable production method used. Generally, the more trees per ha that are planted, the sooner the MAI peak is reached. The Institute for commercial forestry research (ICFR) Bulletin (9/99) indicates in various examples the correlation of sph and age, when the MAI peaks (Coetzee, 1999).
Table 8 below indicates suitable tree species and their productivity rates for i.e. RHFA Group 1. For each silvicultural indicator, a minimum, a maximum and a mean scenario has been estimated and derived (refer to Annexure 9 for the full dataset indicating suitable tree species and their productivity rates per RHFA group).
Table 8: Suitable tree species for biomass production in RHFA Group 01
Growth rate/MAI[t/ha/a; fresh biomass] whole
tree
Cycle/rotation length
(2 years after coppice)
Trees per ha Potential yield [/ha/ rotation]
fresh Species performance
Group 1
min
max
mean
min
max
mean
min
max
mean
min
max
mean
karroo 6 12 9.0 8 15 11.5 1 300 1 800 1 550 48 180 114.0 mearnsii 8 18 13.0 6 10 8.0 1 800 2 200 2 000 48 180 114.0
Acacia
saligna 8 15 11.5 5 8 6.5 1 800 2 200 2 000 40 120 80.0 cunninghamiana 8 18 13.0 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 48 180 114.0 Casuarina glauca 6 15 10.5 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 36 150 93.0 camadulensis 6 15 10.5 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 36 150 93.0 cladocalyx 8 18 13.0 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 48 180 114.0 globulus 8 18 13.0 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 48 180 114.0 gomphocephala 6 15 10.5 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 36 150 93.0
Eucalyp‐tus
polyanthemos 6 15 10.5 6 10 8.0 1 300 1 800 1 550 36 150 93.0 Pinus radiata 8 18 13.0 10 15 12.5 1 300 1 800 1 550 80 270 175.0
lancea 3 8 5.5 6 10 8.0 1 800 2 200 2 000 18 80 49.0 Rhus pendulina 3 8 5.5 6 10 8.0 1 800 2 200 2 000 18 80 49.0
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3.5 Volume availability
The total volume of lignocellulosic biomass available is determined by two major factors, namely, the amount of land available and the expected biomass productivity of the identified potentially available areas. In Section 3.3 the potentially available areas are identified, followed by Section 3.4, where the per hectare biomass productivity rates of suitable tree species is estimated.
3.5.1 Selection of tree species with maximum productivity rates
In order to assess the total potential availability of biomass in the CWDM, it has been assumed that those tree species with the highest productivity rates will be planted to maximise site productivity. Other potentially suitable tree species that have been identified are expected to have similar productivity rates. Hence, other species could be substituted for the selected species below (Annexure 9. Full dataset indicating suitable tree species and their productivity rates per RHFA group).
In addition, the origin of the tree species (indigenous or exotic) has been shown.
Table 9: Selected tree species and their productivity rates per RFHA group
Mean annual increment (MAI)
[t/ha/a; fresh] whole tree
Mean annual increment (MAI)
[t/ha/a; fresh] whole tree
RHFA group
Selected exotic tree species
(E. – Eucalyptus; C. – Casuarina) Min Mean Max
Selected indigenous tree species
(A. – Acacia) Min Mean Max 01 E. claducalyx 8 13 18 A. karroo 6 9 12 02 E. claducalyx 7 11.5 16 A. karroo 6 9 12 03 E. claducalyx 7 11.5 16 A. karroo 6 9 12 04 E. claducalyx 4 8 12 A. karroo 5 7.5 10 04b E. claducalyx 4 8 12 A. karroo 5 7.5 10 05 E. claducalyx 4 8 12 A. karroo 5 7.5 10 06 E. claducalyx 3 7.5 12 A. karroo 5 7.5 10 07 C. cunninghamiana 3 7 10 A. karroo 3 6.5 10 08 E. camadulensis 2 3.5 5 Rhus pendulina 3 5.5 8
3.5.2 Expected volume available
Applying the prospective maximum productivity rates to the potentially available areas resulted in production estimates for each relatively homogeneous farming area, subdivided into selected land use types (refer to Annexures 10‐15 for detailed tables indicating the annual biomass availability per RHFA, selected land use type, and slope class). Table 10 shows the total potential volumetric availability of lignocellulosic biomass in the CWDM for three productivity scenarios (minimum, medium and maximum) per indigenous or exotic species, subdivided into slope classes.
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Table 10: Total availability of lignocellulosic biomass for generating bioenergy in the CWDM
Slope classes Volume available (t/year; fresh biomass) 00‐10% 11‐20% 21‐30% 31‐35% 35‐60% ≤ 35% ≤ 60%
Minimum productivity
446 448 149 259 87 974 36 215 110 816 719 937 830 753
Medium productivity
878 170 291 517 171 661 70 692 216 919 1 412 040 1 628 959 Exotic species
Maximum productivity
1 309 852 433 775 255 348 105 168 323 022 2 104 143 2 427 165
Minimum productivity
510 824 168 498 100 103 41 524 128 910 820 949 949 859
Medium productivity
809 607 271 190 159 854 65 807 201 928 1 306 457 1 508 385 Indigenous species
Maximum productivity
1 108 389 373 883 219 604 90 090 274 945
1 791 966 2 066 911
On average, about 1.4 m tonnes of fresh woody biomass could be produced annually, assuming exotic species are being planted up to a slope gradient of 35%, and about 1.3 m tonnes per year could be produced by growing indigenous species. Assuming that about 33 000 tonnes of fresh biomass is required per annum to run a 2.5 megawatt electricity plant, up to 42 (say 39) plants could be supplied annually from the land potentially that has been identified as being potentially available for biomass production, given the limitations discussed above.
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3.6 Conclusions
This chapter provides the results required in answer to the first research question, namely, the location and extent of physically suitable areas for producing biomass, the productivity of the land for various tree species, and the volume of woody biomass that can potentially be produced in the CWDM.
The chapter starts by identifying – using GIS as a decision support to exclude various limitations – land for producing biomass in the CWDM. Starting with the total area of the CWDM, nonagricultural land such as urban areas, bare rock and soils, mines, and ecologically sensitive areas have been excluded, as well as areas with slope gradients that are too steep for biomass production, due to limited accessibility and trafficability. Further land was excluded due to water and land usage limitations such as agriculture or forestry.
This is followed by an assessment of suitable tree species and their productivity rates – also using GIS with climate data, such as temperature extremes, frost, and mean annual precipitation; and terrain data. Tree species suited for woody biomass production are identified, and their growth performances determined.
Based on area units comprising grouped RHFAs, prospective biomass productivity rates are given for land identified as being potentially suitable for producing woody biomass. This is done to determine the volume of biomass that could be supplied annually for generating bioenergy, taking into account the limitations discussed above.
The agricultural land included for producing woody biomass is currently used for a variety of crops, with which the prospective production of woody biomass will have to compete. The next chapter focuses on the financial and economic viability of producing woody biomass in the potentially suitable areas of the CWDM, as identified above.
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4 CHAPTER IV: PROFITABILITY OF WOOD PRODUCTION FOR GENERATING
BIOENERGY
4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, areas physically and technically suited to producing lignocellulosic biomass in the CWDM were identified. The total land available for this purpose comprises mainly cultivated and non‐cultivated agricultural land, as well as fynbos, shrubland and bushland.
This chapter examines the potential for producing lignocellulosic biomass in the CWDM from a financial and economic point of view. Lignocellulosic biomass will have to be produced on uncultivated land comprising fynbos, shrubland or bushland, or on uncultivated parts of grain or wine grape/fruit farms that are uncultivatable for agricultural purposes but are still suitable for woody biomass production, and/or on cultivated parts of established grain or wine grape/fruit farms in competition with existing agricultural activities. The financial and economic viability of producing biomass as a single activity on previously uncultivated land comprising fynbos, shrubland or bushland or as an additional enterprise on a grain or winegrape/fruit farm is assessed by means of farm modelling. The assessment of various versions of the three scenarios are shown in this chapter:
Scenario 1 – lignocellulosic biomass production on fynbos/uncultivated land as a single production activity not competing with other agricultural activities. Provision was made for four levels of land productivity and resultant land values. The only capital expense provided for was land; no other capital investments were included. All biomass‐producing activities are assumed to be undertaken by contractors to minimise fixed costs.
Scenario 2 – lignocellulosic biomass production on a dryland winter‐grain farm, typically in the rainfed grain‐ and livestock‐producing Gouda/Hermon farming area.
Scenario 3 – lignocellulosic biomass production on a wine grape/fruit farm such as the intensive Montagu/Bergplase farming area, with grapes, peaches and apricots under irrigation.
For scenarios 2 and 3, it is assumed that a biomass production enterprise was added to an existing farm business, competing with the established winter‐grain or wine grape/fruit enterprises for available resources such as land, labour and capital. Existing infrastructure, machinery and permanent labour were shared where possible.
4.2 Farm model layout
The prime goal of a multi‐period budget farm model is to simulate the operation of a farm business over a period of time. In order to understand the model and the role of input and output variables, the structure of the model is illustrated below (Figure 06).
The model consists of three main parts, namely, model input, calculation and model output. The model input includes a general description of the farm business and its local conditions, the basic structure of the farm enterprises and their production activities, as well as their related income and costs (e.g. farm‐gate price of output). In addition to this, an asset replacement function for non‐fixed assets is also incorporated (Strauss, 2005). The calculation component processes the input data to generate values for the relevant output variables.
Figure 06: General structure of a farm‐level model (Strauss, 2005)
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The calculation block (Figure 06) indicates the relationships between model input and output variables. In contrast to the descriptive farm‐level modelling approach used by Strauss (2005), the multi‐period budget (MPB) model is aimed at simulating a farming business, i.e. it projects the profitability of a farm business over a longer period of time.
Similar to the farm‐level model, the MPB model requires information from the financial statements of the farm business to be modelled, namely, the income statement, cash flow statement and statement of assets and liabilities, in order to simulate a realistic farm business scenario. Figure 7 illustrates the three main components of the MPB model and its related main variables.
Figure 07: Multi‐period budget (MPB) model structure
4.2.1 Model’s data inputs
The inflow variables, such as farm‐gate price and site productivity, are mainly determined by exogenous factors. The outflow variables represent funds needed for land, fixed improvements, overhead costs, and variable costs. The latter is guided by the operational assumptions of the farming business. More detail on the model’s input and output variables concerning woody biomass production, as well as the little (or no) detail on competing well‐known agricultural crops are given below.
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4.2.1.1 Farm‐gate prices of production outputs
The inflow, or so‐called Gross Value of Production (GVP), per farming activity is determined by the farm‐gate price and the amount produced. In general, the farm‐gate price is prescribed by the market price of the good.
In the case of biomass produced for generating bio‐electricity, the farm‐gate price per tonne of biomass produced is derived from the electricity tariff, taking into account the cost of converting wood to electricity – transporting the wood from the farm to the processing plant and processing the wood logs into small chunks (Figure 08).
Figure 08: Schematic overview of the derivation of the farm‐gate price for biomass from the price of electricity
4.2.1.2 Quantity of biomass produced
The total quantity produced of a particular agricultural crop, including woody biomass, is determined by the land allocated to the activity and the expected yield per hectare (ha), as determined by variability in yield over a period of ten years in the case of the grain farm model. Yield levels were obtained from expert groups, who had access to production cost study groups. The process of deriving the volume of biomass produced per unit area and region are described in Chapter III.
All tree species selected for the farm models have the ability to coppice, meaning that they can be regenerated from coppice shoots. This implies that no planting is required for two to three rotations after harvesting, following the initially planted rotation (Little and Du Toit, 2003).
Since the goal of producing biomass is not timber quality, but purely volume, the recommended time of harvesting is correlated with the maximum MAI. Trials with Eucalyptus grandis (Coetzee, 1999) have shown that with increased numbers of sph, the maximum MAI can be achieved earlier. Hence, tree stocking and rotation length can be used to control the tree dimensions of the final crop, e.g. diameter at breast height (dbh) to allow easy harvesting.
4.2.1.3 Variable costs
Typical variable costs of producing woody biomass and agricultural crops include the costs of fertiliser, herbicides and seasonal labour.
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33
4.2.1.4 Overhead costs
Overhead costs usually include the following: communication (e.g. telephone and Internet); administration (e.g. monthly bank charges, vehicle licences and stationery); insurance for buildings, vehicles, and machinery; maintenance and repairs of fixed improvements; and remuneration of management and permanent labour. Cost‐saving opportunities exist in the cases of the grain and wine grape/fruit models, where the biomass enterprise can share permanent labour and machinery costs with other farming enterprises. Almost all of the activities related to the production of biomass – planting, fertilising, weeding, harvesting, etc. – are assumed to be performed manually. Mechanical harvesting is done in the northern hemisphere, but the viability thereof in South Africa will be determined by the scale of the production of woody biomass in a region, and the machine‐labour cost ratio.
For the farming business producing solely biomass (Scenario 1), it is assumed that no permanent labour will be employed. Only seasonal labour or contractors will be employed in order to perform the required biomass production activities.
4.2.1.5 Intermediate capital expenses
Intermediate capital investments are required in order to commence the production operations of the farming enterprises. This includes investment in vehicles and machinery such as tractors, trailers and LDVs, or in the case of a grain farm, combine harvesters.
The scale of grain production must be sufficient to ensure the (near) full utilisation of costly capital items such as combine harvesters. When adding a biomass‐producing enterprise to a grain farm, multiple use of combine harvesters can be achieved by adding a biomass‐harvesting head such as the HS‐2 biomass harvesting head for the CLAAS Jaguar 850 combine harvester (Regione‐Lombardia, 2008).
Since the harvesting of biomass in the grain and the wine grape/fruit model is expected to be performed by permanent labourers, investment in chainsaws and protective forestry clothing is assumed.
In the case of a biomass sole‐production business, it is assumed that all operations will be undertaken by contractors, and investments in any intermediate capital equipment will be avoided.
4.2.1.6 Land and fixed improvements
For each of the land‐use groups, the various realistic market values are included in the details given of both land and fixed improvements. The land value incorporates the contribution of farm houses, sheds, farm workers’ houses, and special‐purpose farm structures to the value of the fixed improvements.
The inclusion of land value has a major impact on the IRR. A low IRR for the production of woody biomass does not necessarily mean that a landowner will not invest in it, because the owner may keep the land primarily for aesthetic reasons or expected land‐value appreciation, and may be more interested in the gross margin expected from producing woody biomass.
4.2.2 Model’s calculations
The gross margin for each enterprise per area unit has been calculated to allow comparisons between the various farming enterprises within the farming business.
Asset replacement is based on three factors, namely, funds available to replace assets, the condition of an asset requiring replacement, and the technological ‘ageing’ of an asset. Only the two last‐mentioned are implemented in terms of economic life expectancy, since the farm model incorporates all costs arising during the defined period, in order to simulate the profitability of a farming business.
In the discussion on the various applications of the farm model below, no specific attention is given to the calculations component.
4.2.3 Model information outputs
The model’s output consists of three main components, namely, total annual cash inflow, total annual cash outflow, and net annual cash flow, from which performance criteria such as the IRR can be determined.
In the case of an MPB model, total annual cash inflow consists of three sections, namely, the net gross value of production (of the farm business), the net cash inflow from replacing assets, and a component combining all the other incomes of the farm business.
The total annual cash outflow is subdivided into various sections and subsections. The variable costs can be divided into directly allocatable variable costs, which are related directly to farming activities, and non‐directly allocatable costs such as electricity and repairs of machinery which are not directly allocatable to farming operations. The fixed costs consist of items such as lease payments, permanent labour, management salaries, insurances, communication costs (e.g. telephone), stationery, bank charges, property taxes. Capital expenditure consists of two components, namely, land and fixed improvements, and intermediate capital such as machinery, implements, equipment.
Figure 09: Basic structure of multi‐period budget sheet
34
The model processes the inflow and outflow sections in terms of financial values or financial ratios in order to arrive at an outcome which evaluates the profitability of the farm business and compares it with others. Included in the financial values/ratios are net cash flow, the IRR, and the expected development of cash flow.
The IRR is a capital budgeting measure used to decide whether an investment is profitable or not. It is an indicator of the efficiency or quality of an investment, as opposed to net present value (NPV), which indicates value or magnitude. The IRR is the annualised effective compound rate of return that can be earned on capital invested, i.e. the yield on the investment. Put another way, the IRR for an investment is the discount rate that makes the NPV of the investment’s income stream equal to zero (Peterson, 1994).
Formula 2
NPV net present value
t time period
CF cash flow at the end of period t
R cost of capital
T number of periods that make up the length of the economic life of the investment
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36
4.3 Biomass sole‐production model
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter; in Scenario 1, the biomass sole‐production model has been applied to fynbos, shrubland and bushland areas, as well as to uncultivated and uncultivatable agricultural land. Such land requires thorough soil preparation. The scenario was run for four levels of site productivity and correlated land value over a production period of 45 years. The structure of the farm model developed in the previous section has been followed, giving more detail on aspects typical of a model for biomass sole‐production.
4.3.1 Model’s data inputs
4.3.1.1 Inflow variables
In order to derive the farm gate price for woody biomass, secondary transport costs, pre‐processing costs, as well as conversion costs were deducted from the electricity tariff (Figure 8). Cost levels for each were obtained from various experts and expert‐group work sessions. Agricultural crop yield levels were obtained from expert groups, with the experts having access to production cost study groups. The derivation of the volume of biomass produced per unit area is described in Chapter III.
• Conversion costs
Financial assumptions on conversion costs are based on the technology option proposed by Carbo Consult (Eckermann et al., 2008), based in South Africa. This is an integrated gasification plant utilising biomass as a feedstock. Electrical power is generated using an internal combustion (IC) engine and generator. Additionally, heat can be supplied from a heat recovery heat exchanger.
The feedstock is wood chunks of up to 11 cm in length and diameter with a moisture content less than 20%. Some 5 t of feedstock per hour are required to produce a constant 2 500 kilowatts (kW) of electrical output. In order to ensure such constant production, about 43 180 t of feedstock has to be supplied annually, which equals approximately 118 t on a daily basis. The plant’s overall biomass‐to‐electricity efficiency rate is estimated at 22%.
Figure 10 below shows a flow diagram of Carbo Consult’s CCE‐SJG Gasifier.
Figure 10: Schematic diagram of Carbo Consult CCE‐SJG Gasifier
Source: Eckermann et al. (2008)
Table 11 indicates the projected total investment and running costs for an integrated gasification plant utilising biomass as a feedstock based on a 2.5 megawatt (MW) electricity conversion system (ECS). The total conversion cost has been extrapolated up to a period of 20 years in order to relate the electricity conversion system to multi‐period farm models. Additionally, the economic life expectancy of the ECS is generally estimated at 20 years. If operated and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, the lifespan of the ECS can be even longer.
Table 11: Technical and cost information on investment and running costs of Carbo Consult CCE‐SJG Gasifier
Number of gasifier(s) 14
Electricity plant size (in kWh) 200kW 2 500kW per gasifier total The ex‐work budgetary price for the 450 Nm³/h (each) 200 kW R2 100 000 R29 400 000Installation cost including building and cooling pond R600 000 R2 800 000Miscellaneous (10% of equipment costs) R260 000 R3 640 000Total cost R2 960 000 R35 840 000
Naturally aspirated engine Genset R750 000 R10 500 000Total engine cost R750 000 R10 500 000
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38
Shed for wood storage R3 505 138
Total fixed investment (excluding O&M) R49 845 138
Time period (in years) 1 20 Shed for wood storage (O&M) @ 1.5% of purchase price/year R52 577 R1 051 541O&M cost for Carbo Consult CCE‐SJG Gasifier R1 866 667 R37 333 333One semi‐skilled personnel member (R42 000/year) R42 000 R840 000Two night‐shift team leaders (R30 000/year) R60 000 R1 200 00014 workers per shift (3 x 8 hours per day – R21 600/year) R907 200 R18 144 000Total running cost R2 928 444 R58 568 875
total outflow R5 420 701 R108 414 013
The total investment cost of almost R50 m includes the cost of 14 gasifiers, installation costs, miscellaneous costs, the cost of 14 electricity generators in parallel circuit, and the cost of a shed for storing and drying wood. The total annual running costs consist of administration and maintenance costs for the conversion plant and the storage shed, and wages for one semi‐skilled personnel member supervising the conversion process, two night‐shift team leaders, and one worker per shift in three shifts per day for each gasifier.
Following feedstock procurement and pre‐processing, etc. only feeding and de‐ashing are required to run the ECS system. Thus, the ECS system is virtually maintenance‐free, except for regular maintenance of the Genset as prescribed by the manufacturer.
Technical and cost details were obtained from Mr Gero Eckermann of Carbo Consult and Engineering (Pty) Ltd and were adapted by Mr Riaan Meyer from the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch.
One tonne of biomass dried to a moisture content of 18% is projected to deliver 867.78 kWh, assuming an overall conversion efficiency rate of 22%. Hence, 25 237 tonnes of biomass are required annually to generate a constant 2 500 kW of electricity. Assuming the electricity plant has a life span of 20 years, the cost of generating one kWh of electricity is estimated at R0.25 per kWh, resulting in conversion costs of R214.79 per tonne of biomass (Annexure 16 for a table indicating the cost structures per kWh and tonne of the proposed bioenergy system).
• Pre‐processing costs
The conversion system described above requires wood logs to be pre‐processed into smaller pieces or chunks. The reaction zone of the gasifier has a throat diameter of approximately 22 cm. The wood logs will arrive at the conversion plant in approximately 6.0 m lengths. Upon arrival, the logs will be cut into disks with a stationary circular saw at the storage facility. In order to supply the electricity plant constantly with pre‐processed biomass, three stationary cross‐cutting devices will be required. The investment cost for each is estimated at R50 000, with an economic life expectancy of 10 years. The total pre‐processing costs per t of fresh biomass, after incorporating investment costs over a period of 20 years, are estimated at R20.35 at a load factor of 100% for the electricity plant (constant production of 2 500 kW of electricity).This amounts to R0.04 per kWh of generated electricity. The load factor refers to the level of conversion capacity at which the electricity plant is running, i.e. at a load factor of 100%, the electricity plant is running at full capacity.
• Secondary transport costs
Secondary transport costs refer to the costs of transporting woody biomass from the farm‐gate to the electricity plant, to be distinguished from primary transport, which is from the plantation to the farm‐gate. The cost of the latter and the primary production costs have to be covered by the farm‐gate price. Table 12 and Figure 11 show the nonlinear relationship between the distance travelled and total transport costs, due to the influence of the costs of loading and unloading as fixed costs. To derive the farm gate price, three transport distances have been selected, namely 20, 40 and 60 km. Assuming the conversion efficiency rate is 22% for the electricity plant, resulting in 867.78 kWh/t, the transport costs can be translated as R0.09 per kWh of electricity generated at a transport distance of 20 km, R0.10 per kWh at 40 km, and R0.12 per kWh at 60 km.
Table 12: Transport cost development with increasing distances
Distance (km)
Transport cost tariff (R/km)
Total transport cost (R)
Transportcost
(R/kWh)
Distance (km)
Transport cost tariff(R/km)
Total transport cost (R)
Transport cost
(R/kWh)
55 1.82 100.37 0.12
10 9.32 93.24 0.11 60 1.78 106.64 0.12 15 4.95 74.21 0.09 65 1.71 111.01 0.13 20 4.06 81.19 0.09 70 1.64 115.04 0.13
25 3.23 80.73 0.09 75 1.63 122.36 0.14
30 2.68 80.48 0.09 80 1.62 129.55 0.15
35 2.38 83.26 0.10 85 1.61 136.63 0.16
40 2.08 83.00 0.10 90 1.60 143.84 0.17
45 1.97 88.82 0.10 95 1.59 150.78 0.17
50 1.87 93.62 0.11
100 1.58 158.29 0.18
Figure 11: Transport costs per km with increasing distance
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40
• Farm‐gate price of woody biomass
As illustrated in Figure 6, the farm‐gate price for biomass (R/t) is derived from the electricity tariff minus conversion costs, minus pre‐processing costs, minus secondary transport costs. The farm‐gate prices for each of six electricity tariff levels were determined, and are shown in Table 13. This was done to show the sensitivity of the farm gate price to possible ESCOM electricity tariff increases over the short and medium term.
Table 13: Farm‐gate price of wet woody biomass for conversion to bioenergy, derived from different electricity tariff levels
R/kWh R0.50 R0.75 R1.00 R1.25 R1.50 R1.75Electricity tariff (80% moisture content) R/t R253.61 R380.42 R507.22 R634.03 R760.83 R887.64
Electricity conversion costs(Load factor: 100%)
R/t R214.79
Total pre‐processing costs (Load factor: 100%)
R/t R20.35
20km R81.19
40km R83.00 Transport costs (R/t)
60km R106.64
20km R‐62.72 R64.09 R190.89 R317.70 R444.50 R571.31
40km R‐64.53 R62.28 R189.08 R315.89 R442.69 R569.50
Farm‐gate price for woody biomass (80% moisture content, load factor: 100%) 60km R‐88.17 R38.63 R165.44 R292.25 R419.05 R545.86
An electricity tariff of R0.50/kWh results in a negative farm gate price for woody biomass, while a tariff of R0.75/kWh gives a small positive farm gate price.
• Quantity biomass produced
The biomass sole‐production model was run using four volumetric productivity rates. The first assumes a high production potential using Eucalyptus hybrids with an MAI of 27 t at age 5yr (fresh biomass). The second round assumes a MAI of 18 t at 7 years. The third round assumes a MAI of 9 t at 10 years. The fourth round assumes the lowest production potential with a MAI of 5 t at 15 years.
4.3.1.2 Outflow variables
For the biomass sole‐production scenarios, only the investment in land will be considered. It is assumed that all activities relating to the production of biomass will be undertaken by contractors. The variable costs of producing biomass consist of four main components, namely, establishment costs; maintenance, or so‐called tending costs; harvesting costs; and post‐harvesting costs.
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• Establishment costs
Establishment costs are determined by three activities, namely, site preparation, planting and blanking. The term blanking refers to the replacement of dead seedlings shortly after planting, and replanting describes, in forestry terms, total replanting after clear‐felling.
In the case of producing solely biomass, full preparation of the land is required, including mechanical preparation of the land with a bulldozer, as well as chemical preparation of the land in order to eliminate competing vegetation. To enhance the growth rate, particularly during the first years after planting, fertiliser is applied. A chemical analysis of the soil is undertaken prior to planting and after each harvesting to determine the application of fertilisers required to maintain stable soil nutrition and to ensure the sustainable growth of the crop. It is assumed that the application of herbicides will be done with a portable applicator.
Prior to planting, a land survey will be undertaken, to assess factors such as soil and terrain conditions, location, main wind direction and fire protection (e.g. buffer zones, firebreaks).
After preparing the land, the planting is done manually after having prepared planting pits at the required spacing, depending on the number of recommended stems per ha. In order to increase the survival rate after planting, water ensuring hydrogel can be provided to the plants (Viero et al., 2002). The planting and blanking costs include the costs of trees, fertiliser and labour.
Table 14, below, indicates the assumed costs per rotation and hectare. A full preparation of the site is seen as a once‐off expense at the time of establishment of the woody biomass plantation. Thereafter, only applications of herbicides after clear‐felling have been assumed as a maintenance or tending cost.
• Maintenance/tending costs
Until harvesting, little maintenance or tending is necessary in comparison to conventional agricultural production. Tending costs include those for fertiliser, herbicides and labour. Fertiliser is applied in low concentrations per tree in order to improve tree growth. Systemic herbicide applications are required until canopy closure is reached, after which competition from weeds is eliminated (Little et al., 1997). Weed control and fertilising are done manually.
• Harvesting costs
The harvesting operation includes motor‐manual felling and de‐branching of trees with chainsaws, followed by cross‐cutting the logs into sections of predetermined length, in order to maximise transport and payload, manual loading and unloading, and primary transport to the roadside for further transportation to the electricity‐generating plant. The primary transport costs are based on the assumption that a tractor and trailer will be used for a maximum transport distance of 2 km up a maximum slope gradient of 10%. All harvesting costs are estimated per tonne (fresh biomass) and include operator costs and wages.
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• Post‐harvesting costs
After clear‐felling a plantation, coppice shoots are allowed to re‐sprout in order to regenerate the section. Once coppice shoots reach a height of between 1.5 and 2.0 m, they should be reduced to between one or two shoots per stump (Little and Du Toit, 2003). The aim is to achieve the same tree density that was used in the first planting operation, relative to the stand target concerned. More than one shoot per stump can be left to make up for the mortality of neighbouring stumps.
This procedure can be repeated at least two to three times after the initial planting. Thereafter, it is recommended that new, genetically improved tree material be planted between the original planting lines, after killing the original stumps with contact herbicides and allowing them to decompose (du Toit, 2008a).
Table 14: Variable costs for biomass sole‐production businesses
Variable costs for producing biomass per rotation/ha
Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4
Full site preparation (R/ha) (including mechanical land preparation estimated at R7 450.00/ha)
R9 044 R9 044 R9 044 R9 044
Planting (R/ha) (including cost of trees) R4 681 R4 119 R3 556 R2 994
Blanking (R/ha) (assumed mortality: 5%) R139 R126 R113 R100
Total establishment costs (R/ha) R13 865 R13 290 R12 714 R12 139
Fertilising (R/ha) (post‐planting, 1‐2 applications) R865 R753 R650 R547
Weed control (R/ha) (post‐planting, 2‐3 applications)
R1 627 R1 627 R1 627 R1 627
Total tending costs (R/ha) R2 535 R2 381 R2 278 R2 174
Harvesting (R/t)a Felling and preparation R45.00 Loading & unloading (R/t)a Manual operation R25.00
Primary transport (R/t) Transport distance of 2 km Extraction with tractor‐trailer combination Maximum slope gradient of 10%
R22.00
Expected yield/rotation (t/ha) (fresh biomass) 135 126 90 75
Total harvesting costs (R/ha) R12 420 R11 592 R8 280 R6 900
Thinning (R/ha) (reducing of excess coppice shoots) R67 R67 R67 R67
Others R80 R80 R80 R80 Total post‐harvesting costs(R/ha) R147 R147 R147 R147
Total costs/rotation c(R/ha) R21 641 R20 126 R16 135 R14 076 Notes: a All costs include operating costs and wages b R/t for fresh biomass c Costs for the initial mechanical land preparation are annualised over a period of 45 years
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• Overhead costs
A basic annual fixed cost of only R9 600 was included, consisting of expenses for communication (e.g. telephone and Internet), monthly bank charges and stationery. Overhead costs were obtained from expert groups, who had access to production cost study groups.
• Intermediate capital costs
Due to the outsourcing of all operations, it is assumed that no purchasing of machinery and equipment will be needed.
• Land and fixed improvements
No fixed improvements have been assumed for the biomass sole‐production model. The four versions of Scenario 1 were chosen to show decreasing production potentials. Typical land values for the land‐use groups were obtained from Adval Valuation Centre (2008). The first round is modelled at a land value of R50 000 per ha, the second at R8 000, the third at R5 000 and the fourth, which is assumed to have the lowest production potential, at R1 000.
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4.3.2 Model’s information outputs
The four versions of the biomass sole‐production business differ in terms of site productivity and corresponding land value. A production period of 45 years was assumed in all cases. The IRR was calculated for all four versions at various farm‐gate price levels. None of the four versions was viable at an electricity price of R0.75/kWh, or even at R1.00/kWh. An electricity tariff of R1.25 and a resulting farm‐gate price of R315.00 delivered a positive IRR. At a farm‐gate price of R442.00 (R1.50 per kWh), all four versions showed a positive IRR (see Table 15 below).
Table 15: Profitability of biomass sole‐production scenario versions, based on IRR
Scenario 1 2 3 4 Potential High Medium Low Very low
High Medium Low Very low Land value (R/ha)*
R50 000 R8 000 R5 000 R1 000 Land for biomass production (ha) 200 200 200 200 Total cost of land (R) R10 000 000 R1 600 000 R1 000 000 R200 000
Species Eucalyptus (hybrid)
Eucalyptus claducalyx
Eucalyptus claducalyx
Rhus pendulina
Stems per ha sph 2 000 1 750 1 500 1 250 Rotation length years 5 7 10 15 MAI (80% MC**) t/ha/yr 27.0 18.0 9 5.0 MAI (18% MC**) t/ha/yr 15.0 10.0 5 2.78
R/kWh* R/t* Expected IRR over 45 years (%)
R0.75 R62 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
R1.00 R189 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
R1.25 R316 5.3% 9.7% 4.9% ‐
R1.50 R443 9.2% 14.0% 8.3% 4.4%
Farm‐gate price (R/t) derived from various electricity tariffs (R/kWh)
R1.75 R570 12.1% 17.3% 10.5% 6.5%
Expected price/t (80% moisture content)
IRR > 0% R252 R212 R274 R385
Notes: * Based on the assumptions made in Section 4.3.1.1 ** Moisture content Source: Land value obtained from Adval Valuation Centre (2008)
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4.4 Dryland farming scenario
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, this section investigates the competitiveness of a biomass production enterprise as an additional farming activity in an existing dryland winter grain farming business (Scenario 2). The farm model simulates a typical winter grain farm in the Gouda/Hermon farming area, the winter grain‐producing western section of the CWDM. The total size of the farm is 1 000 ha, and the main farming activities are grain and livestock production, with which biomass production will have to compete. The existing infrastructure, machinery and permanent labour are shared in order to benefit from the full usage of existing capacity. Four versions of Scenario 2, which differ in terms of percentage of land used for biomass production (5%, 10%, 20% and 40% of the total amount of available land respectively), have been modelled over a period of 20 years. The structure of the general farm model, explained at the beginning of this chapter, is used as a guideline, and within the dryland farming model, more detail is given to aspects typical of a biomass‐producing operation.
4.4.1 Model’s data inputs
4.4.1.1 Inflow variables
All farm‐gate prices and production quantities, as well as the operational assumptions about the agricultural production enterprises, were derived from production‐cost study groups and receive no further attention in this study.
• Farm gate prices for production outputs
The same derived farm‐gate prices for biomass in Section 4.3.1.1 have been applied to the dryland farming scenario.
• Quantity of biomass produced
The prospective biomass‐producing potential for the Gouda/Hermon farming area has been estimated at an average MAI of 11 t per ha at age 6 (fresh biomass) using Eucalyptus hybrids and a rotation period of six years (Van Wyk et al., 2000; Du Toit, 2008b).
4.4.1.2 Outflow variables
In contrast to Scenario 1, Scenario 2 investigates the introduction of biomass production to a fully operating winter grain farming operation, which offers the opportunity of sharing resources and thus fully utilising infrastructure, machinery and labour, but also the prospect of competing for available cultivated land. Permanent labour costs form part of the overhead costs. Only herbicide and fertiliser costs are included as variable costs. No further seasonal labour is employed.
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• Establishment costs
Of the dryland farm, 98% is assumed to be cultivated or to have previously been cultivated. Hence, no full site preparation is required to produce woody biomass, and existing machinery can be employed to prepare the soil. The cost of planting is based on 1 500 sph at R1.00 per plant; the fertiliser cost is R0.94/tree (15 g N, 7.5 g P, 1 000 g lime, plus various trace elements per tree). Blanking will be required, too, assuming a mortality rate of 5%.
• Maintenance/tending costs
In the first year after planting, and each time after clear‐felling, fertiliser is to be applied to enhance tree productivity. To eliminate competing vegetation, herbicides will also be applied in the first one to two years after planting, as well as after clear‐felling, and this will continue until canopy closure.
• Harvesting costs
The harvesting operation, as with the sole biomass‐producing business, is also performed motor‐manually, and loading and unloading manually, since the same shape and size requirements apply. Primary transport will be undertaken with an own tractor‐trailer combination.
• Post‐harvesting costs
Post‐harvesting costs are made up of the cost of a soil chemical analysis (used to obtain the correct information needed to adjust follow‐up fertiliser applications). Thinning will be performed by permanent labour, which forms part of the overhead costs.
• Overhead costs
Overhead costs include the remuneration of permanent labour and management, and maintenance and repair costs for fixed improvements such as fencing and the water supply.
Table 16: Total annual overhead costs for dryland farm scenario
Total annual overhead costs R/yr Maintenance & repairs, fixed improvements (1.5% of total value of fixed improvements)
R17 100
Maintenance & repairs, intermediate capital (7.5% of annualised total value of intermediate capital)
R61 858.69
Maintenance & repairs, fencing R6 000.00
Maintenance & repairs, water supply R4 500
Management remuneration R180 000
Permanent labour remuneration R158 625
Fuel costs* R645 201
Insurance of assets (2.5% of total value of assets)
R147 534
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Vehicle licences R8 425
Communications (e.g. phone and Internet) R24 000
Bank administration charges R 7 000
Stationery R 12 000
Accounting/auditing fees R 11 000
Total fixed costs R1 283 244
• Intermediate capital costs
The intermediate capital equipment consists of machinery, vehicles and the equipment required to operate a 1 000 ha grain and livestock farm, as well as the required biomass harvesting equipment.
For every 50 ha under biomass production, the cost of one chainsaw plus an operator’s safety equipment set has been assumed. For each scenario, one spare set has been added. The same approach has been taken for portable applicators (pressure sprayers) and other items such as knives for thinning and other necessary tools.
Refer to Annexure 21 for detailed information on the intermediate capital equipment applied and the economic life expectancy (years) for each item, as well as on the purchase price (R), salvage price ratio (%) and resulting salvage price (R), assumed current age (years), total depreciation and total current value.
• Land and fixed improvements
The following expenses have been assumed for the dryland farming model:
Table 17: Land and fixed improvements for dryland farming scenario
Item Amount Value/item (R) Total value (R) Farmhouse 1 R450 000.00 R450 000 Housing for permanent workers 6 R45 000.00 R225 000 Other buildings (2 offices & parking lots) 1 R60 000.00 R60 000 Main shed (machine storage, etc.) 1 R150 000.00 R150 000 Additional shed 1 R60 000.00 R60 000 Fencing 1 R240 000.00 R240 000 Water supply 1 R150 000.00 R150 000 Total fixed improvements* R1 380 000
Total land value 1 000 R20 000 R20 000 000
Total land and fixed improvements R20 000 000 Note: *Value of fixed improvements has been incorporated in the total land value
4.4.2 Model’s information outputs
Four versions of Scenario 2 (dryland farming model) are presented. The first version assumes 5% of land is allocated to producing biomass, 93% to producing grain and livestock, and 2% remains uncultivated. The second version assumes 10% of land for biomass, the third 20%, and the fourth 40%.
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When no biomass‐producing activity is applied in the dryland farm model, an IRR of 2.6% is expected over a period of 20 years. The derived farm‐gate prices and IRRs for the four levels of land allocated to producing biomass (see above) are presented in Table 18.
Table 18: Profitability of dryland farming business scenario producing biomass, based on IRR
Scenario 1 2 3 4 Total farm size (ha) 1000 ha Homestead & others 20 ha 20 ha 20 ha 20 ha Agricultural land 930 ha 880 ha 780 ha 580 ha Biomass production land 50 ha 100 ha 200 ha 400 ha Total intermediate capital equipment costs (Over period of 20 years)
R16 495 650 R16 534 373 R16 611 819 R13 685 488
Total costs for land and fixed improvements (Over period of 20 years)
R20 000 000
Species Eucalyptus hybrid Stems per ha sph 1 500 Rotation length years 6 MAI (80% MC) t/ha/yr 11 MAI (18% MC) t/ha/yr 6.11
R/kWh* R/t* Expected IRR over period of 20 years (%)
R0.75 R62 1.86% 0.23% ‐ 3.43% ‐
R1.00 R189 2.23% 1.05% ‐ 1.39% ‐ 5.53%
R1.25 R316 2.60% 1.82% 0.29% ‐ 1.43%
R1.50 R443 2.95% 2.53% 1.74% 1.46%
Farm‐gate price (R/t) derived from various electricity tariffs (R/kWh)
R1.75 R570 3.29% 3.20% 3.03% 3.75%
Table 18 shows that the IRR generally drops as the amount of land allocated to the production of woody biomass increases, due to less land being allocated to the more profitable production of wheat, and underutilised combine harvester capacity. Version 4 is the exception, as the IRR actually increases when 400 ha are allocated to the production of woody biomass, with around only 600 ha still remaining for winter grain production, which is the amount of land that ensures full utilisation of one combine harvester. The second underutilised combine harvester, which causes high fixed costs in all the other versions of Scenario 2, is missing here. The major impact of underutilised combine harvester capacity will clearly influence the decision as to whether, and to what extent, woody biomass will be introduced on a dryland winter grain farm.
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4.5 Intensive farming scenario
The intensive farming scenario (Scenario 3) simulates a farm in the Montagu/Bergplase farming area, with four existing traditional enterprises, namely, white and red wine grape production, apricot production, and peach production. The total farm size is 300 ha, of which 40 ha comprises irrigable arable land. Similar to the previous simulation, cultivated land is allocated to producing woody biomass at four levels, i.e. replacing 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% of ‘classic’ intensive farming activities with biomass production. Scenario 3 differs from Scenarios 1 and 2, as it also provides for the allocation of water to irrigate plantations in order to increase productivity by decreasing growth cycle length. Existing infrastructure, machinery, and labour are shared or replaced in order to improve the utilisation rate of these resources.
4.5.1 Model’s data inputs
The input data applied in the intensive farming scenario was obtained from and verified by experts from the Montagu/Bergrivier farming area. As woody biomass is not commercially produced in the Montagu/Bergrivier farming area and the effects of irrigation in a short rotation system are unknown for this area, assumptions about an improved MAI were obtained from Hoffmann (2008) and Du Toit (2008b) (Refer to annexure 24 for a table indicating the assumptions made for the intensive farming scenario).
4.5.1.1 Inflow variables
All assumptions regarding farm‐gate prices and production quantities, as well as assumptions regarding the operational aspect of the agricultural production enterprises have been derived from production cost study groups and do not receive further attention in this study.
• Farm‐gate prices for biomass production outputs
The same derived farm‐gate prices applicable to biomass, in Section 4.3.1.1, have been applied in the intensive farming scenario.
• Quantity biomass produced
The prospective biomass producing potential has been estimated at an average MAI of 28.8 t per h (fresh biomass) using Eucalyptus hybrids, at a rotation period of 3 years, based on the assumption that biomass plantations are irrigated.
4.5.1.2 Outflow variables
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A full farming setup is assumed in the intensive farming scenario, which offers the opportunity of sharing infrastructure, machines, and labour, as well as water resources for irrigation. Seasonal labour is assumed to be employed, but only for harvesting wine grapes, apricots and peaches. All labour requirements for producing biomass are performed by permanent workers.
• Establishment costs
As it is assumed that all arable land is being used for fruit production, and all bare land has been previously cultivated, no full site preparation will be required. Own machinery, such as a tractor‐ghroub combination, is employed for land preparation. Planting costs include the cost of 2 500 sph, at R1.00 per tree, and fertiliser costs at the time of planting, at R0.59 per tree. Blanking will be required, assuming a mortality rate of 5%.
Use of a dripping irrigation system, allowing controlled irrigation, and the application of fertiliser in liquid form, particularly during summer months, is assumed.
• Maintenance/tending costs
Maintenance/tending costs include three main components, namely, weed control, fertilisation and irrigation. In order to eliminate competing vegetation, weed control applications are required and have to be repeated until canopy closure is reached. Thus, two to three weed‐control applications after planting are assumed, both in the year of planting and after clear‐felling, as well as in the year thereafter.
It is assumed that fertiliser will be applied in liquid form through the irrigation system. During the summer months, trees are irrigated with about 6 000 m³ of water per ha per annum, at a total cost of R2 200 per ha (for both water and electricity).
• Harvesting costs
Using own machinery and permanent labour, harvesting operations are planned for periods when the permanent labour force is underutilised. Harvesting operations include manual clear‐felling with chainsaws, including de‐branching and cross‐cutting into halves, and manual loading and unloading, followed by a short haul to the roadside for further transportation to the electricity‐producing plant. All harvesting costs are estimated per tonne (fresh biomass); operating costs and wages are not included.
• Post‐harvesting costs
Post‐harvesting costs consist of the cost of a soil chemical analysis in order to adjust the follow‐up fertiliser application. Thinning will be performed by permanent labour.
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Table 19: Annualised variable costs of producing biomass per rotation and ha for intensive farming scenario
Variable costs of producing biomass per rotation (R/ha)*
Comment R/ rotation
Site preparation a Including mechanical land preparation with tractor‐ghroub combination and weed‐control application
R197
Planting b Including cost of trees, 2 500 sph at R1.00 per tree R2 092
Blanking b Assumed mortality: 5% R105 Irrigation system c R880 Total establishment costs (R/ha) R3 274
Fertilising Post‐planting, 1‐2 applications R734 Weed control Post‐planting, 2‐3 applications R1 080
Irrigation Water: ≈600m³/annum, electricity costs included R6 600
Total tending costs R8 414
Harvesting R25.00/t Felling and preparation R2 115
Primary transport R22.00/t Transport distance: Max. 2 km, extraction with tractor‐trailer combination, max. slope gradient 10%
R1 861
Expected yield/rotation (t/ha)
84.60t fresh biomass, 80% moisture content
Total harvesting costs (R/ha) R3 976
Thinning* Reduction of excess coppice shootings ‐ Others Soil chemical analysis, etc. R 108 Total post‐harvesting costs R108
Total costs/rotation R15 742 Note: a Mechanical site preparation costs are annualised over a period of 20 years b Cost of trees is annualised for the total number of rotations c Capital cost of irrigation systems is annualised over a period of 20 years
• Overhead costs
The overhead costs comprise annual fixed costs such as the remuneration of permanent labour and management, and the costs of maintenance and repairs applicable to the fixed improvements, fencing, and water supply.
Table 20: Total annual overhead costs for intensive farming scenario
Total annual overhead costs R/year Maintenance & repairs, fixed improvements (1.5% of total value of fixed improvements)
R41 250
Maintenance & repairs, intermediate capital (7.5% of annualised total value of intermediate capital)
R20 025
Maintenance & repairs, fencing R1 500
Maintenance & repairs, water supply R4 500
Management remuneration R180 000
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Permanent labour remuneration R175 000
Total fuel costs* R127 204
Overhead electricity costs R2 400
Insurance of assets (2.5% of total value of assets)
R106 606
Vehicle licences R2 155
Communications (e.g. phone and Internet) R24 000
Bank administration charges R7 000
Stationery R12 000
Accounting/auditing fees R11 000
Total fixed costs R696 293
Notes: *Fuel costs assumed at R10.00/litre; total annual fuel costs depend on vehicles and machinery employed
• Land and fixed improvement costs
The following expenses have been assumed for the intensive farming model:
Table 21: Land and fixed improvements for intensive farming scenario
Land Amount Value/ha (R) Total value (R) Homestead 5 R45 000 R225 000 Arable and irrigable land 40 R75 500 R3 012 450 Total land costs R3 237 450
Farmhouse 1 R450 000 R450 000 Housing for permanent workers 10 R45 000 R450 000 Other buildings (2 offices & parking lots) 1 R60 000 R60 000 Main shed (machine storage, etc.) 1 R150 000 R150 000 Others (fencing, water supply, etc.) 1 R1 550 000 R1 550 000 Total fixed improvements R2 660 000
Total land and fixed improvements R5 897 450 Note: *Value for fixed improvements has been included in total land value
4.5.2 Information on model’s outputs
Four versions of Scenario 3 were developed, which differ in terms of the land usage being re‐allocated from agricultural to biomass usage. Only wine grape production has been substituted by biomass production, whereas high‐value crops such as apricots and peaches have not been replaced in any of the four versions. The total cultivated land is 40 ha. The first version assumes 2 ha is used for producing red winegrapes, 16 ha for white winegrapes, 8 ha for apricots, 12 ha for peaches, and 2 ha for biomass. The amount of land used for producing biomass increases with each version, ending with 40% used for producing biomass in Version 4.
The success variables, indicated by the IRR, are influenced by various factors, such as variable costs for production, labour, machinery and equipment, as well as for the costs of land and fixed improvements.
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Winegrapes, apricots and peaches are perennial crops, which only reach full production capacity after a period of time. Winegrapes, for instance, are assumed to reach full production in year five; apricots and peaches reach full production capacity in year six. Given the condition of a farming business at the beginning of the budget period, it has been assumed that the fruit orchards will differ in age: some will have been replaced recently and some will still need to reach full production capacity; others will be in full production, while others may require replacement during the budgeting period. A change in the applied algorithm has a direct effect on the profitability of the farming business. The biomass‐producing plantations are assumed to be established at the start of the budgeting period.
High‐value crops, such as wine grapes, apricots and peaches require high inputs, such as fertiliser, machinery and labour. When replacing fruit orchards with biomass plantations, permanent labour can be shared, and with an increased substitution of fruit orchards with lower input‐requiring biomass plantations, the need for permanent labour decreases, which is indicated by the decreasing overhead costs shown in Table 22.
Generally, this also applies to machinery, but when utilising a lower percentage of land previously used for fruit production, the intermediate capital costs increase in order to fulfil all production requirements. Only at higher levels of production replacement costs for machinery can be saved (refer to Table 22 for the total intermediate capital costs of the different intensive farm model versions.)
Table 22: Profitability of an intensive farming business producing biomass, based on IRR
Version 1 2 3 4 Total farm size (ha) 40 ha Red grapes 5% 2 ha 0% ‐ 0% ‐ 0% ‐ White grapes 40% 16 ha 40% 16 ha 30% 12 ha 10% 4 ha Apricots 20% 8 ha Peaches 30% 12 ha Biomass 5% 2 ha 10% 4 ha 20% 8 ha 40% 16 ha
Total overhead costs (Over period of 20 years) R14 738 098 R14 151 701 R13 246 562 R12 467 458
Total intermediate capital costs (Over period of 20 years) R5 780 868 R4 759 542 R4 130 760 R4 118 406
Total costs for land and fixed improvements (Over period of 20 years)
R5 897 450.00
Species Eucalyptus hybrid Stems per ha sph 2 500 Rotation length years 3 MAI (80% MC) t/ha/year 28.80 MAI (18% MC) t/ha/year 16
R/kWh* R/t* Expected IRR over period of 20 years (%)
R0.75 R62 ‐ 1.08% 0.45% ‐ 0.90% ‐
R1.00 R189 ‐ 0.86% 0.82% ‐ 0.14% ‐ 8.03%
R1.25 R316 ‐ 0.66% 1.18% 0.59% ‐ 4.95%
R1.50 R443 ‐ 0.45% 1.52% 1.27% ‐ 2.73%
Farm‐gate price (R/t) derived from various electricity tariffs (R/kWh)
R1.75 R570 ‐ 0.25% 1.86% 1.92% ‐ 0.93%
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Red grapes White grapes Apricots Peaches 10% 4 ha 40% 16 ha 20% 8 ha 30% 12 ha IRR of intensive farm model, without
biomass production 1.60%
Total overhead costs (Over period of 20 years) R15 117 318
Total intermediate capital costs (Over period of 20 years) R5 189 232
The introduction of woody biomass production on a winegrape/fruit farm in the drier parts of the CWDM generally causes a drop in the IRR, due to the substitution of a high value crop with a large profit margin with woody biomass, and the more land that is allocated to woody biomass production, the more the IRR drops. This general pattern certainly inhibits the prospect of utilising a favourable climate, fertile soils and costly irrigation water for producing biomass at high levels of productivity. However, there is one exception that is noteworthy. Increasing the area under woody biomass from four to eight ha is the only scenario where the IRR actually increases (from 1.86% to 1.92%). This is due to a reduction in the machinery and implements needed for fruit production, and thus a fuller utilisation of the existing intermediate capital stock. An important principle can be derived from this observation, namely, that the viability of introducing woody biomass as an alternative crop or enterprise depends, to a large extent, on the profitability of the other conventional crops. An optimal size, and/or multiples of it, is necessary to achieve a reasonable IRR. Underutilised land on fruit farms provides opportunities for the production of woody biomass in the dryer parts of the CWDM.
The input‐output ratio of woody biomass is not as good as it is for high‐value agricultural activities, despite the advantages of sharing good soils and water, thereby decreasing the rotation length in producing biomass. This still does not compensate though for the loss in profit due to the decreased coverage by higher value crops.
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4.6 Conclusion
The second research question stated in Chapter 1, namely, whether biomass production in different areas of the CWDM with differing production potential will be financially and economically feasible, has been investigated and answered in Chapter 4.
In Chapter 3, areas suited to producing woody biomass were identified. GIS was used to exclude unsuitable areas such as non‐agricultural areas, ecologically sensitive areas, areas with terrain and water limitations, as well as areas with forestry plantations.
Some of the land identified as suitable for producing woody biomass that can be classified as medium‐ and high‐potential land is currently being used for agricultural production. Hence, woody biomass production will have to compete with the established production activities such as grain and fruit farming traditionally found here.
Three scenarios have been developed, based on a multi‐period budget farm model. The model determines the internal rate of return (IRR) as a general measure of profitability and shows the impact on the IRR when woody biomass is produced on a typical winter grain farm and a typical winegrape/fruit farm in the CWDM.
The first scenario focuses on land which is currently not being used for agriculture, such as less sensitive fynbos, shrubland or bushland areas, and uncultivated marginal agricultural land on farms in the CWDM. Four versions have been simulated, assuming that no investments in intermediate capital and fixed improvements are made, all overhead expenses are minimised, and all the activities required to produce biomass are performed by contractors. The four versions differ in terms of production potential and corresponding land values. Furthermore, due to the different production potentials of the four versions, suitable tree species for each area, which differ in terms of productivity and rotation length, have been selected.
The results indicate that biomass production can be financially and economically viable. In the case of using land with a high production potential, the limiting factor is the high investment cost of the land. In contrast to this, Version 4 assumes a low land value and a low productivity rate. Long rotation cycles and low productivity rates make it less favourable. Still, at higher farm‐gate prices for biomass, this can be a viable option.
The intermediate versions of the sole biomass‐production scenario appeared to be more financially and economically viable, due to lower investment costs in land and reasonable productivity rates.
The second scenario implied the integration of biomass production as an additional enterprise with winter grain farming in a large area with medium production potential. The results show that producing biomass can be financially and economically viable, but considerations regarding the implementation and allocation of land for this activity should include a plan to fully utilise the machinery on the farm, as underutilising costly machinery results in less favourable rates of return.
Similar conclusions can be drawn from the third scenario, which simulated biomass production on a high‐value wine grape/fruit farm using a smaller scale. With irrigation, high productivity can be obtained, which results in increased performance and reduced rotation periods. Due to the smaller area used, less scope is envisaged for producing biomass, but this could still be a viable option when planning involves the full utilisation of available machinery.
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5 CHAPTER: CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
5.1 Conclusion
The first research question asked where and how much woody biomass could be grown in short‐rotation systems, taking into account the impact of various factors such as climate and terrain, as well as species variability.
This was addressed by focussing on the location and the extent of areas physically suited to producing woody biomass, and the productivity of each area identified. These two criteria were required to determine the volume of wood potentially producible for each area identified. It was initially decided that the study would focus on the production of woody biomass in plantations in short‐rotation systems to allow the efficient harvesting and the continuous supply of woody biomass to a bioenergy plant. It was also decided to not focus on biomass sourced from invader species, due to the low procurement efficiency of doing this.
The land availability assessment was undertaken by means of GIS, using available spatial datasets, as a decision support tool for excluding various limitations. This allowed rapid creation of an inventory of the extent and suitability of land resources by excluding areas not suitable for producing biomass, such as non‐agricultural land (e.g. urban areas, bare rock and soil, and mines), ecologically sensitive areas, forestry plantations, and slopes with gradients that are too steep, causing limited accessibility and trafficability.
The available national and regional datasets do not allow for precise farm‐level planning. However, they can provide sufficient estimates of biomass production capacity to determine how much biomass a planning area can deliver, for instance, how much woody biomass can be produced within a particular maximum radius from a proposed bioelectricity plant.
Three land‐use types have been identified as being generally suitable for producing woody biomass, namely, a) intensive, permanent and temporary farmland, b) extensive dryland and improved grassland, and c) fynbos, shrubland and bushland. In total, approximately 175 000 ha have been identified as being suitable for producing woody biomass in short‐rotation systems.
Following the identified locations and extents of areas physically suitable for producing biomass is the productivity of these areas, which was determined by identifying suitable tree species for woody biomass production in short‐rotation systems and the expected growth rate of each species per area. Due to time limitations, it was not possible to prove the growth estimates in field experiments. Expert groups were involved in selecting suitable tree species and estimating the expected growth performances of selected tree species per area.
Various tree species have been included, both indigenous and exotic. Generally, it is assumed that exotic species are better suited for biomass production in the more productive areas, and outperform indigenous species, but in the less productive areas, i.e. the drier areas, indigenous species are expected to outperform the exotic ones.
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The second research question (see Chapter 1), namely, whether producing biomass in different areas of the CWDM with differing production potential would be financially and economically viable, has been investigated and is answered in Chapter 4.
The main focus in answering this question was on the areas identified in Chapter 3, namely, a) intensive, permanent and temporary farmland, b) extensive dryland and improved grassland, and c) fynbos, shrubland and bushland.
Physical and climatological suitability does not imply that woody biomass production will be embraced, either as a sole‐production activity or as an additional or substitute enterprise within a farming operation existing in the areas identified as being suitable for producing woody biomass. A farm model was developed to determine the impact of producing biomass on profitability, measured in terms of IRR. A biomass enterprise normally has lower production costs and earns a lower income, and it presents an opportunity to share capital expense items and labour to reduce costs.
The farm‐gate prices assumed for fresh biomass have been derived from an assumed price per kWh, less secondary transport costs, less pre‐processing costs, and less conversion costs. The national electricity supplier’s prices per kWh are currently too low and do not internalise factors such as pollution, scarcity of energy, and limited stock resources. Also market prices are often based on short‐term considerations, thereby undervalues resources. Current ESKOM tariffs used to determine the farm gate price of fresh woody biomass result in a low or even negative IRR.
Overall, IRR is also strongly influenced by the land value of the production site. A biomass producer can decide whether to value land at a market price or lower. Where high land values are involved, the IRR is expected to be low or even negative; where the land value is not taken into account, or where a low land value is involved, biomass production can represent a viable option for a farming business, showing a positive IRR.
Three scenarios have been modelled, based on the abovementioned land‐use types identified for biomass production in the CWDM.
The first scenario, the so‐called fynbos or biomass sole‐production scenario, includes areas with a wide variety of high and low production potential. Four versions have been simulated, all assuming that no investments in intermediate and fixed improvements are made, all overhead costs are minimised, and all activities required for producing biomass are performed by contractors. The four versions differ in terms of production potential and corresponding land value, as well as tree species selected, which differ in terms of productivity and rotation period.
The IRR depends mainly on productivity and land values. Producers may accept lower IRRs, as their ownership of land may be motivated mainly by aesthetic reasons, and these owners may opt to use a portion of their land for producing woody biomass. The intermediate versions of the biomass sole‐production scenario appeared to be more financially and economically viable due to lower investment costs in land and reasonable productivity rates. Overall, if the price of electricity increases to R1.25/kWh, the IRR for the biomass sole‐production scenario will look far more attractive.
The second scenario, the so‐called dryland or winter grain farm scenario, implies integrating biomass production as an additional enterprise on a winter grain farm involving a large area with a medium production potential. Some scope for sharing machinery and labour exists in this scenario. Woody biomass production in this scenario can be financially and economically viable, but a consideration of producing
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biomass and the allocation of land for this activity should include a plan to fully utilise the machinery on the farm.
Lignocellulosic biomass production cannot compete with grain production in terms of profit at a derived farm‐gate price for fresh biomass based on current electricity prices. However, if electricity prices increase by 92%, assuming an electricity price of R0.65/kWh, biomass production on a winter grain farm becomes viable.
The third scenario, the so‐called intensive farming scenario, simulates the integration of biomass production as an additional enterprise on a farm with highly productive land and high value crops, namely, wine grapes, apricots and peaches. What distinguishes this farming scenario from the previously discussed farming scenarios is the availability of irrigation water, which allows more vigorous tree growth and thus production of woody biomass over shorter rotation periods. However, woody biomass production could not compete with high value crops, except where some land and water that would otherwise be cultivated by underutilised machinery.
Woody biomass can most profitably be produced in fynbos and shrubland areas without competition from high value crops. It can also be grown on marginal and limited‐fertility land forming part of grain and winegrape/fruit farms, and where land becomes available after a farmer has disposed of underutilised machinery to reduce fixed costs.
The overall conclusion drawn is that woody biomass production promises to be lucrative enough in uncultivated fynbos, shrubland and bushland areas – avoiding ecologically sensitive areas, areas with steep slope gradients of above 35%, etc – of which 1.12 million ha are available.
By using only identified areas from this land‐use type for biomass production, giving consideration to the limitations discussed above, between 560 000 and 1.68 million tonnes of fresh woody biomass could be supplied annually to generate bioenergy. Assuming an average supply of about 1.12 million tonnes per year, and that approximately 33 000 tonnes of fresh biomass are required annually to run a 2.5 MW electricity plant, up to 34 such plants could be supplied annually from the prospective biomass production areas identified.
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5.2 Summary
This study has been subdivided into five chapters, a list of references and annexures.
The first chapter served to introduce the study, as well as to structure and orient it. Firstly, it described the background of the study and indicated its limitations. This was followed by the problem statement and two research questions, which were answered in subsequent sections of the study. A description of the research approach and the methodology employed, and a general introduction of the study area followed. Subsequently, a preview of the layout and contents of the chapters was provided.
Chapter two, the ‘Literature Overview’, reviewed scientific articles and books that related to the scope of the study. First an introduction the literature on the field of bioenergy was provided. This was followed by overviews of the literature on land availability assessment and farm modelling, as well as on the production, harvesting, transportation, and conversion of biomass.
The third chapter provided an introduction to land suitability assessment and presented the algorithm applied to determine the total volume of woody biomass potentially available per ha, land‐use type and RHFA. Following this section, the study area was described and subdivided into RHFAs, in accordance with the algorithm. Subsequently, a more detailed introduction to area availability assessment was given. Various existing land‐use types were assessed and described as being potentially suitable for producing biomass, while others such as urban areas, bare rock and soils, water bodies, and forest plantations were excluded on the basis of their having been identified as being unsuitable. Further restrictions on land availability, such those brought about by terrain and precipitation limitations, and ecological sensitivity, were described and imposed. In terms of the aforesaid, areas that are suitable and potentially available for biomass production, based on land‐use type and slope, were identified.
Suitable tree species for producing biomass in a short‐rotation system were identified, based on the climatic factors described, which are temperature extremes, and frost and mean annual precipitation. Using this climatic data, the RHFAs were grouped to obtain a manageable nine groups, which range from relative high productivity to poor productivity. Various indigenous and exotic tree species were identified as being suitable, and their productivity rates were estimated. Finally in this chapter, the previous sections were combined, and the availability of lignocellulosic biomass for generating bio‐energy in the CWDM was presented.
In Chapter 4, the potential for producing lignocellulosic biomass in the CWDM, from a financial and economic perspective, was examined through the use of farm modelling. Firstly, a general description of the layout of the farm model was given, which covered the model’s data input, namely, farm‐gate prices, produced quantities, variable costs, overhead costs, intermediate capital costs, as well as the costs of land and fixed improvements. The description of the second component of the farm model, the model’s calculations, was followed by a description of its third component, the model’s information output.
Three applications of the farm model, which differed in terms of location and site productivity, as well as in terms of production conditions, followed. These scenarios simulated the profitability of producing biomass in order to determine where biomass production would be financially and economically viable.
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The first scenario comprises a biomass sole‐production model, which derived the farmgate price for woody biomass, based on varying electricity tariff levels. This was followed by a description of outflow variables, such as establishment costs, maintenance/tending costs, harvesting costs and post‐harvesting costs. Further costs, such as overhead costs and the expenses of land and fixed improvements, were also discussed in terms of the biomass sole‐production scenario. This resulted in the presentation of four versions of this scenario which differed with regard to land value and land potential.
The second scenario, the dryland farming scenario, describes the implementation of a biomass production enterprise as an additional farming activity on an existing dryland winter grain farming business. Similar to the previous scenario, the relevant model’s data inputs were described. Surpassing the previous scenario, this model also includes a section on intermediate capital costs. The results of this scenario differ in terms of agricultural land being re‐allocated from other farming activities to the production of biomass.
The third scenario simulates a wine grape/apricots and peach farming business to which a biomass production enterprise has been added; it incorporates the existing traditional enterprises being substituted at varying levels with biomass production.
This last chapter presented the conclusions of the study, followed by this summary. In turn, this is followed by the ‘References’ and a series of annexures.
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ANNEXURES
1
Annexure 1: Ground condition classification system
Moisture
Topsoil type diagnosis Clay content (in %) Dry Moist Wet
< 15 Good Good Moderate 16‐35 Very good Moderate Poor 36‐50 Very good Poor Very poor
Humic
> 50 Very good Very poor Very poor < 8 Poor Moderate Good 9‐15 Moderate Good Moderate 16‐35 Very good Good Poor 36‐50 Very good Moderate Very poor
Orthic
> 50 Very good Poor Very poor Melanic and vertic All Very good Poor Very poor Source: LAENGIN, D. (2007) Terrain Classification. Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Forest and Wood Science ‐
Stellenbosch University.
2
Annexure 2: The CWDM subdivided in RHFA and slope classes (in ha)
Relatively Homogeneous Farming Areas (RHFAs)
< 10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 % 31‐35 %
36‐60 % > 60 % Total
Agter‐Paarl 23414.9 459.8 31.6 3.6 4.9 0.1 23915.0
Berge 75137.4 104709.1 102431.6 49667.5 190341.7 121055.5 643342.8
Bergplase 37376.0 18788.5 10199.4 3933.3 11004.9 1904.7 83206.7
Bergrivier/Paarl 15973.3 1107.5 396.7 133.7 246.8 10.4 17868.4
Bottelary 4824.5 814.0 392.1 99.8 138.0 0.8 6269.2
Breeriviervallei 45889.9 6051.9 2237.0 703.3 1613.4 242.5 56738.0
Ceres Karoo 425747.3 38327.7 18492.5 6258.2 14502.9 2825.2 506153.8
Drakenstein/Groenberg 6039.6 3365.7 1724.6 545.9 1256.6 175.1 13107.5
Eersteriviervallei 17528.0 6085.6 2788.9 924.5 2277.4 836.4 30440.9
Franschhoek/Simonsberg 13022.6 2543.9 1489.3 677.6 1902.1 674.6 20310.2
Gemengde Boerderygebied 1985.9 19.7 2005.6
Gouda/Hermon 38942.2 1264.2 375.1 102.3 204.8 42.7 40931.2
Goudini/Breerivier 25645.8 1462.5 1099.4 491.3 1356.8 211.6 30267.3
Groot Karoo 42.4 4.4 2.8 1.2 4.7 0.4 55.8
Hexvallei 9613.9 2051.8 1381.6 580.9 1524.5 259.2 15411.9
Hottentotsholland 1210.7 191.4 14.4 2.3 9.0 48.0 1475.8
Hoe Reenval Saaigebied 6636.0 20.7 1.4 0.2 0.6 6659.0
Koo/Concordia/ Bo‐Vlakte 4911.2 3432.1 1599.6 560.3 1314.0 304.8 12122.0
Koue Bokkeveld 131727.1 27482.1 10548.3 3342.5 6957.1 1006.2 181063.3
Langeberg Saaigebied 52.8 85.7 26.2 15.0 79.7 13.7 273.1
Langeberg Voetheuwels 1722.7 1257.9 571.9 172.6 256.3 41.3 4022.7
Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied 512.1 512.1
Montagu‐Bergplaas 6007.3 2816.1 1424.6 520.6 1435.3 217.1 12421.1
Montagu‐Kom 12184.2 14896.5 12552.0 5637.7 17290.6 2583.7 65144.7
Montagu‐Rivierplaas 2245.1 1112.7 768.7 314.2 906.5 160.4 5507.6
Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 8348.2 1213.8 553.5 181.9 416.6 44.9 10758.9
Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 37300.2 18243.9 9887.6 3640.3 9012.2 2817.8 80902.0
Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 1663.7 1167.7 526.2 150.2 235.4 40.9 3784.1
Overhex/Moordkuil 59119.9 8798.9 4079.7 1440.0 3489.1 774.4 77702.0
Riviersonderend Vallei 5.6 3.7 3.1 1.9 19.2 5.0 38.5
Ruens 673.0 161.0 19.4 1.2 0.3 855.0
Stockwell 2109.2 1571.1 628.3 203.3 484.6 371.9 5368.4
Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied 77.4 144.6 145.3 72.5 245.2 159.6 844.6
Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 130253.5 22650.6 10900.6 4094.8 11085.5 1617.8 180602.8
Tulbagh/Wolseley 23766.7 5210.6 2007.8 592.7 1134.1 216.0 32927.9
Twisniet/ Barrydale/Doornrivier 1 922.3 798.8 385.4 96.9 139.8 10.9 2354.1
Twisniet/ Barrydale/Doornrivier 2 4851.0 1434.9 606.7 176.0 246.0 8.4 7323.1
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 1522.8 102.0 35.6 13.1 28.9 0.5 1703.0
3
Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 159.6 104.1 65.5 26.6 48.3 10.9 415.0
Warm Bokkeveld 25781.6 6814.6 2396.2 655.3 1222.2 88.0 36957.9
Winterhoek 5053.2 1344.3 773.0 220.7 248.1 0.7 7640.1
Total (in ha) 1210001.1 308116.4 203563.3 86255.9 282684.2 138782.0 2229402.9
Total (in %) 54% 14% 9% 4% 13% 6% 100%
Annexure 3: Revised future landuse for Cape Conversion Process (CCP) areas within CWDM
Future landuse of CCP areas within the CWDM
La Motte Kluitjieskraal Total (in ha) Total (in %)
New plantation – retain (in ha) 1336,6 1398,9 2735,4 34% New exit – close (in ha) 2800,3 2044,8 4845,1 61% Agriculture (in ha) 64,8 340,4 405,2 5% total (in ha) 4201,6 3784,1 7985,7 100% total (in %) 53% 47% 100% Source: (VECON‐Consortium 2006)
4
Annexure 4: Extremes (1955‐2000) of maximum Temperatures (°C) in February
5
Annexure 5: Extremes (1955‐2000) of minimum Temperatures (°C) in July
6
Annexure 6: Standard deviation of number of occurrences of heavy frost
(Screen minimum temperature < 0°C)
7
Annexure 7: Potentially available land per RHFA and land use (subdivided in slope classes)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = Fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
1 3990 160 10 1 1 0 14260 14262 14262
2 14006 239 14 2 2 0 19 19 19
3 19 0 0 0 656 656 656Agter‐Paarl
4 629 23 4 0 0 4161
19097 19100
4162 4162
19100
1 1623 697 173 44 83 31 16 16 16
2 2478 1042 317 98 325 89 70 119 128
3 785 396 322 120 407 107 1394 1756 1839
4 42509 69676 67904 32519 121205 66591 3934 4259 4349
5 14 2 0 0 0 1623 2030 2138
6 12 29 20 9 50 9 212608 333813 400404
Berge
7 786
222183 344614
305 210 94 361 83 2538 2620 2651
411525
1 3028 328 34 4 7 2 8795 8843 8850
2 7306 1329 133 26 48 8 38450 46490 47826Bergplase
4 14589 2980 8040 1336 3394
50639
3401
58734
3403
60080
13115 7766
1 4391 324 29 4 1 4861 4861 4861
2 4557 273 30 2 0 75 76 76
3 46 20 8 1 1 989 993 993Bergrivier/Paarl
4 837 116 32 5 4 4747
10673 10679
4749 4749
10679
1 2260 457 154 20 11 1295 1296 1296
2 1117 144 30 3 1 96 99 99
3 76 8 9 3 3 451 455 455Bottelary
4 401 25 20 5 4 0 2890
4732 4751
2901 2901
4751
1 12526 217 18 2 2 0 7584 7664 7695
2 6950 515 97 23 80 31 16653 17831 17994Breëriviervallei
4 10657 3843 1628 525 1178 163 12763
37000
12765
38260
12765
38454
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
8
1 811 19 19 19
2 18 1 0 0 383168 390885 391821Ceres Karoo
4 333772 30339 14980 4077 7716 936 811
383998
811
391715
811
392651
1 1609 426 48 3 0 265 295 295
2 2028 685 97 10 5 2819 2824 2824
3 136 343 237 66 76 2 782 859 861
4 532 419 180 41 89 7 1172 1261 1268
Drakenstein/Groenberg
6 41 114 82 28 30 0 2086
7124
2086
7325
2086
7335
1 8561 2873 677 79 50 1 1 3 3
2 2867 861 231 36 35 1 0 4 5
3 234 377 292 133 335 19 3994 4029 4029
4 688 437 211 46 79 74 1035 1371 1389
6 0 0 0 0 2 0 1381 1460 1533
Eersteriviervallei
6 0 0 4 1 12190
18602
12240
19106
12240
19200
1 4284 716 166 31 29 1 281 489 507
2 1653 284 94 32 73 16 1134 1454 1529
3 594 159 183 91 246 6 2063 2136 2151
4 1687 457 401 191 802 294 1026 1272 1278
6 44 52 114 71 208 18 2736 3538 3832
Franschhoek/Simonsberg
7 732 163 145 94 320 75 5197
12436
5225
14113
5226
14523
1 747 19 677 677 677
2 677 154 154 154Gemengde Boerderygebied
4 154 767
1598
767
1598
767
1598
1 1128 14 1 22465 22466 22466
2 22333 126 6 1 1 157 161 161
3 129 13 11 4 4 1511 1633 1665Gouda/Hermon
4 1273 96 102 40 122 31 1143
25275
1143
25403
1143
25434
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
9
1 8316 119 18 7 17 3 4068 4108 4113
2 3963 75 20 10 40 5 2 2 2
3 0 2 4612 5738 5922Goudini/ Breërivier
4 2899 682 675 357 1126 185 8460
17142
8477
18324
8479
18516
Groot Karoo 4 37 4 2 1 4 0 44 44 49 49 49 49
1 3900 48 5 1 0 601 603 603
2 572 25 4 1 2 0 3 4 4
3 2 0 1 0 0 4896 6105 6313Hexvallei
4 2053 1359 1031 452 1210 208 3953
9453
3954
10666
3954
10873
1 1102 6 3993 3993 3993
2 3988 5 10 10 10
3 10 236 236 236Hoë Reënval Saaigebied
4 228 7 1 1108
5347
1108
5347
1108
5347
1 591 91 5 474 474 474
2 434 39 1 2 2 2
3 1 1 0 0 66 67 67Hottentotsholland
4 43 19 3 0 1 0 687
1229
687
1229
687
1230
1 964 375 25 2 1 485 485 485
2 350 122 12 1 0 3007 3418 3527Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte
4 1282 1072 484 169 411 108 1365
4857
1366
5269
1366
5378
1 15874 694 55 5 7 1 13641 13669 13672
2 12899 657 71 14 28 3 446 447 447
3 399 40 6 1 1 83497 88277 89017Koue Bokkeveld
4 56580 17718 6991 2208 4780 740 16628
114213
16635
119027
16636
119771
Langeberg Saaigebied 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 75 3 1586 1608 1613
2 935 532 100 19 22 5 1125 1290 1310Langeberg Voetheuwels
4 253 465 306 101 165 20 78
2789
78
2975
78
3000
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
10
2 379 379 379 379Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied
4 2 2 381
2381
2381
1 678 113 19 3 4 0 1264 1264 1264
2 1024 230 10 1 4295 5151 5268Montagu‐Bergplaas
4 1705 1451 827 312 855 117 813
6373
817
7232
818
7350
1 129 33 9 1 1 226 229 229
2 166 52 8 1 3 0 22556 32909 34470Montagu‐Kom
4 4923 7485 6901 3247 10353 1561 173
22955
174
33311
174
34872
1 396 55 3 1 1 0 104 104 104
2 80 22 2 0 0 2185 2913 3045Montagu‐Rivierplaas
4 708 662 568 247 728 132 455
2744
456
3473
456
3605
1 1058 25 4 1 1 1539 1541 1541
2 1467 55 13 3 2 5425 5818 5862Montagu‐Saaigebied 1
4 3774 996 489 165 393 44 1088
8051
1088
8447
1088
8491
1 1340 57 4 0 0 3808 3812 3812
2 3587 194 22 6 4 0 51982 59330 61269Montagu‐Saaigebied 2
4 25637 15144 8200 3001 7348 1939 1401
57191
1402
64544
1402
66483
1 7 12 2 0 0 66 66 66
2 50 12 3 0 0 1844 1998 2023Montagu‐Saaigebied 3
4 770 659 320 95 154 25 21
1931
21
2085
21
2110
1 8829 102 8 0 1 1 7893 7928 7933
2 7328 486 63 17 35 5 25121 27840 28388Overhex/Moordkuil
4 14801 6079 3129 1112 2719 548 8939
41954
8941
44708
8942
45263
Riviersonderendvallei 4 0 1 1 1 15 5 3 3 18 18 23 23
1 75 8 0 389 389 389
2 331 57 1 0 178 178 178Ruens
4 111 55 11 0 0 83
650
83
650
83
650
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
11
1 118 32 2 0 1387 1391 1391
2 724 572 80 11 4 1586 1953 2210Stockwell
4 410 608 418 151 367 256 153
3126
153
3497
153
3754
1 0 0 0 0 328 533 662Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied
4 46 106 117 60 205 129 0 329
1534
1663
1 1683 22 4 0 2486 2491 2491
2 2454 24 5 2 5 0 107435 116649 117957Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo
4 80428 15511 8244 3253 9214 1307 1710
111631
1710
120850
1710
122158
1 4114 399 35 2 2 190 190 190
2 7375 982 95 8 8 1116 1121 1121
3 1638 277 54 9 8 511 512 512
4 3250 2336 1342 432 874 76 8461 8469 8469
5 152 34 4 0 0 1978 1986 1986
6 906 184 22 5 5 7360 8234 8311
Tulbagh/Wolseley
7 448 40 19 5 1 4551
24167
4552
25065
4552
25141
1 105 36 4 1 0 398 398 398
2 267 126 5 0 0 696 770 775Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 1
4 174 288 184 49 74 4 145
1239
146
1314
146
1318
1 115 14 2 0 0 508 512 512
2 460 30 12 6 4 4528 4744 4751Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 2
4 2744 1129 508 147 216 7 130
5166
130
5386
130
5393
1 889 8 3 1 1 12 14 14
2 10 0 1 1 2 10 10 10
3 9 2 0 238 256 257Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere
4 224 7 4 3 18 0 901
1162
902
1183
902
1183
1 28 11 1 0 3 3 3
2 1 1 1 14 14 14Villiersdorp/Vyeboom
4 3 6 3 1 0 41
57
41
57
41
57
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*
00‐10 % 11‐20 % 21‐30 %31‐35 %
36‐60 %60‐
100 % ≤ 35 %
Sum ≤ 35 %
≤ 60 % Sum ≤ 60 %
≤ 100 % Sum
≤ 100 %
12
1 5034 92 5 1 1 7101 7117 7119
2 6561 495 39 6 16 2 128 128 128
3 123 3 1 0 0 4295 4381 4398Warm Bokkeveld
4 3073 858 300 65 86 17 5132
16657
5133
16759
5133
16779
1 2042 363 92 21 20 976 976 976
2 842 116 17 1 0 14260 14260 14260
3 7 4 1 0 0 19 19 19Winterhoek
4 915 544 500 161 187 1 656
5625
656
5832
656
5833
Total 846798 215724 139773 57528 183789 77389 1259823 1259823 1443612 1443612 1521001 1521001
13
Annexure 8: Factorised available land per RHFA and land use (subdivided in slope classes)
* Landuse: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use*Availability factor (in %) 00‐10 % 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 60‐100 ≤ 35
Sum ≤ 35
≤ 60 Sum ≤ 60
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Agter‐Paarl
4 10% 62,9 2,3 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 65,6
65,6
65,6
65,6
1 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 10% 4.250,9 6.967,6 6.790,4 3.251,9 12.120,5 6.659,1 21.260,8 33.381,3
5 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
6 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Berge
7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
21.260,8
0,0
33.381,3
1 100% 3.027,9 327,6 34,2 4,4 7,2 2,0 3.394,0 3.401,2
2 100% 7.306,4 1.329,5 133,1 26,1 47,7 7,7 8.795,1 8.842,8Bergplase
4 20% 2.917,9 2.622,9 1.553,3 596,0 1.608,0 267,2 7.690,1
19.879,1
9.298,1
21.542,1
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Bergrivier/Paarl
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Bottelary
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 6.949,8 515,1 96,9 22,5 79,5 30,9 7.584,4 7.663,9Breëriviervallei
4 20% 2.131,3 768,7 325,6 105,0 235,6 32,7 3.330,6
10.914,9
3.566,2
11.230,1
14
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use* Availability factor (in %) 00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 60‐100 ≤ 35
Sum ≤ 35
≤ 60 Sum ≤ 60
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Ceres Karoo
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0 0,0
4 0% 0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 10% 53,2 41,9 18,0 4,1 8,9 0,7 117,2 126,1
Drakenstein/Groenberg
6 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
117,2
0,0
126,1
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 10% 68,8 43,7 21,1 4,6 7,9 7,4 138,1 146,0
6 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Eersteriviervallei
6 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
138,1
0,0
146,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 10% 168,7 45,7 40,1 19,1 80,2 29,4 273,6 353,8
6 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Franschhoek/Simonsberg
7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
273,6
0,0
353,8
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Gemengde Boerderygebied
4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Gouda/Hermon
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Relatively homogeneous Land use* Availability 00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 60‐100 ≤ 35 Sum ≤ 60 Sum
15
farming areas factor (in %) ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 3.963,2 75,0 19,6 10,4 39,7 5,1 4.068,1 4.107,8
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Goudini/Breërivier
4 50% 1.449,5 340,8 337,3 178,4 562,9 92,3 2.306,0
6.374,1
2.868,9
6.976,8
Groot Karoo 4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 571,6 24,6 3,8 1,0 2,2 0,1 600,9 603,1
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Hexvallei
4 10% 205,3 135,9 103,1 45,2 121,0 20,8 489,6
1.090,5
610,5
1.213,6
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Hoë Reënval Saaigebied
4 50% 114,0 3,4 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 117,9
117,9
117,9
117,9
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Hottentotsholland
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 350,2 121,6 11,7 1,2 0,2 0,0 484,6 484,8Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte
4 20% 256,4 214,5 96,7 33,8 82,3 21,7 601,4
1.086,0
683,7
1.168,4
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 12.899,2 657,4 71,1 13,7 27,6 2,7 13.641,4 13.669,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Koue Bokkeveld
4 20% 11.316,0 3.543,6 1.398,2 441,6 955,9 148,1 16.699,4
30.340,8
17.655,3
31.324,3
Langeberg Saaigebied 4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Langeberg Voetheuwels
4 50% 126,4 232,4 153,0 50,6 82,3 10,1 562,4
562,4
644,8
644,8
16
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use* Availability factor (in %) 00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 60‐100 ≤ 35
Sum ≤ 35
≤ 60 Sum ≤ 60
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00,0
0,00,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 1.023,6 230,3 9,5 0,6 0,0 0,0 1.264,0 1.264,0Montagu‐Bergplaas
4 50% 852,3 725,7 413,6 156,0 427,7 58,7 2.147,6
3.411,5
2.575,3
3.839,3
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 166,3 51,6 7,5 0,7 2,6 0,0 226,1 228,7Montagu‐Kom
4 50% 2.461,5 3.742,5 3.450,7 1.623,3 5.176,3 780,5 11.278,1
11.504,1
16.454,4
16.683,1
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 80,1 22,2 2,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 104,4 104,5Montagu‐Rivierplaas
4 20% 141,6 132,4 113,5 49,4 145,6 26,3 436,9
541,4
582,6
687,1
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 1.467,2 55,3 13,0 3,2 2,0 0,0 1.538,6 1.540,6Montagu‐Saaigebied 1
4 50% 1.887,2 498,2 244,7 82,3 196,5 22,1 2.712,3
4.251,0
2.908,8
4.449,5
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 3.586,9 193,5 21,8 5,5 4,3 0,0 3.807,8 3.812,1Montagu‐Saaigebied 2
4 50% 12.818,7 7.572,1 4.100,0 1.500,3 3.674,0 969,5 25.991,1
29.798,9
29.665,1
33.477,2
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 50,2 12,5 3,0 0,5 0,1 0,0 66,1 66,2Montagu‐Saaigebied 3
4 50% 385,0 329,4 160,0 47,4 77,2 12,5 921,8
988,0
999,0
1.065,2
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 7.328,0 485,9 62,6 16,7 34,6 5,3 7.893,1 7.927,8Overhex/Moordkuil
4 20% 2.960,3 1.215,8 625,8 222,3 543,7 109,7 5.024,2
12.917,4
5.568,0
13.495,7
Riviersonderendvallei 4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Ruens
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 724,5 572,0 80,0 10,7 4,0 0,0 1.387,2 1.391,2Stockwell
4 30% 122,9 182,4 125,3 45,2 110,2 76,9 475,9
1.863,0
586,0
1.977,2
17
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
Land use* Availability factor (in %) 00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 60‐100 ≤ 35
Sum ≤ 35
≤ 60 Sum ≤ 60
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied
4 30% 13,7 31,8 35,0 18,0 61,4 38,8 98,598,5
159,9159,9
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo
4 5% 4.021,4 775,5 412,2 162,6 460,7 65,4 5.371,8
5.371,8
5.832,5
5.832,5
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 100% 7.375,3 982,2 95,2 8,4 7,5 0,0 8.461,0 8.468,5
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 20% 650,0 467,2 268,4 86,4 174,9 15,3 1.472,0 1.646,9
5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Tulbagh/Wolseley
7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
9.933,0
0,0
10.115,4
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 1
4 40% 69,7 115,4 73,7 19,5 29,7 1,8 278,4
278,4
308,1
308,1
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 2
4 30% 823,2 338,6 152,3 44,2 64,9 2,1 1.358,4
1.358,4
1.423,2
1.423,2
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere
4 50% 111,9 3,7 2,2 1,4 9,0 0,1 119,2
119,2
128,2
128,2
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom
4 0% 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Warm Bokkeveld
4 20% 614,6 171,6 60,0 12,9 17,1 3,4 859,1
859,1
876,2
876,2
18
19
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Winterhoek
4 10% 91,5 54,4 50,0 16,1 18,7 0,1 211,9
211,9
230,6
230,6
Total 108.017 36.976 21.790 8.943 27.313 9.526 175.726 203.039
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit
20
Annexure 9: Tree species performance per RHFA‐group in the CWDM
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 01
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 6 12 9,0 8 15 11,5 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Acacia mearnsii 8 18 13,0 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 48 180 114,0
Acacia saligna 8 15 11,5 5 8 6,5 1800 2200 2000 40 120 80,0
Casuarina cunninghamiana 8 18 13,0 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Casuarina glauca 6 15 10,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 36 150 93,0
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 6 15 10,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 36 150 93,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 8 18 13,0 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Eucalyptus globulus 8 18 13,0 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Eucalyptus gomphocephala 6 15 10,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 36 150 93,0
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 6 15 10,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 36 150 93,0
Pinus halepensis x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus radiata 8 18 13,0 10 15 12,5 1300 1800 1550 80 270 175,0
Rhus lancea 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 02
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 6 12 9,0 8 15 11,5 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Acacia mearnsii 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 42 160 101,0
Acacia saligna 7 14 10,5 5 8 6,5 1800 2200 2000 35 112 73,5
Casuarina cunninghamiana 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Casuarina glauca 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Eucalyptus globulus 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Eucalyptus gomphocephala 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Pinus halepensis x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus radiata 7 16 11,5 10 15 12,5 1300 1800 1550 70 240 155,0
Rhus lancea 3 7 5,0 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 70 44,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
21
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield [tonnes/ha/ rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 03
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 6 12 9,0 8 15 11,5 1300 1800 1550 48 180 114,0
Acacia mearnsii 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 42 160 101,0
Acacia saligna 7 14 10,5 5 8 6,5 1800 2200 2000 35 112 73,5
Casuarina cunninghamiana 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Casuarina glauca 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Eucalyptus globulus 7 16 11,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 42 160 101,0
Eucalyptus gomphocephala 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 5 12 8,5 6 10 8,0 1300 1800 1550 30 120 75,0
Pinus halepensis x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus radiata 7 16 11,5 10 15 12,5 1300 1800 1550 70 240 155,0
Rhus lancea 3 7 5,0 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 70 44,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 04
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 5 10 7,5 8 18 13,0 1300 1800 1550 40 180 110,0
Acacia mearnsii x x x x x x x x x x x x
Acacia saligna 5 10 7,5 7 11 9,0 1500 2000 1750 35 110 72,5
Casuarina cunninghamiana 5 10 7,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 40 120 80,0
Casuarina glauca 3 8 5,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 96 60,0
Eucalyptus albens 3 8 5,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 96 60,0
Eucalyptus camadulensis 3 9 6,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 108 66,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 4 12 8,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 32 144 88,0
Eucalyptus globulus x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus gomphocephala x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 3 9 6,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 108 66,0
Pinus halepensis x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus radiata 4 10 7,0 10 15 12,5 1000 1500 1250 40 150 95,0
Rhus lancea 3 6 4,5 9 12 10,5 1500 2000 1750 27 72 49,5
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
22
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 05
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 5 10 7,5 8 18 13,0 1300 1800 1550 40 180 110,0
Acacia mearnsii x x x x x x x x x x x x
Acacia saligna 5 10 7,5 7 11 9,0 1500 2000 1750 35 110 72,5
Casuarina cunninghamiana 5 10 7,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 40 120 80,0
Casuarina glauca 3 8 5,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 96 60,0
Eucalyptus albens 3 8 5,5 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 96 60,0
Eucalyptus camadulensis 3 9 6,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 108 66,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 4 12 8,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 32 144 88,0
Eucalyptus globulus x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus gomphocephala x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 3 9 6,0 8 12 10,0 1000 1500 1250 24 108 66,0
Pinus halepensis 3 8 5,5 10 16 13,0 1000 1500 1250 30 128 79,0
Pinus radiata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Rhus lancea 3 6 4,5 9 12 10,5 1500 2000 1750 27 72 49,5
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 06
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 5 10 7,5 8 18 13,0 1300 1800 1550 40 180 110,0
Acacia mearnsii x x x x x x x x x x x x
Acacia saligna 4 10 7,0 7 11 9,0 1500 2000 1750 28 110 69,0
Casuarina cunninghamiana 4 10 7,0 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 36 150 93,0
Casuarina glauca 2 8 5,0 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 18 120 69,0
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 2 9 5,5 10 15 12,5 1000 1500 1250 20 135 77,5
Eucalyptus cladocalyx 3 12 7,5 8 15 11,5 1000 1500 1250 24 180 102,0
Eucalyptus globulus x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus gomphocephala x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus melliodora 2,0 7,0 4,5 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 18 105 61,5
Eucalyptus polyanthemos x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus halepensis 2,0 7,0 4,5 10 16 13,0 1000 1500 1250 20 112 66,0
Pinus radiata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Rhus lancea 2 6 4,0 9 15 12,0 1500 2000 1750 18 90 54,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
23
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield [tonnes/ha/ rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 07
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 3 10 6,5 12 22 17,0 800 1000 900 36 220 128,0
Acacia mearnsii x x x x x x x x x x x x
Acacia saligna x x x x x x x x x x x x
Casuarina cunninghamiana 4 10 7,0 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 36 150 93,0
Casuarina glauca x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 2 9 5,5 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 18 135 76,5
Eucalyptus cladocalyx x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus globulus x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus gomphocephala x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus melliodora 2 7 4,5 9 15 12,0 1000 1500 1250 18 105 61,5
Eucalyptus polyanthemos x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus halepensis 2 7 4,5 10 16 13,0 1000 1500 1250 20 112 66,0
Pinus radiata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Rhus lancea 2 6 4,0 9 15 12,0 1500 2000 1750 18 90 54,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ziziphus mucronata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Growth rate/MAI [tonnes/ha/a; fresh]
whole tree
Cycle/rotation length (‐2 years after coppice)
Trees/ha Potential yield
[tonnes/ha/rotation] fresh
Species performance Group 08
min max med min max med min max med min max med Acacia karroo 1 5 3,0 12 22 17,0 800 1000 900 12 110 61,0
Acacia mearnsii x x x x x x x x x x x x
Acacia saligna x x x x x x x x x x x x
Casuarina cunninghamiana x x x x x x x x x x x x
Casuarina glauca x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus albens x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus camadulensis 2 5 3,5 15 20 17,5 1000 1500 1250 30 100 65,0
Eucalyptus cladocalyx x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus globulus x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus gomphocephala x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus melliodora x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eucalyptus polyanthemos x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pinus halepensis 2 4 3,0 15 20 17,5 1000 1500 1250 30 80 55,0
Pinus radiata x x x x x x x x x x x x
Rhus lancea 2 4 3,0 15 20 17,5 1000 1500 1250 30 80 55,0
Rhus pendulina 3 8 5,5 6 10 8,0 1800 2200 2000 18 80 49,0
Schinus molle 1 3 2,0 15 20 17,5 1000 1500 1250 15 60 37,5
Ziziphus mucronata 1 3 2,0 15 20 17,5 1000 1500 1250 15 60 37,5
Annexure 10: Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (minimum MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = fynbos. shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %)
relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60
≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agter‐Paarl 3 7.0
4 440 16 3 0 0 459
459
459
459
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 17003 27870 27161 13007 48482 85043 1335255 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 4.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
85043
0
133525
1 12111 1310 136 17 29 13575 136042 29225 5318 532 104 190 35180 35371Bergplase 4 4.0 4 11671 10491 6213 2384 6432 30760
7951637192
86168
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bergrivier/Paarl 3 7.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottelary 3 7.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 27799 2060 387 90 318 30337 30655Breëriviervallei 4 4.0 4 8525 3074 1302 419 942 13322
4365914264
44920
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 2.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
24
Slope classes (in %)
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35
36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0937Drakenstein/Groenberg 4 425 335 143 32 71 937 1008
1 8.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1008
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 550 349 168 36 63 1104 1167
Eersteriviervallei
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 8.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1104
0
1167
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 1349 365 320 153 641 2189 28306 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/Simonsberg 1 8.0 2189
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2830
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gemengde Boerderygebied 3 7.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gouda/Hermon 3 7.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 27742 524 136 72 278 28476 287543 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goudini/Breërivier 2 7.0
4 10146 2385 2360 1248 3940 16142
44619
20082
48837
Groot Karoo 8 2.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2286 98 15 4 8 2403 24123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexvallei 5 4.0
4 821 543 412 180 483 1958
4361
2442
4854
25
Slope classes (in %)
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60
≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hoë Reënval Saaigebied 3 7.0
4 798 24 2 0 0 825
825
825
825
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hottentotsholland 3 7.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 1400 486 46 4 0 1938 1939Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte 5 4.0 4 1025 857 386 135 329 2405
43442734
4673
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 38697 1972 213 41 82 40924 410063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Koue Bokkeveld 6 3.0
4 33948 10630 4194 1324 2867 50098
91022
52965
93972
Langeberg Saaigebied 7 4.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Langeberg Voetheuwels 4 4.0 4 505 929 611 202 329 2249
22492579
2579
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied 3 7.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 00
00
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 4094 921 38 2 0 5055 5055Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 4.0 4 3409 2903 1654 623 1710 8590
1364610301
15357
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 665 206 30 2 10 904 914Montagu‐Kom 5 4.0 4 9846 14970 13802 6493 20705 45112
4601665817
66732
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 320 88 8 0 0 417 417Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 4.0 4 566 529 454 197 582 1747
21652330
2748
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 4401 165 38 9 6 4615 4621Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 6 3.0 4 5661 1494 734 246 589 8137
127538726
13348
26
Slope classes (in %)
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60
≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 14347 774 87 22 17 15231 15248Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 7 4.0 4 51274 30288 16400 6001 14696 103964
119195118660
133908
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 200 49 11 1 0 264 264Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 7 4.0 4 1540 1317 639 189 308 3687
39513996
4260
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 29311 1943 250 66 138 31572 31711Overhex/Moordkuil 4 4.0 4 11841 4863 2503 889 2174 20096
5166922271
53982
Riviersonderendvallei 4 4.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 4.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2897 2287 320 43 15 5548 5564Stockwell 5 4.0 4 491 729 501 180 440 1903
74522344
7908
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied 6 3.0
4 41 95 105 53 184 295295
479479
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 7 4.0 4 16085 3102 1648 650 1842 21487
2148723329
23329
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 51626 6875 666 58 52 59226 592793 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 4550 3270 1879 604 1224 10304 115285 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 7.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
69531
0
70807
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 1 5 4.0 4 279 461 294 78 118 1113
11131232
1232
27
Slope classes (in %)
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60
≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 2 7 4.0 4 3293 1354 609 177 259 5433
54335692
5692
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 3 7.0
4 783 26 15 9 63 834
834
897
897
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 1 8.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warm Bokkeveld 6 3.0
4 1843 514 180 38 51 2577
2577
2628
2628
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Winterhoek 2 7.0
4 640 380 349 112 131 1483
1483
1614
1614
Total (in tons/year) 149259 36215 110816 719937 830753
28
Annexure 11: Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (medium MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = fynbos. shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agter‐Paarl 3 11.5
4 723 26 5 0 0 754
754
754
754
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 34007 55740 54323 26015 96964 170086 2670505 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 8.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
170086
0
267050
1 24222 2620 273 34 57 27151 272092 58451 10636 1065 208 381 70360 70742Bergplase 4 8.0 4 23342 20983 12426 4768 12864 61520
15903274384
172336
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bergrivier/Paarl 3 11.5
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottelary 3 11.5
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 55598 4120 775 180 636 60674 61311Breëriviervallei 4 8.0 4 17050 6149 2605 839 1884 26644
8731928529
89840
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 3.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
29
Slope classes (in %)
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA Land use
11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 group
00‐10 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 00 00 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 691 545 233 53 116 1523 1639
Drakenstein/ Groenberg
1 13.0
6 0 0 0
1523
0 0 0 0
1639
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 00 0
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 04 894 567 273 59 102 1795 18976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eersteriviervallei 1 13.0
6 0 0 0
1795
0 0 0 0
1897
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 2193 593 521 248 1042 3557 45996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/ Simonsberg
1 13.0
7 0 0 0
3557
0 0 0 0
4599
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gemengde Boerderygebied
3 11.5 4 0 0 0
00 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gouda/Hermon 3 11.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 04 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 45577 862 224 119 456 46783 472403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goudini/Breërivier 2 11.5 73302 80232
4 16669 3919 3878 2051 6473 26519 32992Groot Karoo 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 4572 196 30 8 17 4807 48243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexvallei 5 8.0
4 1642 1087 824 361 967 3916
8723
4884
9708
30
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hoë Reënval Saaigebied
3 11.5
4 1311 39 4 0 0 1355
1355
1355
1355
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hottentotsholland 3 11.5
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2801 972 93 9 1 3876 3878
Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte
5 8.0 4 2051 1715 773 270 658 4811
86885469
9347
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 96744 4930 533 103 207 102310 1025173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Koue Bokkeveld 6 7.5
4 84870 26576 10486 3312 7169 125245
227555
132414
234932
Langeberg Saaigebied
7 7.0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Langeberg Voetheuwels
4 8.0 4 1011 1859 1223 404 658 4499
44995158
5158
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied
3 11.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 8188 1842 76 4 0 10111 10111Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 8.0 4 6818 5806 3308 1247 3421 17180
2729220602
30714
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 1330 413 60 5 20 1808 1829Montagu‐Kom 5 8.0 4 19692 29940 27605 12986 41410 90224
92033131635
133464
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 641 177 16 0 0 835 835Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 8.0 4 1132 1059 908 395 1165
34954330
46605496
31
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 11003 414 97 24 15 11539 11554
Montagu‐Saaigebied 1
6 7.5 4 14154 3736 1835 617 1473 20342
3188221816
33371
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 25108 1354 152 38 29 26654 26684
Montagu‐Saaigebied 2
7 7.0 4 89730 53004 28700 10502 25718 181937
208592207655
234340
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 351 87 20 3 0 463 463
Montagu‐Saaigebied 3
7 7.0 4 2695 2305 1119 332 540 6452
69156992
7456
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 58623 3887 500 133 276 63145 63422Overhex/Moordkuil 4 8.0 4 23682 9726 5006 1778 4349 40193
10333944543
107965
Riviersonderendvallei 4 8.0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 8.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 5795 4575 640 85 31 11097 11129Stockwell 5 8.0 4 983 1459 1002 361 881 3806
149044688
15817
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied
6 7.5 4 102 238 262 134 460 738
7381199
1199
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo
7 7.0 4 28149 5428 2885 1138 3224
3760237602
4082740827
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 84815 11294 1094 96 86 97301 973873 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 7475 5372 3087 993 2010 16928 189385 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 11.5
7 0 0 0 0 0
0
114229
0
116326
32
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 1
5 8.0 4 558 922 589 156 237 2226
22262464
2464
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 2
7 7.0 4 5762 2370 1066 309 454
95089508
99629962
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere
3 11.5
4 1286 42 25 16 104 1370
1370
1474
1474
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Villiersdorp/ Vyeboom
1 13.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warm Bokkeveld 6 7.5
4 4609 1286 450 96 128 6443
6443
6571
6571
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Winterhoek 2 11.5
4 1051 625 574 184 215
2436
2436
2651
2651
Total (in tons/year) 291517 70691 216918 1412040 1628959
33
Annexure 12: Estimated annual biomass availability – exotic species (maximum MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = fynbos. shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agter‐Paarl 3 16.0
4 1006 36 7 0 0 1050
1050
1050
1050
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 51011 83611 81484 39022 145446 255129 4005765 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 12.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
255129
0
400576
1 36334 3930 410 52 86 40727 408142 87676 15954 1597 312 572 105540 106113Bergplase 4 12.0 4 35014 31475 18639 7152 19296 92281
238549111577
258505
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bergrivier/Paarl 3 16.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottelary 3 16.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 83397 6180 1163 270 954 91012 91966Breëriviervallei 4 12.0 4 25575 9224 3907 1259 2827 39966
13097942794
134761
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 5.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
34
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 956 754 323 74 161 2108 2269
Drakenstein/Groenberg 1 18.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
2108
0
2269
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 1237 786 379 82 141 2486 26276 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eersteriviervallei 1 18.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
2486
0
2627
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 3037 822 721 344 1443 4925 63686 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/Simonsberg 1 18.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4925
0
6368
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gemengde Boerderygebied
3 16.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gouda/Hermon 3 16.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 63411 1199 312 165 635 65090 657253 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goudini/Breërivier 2 16.0
4 23192 5453 5396 2854 9006 36896
101986
45902
111628
Groot Karoo 8 5.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 6858 295 45 12 26 7211 72373 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexvallei 5 12.0
4 2463 1631 1237 542 1451 5874
13085
7326
14563
35
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 31‐35 ≤ 35 21‐30 36‐60 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hoë Reënval Saaigebied 3 16.0 1886
4 1824 54 6 0 0 1886 1886
1886
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hottentotsholland 3 16.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 4202 1458 139 14 2 5815 5817Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte 5 12.0 4 3077 2573 1160 405 987 7216
130328203
14021
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 154790 7888 853 164 331 163696 1640273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Koue Bokkeveld 6 12.0
4 135792 42522 16778 5299 11470 200392
364089
211863
375891
Langeberg Saaigebied 7 10.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Langeberg Voetheuwels 4 12.0 4 1517 2789 1835 606 988 6749
67497737
7737
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied
3 16.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 12283 2763 114 7 0 15167 15167Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 12.0 4 10227 8709 4962 1871 5132 25770
4093830903
46071
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 1995 619 90 7 31 2712 2744Montagu‐Kom 5 12.0 4 29538 44910 41408 19480 62115 135336
138049197452
200196
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 961 266 24 0 0 1252 1253Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 12.0 4 1699 1588 1362 593 1747 5243
64966991
8244
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 17606 663 155 38 24 18463 18487Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 6 12.0 4 22646 5978 2936 987 2357 32548
5101134906
53393
36
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 35869 1935 218 55 42 38078 38120Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 7 10.0 4 128186 75720 41000 15003 36740 259910
297989296651
334772
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 502 124 29 4 0 661 662Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 7 10.0 4 3850 3294 1599 474 771 9218
98799989
10652
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 87935 5831 751 200 415 94717 95133Overhex/ Moordkuil 4 12.0 4 35523 14589 7510 2668 6524 60290
15500866815
161948
Riviersonderendvallei 4 12.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 12.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 8693 6863 960 128 47 16646 16693Stockwell 5 12.0 4 1475 2189 1503 542 1322 5710
223567032
23726
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied 6 12.0
4 164 381 419 215 737 11811181
19181918
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 7 10.0 4 40214 7755 4121 1626 4607 53717
5371758324
58324
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 118004 15714 1523 134 120 135375 1354963 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 10400 7474 4295 1381 2797 23552 263495 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 16.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
158928
0
161845
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 1
5 12.0 4 837 1384 884 234 356
33403696
36963340
37
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/ Barrydale/ Doornrivier 2
7 10.0 4 8232 3385 1523 442 648 13583
1358314232
14232
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 3 16.0
4 1789 59 35 22 144 1906
1906
2051
2051
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 1 18.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warm Bokkeveld 6 12.0
4 7375 2059 720 154 205 10309
10309
10514
10514
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Winterhoek 2 16.0
4 1463 870 799 257 299 3389
3389
3689
3689
Total (in tons/year) 433775 105168 323021 2104143 2427165
38
Annexure 13: Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (minimum MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = Fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas
RHFA
group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agter‐Paarl 3 6.0
4 377 13 2 0 0 393
393
393
393
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 21254 34837 33952 16259 60602 106304 1669065 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 5.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
106304
0
166906
1 15139 1637 170 21 36 16969 170062 36532 6647 665 130 238 43975 44214Bergplase 4 5.0 4 14589 13114 7766 2980 8040 38450
9939546490
107710
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bergrivier/Paarl 3 6.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottelary 3 6.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 34749 2575 484 112 397 37921 38319Breëriviervallei 4 5.0 4 10656 3843 1628 524 1178 16652
5457417830
56150
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 3.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
39
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas
RHFA
group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 319 251 107 24 53 702 756
Drakenstein/Groenberg 1 6.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
702
0
756
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 412 262 126 27 47 828 8756 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eersteriviervallei 1 6.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
828
0
875
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 1012 274 240 114 481 1641 21226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/Simonsberg 1 6.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
1641
0
2122
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gemengde Boerderygebied 3 6.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gouda/Hermon 3 6.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 23779 449 117 62 238 24408 246473 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goudini/Breërivier 2 6.0
4 8697 2045 2023 1070 3377 13836
38244
17213
41860
Groot Karoo 8 3.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2857 122 18 5 10 3004 30153 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexvallei 5 5.0
4 1026 679 515 226 604 2447
5452
3052
6068
40
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas
RHFA
group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hoë Reënval Saaigebied 3 6.0 707
4 684 20 2 0 0 707 707
707
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hottentotsholland 3 6.0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 1750 607 58 6 0 2423 2423Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte 5 5.0 54304 1282 1072 483 168 411 3007 3418
5842
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 64496 3286 355 68 138 68206 683443 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Koue Bokkeveld 6 5.0 151703
4 56580 17717 6990 2208 4779 83497 88276
156621
Langeberg Saaigebied 7 3.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Langeberg Voetheuwels 4 5.0 4 632 1162 764 252 411 2812
28123223
3223
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied 3 6.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 00
00
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 5118 1151 47 3 0 6319 6319Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 5.0 4 4261 3628 2067 779 2138 10737
1705712876
19196
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 831 258 37 3 13 1130 1143Montagu‐Kom 5 5.0 4 12307 18712 17253 8116 25881 56390
5752082271
83415
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 400 111 10 0 0 522 522Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 5.0 4 708 661 567 247 728 2184
27062913
3435
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 7335 276 64 16 10 7693 7703Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 6 5.0 4 9436 2490 1223 411 982 13561
2125414544
22247
41
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas
RHFA
group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 10760 580 65 16 12 11423 11436Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 7 3.0 4 38456 22716 12300 4500 11022 77973
8939688995
100431
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 150 37 8 1 0 198 198Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 7 3.0 4 1155 988 479 142 231 2765
29632997
3195
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 36639 2429 312 83 173 39465 39638Overhex/Moordkuil 4 5.0 4 14801 6078 3129 1111 2718 25121
6458627839
67478
Riviersonderendvallei 4 5.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 5.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 3622 2859 400 53 19 6936 6955Stockwell 5 5.0 4 614 912 626 225 550 2379
93152930
9886
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied 6 5.0
4 68 159 174 89 307 492492
799799
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 7 3.0 4 12064 2326 1236 487 1382 16115
1611517497
17497
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 44251 5893 571 50 45 50765 508113 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 3900 2803 1610 518 1049 8832 98815 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 6.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
59598
0
60692
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 1
5 5.0 4 348 576 368 97 148 1391
13911540
1540
42
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous
farming areas
RHFA
group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Landuse*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/Doornrivier 2
7 3.0 4 2469 1015 456 132 194 4075
40754269
4269
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 3 6.0
4 671 22 13 8 54 714
714
769
769
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 1 6.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warm Bokkeveld 6 5.0
4 3072 857 300 64 85 4295
4295
4381
4381
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Winterhoek 2 6.0
4 548 326 299 96 112 1271
1271
1383
1383
43
Annexure 14: Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (medium MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = Fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agter‐Paarl 3 9.0
4 565 20 4 0 0 590
590
590
590
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 31881 52256 50927 24389 90904 159456 2503605 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 7.5
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
159456
0
250360
1 22709 2456 256 32 54 25454 255082 54798 9971 998 195 358 65963 66321Bergplase 4 7.5 4 21883 19672 11649 4470 12060 57675
14909369735
161565
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bergrivier/Paarl 3 9.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottelary 3 9.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 52123 3863 727 169 596 56882 57479Breëriviervallei 4 7.5 4 15984 5765 2442 787 1767 24979
8186226746
84225
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 5.5 4 0 0 0 0 0
00
00
44
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 478 377 161 37 80 1054 1134
Drakenstein/ Groenberg
1 9.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1054
0
1134
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 619 393 189 41 70 1243 13136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eersteriviervallei 1 9.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1243
0
1313
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 1518 411 360 172 721 2462 31846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/ Simonsberg
1 9.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
2462
0
3184
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gemengde Boerderygebied
3 9.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gouda/Hermon 3 9.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 35669 674 176 93 357 36613 369703 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goudini/Breërivier 2 9.0
4 13045 3067 3035 1605 5066 20754
57367
25820
62790
Groot Karoo 8 5.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 4286 184 28 7 16 4506 45233 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexvallei 5 7.5
4 1539 1019 773 339 907
3671
8178
4578
9102
45
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hoë Reënval Saaigebied
3 9.0 1060
1060
1060
4 1026 30 3 0 0 10601 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hottentotsholland 3 9.0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2626 911 87 9 1 3634 3635
Koo/Concordia/Bo‐Vlakte
5 7.5 81454 1923 1608 725 253 617 4510 5127
8763
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 96744 4930 533 103 207 102310 1025173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Koue Bokkeveld 6 7.5
4 84870 26576 10486 3312 7169
227555
132414
234932
125245Langeberg Saaigebied 7 6.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Langeberg Voetheuwels
4 7.5 4218 48354 948 1743 1147 379 617 4218 48352 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland
Saaigebied 3 9.0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 7677 1727 71 4 0 9479 9479Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 7.5 25586
1931428794
4 6392 5443 3101 1169 3207 161061 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 1247 387 56 4 19 1695 1715Montagu‐Kom 5 7.5 86281
123407125122
4 18461 28068 25880 12175 38822 845851 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 601 166 15 0 0 783 783Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 7.5 4060 51534 1062 992 851 370 1092 3277 43691 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 11003 414 97 24 15 11539 11554Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 6 7.5 4 14154 3736 1835 617 1473 20342
3188221816
33371
46
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 23315 1258 141 36 27 24750 24778Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 7 6.5 4 83321 49218 26650 9752 23881 168942
193692192823
217601
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 326 81 19 3 0 430 430Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 7 6.5 4 2502 2141 1039 308 501 5991
64216493
6923
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 54959 3644 469 125 259 59198 59458Overhex/Moordkuil 4 7.5 4 22202 9118 4693 1667 4077 37681
9688041759
101217
Riviersonderendvallei 4 7.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 7.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 5433 4289 600 80 29 10403 10433Stockwell 5 7.5 4 922 1368 939 338 826 3568
139724395
14829
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied
6 7.5 4 102 238 262 134 460 738
7381199
1199
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 7 6.5 4 26139 5041 2679 1057 2994 34916
3491637911
37911
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 66377 8839 856 75 67 76148 762163 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 5850 4204 2415 777 1573 13248 148215 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 9.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
89397
0
91038
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 1
5 7.5 4 523 865 552 146 222
20872087
23102310
47
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Twisniet/Barrydale/ Doornrivier 2
7 6.5 4 5351 2200 990 287 421 8829
88299251
9251
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 3 9.0
4 1006 33 19 12 81 1072
1072
1153
1153
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 1 9.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warm Bokkeveld 6 7.5
4 4609 1286 450 96 128 6443
6443
6571
6571
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Winterhoek 2 9.0
4 823 489 449 144 168
1906
1906
2075
2075
Total (in tons/year) 271190 65806 201927 1306457 1508385
48
Annexure 15: Estimated annual biomass availability – indigenous species (maximum MAI, in tons/ha)
* Land use: 1 = intensive permanent and temporary farmland; 2 = extensive dryland and improved grassland; 3 = forest plantations; 4 = Fynbos, shrubland and bushland; 5 = CCP agricultural land; 6 = CCP forest plantations; 7 = CCP exit;
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Agter‐Paarl 3 12.0
4 754 27 5 0 0 787
787
787
787
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 42509 69675 67903 32519 121205 212607 333813
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berge 9 10.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
212607
0
333813
1 30278 3275 341 43 72 33939 34011
2 73064 13295 1331 260 477 87950 88428Bergplase 4 10.0 4 29178 26229 15532 5960 16080 76900
198791
92980
215420
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bergrivier/Paarl 3 12.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bottelary 3 12.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 69498 5150 969 225 795 75843 76639Breëriviervallei 4 10.0 4 21313 7686 3256 1049 2356 33305
109149
35661
112300
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ceres Karoo 8 8.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
49
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 637 503 215 49 107 1405 1513
Drakenstein/ Groenberg
1 12.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1405
0
1513
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 825 524 252 55 94 1657 1751
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eersteriviervallei 1 12.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1657
0
1751
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2024 548 481 229 962 3283 4245
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Franschhoek/ Simonsberg
1 12.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
3283
0
4245
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gemengde
Boerderygebied 3 12.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gouda/Hermon 3 12.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 47558 899 234 124 476 48817 49294
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Goudini/Breërivier 2 12.0
4 17394 4090 4047 2140 6754 27672
76489
34426
83721
Groot Karoo 8 8.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 5715 245 37 10 21 6009 6030
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hexvallei 5 10.0
4 2053 1359 1030 452 1209 4895
10904
6105
12136
50
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hoë Reënval Saaigebied
3 12.0
4 1368 41 5 0 0 1414
1414
1414
1414
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hottentotsholland 3 12.0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3501 1215 116 12 1 4846 4847Koo/Concordia/Bo‐
Vlakte 5 10.0
4 2564 2144 967 337 822 6013
10860
6836
11684
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 128992 6573 710 137 276 136413 136689
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Koue Bokkeveld 6 10.0
4 113160 35435 13981 4416 9559 166993
303407
176553
313242
Langeberg Saaigebied 7 10.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Langeberg
Voetheuwels 4 10.0
4 1264 2324 1529 505 823 5624
5624
6447
6447
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Middel‐Swartland Saaigebied
3 12.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 10236 2302 95 5 0 12639 12639Montagu‐Bergplaas 5 10.0 4 8522 7257 4135 1559 4277 21475
34115
25752
38392
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1662 516 75 6 26 2260 2286Montagu‐Kom 5 10.0 4 24615 37425 34507 16233 51763 112780
115041
164543
166830
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 801 222 20 0 0 1044 1044Montagu‐Rivierplaas 5 10.0 4 1416 1323 1135 494 1456 4369
5413
5825
6870
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 14671 552 129 32 20 15386 15406Montagu‐Saaigebied 1 6 10.0 4 18872 4981 2446 822 1964 27123
42509
29088
44494
51
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 group
31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 35869 1935 218 55 42 38078 38120Montagu‐Saaigebied 2 7 10.0 4 128186 75720 41000 15003 36740 259910
297989
296651
334772
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 502 124 29 4 0 661 662Montagu‐Saaigebied 3 7 10.0 4 3850 3294 1599 474 771 9218
9879
9989
10652
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 73279 4859 625 166 346 78931 79277Overhex/Moordkuil 4 10.0 129173 134957
4 29602 12157 6258 2223 5437 50242 55679
Riviersonderendvallei 4 10.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ruens 4 10.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 7244 5719 800 107 39 13871 13911Stockwell 5 10.0 4 1229 1824 1253 451 1101 4758
18630
5860
19771
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Suid‐Oostelike Platogebied
6 10.0 4 137 318 349 179 614 984
9841599
1599
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Touw/Ladismith‐Karoo 7 10.0 4 40214 7755 4121 1626 4607 53717
53717
58324
58324
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 88503 11786 1142 100 90 101531 101622
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 7800 5606 3221 1036 2098 17664 19762
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tulbagh/Wolseley 2 12.0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0
119196
0
121384
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Twisniet/Barrydale/
Doornrivier 1 5 10.0
4 697 1153 737 195 297 2783
2783
3080
3080
52
53
Slope classes (in %) Relatively homogeneous farming areas
RHFA group
Expected MAI
(ha/year)
Land use*
00‐10 11‐20 21‐30 31‐35 36‐60 ≤ 35 ≤ 60
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Twisniet/Barrydale/
Doornrivier 2 7 10.0
4 8232 3385 1523 442 648 13583
13583
14232
14232
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Vier‐en‐Twintig Riviere 3 12.0
4 1342 44 26 16 108 1429
1429
1538
1538
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Villiersdorp/Vyeboom 1 12.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Warm Bokkeveld 6 10.0
4 6145 1715 600 129 171 8591
8591
8762
8762
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Winterhoek 2 12.0
4 1097 652 599 192 224 2542
2542
2767
2767
Total (in tons/year) 1108389 373882 219603 90089 274945 1791965 2066910
54
Annexure 16: Cost structures of the proposed bioenergy system per kWh and ton
Conversion efficiency rate (kWh/t)
load factor
100% 50%
moisture content GJ/t KWh/t
22%
kW/year 21900000 10950000
0% 16.8 4667 1026.67 moisture content: 0% (tons/year) 21331 10666
12% 15.0 4167 916.67 moisture content: 12% (tons/year) 23891 11945
18% 14.2 3944 867.78 moisture content: 18% (tons/year) 25237 12618
80% 8.3 2306 507.22 moisture content: 80% (tons/year) 43176 21588
costs per kWh costs per ton
biomass production costs R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh biomass production costs R/ton R/ton R/ton
biomass production costs (R/kWh)
R 0.42 R 0.42 R 0.42
biomass production costs (in R/ton @ 18 MC)
R 367.71 R 367.71 R 367.71
transport costs R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh transport costs R/ton R/ton R/ton
distance (in km) 20 40 60 transport distance (in km) 20 40 60
transport costs (R/kWh) R 0.09 R 0.10 R 0.12 in R/ton R 81.19 R 83.00 R 106.64
total pre‐processing costs (R/ kWh generated)
R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh
total pre‐processing costs (R/ ton) R/ton R/ton R/ton
load factor: 100% R 0.04 R 0.04 R 0.04 load factor: 100% R 20.35 R 20.35 R 20.35
load factor: 50% R 0.04 R 0.04 R 0.04 load factor: 50% R 20.69 R 20.69 R 20.69
electricity conversion costs (R/kWh @ 18% MC)
R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh
electricity conversion costs (R/ton @ 18% MC)
R/ton R/ton R/ton
load factor: 100% R 0.25 R 0.25 R 0.25 load factor: 100% R 214.79 R 214.79 R 214.79
load factor: 50% R 0.50 R 0.50 R 0.50 load factor: 50% R 429.59 R 429.59 R 429.59
total bio‐energy production costs
R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh
total bio‐energy production costs R/ton R/ton R/ton
load factor: 100% R 0.80 R 0.80 R 0.83 load factor: 100% R 684.04 R 685.85 R 709.49
load factor: 50% R 1.05 R 1.05 R 1.08 load factor: 50% R 899.18 R 900.99 R 924.63
55
Annexure 17: Assumptions for biomass sole‐production model scenario (i.e. version 4)
Bio‐energy land use Unit Amount R/Unit
Land available for bio‐energy woodlots ha 200
Rotation length a 15
Number of woodlots no 15
Size of woodlot ha 13.34
Tree species description & biomass production requirements
common name
botanical name
Density [kg/m3] R/Unit
seedling: Gum Tree
Eucalyptus hybrid
860 R 1.00
Orocessing requirements: Value Unit
Optimal tree size (dbh): 11 cm
Max dbh: 15 cm
Min dbh: 3 cm
Harvesting yield Unit Amount Unit Amount
Fresh, utilisable m3/ha/a 23.00 m3/ha/rotation 345
Fresh, utilisable t/ ha/a 5.00 t/ha/rotation 75.06
Moisture content (fresh, utilisable) % 80% ‐ ‐
Air dry, utilisable m3/ha/a 23.00 m3/ha/rotation 345
Air dry, utilisable t/ ha/a 3.28 t/ha/rotation 49.206
Moisture content (air dry, utilisable) % 18% ‐ ‐
Oven dry, utilisable m3/ha/a 23.00 m3/ha/rotation 345
Oven dry, utilisable t/ ha/a 2.78 t/ha/rotation 41.7
Moisture content (oven dry, utilisable) % 0% ‐ ‐
Silvicultural assumptions
Planting, etc. Unit Amount Amount
No. of trees required per ha 1250 250000 per available land
Espacement between rows m 4
Espacement in the rows m 1
Tree‐growth life expectancy a 60
Growth period before harvest/rotation length a 15
Harvest(s) per operating life expectancy 4
Coppicing cycles after plant ‐ 3
…
Site and terrain requirements Value Unit
Slope < 10 %
Ground roughness smooth ‐ slightly uneven
Ground strength very good ‐ moderate
Assumptions for labour, chemicals & others
56
Labour Unit Value Amount R/ha
R/h R 5.59 0 Agricultural minimum wage
R/month R 1 090.00 0
R/month R 2 200.00 0 PSermanent labour
R/Year R 26 400.00 0
Shift: man/day h/day 8.0
Shifts/month shifts/month 20.8
Shifts/Year shifts/Year 250.0
Contractor Unit Value Amount/ha R/ha
Mechanical land preparation (bulldozer & ripping ± 1m in one direction, spacing the ripper furrows ca 1m apart)
R/ha R 7 450.00 1.0 R 7 450.00
Soil chemical analysis ‐ R 80.00 1.0 R 80.00
Land surveyor ‐ R 450.00 1.0 R 450.00
Fertiliser. etc Unit Value g/Tree R/ha
N R/kg R 17.88 15.0 R 335.25
P R/kg R 62.92 15.0 R 1 179.75
K R/kg R 18.24 2.1 R 47.88
Planting gel R/g R ‐ R ‐
Herbicide. etc Unit Value Amount/ha R/ha
Contact herbicide (roundup) R/litre R 60.00 6.0 R 360.00
Systemic herbicide (roundup, lower concentration) R/litre R 60.00 4.0 R 240.00
Systemic herbicide Application(s) first year 3.0
Application(s) second year 3.0
57
Annexure 18: Gross margin for biomass sole‐production model scenario (per ha, i.e. version 4)
Revenues (per ha) Year 0 Year 1 Year 6 Year 15 Year 16 Year 30 Year 31 Year 32 Year 33 Year 34 Total
Harvesting periods 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
MAI (Fresh mass, t/ha) 0.00 0.00 0.00 75.06 0.00 75.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 150.12
Yield woody biomass (Fresh mass, t/ha/rotation)
0.00 0.00 0.00 75.06 0.00 75.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Rrice/t R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89 R 315.89
Gross Value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 23 710.70 R ‐ R 23 710.70 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 47 421.41
Expenditures (per ha) Year 0 Year 1 Year 6 Year 15 Year 16 Year 30 Year 31 Year 32 Year 33 Year 34 Total
Site preparation R 9 044.47 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 9 044.47 R 18 088.93
Irrigation R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Planting R 2 994.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 2 994.00 R 5 987.99
Blanking R 100.67 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 100.67 R 201.34
Total establishment costs R 12 139.13 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 12 139.13 R 24 278.26
Fertilising (post planting) R ‐ R 547.05 R ‐ R ‐ R 547.05 R ‐ R 547.05 R ‐ R ‐ R 1 094.11 R 2 735.27
Weed control (excl. pre‐plant application)
R 813.91 R 813.91 R ‐ R 813.91 R 813.91 R 813.91 R 813.91 R ‐ R ‐ R 3 255.65 R 8 139.12
Total tending costs R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R ‐ R 4 349.76 R 10 874.39
Harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 6 905.52 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 6 905.52 R 13 811.04
Post‐harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 147.08 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 147.08 R 294.16
Other directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Directly allocatable costs R 12 953.04 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R 7 719.43 R 1 508.05 R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R ‐ R 23 541.49 R 49 257.86
Non‐directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Fuel, repairs, spares, electricity, etc.. R ‐
Total variable costs/ha R 12 953.04 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R 7 719.43 R 1 508.05 R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R ‐ R 23 541.49 R 49 257.86
Gross Value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 23 710.70 R ‐ R 23 710.70 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 47 421.41 Total variable costs/ha R 12 953.04 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R 7 719.43 R 1 508.05 R 813.91 R 1 360.97 R ‐ R ‐ R 23 541.49 R 49 257.86
GROSS MARGIN R ‐12 953.04 R ‐1 360.97 R ‐ R 15 991.27 R ‐1 508.05 R 22 896.79 R ‐1 360.97 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐23 541.49 R ‐1 836.45
58
Annexure 19: Multi‐period budget for biomass sole‐production model scenario (i.e. version 4)
Inflow Unit Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
(over period of 45Years)
Gross Value of Production (GVP)
GVP woody biomass (fresh mass) R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71 R 1 580 713.56
Total GVP R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71
R 1 580 713.56
Other inflows
Insurance received on product losses
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Produce consumed by household & labourers
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Bonus received R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diesel deduction R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Deprecation recovered R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diverse income R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Capital sales R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total other inflows (excluding capital sales)
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total other inflows R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total inflows (excluding capital sales)
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71 R 1 580 713.56
Total inflows R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71 R 1 580 713.56
59
Outflows Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
Variable costs Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
Direct allocatable variable costs R 172 707.25 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 342 884.90 R 342 884.90 R 3 457 860.02
Total establishment costs R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 161 855.09 R 2 427 826.40
Total tending costs R 10 852.16 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 28 998.38 R 86 995.14 R 86 995.14 R 561 821.35
Harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 92 073.60 R 92 073.60 R 460 368.00
Post‐harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 961.07 R 1 961.07 R 7 844.27
Other directly allocatable variable costs
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
…
Non‐direct allocatable variable costs
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Fuel R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Repairs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Spares R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Electricity R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Other R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
… R ‐
Total variable costs R 172 707.25 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 342 884.90 R 342 884.90 R 3 457 860.02
Gross margin R ‐172 707.25 R ‐190 853.47 R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐26 742.18 R ‐26 742.18 R ‐1 877 146.46
Net flow after variable costs R ‐172 707.25 R ‐190 853.47 R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐190 853.47
R ‐26 742.18 R ‐26 742.18 R ‐1 877 146.46
Overhead (fixed) costs Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
Lease payment (land) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Insurance (buildings. vehicles. R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
60
machinery)
Maintenance & repairs (fixed improvements)
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total Fuel costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Forestry management (salary) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Permanent Labour R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Management remuneration R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Licence(s) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Communication (telephone, Internet, etc.)
R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 48 000.00
Accounting Fees R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Bank charges R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 120 000.00
Stationery R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 1 200.00 R 24 000.00
Profit/loss on sale of capital items
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Municipal property tax R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Hired management R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Imputed costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Other R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Water fees (irrigation schemes) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total fixed costs R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 192 000.00
Net flow after fixed costs ‐R 182 307.25 ‐R 200 453.47‐R 200 453.47
‐R 200 453.47
‐R 200 453.47
‐R 200 453.47
‐R 200 453.47
‐R 200 453.47
‐R 36 342.18 ‐R 36 342.18 R ‐2 069 146.46
Capital expenditure Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
Land & fixed improvements R 200 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 200 000.00
Own land R 200 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 200 000.00
Homestead R ‐ R ‐
Non‐arable land R ‐ R ‐
Forestry R ‐ R ‐
61
Agriculture R ‐ R ‐
Bio‐energy R 200 000.00 R 200 000.00
Fixed improvements (in land, asset included)
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
House R ‐ R ‐
Storage R ‐ R ‐
Shed for woody biomass storage R ‐ R ‐
Shed for machinery. etc R ‐ R ‐
Housing for workers R ‐ R ‐
Intermediate capital R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ 0
Total capital costs R 200 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 200 000.00
Total annual inflow R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71 R 1 580 713.56
Total annual outflow R 382 307.25 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 352 484.90 R 352 484.90 R 3 849 860.02
Total variable costs R 172 707.25 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 190 853.47 R 342 884.90 R 342 884.90 R 3 457 860.02
Total fixed costs R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 9 600.00 R 192 000.00
Total capital costs R 200 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 200 000.00
Net annual flow R ‐382 307.25 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐200 453.47 R ‐36 342.18 R ‐36 342.18 R ‐2 269 146.46
Sum annual outflow R 3 849 860.02 Price/ton R 315.89 NPV R R ‐1 246 360.14
Sum net flow R ‐2 269 146.46 Land value R 1000 IRR % ‐
62
MIRR % ‐8.7%
Real interest rate calculation
Inflation 13.40% 0.13
Nominal interest rate Real rate Loan Amount R R 0.00
Positive 6.00% 0.06 ‐6.53% ‐0.065 Own capital 100.00%Amount of periods
a 20
Negative 15.50% 0.16 1.85% 0.019 Loan capital 0.00%Reinvestment rate
% 0.00%
Cash flow Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 43 Year 44 Total
Start balance R ‐407 254.99 R ‐568 052.00 R ‐718 356.09 R ‐858 851.97 R ‐990 179.69 R ‐1 112 937.52 R ‐1 227 684.71 R 681 684.30 R 603 229.84
Inflow R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 316 142.71 R 316 142.71 R 1 580 713.56
Outflow R 382 307.25 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 200 453.47 R 352 484.90 R 352 484.90 R 3 849 860.02
Balance on interest R ‐382 307.25 R ‐607 708.46 R ‐768 505.48 R ‐918 809.56 R ‐1 059 305.44
R ‐1 190 633.16 R ‐1 313 391.00 R ‐1 428 138.18 R 645 342.11 R 566 887.66 R ‐2 269 146.46
Interest R ‐24 947.74 R 39 656.46 R 50 149.39 R 59 957.59 R 69 125.75 R 77 695.64 R 85 706.29 R 93 194.20 R ‐42 112.27 R ‐36 992.67 R 148 074.81
End balance R ‐407 254.99 R ‐568 052.00 R ‐718 356.09 R ‐858 851.97 R ‐990 179.69 R ‐1 112 937.52 R ‐1 227 684.71 R ‐1 334 943.98 R 603 229.84 R 529 894.99 R ‐2 121 071.65
63
Annexure 20: Assumptions for dryland farming scenario
Bio‐energy land use Unit Amount R/Unit
Land available for bio‐energy woodlots ha 400
Rotation length a 6
Number of woodlots no 6
Size of woodlot ha 66.7
Tree species description & biomass production requirements
Common name
Botanical name Density [kg/m3] R/ Unit
Seedling: Gum Tree Eucalyptus hybrid
650 R 1.00
Processing requirements: Value Unit
Optimal tree size (dbh): 11 cm
Max dbh: 15 cm
Min dbh: 3 cm
Harvesting yield Unit Amount Unit Amount
Fresh, utilisable m3/ha/a 9.00 m3/ha/rotation 54
Fresh, utilisable t/ ha/a 11.00 t/ha/rotation 65.988
Moisture content (Fresh, utilisable) % 80% ‐ ‐
Air dry, utilisable m3/ha/a 9.00 m3/ha/rotation 54
Air dry, utilisable t/ ha/a 7.21 t/ha/rotation 43.2588
Moisture content (Air dry, utilisable) % 18% ‐ ‐
Oven dry, utilisable m3/ha/a 9.00 m3/ha/rotation 54
Oven dry, utilisable t/ ha/a 6.11 t/ha/rotation 36.66
Moisture content (Oven dry, utilisable) % 0% ‐ ‐
Silvicultural assumptions
Planting. Etc. Unit Amount Amount
No. of trees required per ha 1500 600000 per available land
Tree growth life expectancy a 24
Growth period before harvest/rotation length a 6
Harvest(s) per operating life expectancy 4
Coppicing cycles after plant ‐ 3
Site and terrain requirements Value Unit
Slope < 10 %
Ground roughness smooth ‐ slightly uneven
Ground strength very good ‐ moderate
Assumptions for labour. chemicals & others
64
Labour R/h R/month R/Year Value
Agricultural minimum wage R 11.75 R 2 203.13 R 26 437.50
Owner remuneration R 80.00 R 15 000.00 R 180 000.00
Management costs (salary) (including cost to company)
Fertiliser, etc Unit Value g/ Tree R/ ha
N R/ kg R 17.88 15.0 R 402.30
P R/ kg R 62.92 7.5 R 707.85
K R/ kg R 18.24 R ‐
Lime R/kg R 0.11 1000.0 R 171.00
Trace elements
CU R/kg R 91.80 0.25 R 34.43
ZN R/kg R 83.16 0.25 R 31.19
MN R/kg R 75.60 0.50 R 56.70
Total fertiliser costs R 1 403.46
Planting gel R/ kg R ‐ R ‐
Herbicides, etc Unit Value Amount/ha R/ha
Contact herbicide (roundup) R/ litre R 60.00 6.0 R 360.00
Systemic herbicide (roundup. lower concentration) R/ litre R 60.00 4.0 R 240.00
Systemic herbicide applications in first Year 3.0
applications in second Year 3.0
Contractor Unit Value Amount/ha R ha
Soil chemical analysis ‐ R 80.00 1.0 R 80.00
Land surveyor ‐ R 450.00 1.0 R 450.00
Other costs Amount Total value [R]/Year R/month
Licence(s) R 8 425.00
Permanent labour 6 R 158 625.00 R 2 203.13
Communications (telephone, Internet, etc .) 1 R 24 000.00 R 2 000.00
Accounting/auditing Fees 1 R 11 000.00 R 916.67
Bank charges 1 R 7 000.00 R 583.33
Stationery 1 R 12 000.00 R 1 000.00
Profit/loss on sale of capital items R ‐
Municipality property tax R ‐
Hired management R ‐ R 7 000.00
Imputed costs R ‐
Maintenance: fencing 1 R 6 000.00 R 500.00
Maintenance: water supply 1 R 4 500.00 R 375.00
Owners remuneration 1 R 180 000.00 R 15 000.00
Water fees (irrigation schemes) R ‐
Total fuel costs R 707 060.00
Other R ‐
Other inflows Unit Value
65
Insurance received on product losses R ‐
Produce consumed by household & labourers R ‐
Bonus received R ‐
Diesel deduction R ‐
Deprecation recovered R ‐
Diverse income R ‐
GVP for biomass Unit Value
VAT %
Price per ton (tax excluded) R R 315.00
Tax per ton (dry mass) R R ‐
Price per ton (tax included) R R 315.00
No inflation has been incorporated on the cost side. as it is neutralised by the inflation on the income side
Expected yield of biomass (fresh, utilisable) t/ha/a 11.00
Expected sale of biomass % 100%
Growth period before harvest/rotation length a 6
Gross value of production (GVP) per ha/rotation R R 20 786.22
Real interest rate calculation %
Inflation 13.40% 0.134 http://www.reservebank .co.za/
Nominal interest rate Real rate
Positive 6.00% 0.060 ‐6.53% ‐0.0653
Negative 15.50% 0.155 1.85% 0.0185
Loan Amount R R ‐
Amount of periods a 20
reinvestment rate % 10.00%
Own capital % 100.00%
Loan capital % 0.00%
66
Annexure 21: Inventory for dryland farming scenario
Assets
Land Unit % amount Value/ item [R] Total Value [R]
Own land 1 000 R 20 000 000.00
Homestead ha 0 R 20 000.00 R ‐
Non‐arable land ha 2% 20 R 20 000.00 R 400 000.00
Forestry ha 0% 0 R 20 000.00 R ‐
Agriculture ha 58% 580 R 20 000.00 R 11 600 000.00
Bio‐energy ha 40% 400 R 20 000.00 R 8 000 000.00
Total land (includes fixed improvements such as fencing, buildings, etc. ) 1000 R 20 000 000.00
Fixed improvements (is included in total land @ R8000 00/ha)
Amount
Economic lifetime
expectancy[Years]
Purchase price [R] Salvage price ratio [%]
Salvage price [R] Age
[Years] Total depreciation Total actual value/ item [R]
House 1 25 R 450 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 18 000.00 R 450 000.00
Housing for workers 6 25 R 45 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 10 800.00 R 270 000.00
Other buildings (2 offices + parking lots) 2 25 R 30 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 2 400.00 R 60 000.00
Main shed (machinery storage. Etc. ) 1 25 R 150 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 6 000.00 R 150 000.00
Storage shed 1 25 R 60 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 2 400.00 R 60 000.00
Water supply 1 25 R 150 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 6 000.00 R 150 000.00
Fencing 1 25 R 240 000.00 R ‐ 0 R 9 600.00 R 240 000.00
Fixed improvements ‐ total (is included in total land @ R8000 00/ha) R 1 380 000.00
67
Equipment. machinery & vehicles Amount
Economic lifetime
expectancy[Years]
Purchase price [R] Salvage price ratio [%]
Salvage price [R] Age
[Years] Total depreciation Total actual value/item [R]
Harvester (124 kW) 0 12 R 899 000.00 ‐ R 74 916.67 3 R 224 750.00 R ‐
Harvester (175 kW) 1 12 R 1 615 000.00 ‐ R 134 583.33 5 R 672 916.67 R 942 083.33
Tractor (149 kW) 1 12 R 916 000.00 ‐ R 76 333.33 4 R 305 333.33 R 610 666.67
Tractor (120 kW) 0 12 R 653 000.00 ‐ R 54 416.67 9 R 489 750.00 R ‐
Tractor (75 kW) 1 12 R 389 000.00 ‐ R 32 416.67 6 R 194 500.00 R 194 500.00
Tractor (55 kW) 1 12 R 235 084.00 ‐ R 19 590.33 10 R 195 903.33 R 39 180.67
Tractor (65 kW) 1 12 R 450 000.00 ‐ R 37 500.00 1 R 37 500.00 R 412 500.00
Sprayer (Code 2021) 1 12 R 460 000.00 ‐ R 38 333.33 6 R 230 000.00 R 230 000.00
Fertiliser spreader (Code 27) 1 12 R 87 380.00 ‐ R 7 281.67 11 R 80 098.33 R 7 281.67
Planters (Code 7124) 1 12 R 456 000.00 ‐ R 38 000.00 4 R 152 000.00 R 304 000.00
Planters (Code 7124) 1 12 R 456 000.00 ‐ R 38 000.00 9 R 342 000.00 R 114 000.00
Tine implement (Code 7029) 1 12 R 61 780.00 ‐ R 5 148.33 11 R 56 631.67 R 5 148.33
Trailer (Code 3023) 1 12 R 70 820.00 ‐ R 5 901.67 6 R 35 410.00 R 35 410.00
Trailer (Code 3023) 1 12 R 70 820.00 ‐ R 5 901.67 3 R 17 705.00 R 53 115.00
Front loader (Code 6071) 1 12 R 65 000.00 ‐ R 5 416.67 3 R 16 250.00 R 48 750.00
Lorry (Code 4004) 1 12 R 386 866.00 ‐ R 32 238.83 2 R 64 477.67 R 322 388.33
LDV (Code 5009) 1 24 R 193 200.00 ‐ R 8 050.00 6 R 48 300.00 R 144 900.00
LDV (Code 5013) 1 12 R 215 900.00 ‐ R 17 991.67 8 R 143 933.33 R 71 966.67
Tools (welders; tools for handling livestock, etc. ) 1 999 R 120 000.00 ‐ R 120.12 0 R ‐ R 120 000.00
Pressure sprayer for chemicals (20l capacity) 8 3 R 389.00 5% R 19.45 0 R 985.47 R 3 112.00
Others (knifes for thinning, tools. Etc.) 8 999 R 8 000.00 5% R 400.00 0 R 60.86 R 64 000.00
Chain saw 8 4 R 4 500.00 10% R 450.00 0 R 8 100.00 R 36 000.00
Operator safety equipment (helmet, overall, boots)
8 4 R 1 100.00 0% R ‐ 0 R 2 200.00 R 8 800.00
Equipment. machinery & vehicles – Total R 11 346.33 R 3 767 802.67
68
Livestock Amount Purchase price [R] R 469 650.00
Rams 9 ‐ R 2 000.00 R 18 000.00
Ewes 359 ‐ R 900.00 R 323 100.00
Replacement ewes 90 ‐ R 800.00 R 72 000.00
Lambs 377 ‐ R 150.00 R 56 550.00
Livestock and biomass R 1 069 650.00
Total assets R 26 217 452.67
Liabilities and net worthCreditors R ‐
Mortgage loans
R ‐
Land bank R ‐
Total liabilities R ‐
Net worth R 26 217 452.67
Total liabilities and net worth R 26 217 452.67
Notes:
Interest on loans 12.50%
Return on shares 14.50%
Insurance on assets 2.50%
Repairs (fixed improvements) 1.50%
Repairs (vehicles and machinery) 7.50%
69
Annexure 22: Gross margin for woody biomass production for dryland farming scenario (per ha)
Revenues (per ha) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 18 Total
(Years 1‐20)
Harvesting periods 0 0 0 0 0 1
MAI (fresh mass, t/ha) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00
Yield woody biomass (fresh mass, t/ha/harvest) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.99 0.00
Price/t R 315.00 R 315.00 R 315.00 R 315.00 R 315.00 R 315.00 R 315.00
Gross value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 20 786.22 R 83 144.88
Expenditures (per ha) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 18 Total
(Year 1‐20)
Site preparation R 1 419.70 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 2 389.40
Planting R 2 903.46 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 806.92
Blanking R 145.17 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 220.17
Biomass ‐ total establishment costs R 4 468.34 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 8 416.50
Fertilising (post planting) R ‐ R 366.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 465.40
Weed control (excl. pre‐plant application) R 720.00 R 720.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 720.00 R 6 480.00
Biomass ‐ total tending costs R 720.00 R 1 086.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 720.00 R 7 945.40
Biomass ‐ harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 101.44 R 12 405.74
Biomass ‐ post‐harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 240.00
Biomass ‐ other directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Directly allocatable costs R 5 188.34 R 1 086.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 821.44 R 29 007.64
Non‐directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Repairs, spares, electricity, other R ‐
Total variable costs/ha R 5 188.34 R 1 086.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 821.44 R 29 007.64
Gross value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 20 786.22 R 83 144.88
Total variable costs/ha R 5 188.34 R 1 086.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 821.44 R 29 007.64
GROSS MARGIN R ‐5 188.34 R ‐1 086.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 16 964.78 R 54 137.24
70
Annexure 23: Multi‐period budget for dryland farming scenario (total)
Inflow Unit Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (years 1‐20)
Gross Value of production (GVP)
GVP woody biomass (fresh mass) R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 385 748.00 R 1 385 748.00 R 19 400 472.00
GVP wheat after wheat R R 1 336 320.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 1 002 240.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 1 670 400.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 27 394 560.00
GVP wheat after canola R R 229 680.00 R 229 680.00 R 172 260.00 R 229 680.00 R 287 100.00 R 229 680.00 R 229 680.00 R 4 708 440.00
GVP wheat after medics R R 706 467.84 R 706 467.84 R 529 850.88 R 706 467.84 R 883 084.80 R 706 467.84 R 706 467.84 R 14 482 590.72
GVP canola after wheat R R 158 862.00 R 158 862.00 R 72 210.00 R 158 862.00 R 216 630.00 R 158 862.00 R 158 862.00 R 3 235 008.00
GVP medics (pastures) R R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 120 517.32 R 2 410 346.48
GVP oats (pastures) R R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 55 623.38 R 1 112 467.61
GVP wheat after oats/fallow R R 1 336 320.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 1 002 240.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 556 800.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 1 336 320.00 R 22 940 160.00
GVP lupines R R 61 248.00 R 61 248.00 R 48 998.40 R 61 248.00 R 73 497.60 R 61 248.00 R 61 248.00 R 1 249 459.20
GVP fallow R R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 92 705.63 R 1 854 112.68
Total GVP R R 4 097 744.18 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 096 645.62 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 956 358.74 R 5 483 492.18 R 5 483 492.18 R 98 787 616.69
other inflows
Insurance received on product losses R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Produce consumed by household & labourers
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Bonus received R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diesel deduction R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Deprecation recovered R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diverse income R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Capital sales R R ‐ R 12 430.00 R 19 590.33 R 38 155.60 R 21 591.67 R ‐ R 76 807.27 R 817 268.10
Total other inflows (excluding capital sales)
R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total other inflows R R ‐ R 12 430.00 R 19 590.33 R 38 155.60 R 21 591.67 R ‐ R 76 807.27 R 817 268.10
Total inflow (excluding capital sales) R R 4 097 744.18 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 096 645.62 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 956 358.74 R 5 483 492.18 R 5 483 492.18 R 100 173 364.69
71
Total inflow R R 4 097 744.18 R 4 110 174.18 R 3 116 235.95 R 4 135 899.78 R 3 977 950.41 R 5 483 492.18 R 5 560 299.45 R 100 990 632.79
Outflow Unit Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (year 1‐20)
Direct allocatable variable costs
Biomass R R 345 889.00 R 418 312.30 R 418 312.30 R 418 312.30 R 418 312.30 R 418 312.30 R 327 185.70 R 7 087 383.63
Wheat after wheat R R 642 225.56 R 642 225.56 R 630 336.15 R 642 225.56 R 654 114.97 R 642 225.56 R 642 225.56 R 12 868 290.03
Wheat after canola R R 116 172.79 R 116 172.79 R 115 236.50 R 116 172.79 R 118 747.91 R 116 172.79 R 116 172.79 R 2 331 883.67
Wheat after medics R R 258 761.61 R 258 761.61 R 264 120.45 R 258 761.61 R 261 285.96 R 258 761.61 R 258 761.61 R 5 196 047.27
Canola after wheat R R 107 559.39 R 107 559.39 R 100 882.94 R 107 559.39 R 108 781.06 R 107 559.39 R 107 559.39 R 2 142 721.66
Medics (pastures) R R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 60 284.20 R 1 205 684.01
Oats (pastures) R R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 7 855.76 R 157 115.27
Wheat after oats/fallow R R 214 075.19 R 214 075.19 R 210 112.05 R 214 075.19 R 218 038.32 R 214 075.19 R 214 075.19 R 4 289 430.01
Lupines R R 61 518.84 R 61 518.84 R 61 416.46 R 61 518.84 R 61 559.80 R 61 518.84 R 61 518.84 R 1 230 335.90
Fallow R R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 46 372.46 R 927 449.24
Total direct allocatable variable costs R 1 860 714.81 R 1 933 138.11 R 1 914 929.27 R 1 933 138.11 R 1 955 352.76 R 1 933 138.11 R 1 842 011.51 R 30 348 957.04
Non‐direct allocatable variable costs R Repairs R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Spares R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Electricity R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Other R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Wheat after wheat R R 148 967.72 R 148 967.72 R 148 967.72 R 148 967.72 R 146 386.75 R 148 967.72 R 148 967.72 R 2 969 030.55
Wheat after canola R R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 29 277.35 R 585 547.00
Wheat after medics R R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 61 495.21 R 1 229 904.16
Canola after wheat R R 24 550.48 R 24 550.48 R 24 550.48 R 24 550.48 R 25 536.34 R 24 550.48 R 24 550.48 R 494 953.11
Medics (pastures) R R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 26 758.57 R 535 171.38
Oats (pastures) R R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 16 624.56 R 332 491.17
Wheat after oats/fallow R R 49 655.91 R 49 655.91 R 49 655.91 R 49 655.91 R 48 795.58 R 49 655.91 R 49 655.91 R 989 676.85
Lupines R R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 30 721.94 R 614 438.85
Fallow R R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 20 583.51 R 411 670.30
Total non‐direct allocatable variable costs
R 408 635.26 R 408 635.26 R 408 635.26 R 408 635.26 R 406 179.82 R 408 635.26 R 408 635.26 R 8 162 883.38
72
Gross margin Unit Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (years 1‐20)
BSiomass R R ‐345 889.00 R ‐418 312.30 R ‐418 312.30 R ‐418 312.30 R ‐418 312.30 R 967 435.70 R 1 058 562.30 R 13 698 836.37
Wheat after wheat R R 545 126.72 R 545 126.72 R 222 936.13 R 545 126.72 R 869 898.28 R 545 126.72 R 545 126.72 R 11 557 239.42
Wheat after canola R R 84 229.86 R 84 229.86 R 27 746.15 R 84 229.86 R 139 074.74 R 84 229.86 R 84 229.86 R 1 791 009.34
Wheat after medics R R 386 211.02 R 386 211.02 R 204 235.22 R 386 211.02 R 560 303.63 R 386 211.02 R 386 211.02 R 8 056 639.29
Canola after wheat R R 26 752.12 R 26 752.12 R ‐53 223.42 R 26 752.12 R 82 312.59 R 26 752.12 R 26 752.12 R 597 333.23
Medics (pastures) R R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 33 474.55 R 669 491.09
Oats (pastures) R R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 31 143.06 R 622 861.16
Wheat after oats/fallow R R 1 072 588.91 R 1 072 588.91 R 742 472.04 R 1 072 588.91 R 289 966.09 R 1 072 588.91 R 1 072 588.91 R 17 661 053.14
Lupines R R ‐30 992.79 R ‐30 992.79 R ‐43 140.00 R ‐30 992.79 R ‐18 784.14 R ‐30 992.79 R ‐30 992.79 R ‐595 315.55
Fallow R R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 25 749.66 R 514 993.15
Gross margin Total R 1 828 394.12 R 1 755 970.82 R 773 081.09 R 1 755 970.82 R 1 594 826.17 R 3 141 718.82 R 3 232 845.42 R 40 875 304.27
Net flow after variable costs R 1 828 394.12 R 1 768 400.82 R 792 671.43 R 1 794 126.42 R 1 616 417.83 R 3 141 718.82 R 3 309 652.68 R 55 391 408.74
Total overhead (fixed) costs Unit Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (years 1‐20)
Maintenance & repairs (fixed improvements)
R R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 17 100.00 R 342 000.00
Maintenance & repairs (intermediate capital)
R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 51 320.58 R 1 026 411.65
Maintenance & repairs (fencing) R R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 6 000.00 R 120 000.00
Maintenance & repairs (water supply)
R R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 90 000.00
Owners remuneration R R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 3 600 000.00
Permanent labour R R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 158 625.00 R 3 172 500.00
Hired management R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total fuel costs R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 655 739.42 R 13 114 788.35
lease payment (land) R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Insurance (buildings, vehicles, machinery)
R R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 128 695.07 R 2 573 901.33
Licences R R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 8 425.00 R 168 500.00
Municipal property tax R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
73
Water fees (irrigation schemes) R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Communications (phone, Internet. etc. )
R R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 480 000.00
Bank charges R R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 140 000.00
Stationery R R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 240 000.00
Accounting/auditing fees R R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 220 000.00
Profit/loss on sale of capital items R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Imputed costs R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Other R R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total fixed costs R R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 25 288 101.33
Net flow after fixed costs R R 563 989.05 R 503 995.75 ‐R 471 733.64 R 529 721.35 R 352 012.77 R 1 877 313.75 R 2 045 247.62 R 30 103 307.40
Capital expenditure Unit Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Land & fixed improvements R 20 000 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 20 000 000.00
Own land R R 20 000 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 20 000 000.00
Homestead R R ‐ R ‐
Non‐arable land R R 400 000.00 R 400 000.00
Forestry R R ‐ R ‐
Agriculture R R 11 600 000.00 R 11 600 000.00
Bio‐energy R R 8 000 000.00 R 8 000 000.00
Fixed improvements (is included in total land @ R8000 00/ha)
R R 1 080 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 080 000.00
House R R 450 000.00 R 450 000.00
Main shed (machinery, storage,. etc. )
R R 150 000.00 R 150 000.00
Storage shed R R 60 000.00 R 60 000.00
Water supply R R 150 000.00 R 150 000.00
Housing for workers R R 270 000.00 R 270 000.00
74
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (years 1‐20)
Intermediate capital R 3 767 802.67 R 149 160.00 R 235 084.00 R 459 112.00 R 260 700.00 R ‐ R 922 932.00 R 13 685 488.67
Harvester (124 kW) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Harvester (175 kW)
R 942 083.33 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 4 172 083.33 Tractor (149 kW) R 610 666.67
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 526 666.67
Tractor (120 kW) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Tractor (75 kW) R 194 500.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 389 000.00 R 972 500.00 Tractor (55 kW) R 39 180.67 R ‐ R 235 084.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 509 348.67 Tractor (65 kW) R 412 500.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 862 500.00 Sprayer (Code 2021) R 230 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 460 000.00 R 1 150 000.00 Fertiliser spreader (Code 27) R 7 281.67 R 87 380.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 182 041.67 Planters (Code 7124) R 304 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 760 000.00 Planters (Code 7124) R 114 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 456 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 026 000.00 Tine implement (Code 7029) R 5 148.33 R 61 780.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 128 708.33 Trailer (Code 3023) R 35 410.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 70 820.00 R 177 050.00 Trailer (Code 3023) R 53 115.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 123 935.00 Front loader (Code 6071) R 48 750.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 113 750.00 Lorry (Code 4004) R 322 388.33 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 709 254.33 LDV (Code 5009) R 144 900.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 338 100.00 LDV (Code 5013) R 71 966.67 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 215 900.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 503 766.67 Tools (welders. tools for handling livestock. etc. )
R 120 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 120 000.00
Four‐wheel drive tractor, 86 kW (high‐power demand)
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Ghroub (subsoiler and ripper, 5‐tine) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ Pressure sprayer for chemicals (20l capacity)
R 3 112.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 3 112.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 3 112.00 R 21 784.00
Others (knifes for thinning. tools, etc,)
R 64 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 64 000.00
Chain saw R 36 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 36 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 180 000.00 Operator safety equipment (helmet, overall, boots)
R 8 800.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 8 800.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 44 000.00
Stationary crosscut device with circular saw (electricity‐driven with thin blade [3 mm])
R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Four‐wheeled trailer (10 ton) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
75
Unit Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total
(Year 1‐20)
Total GVP R R 4 097 744.18 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 096 645.62 R 4 097 744.18 R 3 956 358.74 R 5 483 492.18 R 5 483 492.18 R 98 787 616.69
Total variable costs R R 2 269 350.06 R 2 341 773.36 R 2 323 564.52 R 2 341 773.36 R 2 361 532.57 R 2 341 773.36 R 2 250 646.76 R 45 599 224.05
Total fixed costs R R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 1 264 405.07 R 25 288 101.33
Total capital costs R R 24 070 384.32 R 149 160.00 R 235 084.00 R 459 112.00 R 260 700.00 R ‐ R 922 932.00 R 33 685 488.67
Total annual outflow R R 27 604 139.45 R 3 755 338.43 R 3 823 053.59 R 4 065 290.43 R 3 886 637.64 R 3 606 178.43 R 4 437 983.83 R 104 875 395.70
Net annual flow R R ‐23 506 395.27 R 354 835.75 R ‐706 817.64 R 70 609.35 R 91 312.77 R 1 877 313.75 R 1 122 315.62 R ‐3 884 762.91
Sum annual outflow R R 104 875 395.70 NPV R R ‐12 892 368.02
Sum Net flow R R ‐3 884 762.91 IRR % ‐ 1.44%
MIRR % 3.11%
Loan amount R R 0.00
Real interest rate calculation Amount of periods a 25
Inflation 13.40% 0.134 Reinvestment rate % 10.00%
Nominal interest rate Real rate
Positive 6.00% 0.060 ‐6.53% ‐0.065 Own capital % 100.00%
Negative 15.50% 0.155 1.85% 0.019 Loan capital % 0.00%
Cash flow Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total
(Years 1‐20) Start balance R R ‐21 972 468.24 R ‐20 206 958.06 R ‐19 549 031.96 R ‐18 207 343.89 R ‐16 933 856.25 R ‐14 074 016.80 R 7 612 334.46 Inflow R R 4 097 744.18 R 4 110 174.18 R 3 116 235.95 R 4 135 899.78 R 3 977 950.41 R 5 483 492.18 R 5 560 299.45 R 5 618 075.51 Outflow R R 27 604 139.45 R 3 755 338.43 R 3 823 053.59 R 4 065 290.43 R 3 886 637.64 R 3 606 178.43 R 4 437 983.83 R 5 135 385.16 Balance on interest R R ‐23 506 395.27 R ‐21 617 632.49 R ‐20 913 775.70 R ‐19 478 422.61 R ‐18 116 031.12 R ‐15 056 542.50 R ‐12 951 701.18 R 8 095 024.80 Interest R R 1 533 927.03 R 1 410 674.43 R 1 364 743.74 R 1 271 078.72 R 1 182 174.87 R 982 525.70 R 845 172.74 R 149 907.87 End balance R R ‐21 972 468.24 R ‐20 206 958.06 R ‐19 549 031.96 R ‐18 207 343.89 R ‐16 933 856.25 R ‐14 074 016.80 R ‐12 106 528.44 R 8 244 932.67
76
Annexure 24: Assumptions for intensive farming scenario
Labour R/h R/day R/month R/Year
Permanent labour R 7.78 R 70.00 R 105 000.00
Permanent labour (amount) 6
Owner remuneration R 80.00 R 720.00 R 15 000.00 R 180 000.00
Plant material Unit Value [R]
Red vine stick vine stick R 7.50
White vine stick vine stick R 7.50
Apricot tree tree R 12.00
Peach tree tree R 16.00
Irrigation Unit Value [R]
Polypipe(s) pipe R 5 010.00
Drainage pipe(s) pipe R 1 593.60
Splitter(s) splitter R 7 302.00
Others per ha R 3 100.00
Fee: water (20% water costs. 80% electricity costs)
annum R 1 320.00
Fee: electricity annum R 880.00
Fee: irrigation scheme annum
Maintenance & repair (irrigation system) 7.50% annum
others
Contracting work Unit Value [R]
Mechanical land preparation biomass (Bulldozer & ripping ± 1m in one direction;. spacing the ripper furrows ca 1 m apart)
per ha R 7 450.00
Mechanical land preparation agriculture (Bulldozer & ripping ± 1m in one direction;. spacing the ripper furrows ca 1 m apart)
per ha R 10 000.00
Digger loader hour R 300.00
Cleanage (re‐planting) per ha R 4 000.00
Cross work per ha R 12 000.00
Shift plough per ha R 15 000.00
Soil chemical analysis ‐ R 108.00
Land surveyor ‐ R 450.00
Chemicals Supplier Unit Value [R]
Fertiliser* Unit Value [R]
N kg R 17.88
P kg R 62.92
K kg R 18.24
Lime (Soil preparation) ton R 114.00
Chicken manure (Soil preparation) m3 R 80.00
planting gel kg R ‐
* Full list of fertilisers proposed can be obtained from the author
Weed management Unit Value [R]
77
Roundup litre R 60.00
Sting litre
Pest control Unit Value [R]
Pest control mix litre R 1 100.00
Agral 90 (wetable) litre R 18.07
Azinphos kg R 66.61
Bacoil (wetable) litre R 8.09
BP Cipron litre R 13.50
Dursban litre R 49.49
Endoflo litre R 31.38
Isomate Rosso each R 2.50
Karate litre R 240.08
Klartan litre R 257.10
Methomyl litre R 100.00
Sanamectin litre R 95.14
Soilsmoking per ha R 15 000.00
Thioflo (wetable) litre R 36.00
Vydate litre R 110.00
Fungus control Unit Value [R]
Fungus control mix kg R 1 100.00
Bumber litre R 125.85
Copper kg R 25.00
Cypermethrin litre R 80.00
Demildex kg R 21.67
Dithane kg R 22.44
Indar litre R 252.96
Merpan litre R 31.19
Thiram kg R 37.46
Wetable sulphur kg R 9.17
Support system Unit Value [R]
Poles pole R 23.00
Corner poles corner pole R 25.00
Anchor (block & iron) anchor R 18.75
Anchor wire meter R 0.50
Cordon wire meter R 0.25
Leaf wire meter R 0.25
Drainage plastic meter R 10.60
Crushed stones m3 R 160.00
Orchard plastic role R 250.00
Straw bales bale R 5.00
Other costs Amount R/Month/Unit R/Year/Unit R/Year
Accounting/auditing fees 1 R 916.67 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00
Bank charges 1 R 583.33 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00
Communications (telephone, Internet, etc. ) 1 R 2 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00
Stationery 1 R 1 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00
Imputed costs 0 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
78
Lease payment 0 R 16 500.00 R ‐
Profit/loss on sale of capital items 0 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Maintenance & repairs (fixed improvements) 1.50% R 2 480 000.00 R 37 200.00
Maintenance & repairs (vehicles & machinery) 7.50% R 205 920.28 R 15 444.02
Maintenance & repairs (water supply) 1 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00
Maintenance & repairs (fencing) 1 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00
Total fuel costs 1 R 126 532.00
Hired management 0 R 7 000.00 R 84 000.00 R ‐
Permanent labour 12 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Insurance on assets 2.50% R 3 899 915.53 R 97 497.89
Water licence Fee 0 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Municipal property tax 0 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Vehicle licences R 2 155.00
General electricity costs 1 R 200.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00
Other 0 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Non‐directly allocatable variable costs Amount Unit Value
Fuel: LDV 1 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00
Fuel: lorry (4 tons) 1 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00
Fuel: lorry (7 tons) 1 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00
Fuel: tractor (43 kW) 2 R 21 672.00 R 43 344.00
Fuel: tractor (54 kW) 2 R 27 216.00 R 54 432.00
Fuel: others 1 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00
Repairs R ‐
Spares R ‐
Electricity R ‐
other
Other inflows Unit Value
Insurance received on product losses R R ‐
Produce consumed by household & labourers R R ‐
Bonus received R R ‐
Diesel deduction R R ‐
Deprecation recovered R R ‐
Diverse income R R ‐
Real interest rate calculation %
Inflation 13.40% 0.134 http://www.reservebank.co.za/
Nominal interest rate Real rate
Positive 6.00% 0.060 ‐6.53% ‐0.0653
Negative 15.50% 0.155 1.85% 0.0185
Loan amount R R ‐
Amount of periods a 25
Reinvestment rate % 10.00%
Own capital % 100.00%
Loan capital % 0.00%
79
Annexure 25: Inventory for intensive farming scenario
ASSETS
Land Unit ha Value/item
[R] Total Value [R]
Own land 300 R 3 237 450.00 Homestead ha 5 R 45 000.00 R 225 000.00 Arable land ha 40 R 75 500.00 R 3 012 450.00 Non‐arable land ha 255 R ‐ Total: land 300 R 3 237 450.00
Fixed improvements Amount ELE* Purchase price [R]
Salvage price
ratio [%]
Salvage price [R]
Age [Years]
Total depreciation
[R] Total value [R]
Farm house 1 25 R 450 000 R ‐ R 18 000.00 R 450 000.00
Housing for workers 6 25 R 45 000 R ‐ R 10 800.00 R 270 000.00
Other buildings (offices, parking lots, etc.)
2 25 R 30 000 R ‐ R 2 400.00 R 60 000.00
Main shed (machinery storage, etc .)
1 25 R 150 000 R ‐ R 6 000.00 R 150 000.00
Others 1 25 R 1 550 000 R ‐ R 62 000.00 R 1 550 000.00
Total: fixed improvements R 2 480 000.00 *Economic lifetime expectancy (in years)
Vehicles, machinery and equipment
Amount ELE* Purchase price [R]
Salvage price
ratio [%]
Salvage price [R]
Age [Years]
Total depreciation
[R] Total value [R]
Tractor (two‐wheel drive, high ‐power demand. 43 kW) a
1 12 R 170 000 10% R 17 000.00 1 R 12 750.00 R 157 250.00
Tractor (two‐wheel drive,. high‐power demand. 43 kW) b
1 12 R 170 000 10% R 17 000.00 8 R 12 750.00 R 68 000.00
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 43 kW) b
0 12 R 195 960 10% R ‐ 5 R ‐ R ‐
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 54 kW) a
1 12 R 237 228 10% R 23 722.80 11 R 17 792.10 R 41 514.90
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 54 kW) b
0 12 R 237 228 10% R ‐ 1 R ‐ R ‐
Mist blower (mounted with PTO drive. 600 L) a
1 10 R 65 025 10% R 6 502.50 5 R 5 852.25 R 35 763.75
Mist blower (mounted with PTO drive. 600 L) b
0 10 R 65 025 10% R ‐ 9 R ‐ R ‐
Fertiliser spreader (mounted. double disc. 1000 L)
1 10 R 34 773 10% R 3 477.30 9 R 3 129.57 R 6 606.87
Chisel plough (5 tine. 2 0m) 0 20 R 22 770 10% R ‐ 0 R ‐ R ‐
Water trailer (G t M C 8 4. 1000 L)
1 20 R 23 950 5% R 1 197.50 3 R 1 137.63 R 20 537.13
Tip trailer (two‐wheeled. 3 ton) a 0 20 R 64 900 5% R ‐ 5 R ‐ R ‐ Tip trailer (two‐wheeled. 3 ton) b 1 20 R 64 900 5% R 3 245.00 8 R 3 082.75 R 40 238.00 Brush cutter 1 10 R 119 000 10% R 11 900.00 2 R 10 710.00 R 97 580.00 Bin trailer 8 25 R 5 000 5% R 250.00 0 R 1 520.00 R 40 000.00 Fork lift 1 20 R 90 000 10% R 9 000.00 0 R 4 050.00 R 90 000.00 LDV (2‐wheel drive, diesel. <=2500 lwb)
1 8 R 171 516 10% R 17 151.60 4 R 19 295.55 R 94 333.80
Lorry (single differential, 4 0 ton) 1 10 R 268 111 10% R 26 811.10 8 R 24 129.99 R 75 071.08 Lorry (single differential, 7 0 ton) 0 10 R 386 866 10% R ‐ 4 R ‐ R ‐ Tools, Etc. 1 999 R 150 000 10% R 15 000.00 0 R 135.14 R 150 000.00 Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 86 kW)
1 12 R 378 000 10% R 37 800.00 0 R 28 350.00 R 378 000.00
Four‐wheel trailer (10 ton) 1 20 R 70 820 5% R 3 541.00 0 R 3 363.95 R 70 820.00 Ghroub (subsoiler and ripper, 5‐tine)
1 10 R 43 000 10% R 4 300.00 0 R 3 870.00 R 43 000.00
Chain saw 2 4 R 4 500 5% R 225.00 0 R 2 137.50 R 9 000.00 Operator safety equipment (helmet, overall, boots)
2 4 R 1 100 0% R ‐ 0 R 550.00 R 2 200.00
Total: equipment, machinery & vehicles R 1 419 915.53 *economic lifetime expectancy in Years
80
Total: assets R 7 137 365.52
LIABILITIES
Creditors 1 R ‐
Mortgage loans 1 R ‐
Land bank 1 R ‐
Total: liabilities R ‐
NET WORTH R 7 137 365.52
Total: liabilities & net worth R 7 137 365.52
NOTES:
Depreciation on assets 15.00% %
Interest on loans 12.50% %
Return on shares 14.50% %
Insurance on assets 2.50% %
Repairs (fixed improvements) 2.50% %
Repairs (vehicles and machinery) 7.50% %
81
Annexure 26: Gross margin for woody biomass production for intensive farming scenario (per ha)
Revenues (per ha) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 20 Total
(Years 1‐20)
Harvesting periods 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
MAI (fresh mass, t/ha) 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 576.00
Yield: woody biomass (fresh mass, t/ha/harvest)
0.00 0.00 0.00 86.40 0.00 86.40 0.00 0.00 86.40 0.00 518.40
Price/t R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 R 62.28 1245.60
Gross value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R 32 285.95
Expenditures (per ha) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 20 total
Site preparation R 1 287.70 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 468.00 R ‐ R 1 755.70
Irrigation R 19 205.60 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 61 005.60
Planting R 3 967.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 967.00 R ‐ R 7 934.00
Blanking R 198.35 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 198.35 R ‐ R 396.70
Total establishment costs R 24 658.65 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 2 200.00 R 6 833.35 R 2 200.00 R 71 092.00
Fertilising (post planting) R ‐ R 733.50 R ‐ R ‐ R 733.50 R ‐ R 733.50 R ‐ R ‐ R 733.50 R ‐
Weed control (excl. pre‐plant application) R 540.00 R 540.00 R ‐ R 540.00 R 540.00 R 540.00 R 540.00 R ‐ R 540.00 R 540.00 R ‐
Total tending costs R 540.00 R 1 273.50 R ‐ R 540.00 R 1 273.50 R 540.00 R 1 273.50 R ‐ R 540.00 R 1 273.50 R 12 694.50
Harvesting costs R 4 060.80 R ‐ R ‐ R 4 060.80 R ‐ R 4 060.80 R ‐ R ‐ R 4 060.80 R ‐ R ‐
Post‐harvesting costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 108.00 R ‐ R 108.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Other directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Directly allocatable costs R 29 259.45 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 11 434.15 R 3 473.50 R 83 786.50
Non‐directly allocatable variable costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Repairs, spares, electricity, etc . R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total variable costs/ha R 29 259.45 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 11 434.15 R 3 473.50 R 83 786.50
Gross value of production (GVP) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R 32 285.95
Total variable costs/ha R 29 259.45 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 11 434.15 R 3 473.50 R 112 752.10
GROSS MARGIN R ‐29 259.45 R ‐3 473.50 R ‐2 200.00 R ‐1 527.81 R ‐3 473.50 R ‐1 527.81 R ‐3 473.50 R ‐2 200.00 R ‐6 053.16 R ‐3 473.50 R ‐80 466.15
82
Annexure 27: Multi‐period budget for intensive farming scenario (total)
Land utilisation ha red grapes white grapes apricots peaches biomass
Homestead 5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Arable land (%) 100 5% 40% 20% 30% 5%
Arable land (ha) 40 2 10 5 7 16
Non‐arable Land 255 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Gross income per ha (per enterprise, 1‐20 Years)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(1‐20 Years)
Red grapes R ‐ R ‐ R 5 760.00 R 17 280.00 R 28 800.00 R 28 800.00 R 28 800.00 R 483 840.00
White grapes R ‐ R ‐ R 9 600.00 R 28 800.00 R 48 000.00 R 48 000.00 R 48 000.00 R 806 400.00
Apricots R ‐ R ‐ R 3 230.00 R 12 920.00 R 45 220.00 R 64 600.00 R 64 600.00 R 1 030 370.00
Peaches R ‐ R ‐ R 4 180. 00 R 16 720.00 R 58 520.00 R 83 600.00 R 83 600.00 R 1 333 420.00
Biomass R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 R ‐ R ‐ R 5 380.99 322 885 95
R ‐ R ‐ R 22 770.00 R 81 100.99 R 180 540.00 R 225 000.00 R 230 380.99 R 3 654 030.00
Total variable costs per ha (per enterprise, 0‐20 Years)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(1‐20 Years)
Red grapes R 73 828.60 R 6 613.00 R 6 993.00 R 8 533.00 R 10 073.00 R 10 073.00 R 10 073.00 R 257 135.60
White grapes R 75 871.60 R 7 076.00 R 7 456.00 R 8 996.00 R 10 536.00 R 10 536.00 R 10 536.00 R 267 975.60
Apricots R 49 781.60 R 11 510.00 R 11 531.00 R 12 026.00 R 13 676.00 R 14 666.00 R 14 666.00 R 318 514.60
Peaches R 69 237.60 R 11 899.12 R 11 531.00 R 12 026.00 R 13 676.00 R 14 666.00 R 14 666.00 R 338 359.72
Biomass R 29 259.45 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 6 908.80 R 3 473.50 R 2 200.00 R 6 908.80
R 297 978.85 R 40 571.62 R 39 711.00 R 48 489.80 R 51 434.50 R 52 141.00 R 56 849.80 R 1 181 985.52
83
Enterprises planning ID ha current Year
Lifetime (Years)
Replacement Year
Establishment
Year Lifetime (Years)
Replacement Year
CURRENT (Orchard, field) 40 REPLACEMENT
Red grapes Land 01 2 16 20 6 White grapes 6 20 26
White grapes Land 02 2 5 20 17 Red grapes 17 20 37
White grapes Land 03 2 1 20 21 Apricots 21 16 37
White grapes Land 04 2 1 20 21 Apricots 21 16 37
Biomass Land 05 2 1 12 13 Biomass 13 12 24
White grapes Land 06 2 8 20 14 White grapes 14 20 34
White grapes Land 07 2 4 20 18 White grapes 18 20 38
White grapes Land 08 2 6 20 16 White grapes 16 20 36
White grapes Land 09 2 12 20 10 White grapes 10 20 30
White grapes Land 10 2 17 20 5 White grapes 5 20 25
Apricots Land 11 2 5 16 13 Apricots 13 16 29
Apricots Land 12 2 13 16 5 Apricots 5 16 21
Apricots Land 13 2 16 16 2 White grapes 2 20 22
Apricots Land 14 2 2 16 16 White grapes 16 20 36
Peaches Land 15 2 6 20 16 Peaches 16 20 36
Peaches Land 16 2 4 20 18 Peaches 18 20 38
Peaches Land 17 2 5 20 17 Peaches 17 20 37
Peaches Land 18 2 8 20 14 Apricots 14 16 30
Peaches Land 19 2 13 20 9 Peaches 9 20 29
Peaches Land 20 2 17 20 5 Peaches 5 20 25
84
Inflow Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (years 1‐20)
Gross value of production (per land) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20
(Orchard, field)
Land 01 R 57 600.00 R 57 600.00 R 57 600.00 R 57 600.00 R 57 600.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 1 420 800.00
Land 02 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 582 080.00
Land 03 R ‐ R ‐ R 19 200.00 R 57 600.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 04 R ‐ R ‐ R 19 200.00 R 57 600.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 05 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 10 761.98 R ‐ R ‐ R 10 761.98 R 319 527.94
Land 06 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 07 R 57 600.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 08 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 09 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 555 200.00
Land 10 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 19 200.00 R 1 612 800.00
Land 11 R 90 440.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 2 021 980.00
Land 12 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 6 460.00 R 2 060 740.00
Land 13 R 129 200.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 19 200.00 R 57 600.00 R 96 000.00 R 96 000.00 R 1 646 000.00
Land 14 R ‐ R 6 460.00 R 25 840.00 R 90 440.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 129 200.00 R 1 716 740.00
Land 15 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 2 666 840.00
Land 16 R 33 440.00 R 117 040.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 2 666 840.00
Land 17 R 117 040.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 2 666 840.00
Land 18 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 2 554 740.00
Land 19 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 2 666 840.00
Land 20 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R 167 200.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 8 360.00 R 2 666 840.00
Total GVP R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 36 032 607.94
85
Other inflows Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(years 1‐20)
Insurance received on product losses R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Produce consumed by household & labourers R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Bonus received R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diesel deduction R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Diverse income R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total other inflows R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total capital sales R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 37 800.00
Financial assets Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(year 1‐20)
Share investments
Bank
Total financial assets R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total annual inflows R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 37 926 607.94
Total inflows (excluding capital sales & financial assets)
R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 37 888 807.94
86
Outflows Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total (year 1‐20)
Total variable costs (per land) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20
(Orchard, field)
Land 01 R 20 146.00 R 20 146.00 R 20 146.00 R 20 146.00 R 20 146.00 R 151 743.20 R 14 152.00 R 531 321.20
Land 02 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 529 087.20
Land 03 R 151 743.20 R 14 152.00 R 14 912.00 R 17 992.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 04 R 151 743.20 R 14 152.00 R 14 912.00 R 17 992.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 05 R 58 518.90 R 6 947.00 R 4 400.00 R 13 817.60 R 6 947.00 R 4 400.00 R 13 817.60 R 417 878.90
Land 06 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 07 R 17 992.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 08 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 09 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 535 951.20
Land 10 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 151 743.20 R 14 152.00 R 14 912.00 R 535 951.20
Land 11 R 27 352.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 635 049.20
Land 12 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 99 563.20 R 23 020.00 R 23 062.00 R 637 029.20
Land 13 R 29 332.00 R 151 743.20 R 14 152.00 R 14 912.00 R 17 992.00 R 21 072.00 R 21 072.00 R 544 211.20
Land 14 R 23 020.00 R 23 062.00 R 24 052.00 R 27 352.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 640 009.20
Land 15 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 676 719.44
Land 16 R 24 052.00 R 27 352.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 676 719.44
Land 17 R 27 352.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 676 719.44
Land 18 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 637 029.20
Land 19 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 676 719.44
Land 20 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 29 332.00 R 138 475.20 R 23 798.24 R 23 062.00 R 676 719.44
Total variable costs R 783 271.30 R 589 310.20 R 453 662.00 R 473 299.60 R 787 694.60 R 591 013.44 R 462 905.60 R 10 923 599.60
87
Gross margin
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(year 1‐20)
Land 01 R 37 454.00 R 37 454.00 R 37 454.00 R 37 454.00 R 37 454.00 R ‐151 743.20 R ‐14 152.00 R 889 478.80
Land 02 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 052 992.80
Land 03 R ‐151 743.20 R ‐14 152.00 R 4 288.00 R 39 608.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 04 R ‐151 743.20 R ‐14 152.00 R 4 288.00 R 39 608.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 05 R ‐58 518.90 R ‐6 947.00 R ‐4 400.00 R ‐3 055.62 R ‐6 947.00 R ‐4 400.00 R ‐3 055.62 R ‐98 350.97
Land 06 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 07 R 39 608.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 08 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 09 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 019 248.80
Land 10 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R ‐151 743.20 R ‐14 152.00 R 4 288.00 R 1 076 848.80
Land 11 R 63 088.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 1 386 930.80
Land 12 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R ‐99 563.20 R ‐23 020.00 R ‐16 602.00 R 1 423 710.80
Land 13 R 99 868.00 R ‐151 743.20 R ‐14 152.00 R 4 288.00 R 39 608.00 R 74 928.00 R 74 928.00 R 1 101 788.80
Land 14 R ‐23 020.00 R ‐16 602.00 R 1 788.00 R 63 088.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 99 868.00 R 1 076 730.80
Land 15 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 1 990 120.56
Land 16 R 9 388.00 R 89 688.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 1 990 120.56
Land 17 R 89 688.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 1 990 120.56
Land 18 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 1 917 710.80
Land 19 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 1 990 120.56
Land 20 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R 137 868.00 R ‐138 475.20 R ‐23 798.24 R ‐14 702.00 R 1 990 120.56
Total gross margin R 980 048.70 R 1 262 189.80 R 1 505 778.00 R 1 657 502.38 R 1 093 905.40 R 1 271 386.56 R 1 444 276.38 R 26 181 937.03
Net flow after variable costs R 980 048.70 R 1 262 189.80 R 1 505 778.00 R 1 657 502.38 R 1 093 905.40 R 1 271 386.56 R 1 444 276.38 R 26 219 737.03
88
Fixed costs
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(year 1‐20)
Fuel: LDV R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 8 000.00 R 160 000.00
Fuel: lorry (4 tons) R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 90 000.00
Fuel: lorry (7 tons) R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 8 400.00 R 168 000.00
Fuel: tractor (43 kW) R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 43 344.00 R 866 880.00
Fuel: tractor (54 kW) R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 54 432.00 R 1 088 640.00
Fuel: others R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 5 000.00 R 100 000.00
Maintenance & repairs (fixed improvements) R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 37 200.00 R 744 000.00
Maintenance & repairs (vehicles & machinery) R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 15 444.02 R 308 880.41
Maintenance & repairs (water supply) R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 4 500.00 R 90 000.00
Maintenance & repairs (fencing) R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 1 500.00 R 30 000.00
Insurance on assets R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 97 497.89 R 1 949 957.76
Accounting/auditing fees R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 11 000.00 R 220 000.00
Bank charges R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 7 000.00 R 140 000.00
Communications(telephone, Internet ,etc.) R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 24 000.00 R 480 000.00
Stationery R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 12 000.00 R 240 000.00
Imputed costs R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Profit/loss on sale of capital items R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
General electricity costs R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 2 400.00 R 48 000.00
Vehicle licences R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 2 155.00 R 43 100.00
LABOUR & MANAGEMENT
Permanent labour R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 105 000.00 R 2 100 000.00
Management remuneration R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 180 000.00 R 3 600 000.00
Total fixed costs R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 12 467 458.18
Net flow after fixed costs R 356 675.79 R 638 816.89 R 882 405.09 R 1 034 129.48 R 470 532.49 R 648 013.65 R 820 903.48 R 13 752 278.86
89
Capital expenditure
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(years 1‐20)
Homestead R 225 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 225 000.00
Arable Land R 3 012 450.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 3 012 450.00
Non‐arable Land R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Farm house R 450 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 450 000.00
Housing for workers R 270 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 270 000.00
Other buildings (offices, parking lots, etc. ) R 60 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 60 000.00
Main shed (machinery storage, etc .) R 150 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 150 000.00
Others R 1 550 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 1 550 000.00
Total Land & fixed improvements R 5 717 450.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 717 450.00
Intermediate capital
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(year 1‐20)
Tractor (two‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 43 kW) a R 157 250.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 327 250.00
Tractor (two‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 43 kW) b R 68 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 170 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 408 000.00
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 43 kW) b R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 54 kW) a R 41 514.90 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 41 514.90
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 54 kW) b R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Mist blower (mounted with PTO drive. 600 L) a R 35 763.75 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 65 025.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 165 813.75
Mist blower (mounted with PTO drive. 600 L) b R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Fertiliser spreader (mounted, double disc. 1000 L) R 6 606.87 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 6 606.87
Chisel plough (5 tine, 2.0 m) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Water trailer (G t M C 8 4. 1000 L) R 20 537.13 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 44 487.13
Tip trailer (two‐wheeler, 3 ton) a R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Tip trailer (two‐wheeled,. 3 ton) b R 40 238.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 105 138.00
Brush cutter R 97 580.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 335 580.00
90
Bin trailer R 40 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 40 000.00
Fork lift R 90 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 180 000.00
LDV (2‐wheel drive,. diesel. <=2500 lwb) R 94 333.80 R ‐ R ‐ R 171 516.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 608 881.80
Lorry (single differential,. 40 ton) R 75 071.08 R 268 111.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 611 293.08
Lorry (single differential, 70 ton) R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Tools. Etc. R 150 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 150 000.00
Tractor (four‐wheel drive, high‐power demand. 86 kW) R 378 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 756 000.00
Four‐wheel trailer (10 ton) R 70 820.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 141 640.00
Ghroub (subsoiler and ripper, 5‐tine) R 43 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 129 000.00
Chain saw R 9 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 9 000.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 54 000.00
Operator safety equipment (helmet. overall, boots) R 2 200.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 2 200.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 13 200.00
Total intermediate capital R 1 419 915.53 R 268 111.00 R ‐ R 352 716.00 R 65 025.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 4 118 405.53
Liabilities Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(year 1‐20)
Creditors R ‐
Mortgage loans R ‐
Land Bank R ‐
Total liabilities R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total annual outflows R 8 544 009.74 R 1 480 794.11 R 1 077 034.91 R 1 449 388.51 R 1 476 092.51 R 1 214 386.35 R 1 086 278.51 R 34 010 184.60
91
Summary Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(years 1‐20)
Total GVP R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 36 032 607.94
Total other inflows R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
Total capital sales R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 37 800.00
Total annual inflows R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 37 926 607.94
Total variable costs R 783 271.30 R 589 310.20 R 453 662.00 R 473 299.60 R 787 694.60 R 591 013.44 R 462 905.60 R 10 923 599.60
Total fixed costs R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91 R 623 372.91
R 12 467 458.18
Total land & fixed improvements R 5 717 450.00 R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R 5 717 450.00
total intermediate capital R 1 419 915.53 R 268 111.00 R ‐ R 352 716.00 R 65 025.00 R ‐ R ‐ R 4 118 405.53
Total annual outflows R 8 544 009.74 R 1 480 794.11 R 1 077 034.91 R 1 449 388.51 R 1 476 092.51 R 1 214 386.35 R 1 086 278.51 R 34 010 184.60
Net annual flow R ‐6 780 689.74 R 370 705.89 R 882 405.09 R 681 413.48 R 405 507.49 R 648 013.65 R 820 903.48 R 3 916 423.33
NPV R ‐113 244.07 Real interest rate calculation
IRR 5.75% %
MIRR 5.90% Inflation 13.40% 0.134
Nominal interest rate Real rate
Loan amount (R) R 0.00 Positive 6.00% 0.060 ‐6.53% ‐0.065
Amount of periods (years) 25 Negative 15.50% 0.155 1.85% 0.019
Reinvestment rate (%) 10.00%
Own capital % 100.00%
Loan capital % 0.00%
Cash flow Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
(years 1‐20)
Start balance R ‐6 409 983.85 R ‐6 780 689.74 R ‐5 527 578.75 R ‐4 846 165.28 R ‐4 440 657.79 R ‐3 792 644.14 R 3.533.030,24
Inflow R 1 763 320.00 R 1 851 500.00 R 1 959 440.00 R 2 130 801.98 R 1 881 600.00 R 1 862 400.00 R 1 907 181.98 R 1.856.200,00
Outflow R 8 544 009.74
R 1 480 794.11 R 1 077 034.91 R 1 449 388.51 R 1 476 092.51 R 1 214 386.35 R 1 086 278.51 R 1.472.806,91
Balance on interest R ‐6 780 689.74 R ‐6 409 983.85 R ‐5 527 578.75 R ‐4 846 165.28 R ‐4 440 657.79 R ‐3 792 644.14 R ‐2 971 740.66 R 3.916.423,33
Interest R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐ R ‐
End balance R ‐6 780 689.74 R ‐6 409 983.85 R ‐5 527 578.75 R ‐4 846 165.28 R ‐4 440 657.79 R ‐3 792 644.14 R ‐2 971 740.66 R 3.916.423,33
92