BYU Studies Quarterly BYU Studies Quarterly

Volume 5 Issue 2 Article 5

4-1-1964

View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration? View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Spencer J. Palmer

William L. Knecht

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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Palmer, Spencer J. and Knecht, William L. (1964) "View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?," BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 5 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5

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view ofj the hebrews substitutefor inspiration

SPENCER J PALMER AND WILLIAM L KNECHT

recent imputations against joseph smith contain the chargethat the isaiah chapters of the book of mormon were purloinedby the prophet from a popular book first published in 1823by a protestant clergyman named ethan smith under the titleview of the hebrews exhibiting the destruction of jerusalemthe certain restoration of judah and israel the present stateof judah and israel and an address of the prophet isaiahrelative to their restoration joseph smith s detractors lookupon this alleged act of plagiarism as a betrayal of his claimof a sacrosanct origin of the book of mormon

writers like fawn M brodie and G T harrison approachthese isaiah parallels with particular rejoicing and ridicule 2

to quote brodiein writing the early portion of the book the book

of mormon his joseph smith s literary reservoir frequent-ly ran dry when this happened he simply arranged for hisnephite prophets to quote from the bible thus abouttwentyfivetwenty five thousand words in the book of mormon consistof passages from the old testament CHIEFLY THOSECHAPTERS FROM ISAIAH MENTIONED IN ETHANSMITHS VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 3 emphasisadded

fortunately this allegation can be tested empirically inan effort to judge the validity of the charge we have taken theso called isaiah portion of the book of mormon ie II11

spencer J palmer is assistant professor of history and religious instructionat brigham young university william L knecht is an attorney at law inberkeley california

printed by smith & shute at poultney vt in two editions 1823 and 18252thisathishis is not to say that harrison and brodie are of the same scholastic

stripe harrison s cormonsmormons are peculiar people new york vantage pressinc 1954 often reaches the absurd his tongue in cheek style is undisturbedby documentation brodie on the other hand takes her project seriously anduses footnotes regularly in her book no man knows my history the life ofjoseph smith the mormon prophet new york alfred A knopf 1946 butsee hugh nibley no ngammaam thatsthais not history salt lake city bookcraftpublishers 1946

brodie 58

105

1

Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

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106 BRIGHAM YOUNG university STUDIES

nephi and recorded every identifiable reference allusionquotation near or partial quotation in it from isaiah be-cause isaiah repeats himself or rather repeats allusionssometimes there is more than one isaiah reference in any par-ticular verse in II11 nephi eg 11II nephi 72 is a quotationisaiah 502 and has identifiable reference to isaiah 6512

and 664.664664 we have limited the count to one identificationunless it is in a verse common to both view of the hebrewsand to 11II nephi in that case we have tabulated and countedall the references to see if any of the identifications or usesof a given verse are common

we have attempted to carry an analysis of the common useof isaiah beyond the broad brush technique of mrs brodietable I11 lists the verses within each of the two works fromisaiah A total of 459 identifiable references from isaiah havebeen found in the book 361 of that total are found in II11

nephi 116 in view of the hebrews 23 verses are commonto both it will be noted that there is no reference to isaiah66 in table 1 this comes from the fact that although bothview of the hebrews and the book of mormon contain possi-ble allusions or quotations from this chapter the former usesverses 18 20 and 21 while the latter refers only to verse 19 4

A total of 37 chapters of isaiah are source for allusion re-ference quotation near quotation or mention in the twoworks ethan smith confined his mentioningsmention ings to 24 chapters

giving credit for a mention when he simply makes a partialquotation from one verse even though he does not give creditfor the quotation eg see view of the hebrews 135 232the prophets of II11 nephi quote from 20 chapters and makeallusions andor references to parts of two more chaptersmaking a total of 22 there are nine isaiah chapters common-ly used in view of the hebrews and the book of mormon

brodie bases her claim of plagiarism from view of thehebrews upon the common use of isaiah chapters does thisexistence of similar material in thedie two books damage thelatter day saint claim of the divine origin of the book ofmormon

though it is proverbial that liars can figure there is onetest that can be applied to the statistics generated from this

typical examples of the use of isaiah references by ethan smith and bythe prophets of II11 nephi are set forth in table 3 in parallel columns

2

BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, Iss. 2 [1964], Art. 5

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VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 107

table no 1

ISAIAH REFERENCE comparisonresume of verse by verse comparison

book of mormon isaiah view of the hebrewsreferencesareferences8Referencesa description ch verse description referencebreference13referenced

ist ed 2ndand ed

NR 235 allusion 5 26 allusion 2 nephi 29 2

5 26 quotation 1526NR 236 part quote 7 8 quotation 17 8

NR 235 allusion 7 18 1718NR 256 quotation 10 20 2020NR 256 quotation 10 21 2121NR 256 quotation 10 22 20.222022

58 56 quotation 11 11 211158 56 quotation 11 12 211273 70 part quote 11 12 2112

143 242 quotation 11 12

73 72 part quote 11 13 211358 56 quotationequotation0quotations 11 15 211559 56 quotation 11 16 2116

NR 63 quotation 14 1 24 1

NR 62 allusion 14 25 2425159 260 part quotequotee 49 1 allusion 102165 63 allusion 49 22 quotation 6 675 73 allusion 49 2265 63 allusion 49 23 quotation 6 7

161 261 part quote 51 311 8 3

61 58 Quotation 0 60 9 allusion 1021136 233 part quote 60 9

study which is valid in judging the claim of brodie that josephsmith cribbedcrabbed from another s work when he could not findany other source of inspiration following a method of anal-ysis widely accepted by statisticians the test for hypergeo-metric distribution we shall assume that the two authorsworked independently that there was no collusion under thismethod of analysis the probability is that a certain number ofchapters will appear in common

by using the figures applicable in this case one should as-sume that eight chapters should most frequently appear incommon As indicated in table 2 our survey finds nine suchcommon chapters 5 7 10 11 14 49 51 60 and 66 this isan insignificant variation from eight and one which statis-tically speaking should be expected a large proportion of thetime in fact nine or more chapters in common under the

3

Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 1964

108 BRIGHAM YOUNG university STUDIES

data of this test should appear 46 percent of the time or inother words have a 46.4646 probability 5

the validity of this test is suggested by the followinganalysis if joseph smith had foreseen and tried to avoid anattack such as that brodie lays to him he might well haveavoided all references to isaiah which were quoted by ethansmith since ethan had already referred his reader to that textthe absence of any common isaiah chapters would have beensuspicious indeed since this would strongly suggest a deliberateefeffortfort to avoid suspicion particularly if it is realized that thebook of isaiah is a primary source for anyone dealing with thesubject of the dispersion and gathering of israel the oddsare approximately one in one million against there being nocommon isaiah chapters in the book of mormon and view ofthe hebrews judged on the basis of this analysis neitherbrodie nor harrison has yet solved the enigma of josephsmith s inspiration

a parallel listing of pages from the two editions reflectsthe same reference quotation or allusion in rewriting the textfor the second printing reverend smith made some additionsand deletions hence there are not always parallel referencesand the designation NR no reference appears

b all chapter and verse references are to editions of thebook of mormon printed subsequent to 1920 the initial divi-sion into chapters and verses occurred in 1879 A revision ofthe footnotes was made in 1920 it is upon these notes thatthe writers relied in tabulating the isaiah references

the writers are indebted to melvin W carter of the brigham younguniversity faculty for suggesting the application of the test for hypergeometricdistribution to this problem and for working out the probability upon the basisof our tabulations A discussion of this method of analysis is found in B Wlindgren & G W mcelrath introduction to probability and statistics themacmillan company new york 1959 146147146 147

our conclusions are based upon the following exercisea classify each chapter of isaiah as being in view of the hebrews

Q orb as not appearing inin view of the hebrews Rc Q plus R equals N the total number of isaiah chaptersd y equals the number of chapters common to both workse n equals the number of chapters used by II11 nephi prophetsf solve the formula

Q RPpyI1 y vyy vnnyn y

Nn

4

BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, Iss. 2 [1964], Art. 5

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VIEW OF THE HEBREWS 109

c quotation but without verse reference always true ofbook of mormon quotations

table no 2

ISAIAH REFERENCE comparisonchapter by chapter

view of hebrews book of mormon

2 nephi234

5 56

7 7

10 1011 11

1213

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2829

3536404142434449 49

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the number indicates isaiah chapter from which the respective works makemention quotation allusion citation or reference

5

Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 1964

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BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, Iss. 2 [1964], Art. 5

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol5/iss2/5

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7

Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 1964

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BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, Iss. 2 [1964], Art. 5

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9

Palmer and Knecht: View of the Hebrews: Substitute for Inspiration?

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 1964